Brugsch, Heinrich: Egypt under the pharaohs: a history derived entirely from the monuments (London, 1891)

dyn. xiii. INTERNAL DISORGANISATION 85

Without stopping to examine and establish the
numbers—extant and missing—it may be confidently
assumed that science can scarcely be mistaken in
arranging the preceding lists and periods in the follow-
ing order:—

Legitimate Kings ; of Theban Race.

Xlllth dynasty, 60 kings, 453 years.
XVIIth „ ? „ 1 „

Opposition Kings ; of Xo'is.

XlVth dynasty of Xo'is, 76 kings, 484 years.

Foreign Conquerors.

XVth dynasty of Hyksos, 6 kings, 260 years.
XVIth „ „ 1 „ 251 „

A glance at the mutilated fragments of the Turin
Papyrus will establish the fact that the last five columns
were devoted to the kings who belonged to the fore-
going dynasties of Manetho. Their total number in
the Papyrus may be estimated at about 150 names, and
the numbers which have been preserved here and there,
as giving the length of reigns of single kings, seldom
exceed three or four years. From this it appears pro-
bable that the history of Egypt at this period con-
sisted chiefly of revolts and assassinations, in conse-
quence of which the lengths of the kings' reigns were
not governed by the ordinary conditions of the duration
°1 human existence. These were the times concerning
which Eamses III. remarks in the ' Harris Papyrus,' in
the British Museum, that ' the land of Kamit was in
the hands of the princes of the cities of the foreigners,
of whom the one neighbour killed the other neigh-
bour.'

The kings who immediately followed the Pharaohs
°f the Twelfth Dynasty were in full possession of Upper
and Lower Egypt. For a long time the opinion was
prevalent, that the Thirteenth Dynasty marked the