DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.21666#0163
Bo BTopoM pa3Rejie KHMrn aBTop RaeT xapaKTepncTHKy pejioro MaTe-
pnajia Ha ocHOBe aHajin3a 0TRejibHbix ajieMeHTOB: MaTepnajia H ero npn-
MeHeHHH B CKyjibnType, OBOJiiopHH apxMTeKTypHbix CTpyKTyp, BHR0M3Me-
HeHMM OpHaMeHTa H HKOHOrpa(^)MHeCKMX CIOłKeTOB, a TaKH^e 9BOJHORHH
CTMJia OT HTajibHHH3npyioinero PeHeccaHca K MaHBepH3My, cjio^KHBineMycH
nOR CHJIbHbIM HHRepjiaHRCKHM B03ReilCTBMeM.
HTaJIBHHH3HpyiOmHH PeHeCCaHC, BepiHMHOH KOTOporO HBJiaeTCH B Cn-
jie3HH cTpoHTejibCTBo pe3MReHRHH nHCTOBCKnx KHH3eił B Eacere, ocyipe-
CTBJieHHoe Rjia BbiRaioiperocH MepeHaTa HCKyccTBa Excn II (RO OKOJio
1560 r.), 6biJi B rjiaBHoił Mepe njiOROM TBopnecTBa xyROxcHHKOB, npne3xaB-
iHMX M3 CeBepHoii HTajinn. MecTHaa cpeRa pacnojiarajia He6ojibmoH eipe
rpynnoii xyROX^HMKOB, KOTopbie cyMejiM 6bi yROBjieTBopnTb HOBbie Tpe-
6oBaHHH H 3axa3bi, CBH3aHHbie c BbinojiHeHneM CKyjibnTyp yx^e He M3
RepeBa, xaK paHee, H H3 HHbix, Ropornx MaTepHajiOB. Oxojio 1560 roRa,
KpOMe nblHIHOM, K C02KaJieHMK), TOJIbKO HaCTHHHO COXpaHMBIHeMCa CKyjIbn-
TypHon ^eKopapHM KHmKecKon pe3HReHii,HH, B paccMaTpHBaeMoe Bpema
OTcyTCTBOBajin MecTHbie CKyabnTypHbie peHTpbi, H TOJibKO OTO HaHMHaHHe
CTaJIO 6a30H Raa HX B03HHKH0BeHMa. HeCOMHeHHO ORHHM H3 co3RaTeaeii
6acercKoro Renopa 6biJi HeH3BecTHbiM noxa cKyjibnTop, KOTopbiił B 60-x
roRax XVI Bena BbinojiHMji naTb anHTa^Hił (coxpaHnaocb Tpn) B KocTejie
CB. HnKOJiaa B E^ere. 3T0 6biJi cnoco6Hbiił MacTep ReKopaTHBHoii cKyjibn-
Typbi, o6HapyxHBaiOH];HH, oRHaico, cepbe3Hbie HeRocTaTKM B (^nrypHbix
KOMno3HuytHx. Ero opHaMeHTHKy xapaKTepH3yeT TecHaa cBH3b c RenopoM
nacTOBCKoił pe3HReHRMH (anHTa^Ha Xopanyca), xoTa B Heił 3aMeTHbi yace
3aaaTKM Rexopa HHRepaaHRCKoro nponcxo2KReHna (onHTac^HH MappHHa
MepreHepa, 1652 r.).
B 9TO ace caMoe BpeMa B Hbice Mbi CTaaKHBaeMca c ape3BbiaaiiH0 npn-
MHTHBHbiMH eipe npoM3Bep;eHMHMM CKyjibnTopoB, a BepHee peMecjieHHMKOB
B BMRe HecKOJibKHx onHTa^HM Ha Hapy3KHbix CTeHax KOCTejia CB. HxoBa.
