Bulletin du Musée National de Varsovie (42.2001)

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Museum in Warsaw … Egyptian Sculptures and Reliefs “Brought” … in the National Museum in Warsaw … from the National Museum in Warsaw

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in the National Museum in Warsaw … for the National Museum in Warsaw

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Museum in Warsaw.1 In a recollection like the one presented here, to be … (present-day Lviv), specialising in literaturę and philosophy. In 1921 all … French). In the meantime he travelled for a year to Vienna, Paris, and several … Kazimierz Michałowski, Warsaw 2001, leaflet printed at the National Museum; Profesor

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Italian cultural centres, and after his return was offered a position as assistant … country to take up post-graduate studies at the universities and archaeological … assistant professor at Warsaw University (1930), and there he founded the first … Michałowski considered it his purpose and duty to firmly establish in Poland … and step by step, took him a lifetime to fulfil. In his Memories (Wspomnienia) … public, and dispersed. This was the result of the political situation in the 19th

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He rightly believed that the objects wotild be seąuestrated and carried away. … values. Amongst rarities was the collection of Greek vases and other … museum collection: to purchase objects on the market, or to unearth them at … chose Egypt because its antiąuity law was liberał and permitted the export of … Posener, Michel Malinine and his life-long dear friend Jaroslay Cerny. During … of the costs of the excavations. From the National Museum in Warsaw,

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and the Polish side, which excavated the much younger part with the ruins of … own objects from Deir el-Medina and Meir to enrich the gallery of Ancient … Egyptian Art was opened at the National Museum on the occasion of the … The Romance of Archaeology into Polish as early as 1935, and added his … generał reader informed, and wrote several popular books on the broad … Michałowski took part in the war as an officer and was taken prisoner. He … After the war he returned to the ruins of Warsaw, and began to work on

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lecturer and administrator. In a short time he succeeded in reconstructing … enriched the possessions of the museum. Among them some former private … about enlarging and enriching it. The opportunity occurred later, in 1956, … obliged to participate in the excavations. And almost each year some freshly … help with the coordination of various projects and logistical support. … information concerning their provenance and context. He gave up the funds … and in English: A. Majewska, “Creation and Development of the Department of Ancient Art at

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Cyprus in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. This site proved to be very … only choose the equivalent of their finds from the Stores of the Museum in … el-Dikka, and soon he started restoration work on the tempie of Hatshepsut … reliefs.5 At all these sites, teams of specialists from the National Museum … removal and reconstruction of the temples on a new, higher site, beyond the … Michałowski to enrich the possessions of the National Museum in Warsaw.

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Invited to join the “rescuers”, after studying the archaeological maps and … centre in both Antiąuity and early Christian times. … to elear the building, which was preserved to the roof, and to remove the … them. This time it was different: the restorers from the National Museum in

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in the National Museum … the National Museum in Warsaw. The antiąuities law of the 193 Os permitted … important remained in Egypt (they are to this day in the Egyptian Museum … of antiąuities coming from earlier French works in Edfu and from the 1

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tary bowls, plates and cylindrical jars madę of calcite (called also Egyptian … ointment jar with a cartouche of King Teti (6th Dynasty) on the lid (ill. 3)4 and … 3 Almost all those vessels have been restored from fragments and substantially reconstructed. … J. Aksamit, “Predynastic and Early Dynastie Antiąuities from Edfu in the National Museum in

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calcite; other shapes and materials appear less freąuently. Among the vessels … The Notional Museum Warsów … common in the late Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period - and a … " Inv. nos 139332 and 139963, see: K. Michałowski, J. de Linage, J. Manteuffel, J. Sainte Farę

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The most numerous are vessels dated to the Middle Kingdom and to the … The National Museum, Warsaw … globular jars and elongated ovoid flasks with narrow necks carved in a separate … 24-26, cf. J. Bourriau, Pharaohs and Mortals: Egyptian art in the Middle Kingdom, Cambridge

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18th Dynasty, stone vessels and other objects dated to the New Kingdom … Museum ends with a group excavated in the area of the town, dated to the … The National Museum … surfaces.1 The ruins of the town yielded also a few calcite alabastra and a … 1558-1085 B.C., ed. by E. Brovarski, exh. cat., Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1982, p. 129, no. … 1 Inv. nos. 139910 (Alliot, Rapport 1932, p. 26, no. 3, pl. XXII) and 140654 (Tell Edfou 1939,

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The National Museum … French and Franco-Polish expeditions. A 5th Dynasty datę has been given to the … ointment jar24 and a smali globular jar with a short neck (ill. 2).25 A bes vase … 26 Inv. no. JE 71820 A and B, cf. ibid., p. 177, nos. 77 and 82, pl. XVI, 16.

