Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

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is, 'Bellies-in-arms ' or ' Arms-in-bellies,' in connexion with Thessaly, … A distant echo of this mythopoeic stage may be heard in … ' Our nature long ago was not what it is now, but otherwise. In the first … The name of this third sex still survives, though it has-itself become extinct. In … resembled their parents. So it came to pass that in point of power and strength … in Hermes 1902 xxxvii. 292 ff., Gruppe Myth. Lit. 1908 p. 441 f. … his body was cylindrical, being circular in horizontal section. The words can hardly be

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they were terrible ; and in their pride they attacked the gods. Indeed, what … and punished their pride by cutting them in halves like so many … compounded of the other two, he has in mind the ' whole-natured … In the western Mediterranean anthropomorphism went a step … 4 Orph. frag. 62 Abel ap. Prokl. in Plat. Tim. i. 429, 28 ff. Diehl (cp. ib. i. 450,

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in the middle of the forehead1 (fig. 249)1 This is throughout the … about that Servius in the fourth century A.D. can write : ' Many say … Virgil, in the passage on which Servius was commenting, adheres … Anth. Pal. 14. 132. 2, 7, Ov. met. 13. 772 f. The Homeric Kyklopes in general had one … 5 Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 636, Myth. Vat. 2. 174.

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Phoebean' must be either the moon or the sun2. Parmenides in … of the Kyklops with the sun. Ovid does so expressly in the … Kyklops' eye stands for the sun in heaven. But we have seen … we are on the right track in investigating the story of the Kyklops … 2 Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 637. … eating ogre (or ogress), who lives in a cave and is a famous builder, must be regarded as a … eyes on flame.' I follow W. Grimm 'Die Sage von Polyphem' in the Abh. d. berl.

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corresponds fairly well with a difference indicated in Hesiod's … They verily in all else were like the gods, … Power, violence, and guile were in their deeds. ' … Nor need we be surprised to find the sun conceived in two … addresses 'Nut, in whose head appear two eyes3'—presumably the … in 77. 1. 402, Eustath. in II. p. 123, 42. Gyas is centimanus in Hor. od. 2. 17. 14, 3. 4.

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a hymn written in the time of the twentieth or twenty-first dynasty … ing it in curiously incongruous ways. For example, Amen-hetep iv … home was near Annu or Heliopolis. 'Aten,' says Dr Wallis

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of Aten are made to terminate in human hands (fig. 250)1, … Such solar symbols are, indeed, deep-seated in human nature, … simultaneously ideas that in their origin were incompatible. For, … p. 26, after G. Rawlinson The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World*

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opens his Sunset in the City with the lines— … Low in the west its fiery axle burning1— … while elsewhere in the same little volume he prefers to speak of … But, to return to the Greeks, we have next to enquire in what … And the Platonic Aristophanes in his whimsical narrative tells … such premises. At most it may be said in quite general terms … 3 Id. ib. p. 18. Mr Owen Seaman in The Battle of the Bays London 1896 p. 39 has … opens his Sunset in the City with the lines— … Low in the west its fiery axle burning1— … while elsewhere in the same little volume he prefers to speak of … But, to return to the Greeks, we have next to enquire in what … And the Platonic Aristophanes in his whimsical narrative tells … such premises. At most it may be said in quite general terms … 3 Id. ib. p. 18. Mr Owen Seaman in The Battle of the Bays London 1896 p. 39 has

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in bombastic style how Argtlipos, Steropes, and Brontes fought on

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W. H. Roscher2 follows A. Furtwangler in regarding this type as … and they had in the end to listen to Minos' demand of seven youths … 1 A. Conze ' Griechische Kohlenbecken' in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. airh. Inst. 1890 … 3 A. Furtwangler ' Die Kopfe der griechischen Kohlenbecken' in the Jahrb. d. kais.

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one with the three-eyed Zeus of Argos, who in turn is strictly … incurring Zeus' enmity9. But nowhere in Greek literature do we … weapon the thunderbolt. He was, in fact, analogous to, but not … 2 W. Grimm 'Die Sage von Polyphem' in the Abh. d. berl. A had. 1857 Phil.-hist. … 4 M. Mayer Die Giganten tend Titanen in der antiken Sage und Kunst Berlin 1887 … Kyklopengedicht der Odysee' in Hermes 1903 xxxviii. 431 ff. draws attention to the similar

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to be met with in Celtic2 and Germanic3 mythology—a fact which … the gods has in one respect been substantiated. For Zeus, as we … repeated in a variety of slightly differing forms: we hear of a sharp … traces of the Kyklopes {supra p. 319 f., Istros ap. schol. //. 10. 439). Maass in Hermes … Kyklopes are located in the Chalcidian colonies Naxos and Leontinoi (Strab. 20, Eustath. … to be met with in Celtic2 and Germanic3 mythology—a fact which … the gods has in one respect been substantiated. For Zeus, as we … repeated in a variety of slightly differing forms: we hear of a sharp … traces of the Kyklopes {supra p. 319 f., Istros ap. schol. //. 10. 439). Maass in Hermes … Kyklopes are located in the Chalcidian colonies Naxos and Leontinoi (Strab. 20, Eustath.

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(Erice), of a red-hot knife (Oghuzians), of a stabbing in the eye … Kyklops-myth of the Odyssey, which in its present shape must be … been the primitive Kyklops-poem2. In this the episode of the … And took and turned it in the blazing fire. … I heartened, lest in terror they should fail me. … And full in his eyeball plunged it. I uplifted … And twirled it in his eye: the blood flowed round … 2 D. Muelder 'Das Kyklopengedicht der Odysee' in Hermes 1903 xxxviii. 414—455.

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Till even its roots were crackling in the fire. … And we in a panic fled, while he from his eye … coming—since even in the Odyssey the incident has been already … that of Prometheus. He is said to have stolen fire from Zeus 'in a … blown out4.' As to the manner in which Prometheus obtained the … in ferulam coniecto, etc., fad. 144 Prometheus in ferula detulit in terras, interp. Serv. in … 4 J. T. Bent The Cyclades London 1885 p. 365. Id. id. : ' In Lesbos this reed is still … down fire from heaven.' The same custom is found in Kypros, according to Sittl on Hes. … Till even its roots were crackling in the fire. … And we in a panic fled, while he from his eye … coming—since even in the Odyssey the incident has been already … that of Prometheus. He is said to have stolen fire from Zeus 'in a … blown out4.' As to the manner in which Prometheus obtained the … in ferulam coniecto, etc., fad. 144 Prometheus in ferula detulit in terras, interp. Serv. in … 4 J. T. Bent The Cyclades London 1885 p. 365. Id. id. : ' In Lesbos this reed is still … down fire from heaven.' The same custom is found in Kypros, according to Sittl on Hes.

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stolen fire, different accounts were current in antiquity. Aischylos … tioned in J. Brassicanus' commentary on Petronius4, expands this … know at all what good things there were in heaven, but asked whether it was … Magic Art ii. 260, who notes that Bent is mistaken in calling the i>dpdrj£ or 'giant fennel' … Cp. Hellanikos frag. 112 {Frag. hist. Gr. i. 60 Midler) ap. Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 227. On … 3 Serv. in Verg. eel. 6. 42 Prometheus, [Iapeti et Clymenes nlius,] post factos a se … also in Myth. Vat. 2. 63 Phoebiacis rotis applicans faculam, can be traced back to Fulgent.

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x. The Fire-drill in relation to Prometheus, … fire from the gods and given it to men; but in truth he was the inventor of the … fire-drill may be seen any day in South Africa : … his palms, pressing it slightly downwards, and in a short time he works a small … obtained for me from a Mutoro of Central Africa by my brother-in-

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' It consists in drilling one piece of ararii-wood into another by pulling a string … spindle with a heavy disk: the former may be seen in a Dacotah … reports that the fire-boards of the Chuckchees in the north-east … 2 J. Romilly Allen 'Need-Fire' in The Illustrated Archaeologist 1894—1895 ii. 77 f. … 3 E. B. Tylor op. cit? p. 242 fig. 25 from an example in the Edinburgh Industrial

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' are roughly carved in human form and personified, almost deified, as the super- … Now, if uncivilised people can regard the fire-stick in its hole as … originated in a primitive story concerning the discovery of the same … 3 K. Bapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3034.

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Ithakesios or Ithakos4-. In short, I suspect that behind Odysseus the … rb yfros, u)kovv tt]v KecpaXrjviav. k.t.X. Cp. Eustath. in II. p. 307, 8, in Od. p. 1815, 44 ff., … 4 Steph. Byz. s.v. 'Ida,Kr]'..!'IdaKos 'Odvacrevs bp.o<p(bvws ry oiKLcrrrj, Eustath. in II. p. 307, … Eustath. in Od. p. 1861, 36 ff. F. F. Zielinski in Philologus 1891 1. 146 ff. argues that … I figure a specimen in my collection. See also Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 680.

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wear fashioned out of his chains, in which was set a stone from Mt. Kaukasos (interp. … ch. ii § 9 (h) ii (17)); and K. Bapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3041 acutely compares … Giitersloh 1886 p. 18, A. F. Pott in the Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschung i860 … als Grundzeichen des westsemitischen Alphabets' in Memnon 1909 iii. 175 ff- This in- … who is mentioned in the Bhagavata Purana. My friend Prof. E. J. Rapson writes to

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Lykophron mentions him in juxtaposition with Zeus Aithiops … examples from south-west Africa (the Herero) and north-east Asia … with Vesta in Italian religion4. It is not, therefore, difficult to … K. Bapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3034 f., following Gerhard Gr. Myth. p. 97, … of the root that appears in Sanskrit as math or 7?ianth, 'to stir or whirl about' (Sir M. … twirler (' Gertenschwinger'') to be Rhadamanthys as judge of the dead. Certainly in that … pd^dov (see her Proleg. Gk. Eel.2 p. 45). Yet the second element in Rhadamanthys' … Lykophron mentions him in juxtaposition with Zeus Aithiops … examples from south-west Africa (the Herero) and north-east Asia … with Vesta in Italian religion4. It is not, therefore, difficult to … K. Bapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3034 f., following Gerhard Gr. Myth. p. 97, … of the root that appears in Sanskrit as math or 7?ianth, 'to stir or whirl about' (Sir M. … twirler (' Gertenschwinger'') to be Rhadamanthys as judge of the dead. Certainly in that … pd^dov (see her Proleg. Gk. Eel.2 p. 45). Yet the second element in Rhadamanthys'

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are in the form of a wheel with four, six, seven, eight, or nine spokes, … asses (?)5 also occur. In one case (fig. 261)6 the wheel has become

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animals placed upon the solar wheel are in some sense devoted to … in the north-east corner of Spain. It was founded, according to … covered dozens of swans or ducks associated with the solar wheel in the art of the bronze

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festival (776 B.C.). In its neighbourhood therefore we might look … similar wheel, the whole being some 20 cm. in height. Column … animal on the solar wheel, or rather in between a pair of solar … That belief meets us in the mythologies of various Indo-Europaean … ideas and henceforward to believe in the driver of a celestial … 2 J. Cabre ' Gbjetos ibericos de Calaceite' in the Boletin de la Real Academia de … A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1998^, A. A. Macdonell Vedic Mythology Strassburg … 5 A. Kuhn op. cit.2 p. 51 ff., A. Rapp loc. cit., J. Dechelette in the Rev. Arch. 1909 i. … p. 1999), but hails from Asia Minor (Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 381 n. 13 and p. 1532 … festival (776 B.C.). In its neighbourhood therefore we might look … similar wheel, the whole being some 20 cm. in height. Column … animal on the solar wheel, or rather in between a pair of solar … That belief meets us in the mythologies of various Indo-Europaean … ideas and henceforward to believe in the driver of a celestial … 2 J. Cabre ' Gbjetos ibericos de Calaceite' in the Boletin de la Real Academia de … A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1998^, A. A. Macdonell Vedic Mythology Strassburg … 5 A. Kuhn op. cit.2 p. 51 ff., A. Rapp loc. cit., J. Dechelette in the Rev. Arch. 1909 i. … p. 1999), but hails from Asia Minor (Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 381 n. 13 and p. 1532

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Evidence of the combination has been found here and there in … in Syros {Syra) shows a horse with a collar, a solar disk, and a … the numerous representations of a solar rider whose type is discussed by R. Dussaud in … Smith in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London 1903 6—13 figs. 5—7).

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case may be, recall in effect the back-to-back arrangement of the … 5 On a red-figured hydria in the Vatican (Mon. d. Inst, i pi. 46, Ann. d. Inst. 1832

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in the solar disk. A fine example is furnished by a silver-gilt … surface and its divergent lines suggests the on-coming sun in a … found in another tomb at Elis along with a whole series of phdlara … Indeed, they have it still. My brother-in-law Mr C. H. C. Visick, … in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1892—3 xiii. 257f. pi. 8), Eleutherai {id. ib. p. 255 pi. 9, 2), … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Jewellery p. 239 no. 2108 pi. 40, F. H. Marshall in the Journ.

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the scene as that of Phaethon in his father's chariot struck by the … represents the four points of the compass in motion. The four points seem to influence … '2 Panofka loc. cit. p. 305 f. cp. a vase from Apulia of like design and style then in the

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his chariot, in the Greek area at least2, is regularly connected with … modern Greeks. Parties go to picnic in plains and meadows, … are burnt5. I figure (pi. xxv) a wreath of the sort, which I obtained in … 1 First in //. 8. 438 ff. Zei)s 5e warrip "15-qOev etirpoxov apfxa /cat t7r7roi>s | OvXvp.irov … immediately in front of Xerxes himself (cp. Longin. de sublim. 3. 2 ret tov Aeovrivov Yopyiov … (Hdt. 7. 40, cp. 7. 55, 8. 115). When Kyros the elder went in procession from his … altar; and lastly Kyros himself in his chariot (Xen. Cyr. 8. 3. 11 ff.). In the time of … 4 A copper coin of Alexandreia struck by Trajan has for reverse type Zeus Amnion in … his chariot, in the Greek area at least2, is regularly connected with … modern Greeks. Parties go to picnic in plains and meadows, … are burnt5. I figure (pi. xxv) a wreath of the sort, which I obtained in … 1 First in //. 8. 438 ff. Zei)s 5e warrip "15-qOev etirpoxov apfxa /cat t7r7roi>s | OvXvp.irov … immediately in front of Xerxes himself (cp. Longin. de sublim. 3. 2 ret tov Aeovrivov Yopyiov … (Hdt. 7. 40, cp. 7. 55, 8. 115). When Kyros the elder went in procession from his … altar; and lastly Kyros himself in his chariot (Xen. Cyr. 8. 3. 11 ff.). In the time of … 4 A copper coin of Alexandreia struck by Trajan has for reverse type Zeus Amnion in

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seen that Saint John's bonfire was in all probability a sun-charm1. … Here in Cambridge the children are out early on the first of May … in use are a single hoop of flowers or coloured tags with crossed … garland once stood for the sun3, the doll in the flowery hoop being … 5 Boetticher Baumkultus pp. 393—-397, S. Reinach in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant.