a TaK2Ke HaRrpo6Hbix njiHT c pejibecj3HbiMn H3o6paa^eHHaMH, HaxoRani,Hx-
ca B caMOM ropowe M ero oxpecTHOCTax (PaTHOBnpe, KapjiOBHpe BejibKe,
CKap6nmOB, PpORKOB). CTOJIb ace npHMHTHBHbl paHHHe nJIMTbl M3 OKpeCT-
HOCTeii rjiy6HMH; (oco6eHHo M3 BaoR3eHMHa, Hbme B My3ee B Ea^ere),
BbinojiHeHHbie B KaKoii-TO MopaBCKoii MacTepcKoił. Eojiee BbiRaioiRHeca
npoM3Be^eHHH CKyjibnTypbi noaBaaiOTca B Hbice (a Tana^e B Onojie njiH,
HanpHMep, noR HaMbicaoBOM) H paHee H B paccMaTpHBaeMbiii nepHOR Kax
npnB03Hbie M3RejiHa, RocTaBJiHBiHHeca npea^Re Bcero M3 BpoRjiaBa. K HHM
npHHaRjie^KaT: HHCTaa B CBoeii HTajibHHH3HpyioiH;eH c^opMe anMTai^Ha
BuHpeHTMH XopTeH3Myca B Hbice (nocjie 1555 r.) H peHeccaHCHaa, Ho onn-
paioipaaca Ha MecTHyio TpaRHRHio anHTac^na ARaMa npMTTBHpa <^<OH
ra^3(^poHa B CTinejibmax (nocjie 1569 r.).
He no32Ke 1565 roRa B Hbice Haaaji paóoTy HeH3BecTHbiił CKyjibnTop,
BbinOJIHMBHIMH RJIH KOCTejia CB. HKOBa M RJIH 6jIH3JieXi;aHi;eM MeCTHOCTH
HoBe CBeHTOBe naTb anMTac^HM, a Taxxce RBa apxHTeKTypHbix o6paMjieHHH
Rjia pejibet^OB, npHHaRjiexcaBiHHx RpyrHM xyROHCHHKaM. BnojiHe BepoaTHO,
HTO MMeHHO OH 6biJi aBTopoM ynoMHHyTbix Bbirne naTH onHTa^DMM B Eacere.
B o6oHx cjiyHaax Mbi MMeeM Reao c xopomero ypoBHa apxMTexTypHo-op-
HaMeHTajibHbiMH ojieMeHTaMH H c HeKOTopbiM HeyMeHHeM M3o6pax^eHHH
HejiOBenecKoii t^Hrypbi. MReHTHHHbiM HBJiaeTCH TaKH^e Mcnojib30BaHHe He-
MepKOM rpa<^)MKH, pa3BHBaBiHeiłcH B peHTpax, 6jiM3Knx Pec^opMaRMH
(^iopep) jiH6o TecHO c Heio CBH3aHHbix (KpaHax CTapinnił). 3aMeTHbi,
ORHaKO, H CymeCTBeHHbie pa3JIMHMH, KOTOpbie, KaK HaM Kaa^eTCH, MO^KHO
155
pnajia Ha ocHOBe aHajin3a 0TRejibHbix ajieMeHTOB: MaTepnajia H ero npn-
MeHeHHH B CKyjibnType, OBOJiiopHH apxMTeKTypHbix CTpyKTyp, BHR0M3Me-
HeHMM OpHaMeHTa H HKOHOrpa(^)MHeCKMX CIOłKeTOB, a TaKH^e 9BOJHORHH
CTMJia OT HTajibHHH3npyioinero PeHeccaHca K MaHBepH3My, cjio^KHBineMycH
nOR CHJIbHbIM HHRepjiaHRCKHM B03ReilCTBMeM.
HTaJIBHHH3HpyiOmHH PeHeCCaHC, BepiHMHOH KOTOporO HBJiaeTCH B Cn-
jie3HH cTpoHTejibCTBo pe3MReHRHH nHCTOBCKnx KHH3eił B Eacere, ocyipe-
CTBJieHHoe Rjia BbiRaioiperocH MepeHaTa HCKyccTBa Excn II (RO OKOJio
1560 r.), 6biJi B rjiaBHoił Mepe njiOROM TBopnecTBa xyROxcHHKOB, npne3xaB-
iHMX M3 CeBepHoii HTajinn. MecTHaa cpeRa pacnojiarajia He6ojibmoH eipe
rpynnoii xyROX^HMKOB, KOTopbie cyMejiM 6bi yROBjieTBopnTb HOBbie Tpe-
6oBaHHH H 3axa3bi, CBH3aHHbie c BbinojiHeHneM CKyjibnTyp yx^e He M3
RepeBa, xaK paHee, H H3 HHbix, Ropornx MaTepHajiOB. Oxojio 1560 roRa,
KpOMe nblHIHOM, K C02KaJieHMK), TOJIbKO HaCTHHHO COXpaHMBIHeMCa CKyjIbn-
TypHon ^eKopapHM KHmKecKon pe3HReHii,HH, B paccMaTpHBaeMoe Bpema
OTcyTCTBOBajin MecTHbie CKyabnTypHbie peHTpbi, H TOJibKO OTO HaHMHaHHe
CTaJIO 6a30H Raa HX B03HHKH0BeHMa. HeCOMHeHHO ORHHM H3 co3RaTeaeii
6acercKoro Renopa 6biJi HeH3BecTHbiM noxa cKyjibnTop, KOTopbiił B 60-x
roRax XVI Bena BbinojiHMji naTb anHTa^Hił (coxpaHnaocb Tpn) B KocTejie
CB. HnKOJiaa B E^ere. 3T0 6biJi cnoco6Hbiił MacTep ReKopaTHBHoii cKyjibn-
Typbi, o6HapyxHBaiOH];HH, oRHaico, cepbe3Hbie HeRocTaTKM B (^nrypHbix
KOMno3HuytHx. Ero opHaMeHTHKy xapaKTepH3yeT TecHaa cBH3b c RenopoM
nacTOBCKoił pe3HReHRMH (anHTa^Ha Xopanyca), xoTa B Heił 3aMeTHbi yace
3aaaTKM Rexopa HHRepaaHRCKoro nponcxo2KReHna (onHTac^HH MappHHa
MepreHepa, 1652 r.).