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(Old and Middle Kingdom): … The National Museum, Warsaw … intact. The funerary eąuipment of Sekh-Sekhet included eight stone vessels and … shaft XIX were sent to the Cairo Museum: a globular jar with incised … 34 JE 71818, see: Tell Edfou 1939, p. 175, no. 65, Fig. 109, pis. XVI, 3; XVII, 3, and JE 71819,

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The National Museum, Warsaw … round-bottomed gneiss dish39 and a diorite sąuat-shouldered vessel of the … 37 Tell Edfou 1937, pp. 35 and 107, no. 42, Pis. XVII, 1-2 and XXII, Cairo JE 66897. Cf. … occurrences of vessels of this form in the 5,h and 6th Dynasties, but they, too, are most probably

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7. Stone and pottery vessels … The National Museum Warsaw … also in the mastaba of Isi43 (ill. 4), and a calcite ovoid jar with a short neck, … the Louvre, among them a cylindrical, flat-based jar with a lid46 and a

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rims and globular jars or slender ovoid flasks with narrow, separately madę … kohl-pot52 and cylindrical ointment jars of the form characteristic of the … In the upper chamber two bodies were found and beside them, among others, … p. 108, Inv. no. 1814, pl. 36, see also: WM.F. Petrie, Gizeh and Rifeh, London 1907, pl. VIIE, 34. … in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, AS 7081: W Seipel, Gótter, Menschen, Pharaonen. … shape: D. Downes, The Excavations at Esna 1905-1906, Warminster 1974, p. 98, fig. 73, and … much smaller specimen (H. 3.8 cm), found in Abydos, is currently in the Petrie Museum, … 1), Heidelberg 1990, p. 58, and Kemp, Merrillees, op. cit., p. 217.

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them a kohl-pot madę of pink porphyry'7 and the above mentioned vessel of … tray62 and a difficult to determine number of pottery vessels. Contrary to … jars, kohl-pots (including two with supports), and one ovoid fiask with a … p. 145, pl. 25, no. 27, currently in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, AS 7086: Seipel, op.

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to the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods were found, is as a rule not known. … Ptolemaic town and in the filling of the earlier necropolis. … can inspire scholars and a reconsideration of seemingly solved ąuestions … pp. 17-19, and J. Aksamit, “Egyptian Faience Jar with a Cartouche of Amenmesse from Tell

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Any mistake encountered in the museum inventory makes us look … campaign at Edfu had arrived at the museum only just before the outbreak of … inventory as a gift of the French Institute of Oriental Archaeology and … 141795, also appeared to be a nineteenth-century acąuisition and its number … the beginning of the New Kingdom and prospered nearly till its end. When

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French mission between 1922 and … a scribe from the tempie of Horus and … the war” and forgotten long ago. … pled and cracked as if somebody had … face. The texts were illegible and the … dress and a lotus flower. This madę us feel all the morę sorrow at the destruc- … The National Museum

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and wax some legible texts had survived and that it would be possible to … Conservation of the National Museum in Warsaw. After several months of … sign of the eye, “ir”, and this is probably the source of the reading “Baste Iret” … son of Isis”) reminds us of a scribe from the tempie of Horus and Isis men-

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the mummy and examine it. … Karnak and on the west bank of the … and conducted under the cover of the … green paintings, very protruding, and … inconspicuous, was beautifully painted on a case madę of glued linen and … The National Museum

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two finger rings and a splendid necklace of the same materiał set with … “A case madę of glued linen” is certainly a cartonnage, and very probably … and lapis lazuli, shaped like a ram-headed deity seated on a lotus flower.

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The National Museum … uncle. Konstanty created a museum at … contents in 1907 and mentioned “a … Vilnius in 1910 and planned to establish … went to the National Museum in Warsaw … Varsovie”, in Essays... op. cit., p. 174 and footnote 14. … 9 A. Snitkuviene, “Lithuanian Collections of Count Michał Tyszkiewicz and His Family”, in

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the papyrus of Bakai and many other Egyptian antiąuities landed in our muse- … The cracked and fragmentarily preserved surface makes the decoration … the casing is cut away beneath bands of colour separating the front and the back,

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Khepri with a shen-sign in his hind legs is painted on a yellow and red … The arms are covered by a large collar madę of many rows of lotus petals and

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and a poorly preserved Imseti, and on the right, the jackal-headed Duamutef … compartment is occupied by a falcon's taił and legs painted on a feathered … headed and crowned with a red solar disc. This falcon in turn is supported

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by the crossed wings of figures from the next register: of goddesses Isis and … standard, with hieroglyphs of his name written nearby. The front and the sides … The overall pattern of decoration, with emphasis on prosperous symbols and … 10 Cf. the cartonnage of Panepi (inv. no. 147801) in the National Museum in Warsaw. … 13 Cf. the cartonnage of Shepenkhonsu (inv. no. J. 106) in the Ltncor Museum (wings of goddesses are

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cartonnage of Panepi in the British Museum* 14 and the cartonnage of Ta-net-rety- … were used at the same time and in the same area: for instance, casings … British Museum,20 decorated exactly like the typical cartonnages of the period, … 19 E. Vassilika, Ęgyptian Art. Fitzwilliam Museum Handbooks, Cambridge 1995, p. 92.

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sacred, lord of eternity, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt,

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b - The name of the dead woman is relatively rare and appears, except one … Shepensopdet and Djed-Khonsu-iuf-ankh, contemporary with Osorkon III … women, especially popular at the end of the New Kingdom and in the 22nd … 21 B. Porter, R. Moss, Topographical Bibliograpby of Ancient Reliefs and Paintings, vol. II, 2nd … Three other shabti boxes of the same owner are in the Liverpool Museum (inv. no. M13993), … 27 For example, the cartonnages of Neskhonsu-pakhered and Ta-khateru, a stela inv. no. BM 35895.