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In Egypt the sky-god Horos was early confused with the … to be regarded as the symbol of Ra6, or in other words was trans- … winged solar disk10. Now Aischylos in his Suppliants, a play … 4 G. Benedite in the Mon. Piot. 1909 xvii. 5 ff. … 7 So in the Veda the eagle is connected primarily with Indra the thunder-god (A. A. … la division de Vannee p. 49 f., A. Wiedemann ' Die Phonixsage im alten Agypten ' in the … In Egypt the sky-god Horos was early confused with the … to be regarded as the symbol of Ra6, or in other words was trans- … winged solar disk10. Now Aischylos in his Suppliants, a play … 4 G. Benedite in the Mon. Piot. 1909 xvii. 5 ff. … 7 So in the Veda the eagle is connected primarily with Indra the thunder-god (A. A. … la division de Vannee p. 49 f., A. Wiedemann ' Die Phonixsage im alten Agypten ' in the

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The Danai'des do so in the words— … deliberate Egyptism on Aischylos' part, and must not in itself be … belief in a solar hawk10. Ovid tells how Daidalion, grieving for the … parallels occur in various versions of the Daidalos-myth. Accord-

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partridge lay the old conception of the solar bird. Again, in … thos, in which B. Schmidt recognised certain traits of the Ikaros- … enemy then took him prisoner, bound him, shut him up in a fortress, and gave … last to be flung in, he fell on the top of his companions and escaped death. … in der Sonnennahe verschwindende Orion' (Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 946) or perhaps, like … n. 2 cp. a tale from Syra in J. G. von Hahn Griechische und aldanesische Mdrchen Leipzig

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marry him. Now the sea in which the dolphin lived was of such a sort that no … the daughter of Pterelaos, in love with the hostile chief, plucked or … with the point Skyllaion near Hermione7. This recurrence of a … 2 Apollod. 2. 4. 7, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 932, Dion Chrys. or. 64 p. 341 Reiske, Ov. … 4 O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3266 conjectures that Pterelaos was changed

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cliff. Wings of all sorts and birds were attached to him in order … Strab. 452, cp. id. 461, Eustath. in Od. p. 1964, 52. This Ikarios is called Ikaros by … Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 279, Turpilius (Com. Rom. frag. p. ii3ff. Ribbeck) ap. Serv. loc. … (Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 279). … Danubier in Griechenland Gottingen 1909 p. 43. Fick ascribes this cult of the sun-bird

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346 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … i. The Ram and the Sun in Egypt. Zeus Ammon. … Another animal that came to be associated with the sun in … has a quiver and holds a bow in his lowered left hand, a torch in his extended right … 1 Lanzone Dizion. di Mitol. Egiz. p. 956 ff. pi. 336 f., W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. … A coin of the Hypselite nome, struck under Hadrian, shows Isis holding in her hand a … 5 Id. id. ii. 58 ff., Drexler loc. cit. i. 1848 ff. and ii. 1252, R. Pietschmann in Pauly— … ydp (pyaL p.edepp:r]vev6p,evov elvai Tdv"0<ripiv (Hermaios in Frag. hist. Gr. iv. 427 Muller). … 346 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … i. The Ram and the Sun in Egypt. Zeus Ammon. … Another animal that came to be associated with the sun in … has a quiver and holds a bow in his lowered left hand, a torch in his extended right … 1 Lanzone Dizion. di Mitol. Egiz. p. 956 ff. pi. 336 f., W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. … A coin of the Hypselite nome, struck under Hadrian, shows Isis holding in her hand a … 5 Id. id. ii. 58 ff., Drexler loc. cit. i. 1848 ff. and ii. 1252, R. Pietschmann in Pauly— … ydp (pyaL p.edepp:r]vev6p,evov elvai Tdv"0<ripiv (Hermaios in Frag. hist. Gr. iv. 427 Muller).

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are reminded by the 'ammonites' of our geologists. In the time … explain that this custom of theirs arose in the following way. Herakles was … 2 Lanzone Dizion. di Mitol. Egiz. p. 29 ff. pi. i8ff., E. Meyer in Roscher Lex. Myth. … 5 K. Sethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 2350. Cp. Euseb. praep. ev. 3. 12. 1 … 6 R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1855, A. Wiedemann op. cit.

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348 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … both languages. In my opinion, the Ammonians took their name too from the … beat themselves in mourning for the ram and then bury it in a sacred … Amen-Ra in the Oasis of El-Charge even identifies that god with … when Lucian in the second century of our era makes Momos, the … On the connexion between Amnion and Herakles see Arrian. 3. 3. r, Eustath. in … references I am indebted to Roeder in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 571. … 6 H. Brugsch Reise nach der grossen Oase El Khargeh in der Libyschen Wiiste

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in earlier days and with simpler folk it was not so. The Greeks in … meet a familiar face in a strange country, even if the garb was out- … In fact, they would be glad to worship him under his new-found … blue, probably because that was the colour of the heavens in which he ruled as Sun god ' … a water-god or Nile-god (supra p. 347 n. 5, K. Sethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii.

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350 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … existent once at Kyrene4, shows how far they succeeded in com- … religion6 in a spot destined to become famous throughout the … 1 On the various forms of this name see R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … 3 A. Furtwangler ' Ueber Statuenkopieen im Alterthum' in the Abh. d. bayer. Akad. … 7 Infra p. 376 n. 3. Cp. Metrod. Perieget. ap. Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 3. 479 … 9 In Plat, polit. 257 b Theodoros of Kyrene (id. Theaet. 143 c—d) says ev .ye vr\ rov

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Passava, the ancient Las, near Gythion shows … Poseidon Gaiadchos1'. Ammon was here in … 3 B. Schroder in the Ath. Mitth. 1904 xxix. 21—24 fig. 1. Height "57 in. The … 7 S. Wide in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 961 ff. and O. Hofer ib. 964 ff. Hesych. s.vv. nap-... … no. 1446) was worshipped before the return of the Herakleidai, having a shrine in the

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352 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … ' From the earliest times the oracle in Libye is known to have been consulted … Aphytaeans are not a whit behind the Ammonian Libyans in their respect for … oracle of Ammon in the Oasis, hoping to obtain its support for … acquittal the Libyans withdrew, protesting that, when, in accord- … sent a hymn in honour of Amnion to the Ammonians in Libye. This hymn … 1 Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 1558 n. 5, citing J. Zingerle in the Ath. Mitth. 1896

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as O. Gruppe supposes2, a belief that Thebes in Boiotia was con- … allegiance of Europe, Asia, and Africa. No other god united in … In the last paragraph I described Zeus Ammon as at once … This appears in pinmis from the fact that, whereas Greek … 3 See the list of cult-centres in G. Parthey ' Das Orakel und die Oase des Ammon ' in … quarry near Syene) I. o. m. Hammoni Chnubidi, | Iunoni Reginae, quor. sub | tutela hie

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354 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … the Stone Pillars4/ In any case the name not unnaturally modi- … are the central ornament of a silver band, probably once a priestly … an inscription from Mauretania Caesariensis, in which Tanit, there … Religionsgeschichte Berlin 1888 p. 27 f., Wolf—Baudissin in J. J. Herzog Realencyklopddie … 4 So P. Berger in the Gaz. Arch. 1879 v- 14°? E. Meyer in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. … 5 P. Berger ' La Trinite Carthaginoise' in the Gaz. Arch. 1879 v- I33ff-» 222 1880 … 9 E. Meyer in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 291 and 2871.

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Thunderer...Iuppiter Hammon1.' Ba'al-hamman was in fact com- … shoulders, proceeding mechanically in … chant in accordance with traditional … work of Kallisthenes, Aristotle's kinsman, who himself took part in … nearly resembling an omphalos. Meltzer would see in it the … 4 H. Meltzer ' Der Fetisch im Heiligtum des Zeus Ammon' in Philologus 1904 Ixiii.

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356 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … Cypriote Aphrodite was likewise ' worshipped in the form of an … Zeus Amnion, it will—in view of the rarity of such objects— … of Babylon once sent to Egypt as a gift an emerald four cubits in length and … obelisks5 of the sort were to be seen there in

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Amen-Ra in the tomb of Seti i was himself coloured green1, it … In the second place, the method of divination practised at the … Zeus-like Apollon7 indicated the divine will in the selfsame manner. … Plin. nat. hist. 37. 74 et fuisse apud eos in Iovis delubro obeliscum e quattuor smaragdis … are extant (Furtwangler op. cit. iii. 388, W. Drexler in Roscher … Zeus {id. id. p. 111 no. 2356, T. Panofka in the Abh. d. berl.

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358 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … Egyptians believed that the sun-god, after travelling all day in his … dedicated in the temple of Amen-Ra at Thebes a boat of cedar … Amman was said to have transformed himself into a snake in … There are but few certain traces of the solar barque in Greek literature or art. The … krater from Basilicata, now in the Louvre, shows Helios and Selene in a four-horse … Classe p. 383 ff.), Welcker Alt. Denkm. iii. 67—71 pi. 10, r, A. M. Migliarini in the Ann. … l'oasis de Jupiter Ammon' in the Comptes rendus de PA cad. des inscr. et belles-lettres 1906 … shield in the immediate context (see Stephanus Thes. Gr. ling. v. 2002 c—d).

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360 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … But snakes undoubtedly played a large part in Egyptian … human-headed uraeus-snakes or asps7. Sarapis alone appears in … missing. The body is that of a scaly asp, adorned in front with … 7 W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 536 ff. fig., H. P. Weitz ib. iv. 378 … 9 P. Kabbadias in the 'B0. 'A-px- 1893 p. 187 ff". pi. 12,

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four inlaid eyes and ending in a bearded snake's-head. The … B.C. and probably in the Oasis of Siwah coalesced into the sun-god … 6 Cp. the cult of ZeiV'HXios Scuttj/j (g. Plaumann Ptolemais in Oberdgypten (Leipz. … 7 On the controversy, to which this hypothesis gave rise, see H. Meltzer in Philologus

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362 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … Greece and on the wide popularity that in course of time he … rites at Athens in 333 B.C.6? In view of these circumstances it is … in the reign of Merenptah c. 1250 B.C. Egypt was invaded by … 1 In Souid. s.v." Afxfxwv ovofxa 8eov"K\\f]VLKov Kiister would read Aij3vKov (cp. Dionys. … 2 G. Parthey ' Das Orakel und die Oase des Amnion' in the Abh. d. berl. Akad. 1862

363

have planted in the Oasis a cult of their sky-god Zeus, who at … 'The oracular usage of Thebes in Egypt and the oracular usage of Dodona … 2 W. M. Flinders Petrie in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1890 xi. 271—277. The sherds of

364

364 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … them of the evidence on which this definite statement was based, they said in … at Dodona. Two black doves started to fly from Thebes in Egypt. One came … occurs in later writers. Thus Silius Italicus in the first century of … To settle in mid Thebes. Whereof the one

365

He makes the doves start from Thebes in Greece, not from Thebes … and modern mention several species of oak as growing in north … shores of the Syrtis6; and various writers attest the existence in … 2 Interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 466 Iuppiter quondam Hebae {leg. Thebae) filiae

366

366 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … If Zeus had an oak-cult of immemorial antiquity in the … Amnion9, declares that in the beginning men sprang from Mother … 3 This important piece of evidence was clearly pointed out by E. H. Toelken in his … 5 Ap. Rhod. 4. 1483 ff. with schol. adloc, Eustath. in Dionys. per. 209, Hyg.y^. 14 … to Schneidewin's cj. 'IdpfiavTa. But T. Zielinski in the Archiv f. Rel. 1906 ix. 42 n. 1

367

After naming in true Pindaric fashion various possible claimants … May we not venture to see in these lines another confirmation of … But, as we have already seen, the sister oracle in the Oasis was … in the Oasis nowadays5. … recently begun to feed his flock in that district. Shepherds go by the name of … Kallisthenes ap. Plout. v. Alex. 27, Strab. 814; Diod. 17. 49, Curt. 4. 7. 15, Eustath. in … vTTOfj.ovrjs (iinfMovTjs cod. Barnes.) top [x&vtlv irpoayet. stands in need of emendation.

368

368 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … win the credit of having invented something himself. In return for thispresent … in it, but kindles such as are put out and brought near to it. It always fails at … but that as the day declines it gains in warmth becoming tepid at … 2 Paus. 4. 23. 10. So in Byzantine times Eudok. viol. 75, Eustath. in Dionys. … in the text do not suffice to prove it. … Aug. de civ. Dei 21. 5, Eustath. in Dionys. per. 211. Cp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 4. 196

369

In short, it appears that the whole apparatus of the oracle at … nexion between his cult and water comes out clearly in Diodoros' … temple of Ammon shaded by many large trees. Near this temple is a fountain, … The same association of the desert-god with water occurs in a … /cat dvavevaewv = Eustath. in Dionys. per. 211. See also Hdt. 2. 58 cited supra p. 363. … a spring at Teuthrone in Lakonike (Paus. 3. 25. 4). Other cognates are vdeo, vdfxa, … p. 401, 6 fT. Eyssenhardt, Amp. 2, Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 3. 476, Serv. in Verg. Aen.

370

370 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … rather than Dione5^ I would point to the fact that in the Libyan … 1 The ram was presumably Zeus himself in animal form. Another late aetiological … with Hera at Thebes in Egypt see supra p. 348 n. 1. … head has no stephdne and is rather Dionysiac in character (Overbeck op. cit. Zeus p. 301

371

point is that the cult of Zeus in the Oasis was, as Herodotos … from a specimen in the McClean collection, fig. 282 from another in the Leake collection, … All these heads have in front a curious set of upstanding curls (?), perhaps derived

372

372 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … was worshipped as Zeus in Arkadia7 and bears a name which … illustrated (fig. 286) is in the British Museum and shows a ram's ear as well as a ram's … 7 Interp. Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 14 huic opinioni Pindarus [frag. 251 {Poet. lyr. Gr. … /cat' Air6X\wva Trpocrrjyopevov. F. Hiller von Gaertringen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.

373

L. Muller in his great work on the coinage of north Africa was … tomb-painting, which shows Aristaios with a ram on his back, a pedum in his hand, … 5 K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 55 f. … 11 L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pit. 1862 p. 76 ff.

374

374 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … Libyan Triton8. Exceptional is a double bust in the Vatican, … probably a portrait in the guise of Ammon11. Another isolated … E. Braun in Ann. d. Inst. 1848 xx. 186 ff. pi. I, Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 285 f. … 5 Mon. d. Inst., Ann. d. Inst., Overbeck locc. citt. In Antichila di Ercolano, Roux— … 7 So e.g. J. de Witte in Ann. d. Inst. 1858 xxx. 82, L. Stephani loc. cit. p. 78.