B 9TO ace caMoe BpeMa B Hbice Mbi CTaaKHBaeMca c ape3BbiaaiiH0 npn-
MHTHBHbiMH eipe npoM3Bep;eHMHMM CKyjibnTopoB, a BepHee peMecjieHHMKOB
B BMRe HecKOJibKHx onHTa^HM Ha Hapy3KHbix CTeHax KOCTejia CB. HxoBa.
a TaK2Ke HaRrpo6Hbix njiHT c pejibecj3HbiMn H3o6paa^eHHaMH, HaxoRani,Hx-
ca B caMOM ropowe M ero oxpecTHOCTax (PaTHOBnpe, KapjiOBHpe BejibKe,
CKap6nmOB, PpORKOB). CTOJIb ace npHMHTHBHbl paHHHe nJIMTbl M3 OKpeCT-
HOCTeii rjiy6HMH; (oco6eHHo M3 BaoR3eHMHa, Hbme B My3ee B Ea^ere),
BbinojiHeHHbie B KaKoii-TO MopaBCKoii MacTepcKoił. Eojiee BbiRaioiRHeca
npoM3Be^eHHH CKyjibnTypbi noaBaaiOTca B Hbice (a Tana^e B Onojie njiH,
HanpHMep, noR HaMbicaoBOM) H paHee H B paccMaTpHBaeMbiii nepHOR Kax
npnB03Hbie M3RejiHa, RocTaBJiHBiHHeca npea^Re Bcero M3 BpoRjiaBa. K HHM
npHHaRjie^KaT: HHCTaa B CBoeii HTajibHHH3HpyioiH;eH c^opMe anMTai^Ha
BuHpeHTMH XopTeH3Myca B Hbice (nocjie 1555 r.) H peHeccaHCHaa, Ho onn-
paioipaaca Ha MecTHyio TpaRHRHio anHTac^na ARaMa npMTTBHpa <^<OH
ra^3(^poHa B CTinejibmax (nocjie 1569 r.).
He no32Ke 1565 roRa B Hbice Haaaji paóoTy HeH3BecTHbiił CKyjibnTop,
BbinOJIHMBHIMH RJIH KOCTejia CB. HKOBa M RJIH 6jIH3JieXi;aHi;eM MeCTHOCTH
HoBe CBeHTOBe naTb anMTac^HM, a Taxxce RBa apxHTeKTypHbix o6paMjieHHH
Rjia pejibet^OB, npHHaRjiexcaBiHHx RpyrHM xyROHCHHKaM. BnojiHe BepoaTHO,
HTO MMeHHO OH 6biJi aBTopoM ynoMHHyTbix Bbirne naTH onHTa^DMM B Eacere.
B o6oHx cjiyHaax Mbi MMeeM Reao c xopomero ypoBHa apxMTexTypHo-op-
HaMeHTajibHbiMH ojieMeHTaMH H c HeKOTopbiM HeyMeHHeM M3o6pax^eHHH
HejiOBenecKoii t^Hrypbi. MReHTHHHbiM HBJiaeTCH TaKH^e Mcnojib30BaHHe He-
MepKOM rpa<^)MKH, pa3BHBaBiHeiłcH B peHTpax, 6jiM3Knx Pec^opMaRMH
(^iopep) jiH6o TecHO c Heio CBH3aHHbix (KpaHax CTapinnił). 3aMeTHbi,
ORHaKO, H CymeCTBeHHbie pa3JIMHMH, KOTOpbie, KaK HaM Kaa^eTCH, MO^KHO
155