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Not only has the physical shape and some of its previous beauty been … in the National Museum in Warsaw, until Prof. Michałowski enriched it

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the coregency period and Thutmose III added an open court in front of it at … Laboury and on the suggestion of Janusz Karkowski that Nefrure was included … Thutmose II, and appears to be original.4 Twice the throne name of Thutmose … of Hatshepsut at Buhen. Karkowski rejects the idea of female dress and favours Heb-Sed garment. … column 50), the images of Thutmose II are also found in the inner sanctuary and on the

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after her coronation and tended to neglect him and promote Thutmose I to … main building and might have been erected long before the open court was … the open court of Thutmose III was considerably rebuilt and the text on … The text of Nehy on pillar number 16 is dated to the year 23 and it seems … and thus it should be dated to the regency period.

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and trampled Ketenu, … between year 24 and 42,12 13 where the variety of epithets is enormous. How- … features are particularly yisible on pilaster 5 and pillar 14 functionally con- … 28 (6). The epithet is found in Akhmenu and Heneket-ankh, but does not appear in a

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purification ritual performed in pr-dwlt and the royal coronation cycle.20 This … 1938, pp. 35-41; and Karkowski, Faras..., op. cit., pp. 55-59. Karkowski (ibid., p. 57, cat. no. … and columns of the portico could hardly have been perceived as dividing elements.

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a site of the cult of Satet-Seshmetet and Neit. Two goddesses are accompanied … Outside Buhen, e.g. Ellesiya, it is always referred to as Horus of Buhen, and … second cataract. They were in use during the New Kingdom, and must have … (4), Shalfak (?) (5), Mirgissa and Dabenarti (6, 7), Buhen (8) and some … comparison with other forts and discovery of stone blocks with the name of Sesostris III

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a New Kingdom term, and thus it could not have occurred in the Middle

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and Reliefs "Brought" … Art department at the National Museum in Warsaw already in 1938. For a … Edfu. This was not the end of their generosity and understanding for the … end of his days, (he called his French colleagues, and especially Pierre Jouget, … documents. At that time the formalities were simple and the draft of the

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Egypt were not registered at the Museum in Warsaw and the crates from 1939 … egyptologists in Poland able to read the hieroglyphic texts and work on the … and proper library in Warsaw to deepen his rather cursory knowledge of … The National Museum

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the museum's objects, are not reliable. In the pre-war guide books most of

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in reality. He had to raise funds for the excavations, and the purported great … exhibits, and certainly madę use of them. They were not large sums: an … a day, and the expenses for printing a report with photographs and drawings … with two objects, a fragment of a Greek inscription, and a Byzantine stela. The … their style and inscriptions, if any are present. But in most cases it is not … Egyptian Texts, Reliefs and Paintings, vol. V, Oxford 1937, p. 202. … 3 Each błock is 34-35 cm high, 51-64 cm long and c. 16 cm thick. Dating conjectural, on basis

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Memphite area than of Edfu, with large numbers (131 and 132) written in … 'Numbers on the first and third blocks.

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the wrong datę and for giving each of the blocks a separate inventory … husband is wearing a half-goffered kilt and a broad collar, his left hand is … fitting shift with two striped shoulder straps, and wears a broad necklace and … short hair. Under the offering table a nested ewer and a basin is depicted, and

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The National Museum … and without details. The małe figurę extends his near hand towards a table … of wali blocks, the relief has little value for the museum's exhibition, and one … Inv. no 141275. The preserved part is 23 cm high and 13 cm wide. Possibly this statuę was men-

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The National Museum … backsupport and a rectangular base. The man, named Hori, son of Hori- … exh. cat. National Museum in Warsaw, Warsaw 1937, p. 42. But it was included among the

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and for the feet. No back pillar nor pillow are depicted. The front side is … are characteristic of the later 12th Dynasty,10 11 and although a sendjot may also … body of the animal, and the very uneven base. But the reason for recalling this … W. Seipel, Agypten: Gótter, Gruber und die Kunst, vol. 1, Linz 1989, cat. nos 90, 99; and … National Museum in Warsaw (inv. no. 139326) from Edfu, Horus Behdeti is invoked in the … 15 Inv. no 141267; sandstone with remains of dark red paint and white gesso, 52 cm high, 93 cm

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The National Museum … only with a photograph, and the distortion is caused by a shadow, while in … of which were found numerous valuable relics, e.g. a sphinx, scarabs and … 16 Michałowski, Wystawa..., op.cit., p. 17 and pl. V., and in many other publications, without

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(phofo: Museum) … 56, dated: Ptolemaic Period, the same repeated in: idem, Sztuka..., op. cit., p. 171 and fig. 124.