375

bay-branch in his left hand. Fie is conversing with a matronly … in the background, by the incense-burner visible between the … (Stephani Vasensamml. St. Petersburg \\. 28 f. no. n 19, though F. Wieseler in the … second woman leaning on a pillar, which is yellow in part. She wears a chiton, a small

376

376 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … In view of the foregoing evidence it would, I think, be unsafe … The last glimpse that we get of the Ammoneion in classical

377

in Arabic geographers1. The Arabs obtained possession of Egypt … released him by blowing in his face2. Another king Ssa, son of … losses3. In 943—944 A.D. the king of the Oases was Abdelmelik … Nubiensis, says that in his day (s. xii) the small Oases had no in- … (Santariah) in the form of a square of white stone. In each wall there was … the dome on every side figures were suspended, which whistled and spoke in … in F. C. Hornemann Voyages dans Piritirieur de FAfrique Paris 1802 Appendice no. 2,

378

378 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … equality with their betters." This rule was an education in itself. The wife … Emir saw in the country of the Oases an orange-tree, which every … then in Egypt, joined a large company of pilgrims returning from … 4 Langles op. cit. ii. 354, Parthey op. cit. p. 173. Wansleben, who visited Egypt in … Kdnigreichs Fessan in Afrika in den Jahren 1797 und 1798, aus der deutschen Handschrift … 7 Parthey op. cit. p. 177. Boutin took with him a portable boat, in which to navigate

379

their best to rob and murder the explorer—a fate that ultimately overtook him in the … 2 H. von Minutoli Reise zum Tempel des Jupiter Amnion in der libyschen Wiiste und … 4 Bayle St. John Adventures in the Libyan Desert and the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon … 7 L. Robecchi-Bricchetti (1886) ' Notizie sull' oasi di Siuwah' in the Archivio per … H. Burchardt (1893) 'Uber den Besuch der Oase Siwah im Februar d. J.' in the … C. von Griinau (1898) ' Bericht, uber meine Reise nach Siwah' in the Zeitschrift der … der Oase Siwe und nach Nubien unternommenen Reisen' in the Ber. sdchs. Gesellsch. d.

380

380 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … of an arm of the sea4. Similarly Eratosthenes in his Geography … it was an accessible coast-towm6! In point of fact the Oasis is … 1 G. Rohlfs Drei Monate in der libyschen Wiiste p. 185 gives the position as deter-

381

white salt: it was dug up in large crystals, packed in palm-baskets, … tained from a running ditch near Siwah a number of small fish, … Gr. ii. 92 Muller) ap. Athen. 67 A—B, Eustath. in Od. p. 1500, 2. On sal Hammoniacus … 3 G. Rohlfs Drei Monate in der libyschen Wiiste p. 187 n. 1.

382

382 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … children bathing in it. I may add that … 'J^^^^-^^^l^^ * Oasis at least in this modified and un-

383

(1792) saw five of its roofing stones yet in position and one on … rounded by a wall, of which the great corner-stones were in situ. … uncertain. In the middle of the precinct rose a mass of limestone … extant portion of the pronaos-wa\l was not quite 9^ ft in length,

384

384 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … earthquake in 18085. The whole temple was covered, inside and … Near the main entry was a ruined vault, which, Minutoli thought, … 5 Cailliaud dates the earthquake in 1811.

385

G. Rohlfs1 in 1869 found nothing of the precinct-wall left save … were 14 and 10 ft long respectively, and were roofed in by three

386

386 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … above them were symbolic designs, between which in many places … sacrificial scenes in which the ruler of the Oasis also took part. … the ritual text are reliefs in three registers. The highest tier shows … 1 G. Rohlfs id.2 ii. 105 f. R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1858

387

solar disk and uraeus on his head. In his right hand he holds … notes that Un-Amon appears to have built this temple in the reign … in one of which lives the sheikh, the richest man of the whole Oasis. … plete. He also found near by an ancient well some 50 ft deep. A … 5 This identification was first made by the French consul-general Drovetty in 1820.

388

388 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … This measures 24 ft long by 18 ft broad and is 18 ft in height. In

389

light-skinned Libyans mentioned above, has an ostrich-plume in

390

3go The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia … this remote spot was brought back in triumph to the Berlin … to the Roman imperial age, yet in most cases they imply an older … 3 Eisele in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 242 ff.

391

The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 391 … a few bronze statuettes, which portray him in similar attitudes … 2 E.g. ib. p. 377 no. 3216 AICABAZI CO on a specimen from Asia Minor. … 4 Eisele loc. cit. p. 248 (especially the bronze from Amiens published in the Rev.

392

3 9 2 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia … animals figure in his myth, which has come down to us with … attributes etc., including the thunderbolt and eagle of Zeus. All these are placed in a … irpoy]^epilov /cat KLTTO<f>bpos (KiaTO(p6pos, a variant in Harpokr. s.v. KiTTo<pbpos and in schol.

393

The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 393 … inquiuntj cum in Cererem {inicere codd. : inire Scaliger) suam matrem libidinibus … animum atque audaciam celans in securam et nesciam repentina immittitur vi furens, agit … tamquam ipse sententia condemnasset se sua, in gremium proiicit et facit [tacit codd.) … coniugatione misceri, in draconis terribilem formam migrat, ingentibus spiris pavefactam … Sebadiis nomen est, testimonio esse poterunt veritati, in quibus aureus coluber in sinum … et arietis proles pro poena atque ultione suscepit. hoc iterum video communibus in

394

394 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia … In this crude, not to say repulsive, tale we have beyond a doubt … E.g. the deposition of the genitalia in the 'chambers' of Rhea Lobrine (schol. Nik. … Cambridge 1910 p. 219. Apparently the relics were buried in the ground and stelai,

395

The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 395 … parallel from the legend of Ahalya in the Rdmdyanam : ' It is said in this passage that … and not on rams, in funeral oblations.' Indras is himself called a ram in a Vedic hymn … 6pyid£wo~l tQ 6e<£, Eustath. in Od. p. 1431, 45 f. r\ 'Pea. fj (pao-iv 6 tcaTexop^evos fj /cat

396

396 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia … out1, the culminating rite of Sabdzios was a sacred marriage in … bride of the god. We have, then, in this difficult and complex … this I should prefer—we must assume that in course of time, … been a ram-god. But in later times it was the snake not the ram … considered verdict of Dr Farnell, who insists that in Demeter and … analogen Brauchen gerade auch in jener spaten Zeit die Gnostiker deutlich aussprechen.

397

The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 397 … 4 Dr F. B. Jevons in his able book An Introduction to the History of Religion London … argued ib. p. 239 that rites appropriate to Kore were celebrated in the spring, rites … before their breathing images were wrought in bronze and marble by the master hands of … in classical times they continued annually to fashion their Corn-mothers (Demeters) and … to a human figure in a cloak, with arms outstretched____In some of them the neck is

398

398 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia … and the earth-mother was from the first a sharer in their cult is a … to him Phersephone, a horned child with four eyes, two in their … Nonnos in Orphic vein describes him as a horned infant, who … a lion, a horse, a horned snake, a tiger, and a bull; in which final … menagerie was simultaneous, not successive, in the case of the Orphic Phanes, who com-

399

The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 399 … not here concerned. But in passing we note one point of import- … assumption that both alike were rooted in the religion of the old … already found evidence in north-eastern Phrygia of a very primitive … 3 Farnell Cults of Gk States v. 185, Eisele in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 261 f. … ui's." Similarly Arrian. frag. 30 {Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 592 Miiller) ap. Eustath. in II. … etc.: see F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2180, H. Hepding Attis seine … In the Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 79 I drew attention to these equations, and suggested

400

400 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia … inscription from Nikopolis in Moesia records a dedication to ' Zeus … Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache Gottingen 1896 p. 81 ' von *baga, … 2ct/bs benannt sein,' id. Hattiden und Danubier in Griechenland Gottingen 1909 p. 46 f. … 3 Eustath. in Dionys. per. 1069 rjcrav 5e /cat idvos QpatciKOv Hdfioi, oirep tovs Bdxxovs … 5 P. Perdrizet in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1896 xx. 101 holds that Sabdzios as a sun-god … 7 Macrob. Sat. 1. 18. 1 item in Thracia eundem haberi solem atque Liberum

401

The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 401 … Libyans were near akin to the Thraco-Phrygians, and that both … Arthur Evans in a clay sealing … eo universa patefiunt. Perhaps we may compare the story of Perdikkas in Hdt. 8. 137 f. … 5 The evidence is persuasively marshalled by Sir Arthur Evans in the Journ. Hell. … At Gortyna there appears to have been an annual festival (Ti(rvpoi), in which Zeus as

402

4-02 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia … mother of Zagreus. J. N. Svoronos would see in her Hygieia6. … maior qui gregem anteire consuevit: sicut etiam in comoediis invenitur. And Gruppe … 3 F. Lenormant in the Gaz. Arch. 1879 v. 24. … 8 The examples of a 'Minoan' snake-goddess are listed by H. Prinz in the Ath. Mitth.

403

The Golden or Purple Ram in Italy 403 … latter type introduces Zeus with thunderbolt and eagle in place of … welcome in Magna Graecia. It was their old, though not their … descendants and becomes more flourishing in them8.' Hence … a specimen in my collection.

404

404 The Golden or Purple Ram in Italy … But in the meadows of himself the ram … In the folk-tale of Cupid and Psyche the second task imposed … rest in her misfortunes by hurling herself from the cliff over the stream. But … madly and savagely, bringing death to mortals in their fury, with their sharp … in practice the instruction she had received through her hearing, and of which

405

to the tree-stems near the big plane-tree will—I suspect—prove … lamb was born to him, he repented of his vow and kept the lamb shut up in a … in that way, and asserted in the hearing of the multitude that the man who had … compact, and the sun set in the east. Wherefore, inasmuch as heaven had … Or. 995 ff.) or Pan (Eur. El. 700 ff.); or was found in the flocks of Atreus through the … or was simply born in the flocks of Atreus (schol. Eur. Or. 812 Fl. 33. A, schol. //. 2. … it in a box (Apollod. epit. 2. 10 f., Apollonios ap. Tzetz. chil. 1. 436 ff.) ; another

406

Safely it grazes in a place apart, … a silver bowl or cup enriched with a gold lamb in the centre of it3. … in his left hand and extending his right towards a king, whose … <j>i6\r), Eustath. in 77. p. 868, 49 f. <pid\Lov, ib. p. 1319, 47 f. iror-qpLov. For royal gold

407

sceptre ends in a ram's head (fig. 302)1. This may be interpreted … to a very ancient stratum of Greek religion. And in view of the … in connexion with the family. Pausanias, when describing the … in the plural. At Olympia the annual magistrates used to slay a … (Od. 10. 516 ff., 11. 23 ff.) : Polygnotos in the Cnidian Ldsche at Delphi represented the … oracle of Kalchas on a hill called Drion in Daunia sacrificed to him a black ram and slept … de dea Syr. 55 on a similar practice at Hierapolis, and Hieron. comm. in Pes. 65 (xxiv. 657

408

represented on a vase from Ruvo (fig. 303)\ Pelops in Phrygian … victory. A fine polychrome vase from S. Agata de' Goti, now in … Artemis. The goddess carries in either hand a bow and a phidle; … chlamys. In the upper register Myrtilos, wearing a wreath and … Poseidon and Athena, the remaining corner being filled in by a

409

or statue in the central position to be that of Zeus2; and this agrees … In the myth of Atreus possession of the golden lamb and … In Homeric times the Sun-god was looked upon as the owner … Eur. frag. 861 Nauck2 ap. Achill. Stat. isag. in Arat. phaen. 123 E, Polyb. ap. Strab.

410

shepherding the sheep with a silver staff in her hand, while Lam- … the 350 (= 7 x 50) sheep in like manner denote the corresponding … observe that, even in historical times, actual flocks and herds were … Lastly, at Apollonia in Illyria the Sun-god had flocks about … 3 Aristot. frag. 167 Rose ap. schol. Od. 12. 129, Eustath. in Od. p. 1717, 32 ff. So … Helios as a parallel to that of Herakles with the cattle of Geryoneus see C. Robert in … 12 Hdt. 9. 93 f. and ap. Eustath. in Od. p. 1717, 45 f. Konon the mythographer, who

411

lonia and enters the sea near the harbour of Orikos. But by night they are … in depriving of his eyesight Euenios, the guardian of the sacred sheep, for that … citizens, who acted in the following way. When Euenios was sitting on his … thought to possess the two finest plots in Apollonia—and in addition a house, … in accordance with oracles that they have received." At this he was much put … that time onwards he had prophetic powers implanted in him, so that his fame

412

412 The Golden Lamb in Epeiros … similar custom in the heroic age. The luck of the Pelopidai … merry life, year in year out, squandering and scattering their father's treasures … daughter in it, and sent heralds throughout the world to announce that, who- … came to essay the adventure. But all their efforts were in vain : they could not … a herdsman and begged him to hide him in a sheep-skin with a golden fleece

413

The Golden Lamb in Epeiros 413 … seeing that he was so handsome, fell in love with him and asked : "Why did … king; I will either find her or lose my head." So saying, he went in front of … so, and the door opened. They went in, and the king bit his moustache for … a wife, and he lived with her in grandeur and in happiness.' … Cambridge 1910 p. 98. The same word Tdprapa survives in Rhodes as a name for

414

instructive to summarise the two in parallel columns :— … daughter Danae shut up in an up in an underground chamber of … visited her in a shower of gold, and man visited her in the fleece of a … in a chest, and flung them into the … the latter. In particular, the whole episode of Danae and Perseus … myth in question has come down to us through a large number … 2 '0 Micros adpcoTTos, ' The Half-man': text in J. Pio NEOEAAHNIKA IIAPAMT0IA … 3 The evidence, literary and monumental, is put together by J. Escher-Biirkli in

415

accessible in its entirety is that of Sophokles, who told the tale … of their danger. They fled with the ram. Helle, in crossing the … golden-fleeced, to Ares or to Hermes. Phrixos settled in these … name Top-y&Tris (Hippias frag. 12 (Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 62 Muller)) see E. Wilisch in Roscher … 4 Apollod. 1. 9. 1 f. An almost identical account is given by Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 22,

416

gave its skin to Aietes: he nailed it round an oak-tree in a grove of Ares. … by wild beasts. So he travelled through much country, till he fell in with … centres of Zeus Laphystios, one at Halos in Thessaly1, the other … cult-centre brought into connexion with the same myth was in the … is offered in sacrifice5. Tacitus adds that the neighbouring tribes

417

appears and carries him in safety through the air to a land in the … carried off the intended victim in a cloud to be her own priestess … phystios. This accounts for the belief, current in the vicinity of … Zeus,' and adds that the hero ' fastened the skin in the temple10,' … told by Apollonios that Aietes would not have received Phrixos in … 4 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 183, cp. schol. Aristoph. Lys. 645. … 9 Apollod. 1. 9. 1, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 22, Ap. Rhod. 2. 1150 with schol., 4. 119, … 10 Hyg. poet. astr. 2. 20. 11 Tiirk in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2462. … an oak in the grove of Ares (Apollod. 1.9. 1, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 22, Val. Flacc. 5. 228 ff.,

418

the ram itself? In ancient times this question called forth an … and seek to understand it in comparison with other analogous … consorted with her in animal form (Hyg. fab. 188) : he also rescued and had intercourse … 1 Dionysios of Mytilene, an Alexandrine grammarian of the second century B.C., in … was captured by the Kolchoi, Krios was sacrificed to the gods, and his skin, in … choice samples may be found in Eudok. viol. 262 : the golden fleece was a treatise on … 2 Strab. 499, cited by Eustath. in Dionys. per. 689. My friend and colleague Prof.

