Brugsch, Heinrich: Egypt under the pharaohs: a history derived entirely from the monuments (London, 1891)

byn. sax. CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE BEDAWI 243

the building of that wonderful' Great Hall' in the temple
at Karnak, where 134 columns of astonishing height
and circumference still attract the admiration of the
present age.

The wars of Seti arose from the constant advances
°f the neighbouring peoples upon the Delta. The long
duration of peace, as well perhaps as the weak reign of
Ramses I., had caused them, and especially the Shasu, to
take the bold resolve of pressing forward over the eastern
frontier, ' to find sustenance for their cattle on the
possessions of Pharaoh.' Six battle paintings, ranged
m a series on the outer wall of the north side of the
Great Hall of Pillars in the temple at Karnak, describe
the principal events of this campaign. War broke out
m the East in the very first year of Seti's reign, ' from
the fortress of Khetam (Etham), in the land of Zaru
(Tanitic nome), as far as Kanaan,' which proves that
they had pressed westward into Egyptian territory to
make good their claims derived from the Hyksos. The
hing assembled his army and himself rode in his war-
chariot against the invading Bedawi; the road the
Egyptians took is clearly indicated by the pictures and
inscriptions.

The campaign was begun from the fortress of
Khetam, which was situated on both sides of an arm of
the Nile, which swarmed with crocodiles, and whose
banks were covered with reeds. The king took thence
the direction of the ' way of the Philistines,' and first
reached the fortified but otherwise unknown place,
Taa-pa-mau, Leontopolis, ' the house of lions,' near a
small fountain of sweet water enclosed by a wall. His
march was next directed to the Egyptian fortress of
Migdol, close to the springs in the country of Hazina
or Hazian (the Kasion or Mount Casius of the ancients),
and along the road to the ' north' fortress Uti (Buto),

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