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schematically, and his body is distorted. The author of the only study of this … and personally placed it inside the naos first in 1938, and then again after the

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left hand, the front part of her jaw, and her left ear. Her body is also damaged … The last position in this short (and very incomplete) review of the works of … ureus, and holds a crook and flail in his hands. No inscription identifies the … supported by another mummiform figurę of a man with short hair and a kind … in terms of the workmanship of those stelae and the one in Warsaw, in … without entering into further speculation concerning the provenance and … O. Berlev, The Egyptian Reliefs and Stelae, Leningrad 1982, cat. no. 159, sandstone, 2nd-3rd c. A.D. … Museum, Berlin, Charlottenburg 1967, cat. no. 964; also similar scenes: Catalogue General du

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collection of Egyptian art at the National Museum in Warsaw, related to the … The National Museum

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in the National Museum … they are mostly acąuired on the antiąuarian market and usually deprived of … constitute a Wilanów deposit in the National Museum in Warsaw. The head … 2 In 1945, when a Department of the National Museum in Warsaw was created in Wilanów, the

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Pałace Museum Wilanów,

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placing this sculpture among masterpieces and considering it an example of … pantheon from the times of the Old Kingdom to the Ptolemaic and Roman

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of naturę and the lord of rebirth.4 His iconography is closely related to the … religious representations of gods were limited to animal and symbolic, also

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on king Djer's cartouche. Later this shape was transferred to cosmic gods and heliopolitan

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representations of Osiris, sculpted and painted, gained morę elaborate forms. … direct link between the god and the deceased king. … association of the king with two gods: Horus, the son of Osiris, and Re, whose … the White Crown was not eliminated and was still used although less frequently than atef. … by E. Firchow, Berlin 1955, pp. 248-286; idem, Agyptische Bronzewerke, Pelizeus-Museum zu … pp. 1-8; L. Bell, “Luxor Tempie and the Cult of the Royal Ka”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, … ramheaded deity. Khnum was portrayed with a ram's head and human body. In her work on

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a kind of coif woven from bulrush, and side elements also found in the … analysed against the background of the beginnings of the cult of Osiris and … whereas elements such as the ram's horns and uraeus on the head of the … major religious concepts: solar and Osirian.' Thus, the iconographic analysis … Consecrating the Meret Chests and Driving the Calves, vol. I, Leiden 1995, p. 57. I would like … 1 One of the examples of merging of solar and Osirian ideology is the depiction of Osiris found … a source of creative power, determined by the death and rebirth cycle. New theological thought

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god's face together with the cool elegance of form and perfect modelling … regained sovereignty and succeeded in rebuilding the strength of the country. … of form and mastery of execution. And it is the works of such style that should … and New York 1999. … of the Late and Ptolemaic Periods executed by H.W Muller, “Ein Konigsbildnis der 26. Dynastie … Cairo and Luxor, London 1990, pp. 164-203; R. Bianchi, Cleopatra's Egypt. Age of Ptolemies, … am Rhein 1988) interpreting the iconography and style of relief images of kings from the last

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goddess Isis, and the third her husband Osiris. They were dated on the basis of … grain and hardness allowed for soft finishing of surfaces with considerably … of Osiris and that from the Psamtek tomb (ill. 5). Along with the benign … 21 Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Hathor and Psamtek group, inv. no. CG 784, height: 96 cm; … 19; ESLP, p. 64; M. Saleh, H. Sourouzian, Die Hauptwerke im Agyptischen Museum Kairo, … 14 J.A. Josephson, “A Fragmentary Egyptian Head from Heliopolis”, Metropolitan Museum

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Egyptian Museum, Cairo

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depictions of the king and the morę traditional representations of private … accentuating the bonę structure of the cheeks and the muscle pattern around … almond shape and slightly lifted outside corners of the eyes in the Warsaw … This is also true for other images which are believed to show Apries and share … the depictions of gods and not a single royal head with such eyeworking has … 31 Musee du Louvre, inv. no. E. 3433; Egyptian Museum in Cairo, inv. nos JE 9000, JE 40052;

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The Metropolitan Museum of Art … of the Museum)

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being used in one sculpture is a statuę from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, … face its benign expression. Also the atef-crown with the uraeus and the … Psamtek in Saąąara, and that from the statuę of Harbes stored in the … end of the rule of Psamtek I, around the middle of the 7th century B.C. and … of the style being inspired by the youthful and happy-looking depictions of … back pillar reaching to the top of the crown and narrowing gradually towards … historiąue, Liege 1998, p. 461) Dimitri Laboury agrees with the claim of Jadwiga Lipińska and

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practice whereas in ancient Egypt it had its religious aspect and was widely used … III and his World, ed. by A.P. Kozloff, B.M. Bryan, L.M. Berman, exh. cat., Cleveland Museum … in the depictions of post-Amarnan rulers Tutankhamen, Horemheb and Ay. However, the times … “Egyptian...”, op. cit., fig. 8, Metropolitan Museum of Art, inv. no. 1972 118.195.

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gold whose production was known from written and iconographic sources; it … Museum in Warsaw with Saite sculpture shows that the anatomy-based … Psamtek II and Apries, i.e. years 590-570 B.C., it can be assumed that artists … from the Psamtek tomb belonging to the collection of the Egyptian Museum in … A statuę carved with such mastery and coated in gold might have been a

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that this presence of the figures of Osiris, Isis and the celestial cow protecting … on the Djeme hill in Medinet Habu were all sanctuaries of Amun and Osiris. Cf. Lexikon der

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from the National Museum … particular symbols and emblems depicted can only be the goddess Bastet. … with ornate patterns: yertical lines descend the length of the dress, and … top section is preserved. The lower part of the sistrum, with her forearm and … Representations of the goddess are not uncommon and examples of

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The National Museum

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However, the example in Warsaw is unusual because of the pose and the … in and beyond Bubastis, the centre of her cult. … British Museum, inv. no. 11031, cf J. Małek, The Cat in Ancient Egypt, London 1997, p. 105.