419

and rescued by the miraculous ram1. In fact, the golden, or sub- … disposed to see in the golden ram of Athamas, as in the golden lamb … Zeus in animal form. … experiment in rejuvenation10. … auream, in qua Iuppiter in caelum ascendit. … the army of Liber, when perishing of thirst in Africa, to the spring of Iupiter Mammon. … 10 Supra p. 245. In Folk-Lore 1905 xvi. 325 n. 1 I have compared this incident with

420

for further evidence of him as a ram-god in the actual rites of the … careful to select only those that were in the prime of life. They … suggest that those who took part in the procession were originally … Ganneau Recneil archeologie orientale Paris 1898 ii. 74 f., 1901 iv. 250 sees in this … used to support the conclusions of Mr F. M. Cornford, who detects in the Pelops-myth … wears a black sheep-skin mask. Mr Wace (ib. p. 251) holds that this character 'is in all … 3 Gilbert Gr. Golterl. p. 148 thinks that the fleeces were worn on the mountain in … a fleece in the modified rain-charm (?) of Judges 6. 36—40. But Gilbert's whole ex-

421

right in holding further that the golden ram came to symbolise the … of Zeus Akraios from ceremonies observed in Attike on Mouni- … shining in the morning5, moon-set being, so to speak, caught up by … 5 Souid. s.vv. ap.cj)LcpG)VTes, <xvolo~t<itoi, Pausanias ap. Eustath. in II. p. 1165, 12. … dides in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1905—1906 xii. 20 ff. fig. 6 describes and illustrates the

422

before the goddess and in that capacity wore saffron robes1. For … Men clad in new fleeces honour Zeus Girls clad in saffron robes honour … It seems possible that in both cases the colour of the ritual-garb … in various purificatory rites. Individuals, who wished to be puri- … 6 So P. Stengel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1084 (relying on Eustath. in Od.

423

skin, though used in a variety of ceremonies, was in every case the … to us in Greek vase-paintings and Roman reliefs. A red-figured … nothing whatever to do with Zeus, but are rather to be referred to the root that appears in … Zeus' {supra p. 3 n. 3). I would explain in the same way the Ata of Teos (Michel … 4 Cic. top. 64, Serv. in Verg. eel. 4. 4.3, georg. 3. 387. … 7 F. Lenormant in the Contemporary Review 1880 ii. 137.

424

for libations in the Eleusinian ritual1); before him are two others … his right knee and seems about to catch a mouse in the presence … 1 C. Michel in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iv. 509^ fig. 5708.

425

mysteries as a pair of pendant panels4. In one we have the assem- … O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 231 and especially Eisele ib. iv. 263 f.): hence … (Isa. 66. 17) was a heathen practice introduced into Jewish worship, in the days of … 5 F. Hauser in the Rom. Mitth. 1910 xxv. 288 n. 1 cp. h. Dem. 195 f. irp'iv y ore §17 … 8 I figure the example in the Louvre no. 4154 after G. P. Campana Antiche opere in

426

He sits on a stone seat spread with a skin, which in the most … foot-stool3. The hero holds a torch in his left hand. Above his … Demeter-Kora pp. 510, 564, 579 Atlas pi. 16, 10 and F. Lenormant in Daremberg—Saglio … 4 Here again the best specimen in terra-cotta, that of the Museo delle Terme no. 4357 … of a sarcophagus-front, which was published in reverse by G. Winckelmann Monumenti … pi. 4—-5, 2 (see Von Rohden—Winnefeld op. cit. iv. 1. 8 n. 1 bis, G. E. Rizzo in the

427

Greek marble found in 1878 near the Porta Maggiore at Rome and … Rom. Mitth. 1910 xxv. 103 ff. figs. 5 f., and J. N. Svoronos in the 'E0. 'Ap%. 1911 p. 44 … 7 J. N. Svoronos in the 'E(f>. 'Ap%. tgn pp. 39—-52.

428

soil. Sir Arthur Evans in his remarkable account of a pillar-shrine … keep sheepskins here, and the worshippers wrap themselves in these … in the cults of Zeus Meilichios, Zeus Ktesios, etc. fit on to and … was replaced in Naxos by Dionysos Meilichios"'. … of Athens, are cases in point. Secondly, it would seem that in the … conviv. 1. 1. 3, non posse suav. vivi sec. Epic. 22, Eustath. in Od. p. 1964, 18 f.,

429

and to beget a son in his own likeness—a god commonly known … 2 Zeus was already identified with Amen-Ra in the sixth century B.C. {supra p. 350f.). … skin was used in a love charm (Plin. nat. hist. 30. 141); ram's wool, as an aid in … wide-spread use of the ram as a decoration of tombs in general (Frazer Pausanias iii. 187). … E. Gerhard 'Widdergottheiten' in the Arch. Zeit. 1850 viii. 149—160 pi. 15, 1—7, … Conclusive is the fact that the phallos itself is sometimes made to terminate in a ram's … no. 562, W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 1257).

430

43 o The Bull and the Sun in Egypt … of frequent occurrence in mythology. And the myths, though … i. The Bull and the Sun in Egypt. … religious beliefs in closely analogous forms, of which many similar … 428) is likewise appropriate to a fertilising god [supra p. 396 n. 1). S. Reinach in the … is a broken limestone pillar, found at the village of is ra $i'x#ia near Mykenai, round … 43 o The Bull and the Sun in Egypt … of frequent occurrence in mythology. And the myths, though … i. The Bull and the Sun in Egypt. … religious beliefs in closely analogous forms, of which many similar … 428) is likewise appropriate to a fertilising god [supra p. 396 n. 1). S. Reinach in the … is a broken limestone pillar, found at the village of is ra $i'x#ia near Mykenai, round

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / I: The bull and the sun in Egypt

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The Bull and the Sun in Egypt 431 … Evidence of their divinity is forthcoming even in the predynastic … in a wild bull to fight with Mnevis. Both bellowed, and the wild … 6 Corp. inscr. Gr. iii. 304. See further W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3081 f.

432

432 The Bull and the Sun in Egypt … in his tail8. Various marks brought him into connexion with the … states that in the reign of this Bokchoris a monstrous lamb with two heads, four horns, … 2 Drawn from a bronze statuette in the possession of Mr F. W. Green. Total height … 9 Macrob. Sat. 1. 21. 20 bos Apis in civitate Memphi solis instar excipitur is a partial … 11 Porphyrios ap. Eus. praep. ev. 3. 13. 2, Kyrillos in Oseam 5. 8f.

433

The Bull and the Sun in Egypt 433 … upon the lucky man in whose herd he had been born. Sacred … and prophets, in a barge yearly adorned for this purpose, to … tained in the lap of luxury9. His stall had a window in it, through … latter had a dromos or ' approach,' in which stood a colossus made … in Hdt. 2. 153.

434

434 The Bull and the Sun in Egypt … same day2. During one week in the year Apis' birthday was cele- … his allotted span, the priests drowned him in their sacred spring, … 5 Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 3. 478 motu corporis sui, cp. Claud, de quart, cons. Hon. … 11 Plout. de Is. et Os. 56. See, however, R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … Le Se'rapeum de Memphis Paris 1857 rev. by G. Maspero 1882 or the brief accounts in

435

The Bull and the Sun in Egypt 435 … Osiris his soul passed into Apis and was re-incarnated in the … 9 Tertull. ad nat. 2. 8. 10 C. Soherer in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1803 f. … 13 E. Meyer and W. H. Roscher in Lex. Myth. i. 420: ' Daher hat auch Apis (wie

436

436 The Bull and the Sun in Egypt … that in Egypt the sun was represented by a bull, continues : ' At … The expression (ib. 21) imago so/is in adversam nmndi partem nitentis is rightly explained … 4 E. A. Wallis Budge op. cit. ii. 352 f. W. Spiegelberg, however, in the Archiv fur … "ifeveovripi. -waarocpopov \ rod deov fwou Bovxw {sic). Hence in Macrob. loc. cit. he cj. Bucin.

437

At Momemphis, in the Delta, there was a cult of Aphrodite … Many other Egyptian towns, both in the Delta and outside it, kept … Orphic and Bacchic rites were in reality Egyptian and Pytha- … 1 Lanzone Dizion. di Mitol. Egiz. p. 201 f. pi. 70, 4, cp. K. Sethe in Pauly—Wissowa … 5 R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2793. … in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1909 xxix. 87 f. and the more hazardous speculations of Miss … At Momemphis, in the Delta, there was a cult of Aphrodite … Many other Egyptian towns, both in the Delta and outside it, kept … Orphic and Bacchic rites were in reality Egyptian and Pytha- … 1 Lanzone Dizion. di Mitol. Egiz. p. 201 f. pi. 70, 4, cp. K. Sethe in Pauly—Wissowa … 5 R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2793. … in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1909 xxix. 87 f. and the more hazardous speculations of Miss

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / II: Zeus, Io, and Epaphos

438

the obscure and presumably non-Greek1 name Bdkchos was in fact … The story is summarised by Aischylos in the earliest of his extant … Choms. 'Tis said that in this Arg'ive land erewhile … Is't said that Zeus to mortal maid came near? … 9 See J. Escher-Burkli in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 2708 f. … (b.C.M. i.), aivb yap rrjs rod Atos eTrcuprjs irpbs 'Itb' J^iracpos eyiveTO (Gu.), Tzetz. in Lyk. Al.

439

King. What other child of hers hast thou in mind ? … King. In truth ye seem to me to be of kin … of Aischylos and is well expressed in the rapid exchange of his … mainly interested in recovering the original form of the story.

440

doros1, who in his great 'Library' of Greek myths has preserved, … guardian. Argos bound the cow to the olive-tree4 that was in the … 4 Plin. nat. hist. 16. 239 Argis olea etiamnum durare dicitur, ad quam Io in tauram … Kunstmylh. Zeus p. 474, T. Panofka 'Argos Panoptes' in … 279 f.), a green jasper of which a replica in paste was in the … formed him into a peacock (schol. Aristoph. av. 102, anon, miscell. 6 in Myth. Graec. ed. … Boetticher Baumkultus fig. 35 and the peacocks kept in the temple of Hera at Samos

441

significance of the bull and the cow in regard to each. … Gordon of Cairness in 1831 found there the tail of a peacock in white marble. Id. ib. ii. … 5 The evidence is cited by Rohde Psyche2 p. 15 n. 3 and more fully by O. Kern in … significance of the bull and the cow in regard to each. … Gordon of Cairness in 1831 found there the tail of a peacock in white marble. Id. ib. ii. … 5 The evidence is cited by Rohde Psyche2 p. 15 n. 3 and more fully by O. Kern in

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442

has recently come to light in Thasos3. A Laconian inscription … and the Syrian goddess8. The girls who, clad in saffron robes, … their god was originally worshipped. They are found occasionally in other cults too, … interpreted by R. Scholl Satura philologa in hon. H. Sauppii p. 177 and A. Dieterich … 3 T. Macridy ' Un hieron d'Artemis IIwXu> a Thasos' in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. … 6 See G. A. Gerhard in the Archivf. Rel. 1904 vii. 520—523.

443

esseness, a title that properly denotes ' king bees4.' Aischylos in … Leipzig 1911 p. 138 ff., and in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3062, who cites much additional … 2 Hdt. 2. 55—57, Strab. 7 frag. 1 p. 73 Kramer, Eustath. in Od. p. 1760, 43 f., … tions in the British Museum iii. 2. 85 Oxford 1890 nos. 447, 448, 451, 457, 467, 578 c.

444

that the deity worshipped was originally believed to appear in … already in Homeric days come to be used as a complimentary … occupies the second half of the hexameter line, and is in fact a tag … minstrel from a distant past,'when it was used in the sense of … quoting from a commentary on Pindar written by Didymos, who lived in the second half … :i //. 18. 4o'AAt77 re j3ounris the Nereid. In the late Homeric hymn 31. 2 the mother … 4 I/. 3. 144 Klymene, 7. 10 Phylomedousa. On Polottls in the sense of 'large-eyed5 … that the deity worshipped was originally believed to appear in … already in Homeric days come to be used as a complimentary … occupies the second half of the hexameter line, and is in fact a tag … minstrel from a distant past,'when it was used in the sense of … quoting from a commentary on Pindar written by Didymos, who lived in the second half … :i //. 18. 4o'AAt77 re j3ounris the Nereid. In the late Homeric hymn 31. 2 the mother … 4 I/. 3. 144 Klymene, 7. 10 Phylomedousa. On Polottls in the sense of 'large-eyed5

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / IV: Hera and the cow

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post with a pair of cow's horns attached near the top of it. Hera, … situated at the foot of a mountain (1744 ft in height), which in … on the summit10,' were two cult-titles of Hera in the Argolid, and … 2 W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 513 fF- 3 Supra p. 370 n. 1. … 7 Paus. 2. 17. 1. On Prosymna see further A. Frickenhaus in Tiryns i. 118—120.

446

suggests that Euboia, 'She who is rich in oxen,' was a third. Nemea, … in the form of a cow, Hera boopisz; but more critical investigators … observed, shows markings indicative of a sacrificial fillet5. In … Falls, who never in her life … near Corinth, and also on the Bosporos, see G. Wentzel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. … 6 Sen. Ag. 364 ff. In Kos a choice heifer was sacrificed to Hera 'Apyeia, 'EAet'a, … that the prizes were not bronze in the mass, but tripods, cauldrons, shields, and bowls. … when the Argives were arming; he offered a fresh weapon to each citizen, receiving in

447

on, their mother had to be drawn in a car to the temple. But the … were put to sleep in the temple itself and never woke again. The … Herodotos' account is supplemented in some points by that of … story of Harpalyke). The festival is called 'E/caTOyUjSaia in the Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 1715, … 5 Anth. Pal. 3. 18. 2 with arg., Souid. s.v. Kpoiaos, Philarg. in Verg. georg. 3. 532 … (51), Eudok. viol. 435c, Souid. s.v. Kpolcros, Cic. Tusc. 1. 113, Serv. and Philarg. in … on, their mother had to be drawn in a car to the temple. But the … were put to sleep in the temple itself and never woke again. The … Herodotos' account is supplemented in some points by that of … story of Harpalyke). The festival is called 'E/caTOyUjSaia in the Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 1715, … 5 Anth. Pal. 3. 18. 2 with arg., Souid. s.v. Kpoiaos, Philarg. in Verg. georg. 3. 532 … (51), Eudok. viol. 435c, Souid. s.v. Kpolcros, Cic. Tusc. 1. 113, Serv. and Philarg. in

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / V: Kleobis and Biton

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mother8 before going to sleep. In another version they bring the … A second tale of Biton's prowess was told in verse by Lykeas, … a stone relief of Kleobis and Biton in the act of drawing their … 3 Hyg. fab. 254. Cp. Tert. ad nat. 2. 9 ne in sacris piaculum committeret.

449

also at Berlin (fig. 316)2, differs from it in several points. The … carved on a sarcophagus in the library of S. Marco at Venice … human and animal figures. In the centre stands the temple with … 5 H. Dlitschke ' Kleobis und Biton ' in the Arch.-ep. Mitth. 1883 vii. 15.3—167 pi. 2.

450

mother in heaven1. … first feasted, not to say fattened, in a temple, afterwards put to … with wrought stones to be a minstrels' theme for ever7. Taken in … enough, placed themselves in the Yoke, and drew their Mother.' … in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 720). … mother in heaven1. … first feasted, not to say fattened, in a temple, afterwards put to … with wrought stones to be a minstrels' theme for ever7. Taken in … enough, placed themselves in the Yoke, and drew their Mother.' … in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 720).

