Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

18 Zeus Panamaros^ Panerneros, Panemerios

with his left hand on a long sceptre (fig. 2)1. The later silver
coins, from some date earlier than 330 B.C., show a laureate head
of Zeus as their obverse (fig. 3), a wreath of bay as their reverse
design2. Such representations drop no hint of Zeus as a day-light
deity. The physical aspect of the god had long been forgotten, or
at most survived in a cult-title of dubious significance.

Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3.

(d) Zeus Panamaros, Panemeros, Panemerios.

Near the Carian town of Stratonikeia was a village called
Panamara, situated on the mountain now known as Baiaca. Here
in 1886 MM. G. Deschamps and G. Cousin discovered the precinct
of the Carian god Zeus Panamaros and over four hundred inscrip-
tions relating to his cult3. It is probable that the name Panamaros,
which appears more than once without that of Zeus4, was originally
a local epithet denoting the deity who dwelt at Panamara5. If so,
it is useless to speculate on the real meaning of the word. But
when the district was subjected to Hellenic influence—Stratonikeia,
we know, was a Macedonian colony6—the local divinity by an
instructive series of changes became Zeus Panamaros'1, Zeus

1 Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus pp. 113, 162, 219, Miinztaf. 2, 17 and 17 a,
Miiller-Wieseler-Wernicke Ant. Denkm. i. 94 pi. 9, 18, Head Hist, num.2 p. 417 f.,
Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Peloponnesus p. 12 ff. pi. 2, 15—20, pi. 3, 1—14. I figure pi. 3, 7.

2 Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus pp. 97 f., 105, Miinztaf. 1, 29, Brit. Mas. Cat.
Coins Peloponnesus p. 1 ff. pi. 1. 1—23, pi. 2, 1—14, Head Hist, num.2 p. 417,
W. Wroth in the Num. Chron. Third Series 1900 xx. 286 f. pi. 14, 1.

3 Bull. Corr. Hell. 1887 xi. 373 ff., 1888 xii. 82 ff., 249ff., 479 ff., 1891 xv. 169 ff.,
1904 xxviii. 20 ff., 238 ff. See further the article by O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii.
1491—1497, Nilsson Gr. Feste pp. 27—31.

4 Yla.vdp.apos without Zet/s occurs in Bull. Corr. Hell. 1888 xii. 85 no. 9, 11, ib. p. 86
no. 10, 15, ib. p. 88 no. n, 5. TLavdpiopos {sic) was one of the Carian Kouretes along
with Ad(3pav8os and TLdXa^os or 27rdAcc£os (et. mag. p. 389, 55 ff.).

5 So Hofer loc. cit. 1492 f., Nilsson op. cit. p. 31 n. 6. On A. Dieterich's conjectural
*Amaros ~ Amara see Append. B Egypt.

6 Strab. 660, cp. Steph. Byz. s.v. HrparoviKeia.

7 Zeus Ila.vdp.apos, sometimes Zevs 6 Tlavdp.apos or 6 Zevs 0 Havdp.apos, is the common
form of his name in the inscriptions (Hofer loc. cit. 1492, 1 ff.).