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known as the „housewife Bastet”, a modern day reference to her pose and to … information. In terms of its size, attention to detail, posturę and the ąuality of … the Eye of the Sun-. “She rages like Sekhmet and she is friendly like Bastet”.

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Museum in Warsaw, ten come from the French-Polish excavations held from … were deposited in 1937, whereas numbers 141673, 139657, 141672 and … mistakes and discrepancies discovered in these reports were corrected after … such as: copper, bronze, gold, silver and electron. Copper was used for the

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National Museum in Warsaw described in this article no metal analysis was … An inscription was often placed on the mirror’s disc and handle. Such … to the body.4 Other objects put in the tomb included: ceramics, stone and … II) and heart-shaped (type III).6 All of the described mirrors-except for one … appear commonly during the Old Kingdom period. At that time and during … Middle Kingdom period and Second Intermediate Period there were no … private homes, forts and temples, ibid., pp. 14-16. … majority of museums around the world, the typology was broadened and additional naming was

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changes in the shape of disc. Type la and II were still produced and also, … Typology: type la - disc with oblong pin and edges narrowing slightly towards

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Site: next to the head of the deceased, together with ceramics and alabaster … Site: mastaba no. XII together with ceramics and basin. The mastaba was … State of preservation: lack of handle; disc jagged at the edges and broken at

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Site: together with ceramics, basin and alabaster vase in the tomb no. IX, in … State of preservation: lack of handle, disc strongly corroded and broken on

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Site: together with a flint blade and a bonę disc in the tomb no. XXIII, in the … Site: next to the deceased's head together with several clay beads and animal … State of preservation: lack of handle, disc has jagged edges and is broken, in the

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-brown and flaked, the pin is covered with green patina; the mirror was … Site: next to the deceaseds head together with the ceramics and alabaster and

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Site: next to the deceased together with ceramics and alabaster dish in the … State of preservation: lack of handle, disc corroded and jagged at the edges,

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Site: together with the ceramics and alabaster dish in the tomb no. XLVII, in

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el Gharbi, Tell Abu Hafur, Tell Abu Hafur ‘East’ and Tell Rad Shaąrah was … 1989, within a cooperation between Warsaw University and the National … as annual rainfall over 300 mm allowed dry-farming agriculture and

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Neolithic period (9000 to 7000 B.C.), and settlement, although with periods … 5000 B.C.). Cultures of South Mesopotamian origin (Ubaid and Uruk) … period)2 intense settlement gave rise to a network of fortified cities and … area constituted part of the Old Assyrian Kingdom and then in the Late … Mesopotamian periodisation: Early Dynastie I-III, Akkadian and Ur III have been replaced

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(1-3,5) and Tell Abu … Roman conąuest. The period between the 2nd century B.C. and the 2nd century … Halaf site.4 5 In the 193Os Max Mallowan surveyed the area and conducted … 3 Assyrian town Nisibina, modern Nusaybin - on the Turkish side of the border and Qamishli on … Leipzig 1931. For this and other sites mentioned in the paper cf. also s.v. in: S. Anastasio, M. … 5 M.E.L. Mallowan, “The Excavations at Tali Chagar Bazar and the Archaeological Survey of the

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The National Museum, … Brak were recommenced by the British in 1975 and they have been continued … Syrian-European mission)14, Tell Arbid (1996, joint Polish-Syrian mission)15 and

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Shaqrah (1,3) and … (1976, 1977 and 1979)16 and Bertile Lyonnet (1989-90).17 … were started on two sites: Tell Abu Hafur and Tell Djassa el-Gharbi, located

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ware” were found - mainly bowls, cups and globular vases. … there. The site was severely damaged by erosion and modern ploughing but the … and the height of ca. 16 m, settled in the Early Jazirah III period. The steep, … 21 P. Bieliński, “‘Arcaded’ houses from Tell Djassa el-Gharbi and Tell Rad Shaąrah”, in: Aux

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and Tell Abu Hafur (2), … Jazirah IV layer and remnants of an eroded layer dated to the 6thcentury B.C.23 … basalt rock) and a mud-brick wali constructed on top of it. The glacis lining the … solely for outlining the structure of its outer girdle. Location of most streets and … only to some extent resembled the finds from Tell Abu Hafur and Tell Djassa

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(1-7,10,11) and Tell Djassa … bronze bracelets and pierced toggle pins, necklaces of frit beads and animal- … decoration represents an outline of a face (nose, eyes with eyebrows) and a … Resulting from the partage of the finds from the sites discussed above, and … 25 P. Bieliński, “A Smali Limestone Head from Tell rad Shaqrah and Its Distant ‘Cousins’ from

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millennium B.C. - mother-of-pearl animal-shaped pendants and frit beads … Qamyshli. The site extends on ca. 40 hectares and has a varying structure. Its … B.C. (Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic and Partho-Roman periods) although only