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VI: Trophonios and Agamedes

451

is rich in oxen5/ her sacred herd at Nemea6, her numerous votive … support for my conjecture12 that in Io, the priestess changed by the … Confirmation of this view may be sought in the myth of the … logographer of Argos in Boiotia, who lived in the second half of … of the priestess? The schol. Bernens. in Verg. georg. 3. 532, who drew from the stores … 14 A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3001 ff. … is rich in oxen5/ her sacred herd at Nemea6, her numerous votive … support for my conjecture12 that in Io, the priestess changed by the … Confirmation of this view may be sought in the myth of the … logographer of Argos in Boiotia, who lived in the second half of … of the priestess? The schol. Bernens. in Verg. georg. 3. 532, who drew from the stores … 14 A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3001 ff.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VII: The Proitides

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on mythology resembling that of Akousilaos but ampler in scope2, … He received in marriag'e Iphianassa, obtaining her as the reward0 of his cure.' … entered her temple in a solemn service and preferred themselves to … 8 Serv. in Verg. eel. 6. 48, Myth. Vat. 1. 85.

453

the Argive Hera being called 'cows.' In 1894 I ventured on the … 1 Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 2. 220 says: furore immisso a Venere. … 6 So Miss J. E. Harrison in the Class. Rev. 1893 vii. 76, Farnell Cults of Gk. States … the Argive Hera being called 'cows.' In 1894 I ventured on the … 1 Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 2. 220 says: furore immisso a Venere. … 6 So Miss J. E. Harrison in the Class. Rev. 1893 vii. 76, Farnell Cults of Gk. States

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VIII: Hera and Io

454

described in all our sources as the priestess of Hera, never as a … her boopis, as though she were Hera1. And she was in Alexandrine … was embodied in the ministrant. … in the Argive dialect denoted the 'moon8'—an assertion of very … name appears also in Synkell. chron. 149 D (i. 283 Dindorf), Hieron. chron. ami. Abr. … 18, alib. See W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 439 ff., supra p. 237 n. 1 (where the … in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 437 ff.

455

In modern times various arguments have been adduced to … in the seventh century B.C. oriental influence transformed the … in Dionys. per. 92, Chron. Paschale i. 74 Dindorf, Kedren. hist. comp. (i. 37 Bekker), … 1 L. Ross Italiker unci Graken p. 84, cited by R. Engelmann in Roscher Lex. Myth. … Tavpunris...'M.r)i'7), Lyd. de mens. 3. 10 p. 44, 9 Wiinsch, where ~Lekr}VT) is described in an … Plac. in Stat. Theb. 1. 720 Luna vero, quia propius taurum coercet adducitque, ideo

456

or riding on a steer1, or at least drawn in a chariot by white steers … we can put together the following indications. The Argives in … Epimenides, in a passage quoted by Aelian, wrote : … 1 Ach. Tat. 1. 4 eidov eyw wot' iiri ratipip yeypafx/xeurjv ^eXrjvijv, Lact. Plac. in Stat. … subsequently modified his opinion in his Indogermanischer Volksglaube Berlin 1885 p. 209 … phon) painted a picture in which lS.ep.ea 7)v Kadrj^PT) Kai i-nrl raw yovarwv avrrjs 'A\ia[3ia5r]s

457

discovered the mysteries5. Now in the Dionysiac mysteries, as … Plout. de facie in orbe lunae 24, Steph. Byz. s.v. 'Airecras, Nigidius ap. schol. Caes. Germ. … Serv. in Verg. Aen. 8. 295 Lunae Alius et invulnerabilis dictus est, cp. Sen. Here. fur. … 5 Diod. 3. 74. In Cic. de nat. deor. 3. 58 (Dionysum) quartum love et Luna, cui sacra … Saturnio et Semela. In Euseb.praep. ev. 3. 13. 18 t'ls yap r/ tovtov (sc. Alovvvov) yevv-qaaaa, … discovered the mysteries5. Now in the Dionysiac mysteries, as … Plout. de facie in orbe lunae 24, Steph. Byz. s.v. 'Airecras, Nigidius ap. schol. Caes. Germ. … Serv. in Verg. Aen. 8. 295 Lunae Alius et invulnerabilis dictus est, cp. Sen. Here. fur. … 5 Diod. 3. 74. In Cic. de nat. deor. 3. 58 (Dionysum) quartum love et Luna, cui sacra … Saturnio et Semela. In Euseb.praep. ev. 3. 13. 18 t'ls yap r/ tovtov (sc. Alovvvov) yevv-qaaaa,

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / IX: Zeus and Argos

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that may be, we are, I think, justified in inferring, from the analogy … menes6. He resembled Zeus in nature as well as in name. Zeus, … 2 See S. Wide in the Ath. Mitth. 1894 xix. 249, Svoronos Ath. Natioualmus. … there is much to be said in favour of this view. But was i'c6 merely an exclamation, or … and founded a sanctuary of Demeter Mfivaaa at a spot called Charadra in Argos (Polemon … after which Triptolemos was the first to plough and sow (Tzetz. in Hes. o.d. 32). Apis … (avdea) of Hera (et. mag. p. 409, 28 ff.). In the reign of Argos, son of Apis, Greece

459

Rhodios in his account of the Argonauts tells how— … And Hyginus describes the same hero as ' an Argive clad in a … wiser, therefore, to suppose that he wore the bull-skin in order to … repeatedly in the poets as a title of Zeus7, a fact which supports … 3 Miss J. E. Harrison in the Class. Ken. 1893 vii. 76, after H. D. Midler Mythologie … hold your position that Argos was a celebrant—only I go much further in thinking, not … Jatta collection, Argos is clad in a bull's hide (fig. 318 from Mon. d. Inst, ii pi. 59, … The Jatta krater shows a well-marked tendency to duplicate its figures. In the lower … Hera similarly corresponds with Argos seated on the mountain near to Io. The latter

461

my contention that Argos was akin to Zeus. Hesychios, in one of … of greyish limestone inscribed in lettering of the third century— … Since the commentator in question has just been discoursing on … 2 W. Vollgraff in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1909 xxxiii. 445 f. … in Aristoph. Ach. 435 cS Zev dLoirra Kai KaTOirra iravTaxov. See Trag. Gr. frag. p. 847

462

that he interprets the title of Zeus Panoptes in a solar sense. … whose abnormal eye not improbably denoted the sun4. In this … refer to the brilliant sky-god, but as manifested in the burning … sented Argos as four-eyed in a line borrowed by an Orphic writer … white cow12, it was perhaps because ' in Euboia almost all the cattle

463

struck by Septimius Severus10. At Histiaia ' rich in grape-clusters11' … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Central Greece p. 94 ff. pi. 17 ff., Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 42 ff. … 3 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Central Greece p. 95 f. pi. 17, 5—8, Hunter Cat. Coins … 9 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Central Greece pp. lx f., 112 f. pi. 20, 15, p. 115 f. pi. 21,

464

stone (fig. 321)1 has come to light inscribed in late characters— … and Epaphos in Pasiphae and the … Minos, staying in Crete, married Pasiphae, daughter of Helios by … might be sent up from the deep, promising that he would offer it in sacrifice … round about his handiwork, placed it in the meadow where the bull was wont … 1 Drawn from a photograph of the stone kindly taken for me in the Museum at … 5 A wall-painting in a room of the Casa dei Vettii at Pompeii (Herrmann Denkm … stone (fig. 321)1 has come to light inscribed in late characters— … and Epaphos in Pasiphae and the … Minos, staying in Crete, married Pasiphae, daughter of Helios by … might be sent up from the deep, promising that he would offer it in sacrifice … round about his handiwork, placed it in the meadow where the bull was wont … 1 Drawn from a photograph of the stone kindly taken for me in the Museum at … 5 A wall-painting in a room of the Casa dei Vettii at Pompeii (Herrmann Denkm

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / X: The myth of Pasiphae

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the painting of Ixion already figured (supra p. 203). The scene is laid in Daidalos' … a younger maid. The painting is further discussed by A. Mau in the Rom. Mitth. 1896 … no. 1066) published by F. Lenormant in the Gaz. Arch. 1879 v. 33—37 pis. 3—5 as … accepted at least in part by De Ridder loc. cit., must rest upon the assumed connexion

466

the remaining parts were those of a man. Minos in accordance with certain … between (a) and (b). But Sir Cecil Smith in the Joum. Hell. Stud. 1890 xi. 349 justly … hydria under discussion] he is represented as an ordinary human child.' In common,

467

The Bull and the Sun in Crete 467 … ' Minos, the son of Zeus and Europe, once drew near to the altars to sacri- … lost in admiration of it, forgot his vow and chose rather … to discuss in detail its several parts, but rather to call attention to … xi. The Bull and the Sun in Crete. … 1 Myth. Vat. i. 47. The same version is found in Myth. Vat. 2. 120, Lact. Plac. in … (O. Benndorf 'Stiertorso der Akropolis' in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1898 i. 191 ff.), … The Bull and the Sun in Crete 467 … ' Minos, the son of Zeus and Europe, once drew near to the altars to sacri- … lost in admiration of it, forgot his vow and chose rather … to discuss in detail its several parts, but rather to call attention to … xi. The Bull and the Sun in Crete. … 1 Myth. Vat. i. 47. The same version is found in Myth. Vat. 2. 120, Lact. Plac. in … (O. Benndorf 'Stiertorso der Akropolis' in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1898 i. 191 ff.),

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468 The Bull and the Sun in Crete … As in Egypt4, so in Crete, the fertilising bull was in the long run … changed the site of his city, he led the way in the likeness of a … as his prize fifty boys and fifty girls. The king, in accordance … to mean 'Cow-herd30') was feeding his cattle in Mysia, Apollon … 8 Xwayioyr] Xe^ewv xPWWwp k.t.X. in Bekker anecd. i. 344, 10 ff. 'Adiovvios ravpos' … 9 Apollod. 3. T2. 3, Tzetz. in Lyk. A I. 29.

469

The Cow and the Moon in Crete 469 … 1 Arj<r<j7)s 6 Aa/x\paKi]v6s ap. schol. vet. and ap. Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 29 "Attjs d7r' aKpwv … capite sanxerint, siquis occidisset. qua in re testis Attice, testis Peloponnesos. nam ab … 4 Cp. the /3ov(p6via at Athens (infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii), the sacrifice of a calf dressed in … 6 Apollod. 3. 3. 1, cp. Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 811, Aristeid. or. 46. 307 (ii. 398 Dindorf) … The first part of the story implies the custom of preserving the dead in honey … The Cow and the Moon in Crete 469 … 1 Arj<r<j7)s 6 Aa/x\paKi]v6s ap. schol. vet. and ap. Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 29 "Attjs d7r' aKpwv … capite sanxerint, siquis occidisset. qua in re testis Attice, testis Peloponnesos. nam ab … 4 Cp. the /3ov(p6via at Athens (infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii), the sacrifice of a calf dressed in … 6 Apollod. 3. 3. 1, cp. Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 811, Aristeid. or. 46. 307 (ii. 398 Dindorf) … The first part of the story implies the custom of preserving the dead in honey

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47o The Cow and the Moon in Crete … said that a calf had been born, which thrice in the day, once every four hours, … bramble-bush or a mulberry-tree, but in aspect or colour they … 1 Apollod. 3. 3. 1 rpLxpunaTov...fiovv, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 811 i) rplxpu^os rod Wlvwos … 4 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 811 eri 8e /ecu ava<tt7)<reiv avrbv 6s 6171-17 t'lvi 6p,oia iariv 77 rpixpup-os

471

A ' Caeretan' Jiydria in the Louvre (fig. 327)2 represents Zeus … for the Gortynians was Kartemnidesz, which in all probability … 2me Serie Paris 1901 p. 65, id. in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1892 xvi. 254, Mon. d. Inst. … founder Kaprvv = Y6pTvv. I. Voss Catull. p. 203 would correct Kprj/j-via in Steph. Byz. … I would rather suppose a connexion with ra Kapraiiroda, which occurs in the laws of … Trdao-ra ^\ixy]v c3 /c' § to Kaprcuiros k.t.X.) and, in an all but identical form, was used by … Sanctis in the Mon.d. Line. 1907 xviii. 346 f.) and at Pluti near Gortyna (R. C. Bosanquet … A ' Caeretan' Jiydria in the Louvre (fig. 327)2 represents Zeus … for the Gortynians was Kartemnidesz, which in all probability … 2me Serie Paris 1901 p. 65, id. in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1892 xvi. 254, Mon. d. Inst. … founder Kaprvv = Y6pTvv. I. Voss Catull. p. 203 would correct Kprj/j-via in Steph. Byz. … I would rather suppose a connexion with ra Kapraiiroda, which occurs in the laws of … Trdao-ra ^\ixy]v c3 /c' § to Kaprcuiros k.t.X.) and, in an all but identical form, was used by … Sanctis in the Mon.d. Line. 1907 xviii. 346 f.) and at Pluti near Gortyna (R. C. Bosanquet

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIII: The sacred cattle of Gortyna

472

back (fig. 328)5: in both cases a surrounding circle … Amenemhat III (circa 2200 B.C.), immediately in front of his … collection a similar coin of Knossos, struck in alliance with Gortyna (cp. J. N. Svoronos … 10 H. R. Hall 'The Two Labyrinths' in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1905 xxv. 328. … pp. 4—8 pi. 25 map of neighbourhood with conjectural ground-plan). In 1911 he was … who seems to have been the principal deity of the precinct; he also found in the debris … between goddesses holding fish, and another in which he is kneeling in a boat and opening … Prof. J. L. Myres in Ann. Arch. Anthr. 1910 iii. 134—136 has a restoration of the … back (fig. 328)5: in both cases a surrounding circle … Amenemhat III (circa 2200 B.C.), immediately in front of his … collection a similar coin of Knossos, struck in alliance with Gortyna (cp. J. N. Svoronos … 10 H. R. Hall 'The Two Labyrinths' in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1905 xxv. 328. … pp. 4—8 pi. 25 map of neighbourhood with conjectural ground-plan). In 1911 he was … who seems to have been the principal deity of the precinct; he also found in the debris … between goddesses holding fish, and another in which he is kneeling in a boat and opening … Prof. J. L. Myres in Ann. Arch. Anthr. 1910 iii. 134—136 has a restoration of the

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIV: The labyrinth of Knossos

473

were accustomed to assemble in their respective courts ' with their

474

Arthur Evans was justified in identifying it with the complex … character. The red-figured vases in every case show to the right … interior is reproduced in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1881 ii. 57 pi. 10, Harrison Myth. Mon. … of which a small illustration is given by E. Strong in the Burlington Fine Arts Club. … by E. Bethe in the Ant. Denkm. ii pi. 1, cp. Furtwangler—Reichhold—Hauser Gr.

475

1 E. Braun in the Bull. d. Inst. 1846 p. 106. G. W. Elderkin ' Maeander or … Labyrinth, greeted by Athena in the presence of three other figures: the inscription

476

pose a primitive composition, in which the action portrayed was … by some derivative of the swastika^. The pattern develops in two … 2 W. Deecke in the Ann. d. Inst. 1881 liii. 160—168 pi. L—M, W. Helbig in the

477

square (fig. 335), and its central star (sun?) is replaced by a human … Bronze Age. In one of the corridors of the second palace at … Nnmismatiqite de la Crete ancienne Macon 1890 i. 65 ff. pis. 46°. and in the 'B0. 'Apx- … bibliography P. Gauckler in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 2101 notes 17 and 18

478

is something like a consensus in favour of the view that it was a … xxii. 88 no. 133 pi. 10]. A still earlier example of the same class occurred in a magazine … 1 Supra p. 149. See now G. F. Hill Some Palestinian Cults in the Graeco-Roman … 2 Infra ch. ii § 9 (g). The old ground-plan came near to being retained, when the … 5 This suggestion was first made by Sir Arthur Evans in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. … Evolution in Art London 1895 p. 282 ff., A. Bertrand La Religion des Gaulois Paris 1897

479

sun's movements in the sky. … it was the paved rectangular space near the north-west corner … have been set out more or less as in the foregoing ground-plan3. … pavements of the basilicas in the Roman Forum.'

