Papers of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (5.1886-1890)

THE NEWLY DISCOVERED HEAD OF IBIS.

169

Frieze, the bearings of which upon the genuineness of the terracotta
plaques at Paris, Copenhagen, and Rome I have discussed in Note F
of Essay vii of my Essays on the Art of Phcidias. On page 265,1 put
the question, "Are the Roman casts, which have certainly been in ex-
istence since 1840, reductions taken by Collard precisely from the early
casts of Choiseul-Goufficr, reduced perhaps by Andreoli?" and I in-
clined then to answer in the affirmative. But the fragment shows this
not to have been the case: for in the Roman cast the head of Iris is
turned towards our right, and has thus evidently been influenced by
the restoration of Stuart. The Roman cast of the Frieze is thus not
connected with the originals in a more perfect state than Lord Elgin
forwarded them to London. Though this does not yet finally prove
the terracottas I found, to be forgeries, it goes far to make this probable.
It is by such discoveries that this question will finally be decided, and
not by mere assertions on the part of those who have not carefully
studied all the points and have in no way contributed by unwarrant-
able expression of opinion to the settling of the jjroblem.

Finally, I should like to mention that I desired in treating of this
head to dwell upon the method of representing the eye in the heads
from the Parthenon. In a note to an article on a head in Madrid pub-
lished by me in 1884," I pointed to the peculiar treatment of the upper
eyelid, which treatment forms a conclusive chronological landmark for
Greek sculpture. In all the eyes of the Archaic period down to, say,
the year 460 b. c, the eyelids join at their outer angle on one plane.
After this period, owing, no doubt, to the influence of pictorial art,
and the consideration of the shadows thrown by the brow on the upper
eyelid in real life, the upper lid is carried beyond and over the lower
lid at the outer angles. In the sculptures of the Parthenon we have
the first indication of this innovation, some eyes having the old treat-
ment, others the new ; and after that period the projecting upper eyelid
becomes the rule. I have for a long time examined eyes of ancient
statues with this consideration, and what was conjecture has taken the
form of a law. I hope, with the aid and co-operation of Mr. C. D.
Freeman, to publish the results of this investigation with numerous
illustrative instances.

Charles Waldstein.

American School, Athens,
January, 1889.

''Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. v, p. 174.