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administrative and probably sacral ąuarter located on a slight elevation. A large … millennium B.C. were unearthed on the east and north-west areas of the main … Illb period in this region, containing numerous Ninivite V sherds and vessels … characteristic painted Khabur ware, was of a morę limited rangę and was … furniture - little tables, stools, and beds but also pots with lids, a toy broom … with baked bricks2 had been preseryed in one of the houses and a heating

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comprising of a variety of vessels and luxury adornments. In one over 300 … grave29 contained a couple of silver toggle pins. Their upper parts and heads … scarce and comprise mainly pottery fragments. Helpful in the dating of this … A and Hellenistic graves were found at the north-west foot of the main tell. … partial or complete slip (mat or semi-mat and grey, black or orange-red to … 31 The coins identified and dated by Dr. Aleksandra Krzyżanowska from the National Museum,

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structure and functioning of the town from the first half of the third

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Museum in Warsaw … mostly pottery, found its way to the National Museum in Warsaw. Among … National Museum some time earlier. … 3 S.I. Rotroff, Hellenistic Pottery. Athenian and Imported Moldmade Bowls, (The Athenian Agora,

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articles devoted to excavations and considerable progress in the studies.4 … the collection was put out for auction in Cassel and described in a large … decoration (leaf ornament, egg and dart pattern, stars, rosettes and animal … inventory numbers of the Museum in Breslau/Wrocław may serve as a definite … (Forschungen in Ephesos, XIII/1/1), Vienna 1997, and (concerning Russian sources) … Instituts, XXIII, 1908, cat. nos 36 and 16.

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editions of the book and the only information on the place where the objects … Warszawie). In 1923 the collection was presented to the National Museum in … bowls (inv. nos 198563, 198565 and 198933) belong to the group of bowls … 10 The list of dishes and terracotta statuettes found in the Southern Russia in the tombs of

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bottom is only slightly separated and the rim is turned out. The bowl is … There are some pieces missing on the rim's edge and along the glue linę. Tiny … and decorated with a rosette consisting of eight heart-shaped petals with a … with plastic surface (both the edges and the central ribs are strongly marked, … and the arrangement of the whole. The ornament, especially in its lower part, … varies. Smali transgressions are notable only in the frieze of the egg and dart

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elements as rosettes, found on our bowl on the border frieze and on the … approximately between 166 and 69 B.C. The Monogramist was situated in … B.C. and only few fragments come from the lst century layer.22 In view of the … 17 Ibid., pl. 30, cat. nos 375 and 420, pl. 31, cat. nos 945 and 1015 (rosettes), pl. 30, cat. nos

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diameter 2,8 cm. Orange clay, in some places light-brown, mat and varied … A broad, Iow, medium size bowl with a poorly separated bottom and a rim … decorates the bottom and fills out the semicircular fields on the walls. The bowl … 23 Zahn, op. cit., p. 64 and 67, cat. no. 24.

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Workshop of Menemachos and, first of all, on yessels from the Monogram ® … stem ornament in the Monogram ® Workshop (group XV, a) and the … but it was usually turned upside down and of a slighdy different form.32 … 27 Ibid., pl. 36, cat. nos 567 and 1346. … 29 Ibid., pl. 72, cat. nos 3327 + 8367 and pl. 73, cat. nos 3271-9551.

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off places. Mat glaze, in places slightly polished, red in the lower part and … A deep bowl with a ringed foot and slightly convex walls, finishing with a … standing out from the backdrop and a space profiled with three thin lines … rosettes are embossed unevenly and the dots are somewhat chaotically placed … flatter and morę linear. As far as the Workshop of Heraios is concerned, the … decorated with an upturned egg and dart pattern. It should be noted, however,

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relief pottery from 3rd phase, dating between the second half of the 2nd and … associated with a specific workshop, bottom lacks decoration and similar … the bowl between the second half of the 2nd and beginning of the lst century … The bowl is smallish, of hemispherical shape, with flattened bottom and … with elear central vein. The rosette is surrounded with a circle of dots and

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was partly rubbed off). At the same time, precision and careful rendering of … characteristically curved petal tips. It is very rare and we always encounter the … at the base and curve up S-like. A bird is placed above each acanthus. The … leaves and a frieze of garlands from above (unfortunately, the bottom was not

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and purely decorative motifs, which fili out the surface. The hue of both clay … view of decoration and composition.45 In the 1980s Sergey Kovalenko tackled

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ring, convex walls and relarively high rim, inturned. The bottom is smooth, … subseąuent leaves are curved left). Petals have clear-cut edges and a tangible, … elements of the calyx and obviously careless arrangement: odd number of the … either end below the ring, which divides them from the egg and dart pattern … assume that local potters first and foremost satisfied demands of the local … Due to lack of information on circumstances and precise location of the find,

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of a tempie at Palmyra », in Coins, Culture and History in the Ancient World. Numismatic and

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representation de Victoria devant betyle et Tyche, la diyinite de la ville

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for the National Museum in Warsaw … University Museum. One smali inscription fragment alone (cat. no. 116; inv. … 1 Adam Łajtar and Alfred Twardecki composed a catalogue of Greek inscriptions remaining in … 2 These were two inscriptions from the Pac collection transferred to the Museum in 1938 (cat. … information on the history and origins of the inscriptions.