480

was needed in the one3, a rope-dance (kordax) was executed in the … in 1194 A.D., tells his old friend the prior of Hildesheim how … 3 Diels in Pallat De fabula Ariadnaea Berolini 1891 interprets the clew as a rope- … 4 I have discussed a 'Minoan' precursor of the Kop5a£ in Journ. Hell. Stud. 1894

Plate 29

The swastika-mosaic in the theatre at Athens.

481

out by a thrice-familiar passage in the Iliad. Daidalos, we read, … Knossos6,' and that old-fashioned folk in his own day, sailors … The Labyrinth-dance was not confined to Crete. Plutarch in … 1 D. Comparetti Vergil in the Middle Ages trans. E. F. M. Benecke London 1895 … 5 Eustath. in II. p. 1166, 17 ff. 6 Soph. At. 700. … ixbvTwv k.t.X. and in more general terms by Kallim. h. Del. 312 f. -woTvia, abv irepi

482

from the left side. They state also that he instituted a contest in Delos and … Ergotimos, Attic work of c. 600—550 b.c., Theseus, lyre in hand, is leading the dance, … crane recurs in the Celtic area. On an altar found at Paris in 1710, beneath the apse … Religions Paris 1905 i. 233 ff. figs. 1—4). On another altar found near Treves in 1895 … op. cit. p. 352 f. fig. 51, Reinach op. cit. i. 234 ff. figs. 5 f.). H. Steuding in Roscher Lex. … together on the solar disk (N. Gordon Munro in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society … * L'autel des cornes a Delos' in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1884 viii. 417 ff. pis. 17 ff., Durm … which is the forepart of a kneeling bull. Lastly, there is an inner va6s, oblong in shape,

483

former existence of a labyrinthine dance in Asia Minor. It may, … Miss Harrison in a letter to me dated June 14, 1912 makes the interesting suggestion … 9 I figure a copper in my collection. … Prof. R. C Bosanquet draws my attention to the fact that in the temple of Apollon … (T. Wiegand 'Sechster vorlaufiger Bericht iiber Ausgrabungen in Milet und Didyma' in … 12 The Labyrinths of the Kyklopes in the caves near Nauplia (Strab. 369 i(pe^i}s 5£

484

In Italy they gained a firm footing, as we may infer not only … foe in a labyrinthine frame2. … ECCLESIA repeated in a complicated form3. … of gold and pearls, in which was a Minotaur of emerald holding a … 3 F. Prevost in the Rev. Arch. 1847—1848 ii. 664, 800 ff. pi. 78. … no. 41): De diarodino imperatoris et laberintho aureo facto in eo. Unde diarodino utitur

485

now in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge, represents an un- … designer's meaning. Similar examples are, or were, in the church … uncommon in continental churches3. A fine specimen, composed … rinths' in The Archaeological Journal 1858 xv. 216—235. … 2 J. Durand in Didron Annales Archeologiques Paris 1857 xvii. 124^ with pi. The … 3 W. Meyer ' Ein Labyrinth mit Versen' in the Sitzungsber. d. kais. bayr. Akad. d.

486

Chartres cathedral (fig. 350)1. It measures 30 feet in diameter, … Jerusalem until they reached the central space, often termed le ciel. … served a penitential purpose. One at Alkborough in Lincolnshire, … 3 The best collection of facts is contained in a paper by the Rev. F. G. Walker on … have been originally cut in Roman times.

487

the civil wars there were many mazes in England, and that the … 'At the maze (called there mazles) at Comberton, in Cambridgeshire, it has … was almost identical in type with one at Wing in Rutlandshire4. … was in danger of extinction ; but I have repeatedly seen the school- … in bygone days, to be recut every three years at Easter time, when the men who cut it

488

Roman lineage of these turf-mazes; for in England they are … Europe. In Norway and Sweden they are constructed- of stones … on a coin of Knossos (supra .p. 477 fig. 343)7. In Finland and … 1 E. Trollope loc. cit. p. 222 ff. Welsh shepherds, in commemoration of their Trojan … 5 On Hallands Vadero, an island in the Kattegat, a maze of stones is called … along a trade-route (cp. the map in R. Forrer Keltische Numismatik der Rhein- mid

489

and drawn by E. von Baer in 1838, when he was weather-bound at … It would seem then that in Great Britain, Scandinavia, the north- … fact was Dr E. Krause. In a very noteworthy monograph devoted … names : ' In den Kirchspielen Kemi und Jio, unweit von Torneo, werden die Stein- … Nunnantarha (Nonnenhage) genannt, in dem schwedischen Archipel von Abo und am … myth, in which the solar heroine (Freya, Brunhild, etc.) was freed from the prison of

490

of Daidalos with the paltry representations of it to be seen in … Another point to be noticed is this. In Italy and France, where … In conclusion, it is clear that the Labyrinth, once the orchestra … will be admitted that in the chain connecting them hardly a link … two conclusions. On the one hand, in Cretan myth the sun was … In view of these results it would seem highly probable that the … of Daidalos with the paltry representations of it to be seen in … Another point to be noticed is this. In Italy and France, where … In conclusion, it is clear that the Labyrinth, once the orchestra … will be admitted that in the chain connecting them hardly a link … two conclusions. On the one hand, in Cretan myth the sun was … In view of these results it would seem highly probable that the

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XV: The Minotaur

491

dancer imitating the sun masqueraded in the Labyrinth as a bull. … maidens at Knossos in connexion with Labyrinths old and new, … 'A dance or game which has thus spread over Europe and survived in … whether Ariadne's Dance or the Game of Troy may not have had its origin in … imitation of the sun's course in the sky ? and may not its intention have been, … p. cxxvii). This view I supported and sought to strengthen in the Jonm. Hell. Stud. … mask, and that this ritual costume gave rise to the legend of the Minotaur. In Folk-Lore

492

the Minotaur, like the Chilcotin Indians walking in a circle and … from the ' Theseus-flower8.' The wreath in question, whether his … hero in the dark maze: it was afterwards placed by Dionysos

493

Starry.' A red-figured amphora from Nola, now in the Vatican … 1 Apollod. 3. 1. 4, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 653, 1299, 1301, cp. Nonn. Dion. 13. 222 ff., … 4 So Schirmer in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 657, K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-

494

Douris, found at Vulci and now in the British Museum, sprinkles … Baumeister Denkm. iii. 1789 fig. 1873, A. S. Murray Designs from Greek Vases in the

495

the early sixth century B.C., which was found at Pente Skouphia in … moon3 as well as to the stars, so that we should be justified in ex- … J. N. Svoronos in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1894 xviii. 115 connects the star, often found … no. 730), E. Pernice in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1897 xii. 29 fig. 21.

496

tional. A black-figured hydria in the British Museum, on which … Athens, which represents Theseus slaying the Minotaur in the … both arrayed themselves in fine style and struck superstitious … in the Me~moires de la diUgation en Perse viii. 10 f. fig. 21. … Frazer {Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 410 n. 3). Mr A. Lang in Folk-Lore 1910 xxi. 145 dis-

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVI: The “minoan “ bullfights

497

female, played an important part in the life of their people. The … originated in Crete, and distinguishes three stages in its evolution. … of bull-baiting is found in the Thessalian taurokathdpsia4-. The … Koumasa near Gortyna (A. Mosso The Palaces of Crete and Their Builders London 1907 … With these may be compared the capture of the big bull by a posse of men in Lanzone … in the Rhein. Mus. 1883 xxxviii. 297 ff., M. Mayer in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. … galloping horse (fig. 360 from a specimen in … town shows obv. a mounted Thessalian galloping, and rev. a bull in full flight (Brit.

498

the Thessalian sport, in which the hunter is mounted and the bull … Reichel further suggests that in 'Minoan' times this bull-grappling … universally1—regarded as a rite in the cult of Poseidon2. But so … in some relation to the Cretan bull-god, … In an inscription from Larissa (Inscr. Gr. sept, ii no. 528) a bull-fight takes place for

499

find it. A banded agate in Sir Arthur Evans' collection (fig. 361)1 … In short, it depicts the Labyrinth as the scene of the action2. … horn or locked with him in a deadly wrestling-bout is a figure … beside him still clinging to his horn (cp. fig. 414), in effect reverts … In any case it seems probable that the religious value of the … 3 K. Seeliger in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 798"., H. Heydemann Iason in Kolchis

500

bulls or bull-like figures. The vessels carried in the hands of these … in the act of drawing his bow. Of the women one places her left … raised to grasp the fertilising horn, the left lowered in a gesture … in Cretan mythology and ritual. To begin with, Monsieur … 1 Joum. Hell. Stud. 1894 xiv. 120 fig. 14 after O. Rossbach in the Ann. d. Inst. … Edinburgh 1903 p. 354 f., and especially I. Scheftelowitz 'Das Hbrnermotiv in den … discovery and for suggesting that it may furnish a prototype of the rites in question. … 7 See the facts collected by I. Scheftelowitz in the Archiv f. Rel. 1912 xv. 483 ff.

501

used in these ceremonial games1. ' Minoan' seal-stones show … which resided in the horn of the latter should be found in the horn … is usually described in literature as the horn of the goat, which … 4 See K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1721.

502

dainties contained in the cornu copiae of Zeus. Pherekydes, the … The same religious idea finds expression in the cult of Dionysos. … a thyrsos in his right hand and a bunch of grapes … Neapel p. 280 f. no. 2408, A. Michaelis in the Ann. d. Inst. 1869 p. 201 ff. pi. GH, … Amaltheia's horn as ransom for his own (Zenob. 2. 48, schol. //. 21. 194, Tzetz. in Lyk. … 6 Mithras in the great Mithraic myth rides the bull, grasping it by the horns, to

Plate 31

TSeW-krater at Deepdene: Herakles in Olympos taking fruit

503

in contact with the bull by methods resembling those of the … Again, near Nysa in Lydia was a village called Acharaka, … vase formerly in the Hamilton collection (Tischbein Hamilton Vases v pi. 22, Reinach … 2 Strab. 649, cp. 579, Eustath. in Dionys. per. 1153. A. Bouche-Leclercq Histoire … ; 4 Other examples of the title are collected by O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. ]\Iyth. iii.

504

bull of gigantic size. In front of them … ing a fillet. Thus all who took part in the … shared by other cities in the valley of the Maiandros6. I am … types in fact give the beginning and the … Flg' red-figured vase formerly in the Hamilton … UXovrodoTTi k.t.X. See O. Hofer in the Jahrb.f. Philol. u. Pcidag. 1894 cxlix. 262 and … 6 So Dr B. V. Head in Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lydia p. lxxxiii.

505

clothing on a pillar in the gymnasium, are about to hoist the bull

506

are in any case the successors of the ' Minoan' bull-grapplers. … gestures beckon her on towards their home in Crete. … the ritual horns, which in ' Minoan' cult-scenes are set in various … 2 Stephani Vasensamml. St. Petersburg i. 385 f. no. 884 and in the Compte-rendic … 3 A. J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 135 ff. … are in any case the successors of the ' Minoan' bull-grapplers. … gestures beckon her on towards their home in Crete. … the ritual horns, which in ' Minoan' cult-scenes are set in various … 2 Stephani Vasensamml. St. Petersburg i. 385 f. no. 884 and in the Compte-rendic … 3 A. J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 135 ff.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVII: Ritual horns

507

the late bronze age and early iron age found in the pile-dwellings … 2 R. Paribeni 'Corni di consecrazione nella prima eta del ferro europea' in the … Fig- 37°' a is a crescent of red sandstone (in part restored) from a station on the

508

near Almeria in the south of Spain. Here Monsieur L. Siret in … not only in Crete, but also in various countries to the east, north, … back a specimen (fig. 373), which though only three inches in length … 1 M. j. Lagrange La Crete ancienne Paris 1908 p. 83 fig. 62 (about ■§■) a votive altar in

509

Dr C. G. Seligmann in letters dated March 15 and March 22, … 1 See now his article in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh

510

who with his followers lived near the Alliab boundary at a place called Unedol. … of a bullock. In front of this end of the mound there is one of the pickets to … blood collected in a pot, cooked over the fire, poured into gourds and eaten … Shrines of this kind (buor) are found in all the Tain and at least in some of … young sapling 6 or 8 feet tall is thrust into the ground near the horns and … me, as a resting-place for his spirit (atiep) ; and in one case he has seen a mat … evolution lies behind the use of horned altars in the Mediterranean

511

area. Of course in classical times, though the term ' horned altar' … fiwfibv tol Kepaovxov edeL/xaro rdvde 'SeXevKos. There may be a special point in the epithet … E. Saglio in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 351 n. 65 cites also Nonn. Dion. 44. 97 ff. … 2 Part of relief on a steatite pyxis from Knossos (A. J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud.

512

writes: ' The temptation is strong to see in the table and triangle a horned altar, but the … Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst in Europa Wien 1898 p. 443 fig. 137, p. 501 f. … 2 Detail of black-figured pyxis-lid or kylix-hd found at Cuma in 1908 (E. Gabrici in … p. 517 f. no. 3223, Mon. d. Inst, ii pi. 43, E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1837 ix. 198 ff.,

513

(fig. 385)5; and these volutes in turn were combined with a simple … in the ground beside him11 or fixed on a base resembling an altar1-. … 5 From a red-figured kdlpis formerly in the Canino collection (Gerhard Auserl. … Cp. the great altar of Demeter at Pergamon (W. Dorpfeld in the Ath. Mitth. … Cp. the single horns of stone found in a neolithic pillar-precinct at Terlizzi in Apulia

514

sought, not in any artistic modification of the horned altar, but in … ' Iobas king of the Libyans states that bees must be made in a wooden coffer; … months old, is confined in a narrow chamber measuring ten cubits … The buried bull or bull-shrine, if we may so describe it, was in

515

remarkable scene depicted in … here represented5. The divine cow buried in the earth, but yet … vasa quis dubitet? Cp. interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 4. 219. Varro's etymology is of … Thes. Ling. Lat. ii. 386, 7 ff. 3 E. Saglio in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 351. … of Biblical Archceology 1905 xxvii. 179) has explained the pyramidal tomb-chapel in the

516

1 Figs- 389 and 390 are the front and back of a Mithraic altar-piece found in 1826 in … the cave are the twelve signs of the zodiac, from Aries to Pisces, (c) In the spandrels

517

wearing Phrygian cap and kneeling in front ot rock, (d) Higher up an oblong space … in his chariot (horses and rocks restored) extends his hand to Mithras, who is about to … seasons: on the left above, Spring with rose-wreaths in hair and round neck; on the

518

his cave. Reluctantly he went in pursuit and caught the bull just … with wine. In vain did the emissaries of darkness, the scorpion, … protector of all flocks and herds. In short, the death of the bull … to be distinguished from the divinity dwelling in it—was at one … out a big bunch of grapes to Mithras, who raises his hand in admiration. Between … This relief was originally so mounted as to turn about in its three-sided frame on two … 1 F. Cumont Texies et monuments etc. i. 159 ff., in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3050 ff.,

519

W. Robertson Smith1 long since pointed out that in the Semitic … dedicatory inscriptions, nine of which, ranging in date from c. 70 … 4 H. C. Butler in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1900 iv. 434 b, W. K. Prentice ib. 1902 vi. … 7 So too G. Hoffmann in the Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie xi. 246, E. Littmann ap. … 8 So too E. Littmann ap. W. K. Prentice toe. cit. p. 118, M. Lidzbarski in the

520

temple, built in the time of the Antonines ; and a few paces to the … a hewn slab or pillar of stone, e.g. at Sikyon, in Arkadia, at … TTvkQiva avearrjaav irovs | airo eVoi/dou /xeidov Ztovs Ba, Topirtaiov (W. K. Prentice in … of natural stones, probably meteorites, with Zeus : e.g. the stone near Gythion called … at Tarentum in very early times (infra ch. ii § 3 (a) ii (5)). Cp. also an Apulian bell- … Zeus 2,Topiraos (A. S. Arvanitopoullos in the 'E0. 'Apx- 1906 p. 63 f. fig., K. A.

521

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 521 … xviii. The Marriage of the Sun and the Moon in Crete. … inscribed ZEY£|| □ O £ E I | A A N || A A M [A] | T H P in lettering of the first … 1 E. Reisch in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1642. An instructive case is that of … (L. Stephani Parerga archaeologica St Petersburg 1851—1876 no. 18, F. Wieseler in the … 4 E.g. supra p. 38 f. pi. iv, r, p. 39 n. 2 pi. iv, 2 (Apulian vase in British Museum), … Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 521 … xviii. The Marriage of the Sun and the Moon in Crete. … inscribed ZEY£|| □ O £ E I | A A N || A A M [A] | T H P in lettering of the first … 1 E. Reisch in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1642. An instructive case is that of … (L. Stephani Parerga archaeologica St Petersburg 1851—1876 no. 18, F. Wieseler in the … 4 E.g. supra p. 38 f. pi. iv, r, p. 39 n. 2 pi. iv, 2 (Apulian vase in British Museum),

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVIII: The marriage of the sun and the moon in Crete

522

522 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … ' Two bronze statues stand there in the open air, one of them a statue of … This is in all probability the truth of the matter. The statues of … performance, in which the Cnossian queen actually placed within … 8 This view, which I put forward in the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 412, was adopted in

523

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 523 … That a queen should submit to being enclosed in a wooden cow … dynasty, when his daughter, an only child, died, buried her in … rosette between them, found in the fourth shaft-grave at Mykenai, … 5 B. Staes Hepl ttjs xPV(Te0JS MvKrjvaiKUP rivwv koctfx-q/j.6,tuv in the 'E0. 'A/3%. 1907

524

524 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … heaving billows from the far eastern land of Phoenicia, borne or pursued by her … drawn up in a fisherman's net may well be, as some have thought, the explanation … in this connexion must be further investigated. … vegetation from her home in the ground8. Strong support for this … 7 This was seen by J. Escher-Burkli in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 1287 f.; but

525

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 525 … festival in Crete, the Hellotia, at which a garland of myrtle, twenty … inside it3. Now we have already seen that in Greece such garlands … carried in procession, and suggests that originally a puppet or xdanon called Hellotis was … goddess, dies, for we hear of the funeral rites of Europa in the Corinthian festival of … The only other references to a definite cult of Europe in Crete are Dictys Cretensis … K. Tiimpel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2261).

526

526 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … bull2, clinging with one hand to his fertilising horn and holding in … Kotyto, a Thracian Artemis (A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1399 m whose cult … 1 Of many possible illustrations (listed by L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pet. … 4—6, 22 f., J. Escher-Biirkli in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 1296—1298) I figure but … (Paus. 2. 30. 3) was performed. O. Jahn published it in colour {Die Entfiihrung der … Miinchen 7906 Text p. 498 f. fig. 406, F. Hauser in Gr. Vasenmalerei ii. 2836". pi. 114, 1). … 2 H. Prinz in the Ath. Mitth. 1910 xxv. 169 n. 2 hints that the key to the myth of … around and a worshipper kneeling on either side of her (W. H. Ward in the Am. Journ. … specimen of the evergreen plane is still growing in a village near Gortyna.

527

Marriage of the Sim and Moon in Crete 527 … platanus esse, quae folia hieme non amittat, itemque in Cypro, ut Theophrastus ait, una, … in Cypro. This last passage is quite misconceived by J. Escher-Biirkli in Pauly— … 1 So e.g. W. Wroth in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Crete etc. pp. xxxiv, 37 ff., … Coins London 1899 p. 163 says cautiously 'the.Cretan goddess seated in her tree.' … Minos, taking upon him the form of an eagle, wooed and won his oak-nymph in a Cretan … Mr Svoronos' view is attractive. In the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 404 f. I accepted it … with places remote from Gortyna and was never consummated in a marriage-union at all.

528

528 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … regarded the tree as an ancient willow. In such a matter the opinion of an experienced

529

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 529 … grow in damp marshy soil1 and probably flourished side by side at … their names to Olenos in Aulis, Aiga in Haimonia, and Helike

530

530 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … 'QXev-q, abridged by Eustath. in II. p. 292, 10 ff. … Ralston in the Contemporary Review 1878 i. 525, Mrs J. H. Philpot The Sacred Tree … tung.' In addition to the amphora at St Petersburg and … Valerian with the same type had been sold at Berlin in 1845. … in 1. a vase, r. hand on breast; on L, approaching her out of the water, forepart of a bull; … The wicker basket on coins of Kibyra in Phrygia (Brit. Mus. … !g- 4°4- Ttj7ros (B. V. Head in the Num. Chron. New Series 1873 x*n- XI7>

531

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 531 … St Petersburg (Stephani Vasensamml. St. Petersburg ii. 241 f. no. 1637 and in the … ' Verfinsterten': (3), as a Greek compound of evpvs and oir, 'eye,' equivalent in meaning

532

532 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … but small enough not to scare Europe, who is once more sunk in a … Fig. 392 is from a specimen in my collection. … 6 From a specimen in the McClean collection at Cambridge. … be conjectured that the famous olcrrpos (Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 266) was but Zeus in the … 12 Ants, bees, butterflies etc. were often regarded as the soul in insect form (Gruppe

533

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 533 … Many wild oaks and willows in a row … Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 800 ff.). If Zeus became an ant in Thessaly (Clem. Al. protr. 2. 39. … ry 'AxeAwou, pt.vpp.7ji; yevbp.euos, e£ rjs MyppLibibv, Arnob. adv. nat. 4. 26 versus.-..in … iii. 346 f., W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3301 ff.). On Zeus 'Xttoplvlos see infra … 2 H. von Fritze in W. Ddrpfeld Troja und Ilion Athens 1902 ii. 491 pi. 63, 68 f.,

534

534 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … But our evidence for such a town is of the flimsiest2. Besides, in … Kouretes clashed their weapons round the tree in which the cradle … aiirbXov tlvos. There was a Mt. Tityros near Kydonia (Strab. 479 tt)s p-evToi KucWtas … the matter thus: 'In addition to the use of the genitive and the adjective, there is a rare … ('Kdrjvalwv 6 8yjp.os) is an undoubted instance of the use of the nominative in place of the … According to F. Solmsen in the Indogermanische Forschungen 1912 xxx. 31 ff., … 5 ties. frag. 129 Flach ap. Strab. 471. See also Prokl. in Hes. o.d. 89.

535

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 535 … Antiope, who was wooed by Zeus in the form of a Satyr1. … smooth Doric pillar, on the top of which stands another goddess in … trunk down towards the phidle resting on the lap of Epzktesis. In … 348 pi. 36, 8) at Tralleis attached to 'scenes in certain religious mysteries connected with … 1 Infra ch. i § 7 (d). Another version made Zeus consort with Antiope in the form … p. 542 n. 1) : see F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Intern, a"Arch. Num. 1908

536

536 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … latter stands for the female element in the cult—a koure of

537

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 537 … earth-goddess worshipped at Gortyna in a sacred tree. For all … cp. Viminalis. But see now Bolte in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 1. … Hyg. fab. 6, 178, 179, cp. Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 2. 289 where L. reads Agriopes. … 10 W. H. Roscher Uber Selene und Verwandtes Leipzig 1890 pp. 95, 128ft and in the … 11 Phrynichos frag. 16 Nauck2 ap. Eustath. in Od. p. 1430, 63 ft /cat ravpos

538

538 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … portant piece of evidence is a passage in the treatise On the Syrian … zu meiner Schrift iiber Selene und Verzvandtes Leipzig 1895 p. 32 f., and in the Lex. … Verzvandtes Leipzig 1895 p. 42 with fig. on p. 37, id. in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3137 … 5 From, a copper of Amphipolis, struck by Tiberius, in my collection : … Coins i. 278 ff., Head Hist, num? p. 2i6f. See further K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa

539

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 539 … Coppers of Sidon from c. 174 B.C. onwards exhibit the type in … after winning a sea-fight, captured it in the evening. He … Again, Phoenician and lunar elements are discernible in the … her father in quest of her. Having failed to find her, he repaired to Delphoi to … of a copper, struck by Elagabalos, in my collection : A P | SI DON | COLMET - … Europe as a lunar trait. But see L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pit. 1866 p. 125 f. … 5 On the connexion of Europe with Kadmos see O. Crusius in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii.

540

54-0 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … whom he sent. Kadmos in anger killed the snake and, at Athena's suggestion, … to wife Harmonia, the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite, but first bade him in … The whole story gains immensely in coherence and significance, … In hand, fare forth through Phlegyai and Phokis … 2 Paus. 9. 12. 1. Two Egyptising altars of Roman date, formerly in the Towneley … A relief in a tomb of the Roman period at Kom el Chougafa shows the Pharaoh offering

541

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 541 … "ZvpLGTi XeyeraL 7? j3ous, cp. et. mag. p. 450, 41 f. A 'cow' is in Syriac torethd, Aramaic … 6 See K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1371, O. Jessen ib. v. 587.

542

542 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … p. 384, F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Intern, d'Arch. Nu?n. 1908 xi. 142 ff. pi. 9, 8. … 3 K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 13706°., K. Tiimpel ib. iii. 880 f., … y\vK6. Kprjres repeated in Favorin. lex. p. 391, 11 ; Steph. Byz. s.v. Tafa' ...rds irapdevovs … t) "KprepLLS. In Delos the festival of Britomartis followed immediately upon that of

543

Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth 543 … In the last section we considered the myth of Pasiphae at … 2 Farnell Cults of Gk. States ii. 457—461, K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … (cp. H. Usener in the Rhein. Mus. 1868 xxiii. 342 and in his Gbtternamen Bonn 1896 … Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth 543 … In the last section we considered the myth of Pasiphae at … 2 Farnell Cults of Gk. States ii. 457—461, K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … (cp. H. Usener in the Rhein. Mus. 1868 xxiii. 342 and in his Gbtternamen Bonn 1896

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIX: Zeus and the Bovine figures of cretan mythology

544

544 Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth … ancient authority, either classical or post-classical, can be cited in … sent by Zeus6, is usually described as the god himself in animal … Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 4. 796, cp. schol. Lyk. Al. 401, Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 73, … Pyth. arg. p. 297 Boeckh) or changed Leto into a quail (Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 72). … (6) 'AarepLs, the island near lthake, was later known as 'Acrrepia (Pauly—Wissowa Real- … 3 This view I rashly advanced in the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 410, cp. Folk-Lore 1904 … Caes. Germ. Araleap. 395, 24 ff. Eyssenhardt. See further L. Stephani in the Compte- … p. 529 fig. 400) on coppers of Gortyna is possibly solar (cp. J. N. Svoronos in the Bull.

545

Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth 545 … Atos davbvios Tovde, \ 6 Mivus k.t.X., in Lyk. Al. 1301 ouros 8e 6 AvKocppwv tov 'AaTepiov

546

546 Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth … Cnossian Minotaur, who in some sense represented the sun-god2,

547

Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth 547 … ably Asterion or Asterios. He advances to greet her sceptre in … by recrudescence of the early belief in the essential divinity of … with a thunderbolt in one hand, a sceptre in the other, surrounded … 3 Tzetz. chil. 1. 473, in Lyk. Al. 1301 (supra p. 545 n. 5). … pi. 32, 21 on which Zeus wears a himdtion and an eagle is added in the field.

548

548 Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth … elephants (fig. 418)3, in each case encircled by the same seven stars. … formerly5 left them nameless, now6 follows J. N. Svoronos7 in … nurse of Zeus9. Popular fancy may have traced in it some … 4 Head Hist. num.x p. 384 'perhaps in the character of Zeus Kretagenes.' … 7 J. N. Svoronos in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1894 xviii. 115 f.

549

The Bull and the Sun in Syria 549 … However that may be, his worship, widely spread in Palestine and … 5 W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1987 ff., ii. 1179 ff., A. Jeremias id. iv. 19 ff., … The Bull and the Sun in Syria 549 … However that may be, his worship, widely spread in Palestine and … 5 W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1987 ff., ii. 1179 ff., A. Jeremias id. iv. 19 ff.,

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XX: The bull and the sun in Syria

550

550 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … and was so far Hellenised as to acquiesce in a dedication ' to Zeus … Antilibanos, the Syrian god was so far solar that, when in the age … name, which survived an influx of Roman colonists probably in the … 7 A. Hauvette-Besnault in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1882 vi. 487. … c. 400 a.d. in the 'Exploits of Mar Rabbula' p. 196, last line {infra p. 555), and even … things, even now, in Baalbeck; the ancient injurious excesses and corrupting paths of vice, … in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv. 552.

551

to Rome. In the grove of Furrina on the east side of the Ianiculum … Helios. Indeed, the Romans in general spoke of him as Iupiter … tanits travelled far afield. He is mentioned, for example, in … 1 A Phoenician dedication ' to the Baal of Libanon, his Lord' has been found in

552

552 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … HelioupolUes as they call him, with important rites in the city of Heliopolis. … from saying, since it has nothing to do with the matter in hand. But that this … this god, sending documents folded and sealed: he replies in order to the

553

a blank sheet to the god. He then wrote and sealed another letter, in which he … slanting downwards, which shows that the force of the sky consists in the … 1 That is, the centurion's vine showed that Trajan would die in the course of the … 2 Clearly Zeus Helioupolites is meant: see W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1987, … which properly denote ' the Beloved One.' R. Dussaud in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii.