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orthography and cuts in the text. The most recent explanation proposed by … of Greek inscriptions in the National Museum in Warsaw. Also the ąuality of … mostly from Egypt (Cairo, Alexandria) and Turkey (mainly Istanbul). Technical … 6 Theodor Wiegand and Otto Rubensohn acted as the main agents in the purchase of the

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(“souldeparting” i.e. dead). Important, repeatedly published and ąuoted … and Melitine

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Published and discussed for a number of times so far. … 7. Epitaph of Hilaros, synthropbos of Trophimos and Diadoumenos

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9. Epitaph of Olympias the Libyan, daughter of Athenodoros, and … 18. Epitaph of Panakeia and her mother Faustina … 1. Votive inscription for Isis and Sarapis erected by former nauarch Artemidor … 3. Votive inscription for Isis and Sarapis erected in the name of king Ptolemy I

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and Dioskouroi erected by priest Theoros and associations of synbasilistoi … 9. Votive inscription for king Ptolemy and ąueen Berenike, Gods Saviours, … also named Dionysia, her husband Harpokhras and their children … wife and children (cat. no. 58; inv. no. 198737)

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adorned with flowers and fountains for the memory of Nemesion, son

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of Kephisodoros and Kephisodoros, son of Eschation from an Athenian deme

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Phegaia, decorated with a relief and an inscription. Currently it remains as … 236650 and 148151 a4-b).

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National Museum acąuirecł eight precious Greek inscriptions containing … in Nubia and in 1964 launched excavations in Old Dongola under the … the inscription of Melas and Heraklammon (cat. no. 79; inv. no. 237185) … Of the total number of its 124 Greek inscriptions, the National Museum

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Mould-Blown Glasses from the Michał Tyszkiewicz and Gołuchów Collections, “Bulletin du

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still present some difficulties in dating mainly on account of the restoration and … of painting in the cathedral and the establishment of chronological frames for … Wallpaintings in tke Collection oftke National Museum in Warsaw. The Chapter on Inscriptions … Warsaw 1974, pp. 14-23 (Greek and Coptic). In the recently published article Jacques van der

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building method of the church and the traces of the rebuilding of the extant … Gallery, were attributed to the early 8th century (ill. 1 and 2).5 According to the … and buried in a grave in the form of a rectangular mastaba built onto the … of Kollouthos, but it is still uncertain when and why this significant change … 3 Inv. no. 234051 (Archangel Gabriel) and inv. no. 234052 (Archangel Michael). Both figures are

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the narthex were replastered and the murals showing archangels disappeared … Virgin and Child in the niche has also been repainted. This time the Virgin was … western wali. It is preserved only partially and originally it was situated above … footstool.14 The person was dressed in a long purple tunic and chlamys in the … - 902) who was responsible for the changes in the narthex and bema of the church. Kyros not only … Michałowski States that both the archangels and the enthroned Virgin were visible together for … often in Egyptian representations of the Theotokos and probabły it was original title of her … 61. The mural is in the National Museum in Khartoum. The author dates this painting to the last

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The National Museum … heads as Michael and Gabriel. Michael is depicted on the left side of the … with thin, simple straight lines denoting plumage and the pattern of human

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Michael and Gabriel are dressed in courtly vestments: long light purple tunics … with smali four-pointed rosettes and studded with big, round and rectangular … different: Gabriel holds a bare sword lifted up and Michael holds a big, … flatter and thickset and show hardly any plastic modelling and a complete lack … scholars to the period between the 8th and 9th centuries, they also show some … yellow or white lines. These draperies, albeit schematic and geometrised,

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and Gnostic influences on the Christian communities in the neighbouring … encountered in Christian art, both in the Eastern and Western parts of the … painter placed the figures so close to the door that the door lintel and the … place for their role of guardians and where they could be seen by the … already closed and an arched niche or a smali apse was formed. The new … Kronos-Saturnus transformed into the Christian church by bishop Alexander between 324 and

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Virgin and Child … a mural representing a similar theme and corresponding to the decorative … archangels were painted not earlier but at the same time and formed part of … archangels. In such a case Michael and Gabriel would be guarding not the … an iconographical arrangement in which the Virgin and Child sit on the … started to play a complex role in relation to the representations of Christ and … scene of the Adoration of the Magi and developed its iconic character. From that fact resulted its

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in Saqqara19 and Bawit20, a 6th century tapestry icon21 and a 6th or 7th century … in Baltimore, which features two diminutive angels,23 and on the Hodegetria … with angels (usually the two archangels, with Gabriel on the right and Michael … 19 Chapel 1725, Enthroned Virgin Galaktotrophousa and two standing angels as a guard, … Theotokos flanked by two angels with thuribles and boxes for incense, identified as the angel of … 21 Cleveland Museum of Art, cf. D.G. Shepherd, “An Icon of the Virgin”, Bulletin of the … 25 Morgan Ms 612, cf. M. Cramer, Koptische Buchmalerei, Recklinghausen 1964, pp. 59ff; and

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model. The practice of representing angels and archangels dressed as … archangels' dress, the tunic and loros of the Faras archangels, a descendant of … known examples of angels dressed in loroi are the mosaics of the Virgin and … 879-88331 and the reliefs decorating the ceremoniał sceptre of Leon VI dated … Numismatic Society Museum Notes, VIII, 1958, pp. 99-117. On the consular costume (trabea … loros with the Christ's resurrection and appearance of the emperor dressed in the loros and twelve … 1976, pp. 96-99, ill. 127b, 128b; idem, “The Portraits and the Datę of the Codex Par. gr. 510”,

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The choice of the image of the Virgin and Child, the iconographic sign of … had to be repainted completely twice and repaired several times, most … and the last preserved version represents her as a standing Hodegetria with … the writings of the Church Fathers and many Christian authors. To the group … Royal Throne in front of which stood the angels looking at their Lord and … Moses and it was sheltered by the wings of the two cherubim placed “in the … and appear freąuently in Nubian representations of these creatures, probably … 36 Teksty o Matce Bożej. Ojcowie Kościoła greccy i syryjscy, transl. and ed. by W Kania,

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supporters and guardians of the throne of God whose wings and bodies were … Gabriel standing with a bare, raised sword is the angel of revenge and … is called “Good” (agathos) and the “Angel of Justice” (angelos dikaiosyne) and … and dimensions of the instrument seem to be modelled after a type of … Christ and the Last Judgement, the time of the punishment of sins. People … mentions God’s wings of light which seem to be the attribute of the archangel Michael: “... and

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narthex were reminded about it by the archangels with a sword and a trumpet … buried in smali mortuary chapels and graves in the immediate vicinity of the … the IM and 14"’ centuries from the Matenadaran Collection Yereaan, Leningrad 1984, ill. p. 63.

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Ausstellungskat., Museum Rietberg, Ziirich 1999), so wie Gott das Chaos durch den Schopfungsakt

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(Photo: Museum) … Effenberger u. H.-G. Severin, Das Museum fiir Spatantike und Byzantinische Kunst, Mainz 1992,

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in: The Apocalypse and the shape ofthings to come, hrsg. v. F. Carey, Toronto 1999, S. 320-340),

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Kathedrale aus dem Wiistensand, Ausstellungskat., Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien 2002,

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Society and theHoly in Late Antiąuity, London 1982, dt.: Die Gesellschaft und das Dbernaturliche,

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(Photo Museum)

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Byzantium and the Medieval West: selected studies, hrsg. v. W E. Kleinbauer, Bloomington-London … 63 E. Kitzinger, „Byzantine art in the period between Justinian and iconoclasm”, in: Berichte

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Darstellungen vgl. bei W. B. Emery u. L.P. Kirwan, The royal tombs of Ballana and Qustol,

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81 Einige Beispiele bei: K. Weitzmann (Hrsg.), Age of spirituality: late antiąue and Christiaii art, … 24, 1980, S. 173-258, mit umfangreichen Literaturangaben; s. auch ders., „Archangel and Saint

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17. Jh., Staatliches Museum … Romisch-Germanisches Museum der Stadt Koln, Mailand 1984, S. 178 / Kat.-Nr. 17b, S. 183 /

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rekonstruierten Pferde mit der Originalausstattung befinden sich heute im Kairo-Museum (vgl. Abb.

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in: Emery, Egypt in Nubia, op. cit., PI. VII) und seit einigen Jahren auch in Nubia-Museum in

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u. a. 1982, bes. S. 14-61; J. W. van Henten, „Dragon”, in: Dictionary of Deities and Demons in

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186 S. Piggott, Wagon, chariot and carriage. Symbol and status in the history of transport, … 190 E. H. Kantorowicz, „The 'King's advent' and the enigmatic panels in the doors of Santa Sabina”,

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Victoria & Albert Museum,

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„Kings and kingdoms of ancient Nubia”, Rassegna di studietiopici, 39, 1982-1983, S. 87-139,

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232 S.C. Munro-Hay, Ethiopia and Alexandria, Bd. I, Bibliotheca nubica et aethiopica 5,

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Architecture and Society, Baltimore-London 1997, pp. 139-151.

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Red Figurę Vases of South Italy and Sicily, London 1989, p. 17.

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Imperiale: J. J. Seznec, The Romans ofthe Decadence and their Historical Significance, “Gazette

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After the hardships of war she was forced to forsake her home region and … remained from 1973 to 1990. She contributed to the editing and publication … Faras paintings in Berlin, Essen, The Hague, Zurich and Yienna.

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Aside from her work for the Museum, she was also an active teacher. In … 1957 in the Professor Michałowski^ excavations in Egypt and later in the … (1969-1984). She also worked in Alexandria and at Faras where she was a … Dr. Ruszczyc's zeal, diligence and conscientiousness were appreciated by … retirement in 1990 she continued her work for the Museum as a voluntary, … Alongside with her professional activity, Dr. Barbara Ruszczyć was active and … Fathers in Cracow, transporting and cataloguing books for the library in

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He was a son of Stefan, musician and composer of the folk musie, and … destroyed monuments of Warsaw and for the planned new settlements … In 1956 he joined the staff of the National Museum in Warsaw as an … of the Faras murals, and also monuments of stone discovered there. Later he

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Professor Michałowski at Mirmeki (Crimea) and later restored the most … Simbel temples, Early Christian Cathedral at Faras, and two large models of … Lipińska). His greatest restoration and repair works were those on the … Stefan Miszczak, a ąuiet, self-effacing rnan, will be missed by his friends and

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The National Museum, Warsaw

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