554

554 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … glimpses. In 297 A.D. Gelasinos the mime2 was suddenly con- … Christian church in its stead, and abolished by law the ancient … A. von Domaszewski in the Westdeutsche Zeitschrift 1897 xvi Korrespondenzblatt p. 172 … v. s. s. 1. m., P. Perdrizet in the Comptes rendus de FAcad, des inscr. et belles-lettres 1901 … ...............sac(erdotibus)...... See now R. Dussaud in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. viii. 54. … 3 Chron. Pasch. p. 513 Dindorf. See further the Rev. G. T. Stokes in Smith—Wace … this custom consult E. S. Hartland ' Concerning the rite at the temple of Mylitta' in the

555

Heathenism was for a while triumphant1. But in 379 a.d. Theo- … went with his friend Eusebios to Bttalbek 'in order to obtain the … enthusiasts only succeeded in getting themselves thrown down the … and loop-holes, in a wonderful state of preservation6. … 2 It had been already overthrown by earthquakes (O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. … (see the note by J. Markland in Dindorf's ed. of the Chronicon Paschale ii. 394 ff., … we have here the Greek fiaXavetov, which appears in Syriac as balana (cp. S. A. Cook … mythologie syrienne Paris 1903 Add. and in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 51.

556

556 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … in many respects final exploration of the site (1900-1904) by … Septimius, an imperial freedman, in gratitude for the safety of … 1 W. B. Donne in Smith Diet. Geogr. i. 1037. … 3 O. Puchstein in the /ahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1901 xvi. 133—160 with … 4 O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 88 f., id. Fiihrer … O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1901 xvi. 154 n. 11. Id. ib. 1902 … 6 O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1901 xvi. 139 f., id. Fiihrer

558

558 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … tree seen through the central gate-way of the Propylaion5. If that … 1 It was, perhaps in the fourth century A.D., transformed into a Christian church and … a cedar. A cypress is the central object on other coppers of Heliopolis, which show two … Nemea stood in a cypress-grove (Paus. 2. 15. 2) and the shrines used by the mystics of

559

corn-ears in his hand. Is it possible that his fore-court contained … red Egyptian granite—monoliths 7*08 metres in height and finely … souterrain. In the middle of the court was the great altar of burnt … the officer Velius Rufus), all dedicated by colonists in Heliopolis. … viewed as an agricultural god (R. Dussaud in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 56). … 3 The basilica was in all probability the church built by Theodosios (supra p. 555).

560

560 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … in width by 8775 metres in length. Round it stood a single row of

561

pseudodipteral, i.e. that in lieu of an inner row of columns it had … in perspective on coins of Septimius Severus, his wife Iulia Domna,

562

562 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … 1 O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 91 ff., id. Fuhre? … 2 Fig. 428 is reproduced from a drawing by D. Krencker in the fahrb. d. kais. deutsch.

563

architect dreamed of employing an even vaster block; for in the … 1 O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii pi. 6. … Rom? p. 9 f. figs. 4 f. states that it measures 2i-35m in length, 4"33m and 4'40m in height

564

564 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … now standing in a far better state of preservation. Approached by … which was divided by half-columns into a central sanctuary and … 2 O. Puchstein in the Jakrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 94 ff., id. Fiihrer … 3 R. Wood The ruins of Balbek, otherwise Heliopolis in Coelosyria London 1757

565

gates of Baitokaike (Hosn Suleiman)2, is in all probability an … steps had reliefs, which can still be in part at least made out. On … Baitokaike near Apameia on the Orontes. The property and privileges granted to his … ol k&toxoi ('tenants'?) ayiov Ovpaviov Atos (ib.). See further F. Cumont in Pauly—

566

566 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … Between the steps and the temple is an altar, and near by stands a … still being decorated in the reign of Caracalla (211-217 A.D.)4, it is … recent building-operations6, whilst others struck in the names of … 2 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Galatia, etc. p. 293 no. 18 (vase in precinct, caduceus in … 6 Another possible explanation of the type would be to say that the die-sinker, in

567

closely associated in worship with Zeus himself5. … with bulls. But copies of his cult-image, recognised in recent … tanus^. Moreover, the figure, though defaced, bears out in the … W. Wroth in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Galatia, etc. p. 293 is content to regard it as … in the Ann. d. Inst. 1866 xxxviii. 134 ff., of G. Wolff in the Arch. Zeit. 1867 xxv. 55, and … 7 For a full list see R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. 1903 i. 347 ff., ii. 91 ff., 1905 i. … du Jupiter Heliopolitanus ' in the Comptes rendus de I'Acad.des iuscr. et belles-lettres 1901

568

568 The Bull and the Sun in Syria

569

appears to be covered with scales. The lower part is encased in a … in 1752 in the basin of the … of four and six petals each: one of these flowers is seen in profile … Macrobius (so Dussaud locc. citt.: Ronzevalle saw in it a fir-cone partially sunk in an … solvit {supra p. 552 n. 2) in letters belonging to the end of the second century. Cp. the … 3 Height of stile o-9om. F. Lenormant in the Gaz. Arch. 1876 ii. 78 ff. pi. 21

570

570 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … of Bctalbek and published by O. Puchstein in 1902 (fig. 437)1, … to light at Marseille in 1838 and is now in the Musee Calvet at … 1 O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 102 f. fig., id. … 2 Several little lead figures found by the peasants in this locality likewise represent … that the neck-ornament is not composed of two dolphins (so Bondurand in the Comptes

571

composed of the solar disk with two uraeus-snakes. In the centre … have been called Kvpios Tevvaios, Gennaeus Dominus (F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa … 1 On djinn > Tewahs see R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. 1903 i. 374 n. 4, 381 n. 2 = id. … Malakbel (R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. 1903 i. 374 = id. Notes de mythologie syrienne … logie syrienne Paris 1905 pp. 85 f., 91 f.), and G. F. Hill in … brow on early electrum coins struck in the time of Alyattes?, 610 — … specimen in my collection. Fig. 439.

572

572 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … bronze statuettes in particular add Egyptising details, which … A bronze in the Joanneum at Graz (fig. 440)3 has the kdlathos … 2 Supra p. 550 n. 10 P. Perdrizet in the Rev. Arch. 1903

573

The sheath is figured in front with three busts, Kronos1 above, … syrienne Paris 1903 p. 39 ff. fig. 15 raises needless doubts (P. Perdrizet in the Rev. Arch.

574

574 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … The finest examples of this type are two bronzes in the de … 1 Published as ' The Ephesian Artemis ' in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Bronzes p. 183 … Very similar is a bronze statuette from Kefr Djezzin near Byblos, which formerly

575

whole coiffure is, in fact, Egyptian. The ^ … rayed star. Then follows a central panel

576

576 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … are leaves or possibly rays in low relief. The breast has a single … rest of the sheathing is covered with disks that have a central boss. … Iupiter of Heliopolis. In the Babylonian and Assyrian religion … 2 This was the view of W. Gurlitt loc. cit. p. 125 n. 9 and of F. Studniczka in the … 4 On the admitted identity of Adad and Ramman see e.g. A. Jeremias in Roscher … in Babylonia and Assyria New York and London 1911 p. iijff.,G. Maspero The Dawn … 5 The bull is sometimes winged, as in the rock-cut relief at Maltai (Roscher Lex. … I figure a cylinder of sapphirine chalcedony from the ruins of Babylon, now in the

577

attributs, et les monuments figure's de Vhtus Paris 1849 4' I1> W. H. Ward in the … 6 I. Scheftelowitz 'Das Hornermotiv in den Religionen' in the Archiv f. Ret. 1912

578

578 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … in point of fact by no means incompatible3. 'In many mythologies,' … Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria New York and London 1911 p. 83. … rays caught in the clouds (Aristot. meteor. 2. 9. 369 b 12 f.) : see E. Zeller A Histof-y of

579

lord of justice,"—an attribute peculiar to the sun-god ; but in … atmosphere, and the phenomena which are daily displayed in it— … together, causing them to burst in torrents of rain or hail; he let … bull is described in the text as follows : 'The great bull, the noble … constellation Taurus5. But in any case it is invoked as a bringer … in the Beitrdge zur Assyrialogie Leipzig 1894 ii. 416 f. See also A. Jeremias Die baby-

580

580 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … Created in the mountains, lord of the grain fields ! … In this double capacity En-lil was conceived as a mighty ox or … designates Enlil4. In a fragment of a hymn, Enlil is described … id. Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria New York and … 3 M. Jastrow Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria New … 5 H. C. Rawlinson A Selection from the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Western Asia

581

seen both in the colossal bulls which form a feature of Assyrian art … statue of Adad, has been found near his temple at Ashur5. And … in the magical papyrus at Paris : … ceremony in the cult of Zeus Pandmaros™, whose consort might … 5 W. Andrae Der Anu-Adad-Tempel in Assur Leipzig 1909 p. 77 f. pi. 34. … again in the Gnostic Pistis Sophia p. 375 Schwartze xptvwdep depw^ptv co^idep spoken by … 11 E. Riess in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i.. 1726.

582

582 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … From Heliopolis in Koile Syria we pass northwards to Hierapolis … pseudo-Lucian in an Ionic treatise On the Syrian goddess. The … precinct, faced the north and were some two hundred yards in … contents in detail11: … 1 Mr S. A. Cook, Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and Lecturer in … abbreviation of Atargatis, the Syrian 'Atar'ata (F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.

583

looks like Zeus in every respect, head, clothing, and throne : you could not, … —Athena, Aphrodite, Selene, Rhea, Artemis, Nemesis, and the Moirai. In one … golden imag'e {xoanon) in no way resembling the rest. It has no shape of … 2 Not, of course, the true emerald, which is found only in America, but the green … 3 On this stone see further E. Babelon loc. cit. p. 1465. It was found in the Indian … 4 The story of the mythical, as distinct from the historical, Semiramis is first found in … tale told to explain her double form was as follows. She had fallen in love with a hand-

584

584 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … comes out clearly in connexion with their oracular practices. The … A related myth is the following. Certain fish found a great egg in the river Euphrates. … in question were really Venus and Cupido, who, scared by the sudden appearance of … C. F. Lehmann-Haupt in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 694 conjectures that doves were … Deukalion built altars and a temple of Hera over it, and introduced a custom kept up in … 2 Imperial bronze coins of Hierapolis show Atargatis in three attitudes : (1) wearing … 3 S. Reinach in the Rev. Arch. 1902 i. 31 argues that we must not press the text of

585

goes on to say that in the main body of the temple, on the left … 'When he is minded to deliver an oracle, he first stirs in his seat, and the … This image of Apollon in the nave must be carefully dis- … ing from above : the other two statues of women enclosed in their circle signify … sprung from the head of Iupiter, in other words, to have arisen in the topmost

586

586 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … gabled structure, in which is an object resembling … ander with the legend 1 gods of Syria' and a lion in place of the … flanked by two recumbent bulls (F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1898 xviii.

587

(koryphc) is the word applied in late Greek to the apex of a … it seems probable that a royal sceptre or standard, enclosed in a … sceptre or standard of a divine king figured prominently in the … those represented in the Hittite sculptures of Fraktin and Yarre : ib. fig. 4, id. The Land … 6 Ib. pp. liv, 138 pi. 17,8 (struck in the time of Antoninus Pius).

588

588 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … may be traced all round, and cannot be less than three miles in compass. … on it, in basso relievo. They were two syrens, which, twining their fishy tails … of about one hundred yards diameter. It was low, and had no water in it, and … R. Pococke in 1745 gives a more detailed account of his visit … was designed in order to behold with greater conveniency some religious cere- … I conjectured it to be about two hundred feet in front. It is probable that this … city is irregular in this part, as if some ground had been taken in after the build- … 1 The mediaeval variants are collected by E. B. James in Smith Diet. Geogr. i. 106$.

589

In 1850 Lieut.-Col. Chesney1 included 'Munbedj or Bambuche' … disappeared. Dr D. G. Hogarth and Mr R. Norton in 1908 were … Indeed the only obvious pre-Islamic structures in situ are firstly, the walls of the … pool, some three acres in area, in the centre of the western half of the site3____ … confirmatory indications are visible. The whole eastern half of the site right up … 4 Dr Hogarth notes further a much defaced limestone lion near the south-east angle

590

Heliopolis and Hierapolis were not the only towns in which the … silver tetradrachm of Antiochos xii, now in the Dresden cabinet, … 1 The deity represented on coins of Neapolis in Samaria (F. de Saulcy Nimismatique … 1837 pi. 3 b, 3 and 4), Eleutheropolis (id. ib. p. 243 no. 2) and Nikopolis in Iudaea … A€IHN](jON I CEH (in the year 268 of the Pompeian era = 204 a.d.), Brit. Mas. … 4 F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1898 xviii. 170 n. 9, citing A. L. Millin … Paris 1890 p. clxxiii fig. 39, W. Wroth in the Num. Chrou. Third Series 1890 x. 327 f.,

591

step-son [Antiochos i Soter]. Stratonike was bidden by Hera in a dream to raise to her … 'even'—said he—lrjv yvvaiKi d/ma evpa^/icu.' Kombabos finished the temple and in … In this myth Kombabos is obviously a Syrian parallel to Attis, who, according to one … In this Propylaia stand two <pa\\oL, dedicated by Dionysos to his step-mother Hera, … gods, invoking their blessing upon the whole of Syria, and that the gods, since he is near

592

592 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … and 28 f.). [In the Jakrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1912 xxvii Arch. Anz. pp. 13—16 … by the Turks to be (paXXoi used in the cult of the Syrian goddess. On the beaten gong … as a bird, Semiramis again, Kombabos, Stratonike, Alexander, Sardanapallos. In the … Near the temple is a lake containing sacred fish of various kinds. The large ones have … in the courtyard. On these they hang live goats, sheep, etc. together with birds, … deities and images of the same. On certain specified days the crowd assembles in the

593

was a god worshipped since Hittite times in Kilikia and the … a sword ; for there are swords in plenty placed there on purpose. With this he mutilates … A dead eunuch is buried in a peculiar fashion. His comrades carry him out to the … accept his present sacrifice and promises a greater one in future. After that he wreathes … to mount upon a bed till he has reached his home again. In Hierapolis he is received by … since they explain the rites to their guests. They do not offer sacrifice in the sanctuary … down hence, but not as they do the beasts : they put them in a sack and lower them … they cut the hair and, placing it in vessels of silver or often of gold, nail it to the temple-

594

594 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … id. ib. Berlin 1906 pp. 4—7 (cp. a second relief near Ibriz, which appears to be an exact

595

scene in graphic language: … The treatment of these sculptures is all in relief. In composition there are … holds, and the King-priest, an heroic figure eight feet in height, facing towards … found in the horns which decorate the helmet, of which four pairs are visible. … There are three short inscriptions accompanying these figures. In that … his tiara, the grape-bunches and corn-ears in his hands, the plough (?) … 97, O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 330 f. fig. 2, J. Garstang The Land of the

596

596 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … the same deity enthroned with a lotos-sceptre and grouped in various … 3 Id. ib. ii. 2. 445 ff. pi. in, 14—20, pi. 112, 1—8.

597

struck by the generals of Alexander, e.g. by Seleukos in 321-316 … In the third century B.C. he was known at Tarsos as Zeus … in my collection. … Map/cos o-TaTwp I evxv* X&PLV)- High up in an almost in- \ o^^iT^pf j … And the debs Karaift&rrjs is coupled with Persephone in an inscription on the ' tomb of

598

598 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … express the popular conception of Sandas, whose prototype in the … in my collection (fig. 460): obv. [KAISAPEHN rp ?] I ANAZAPBH head of … See further A. von Domaszewski 'Zeus '0\u/3pios' in the Num. Zeitschr.ign pp. 10—12. … of the Italian Lokroi enthroned with a sceptre in his left … 'Uber das Relief mit der Inschrift C. I. L. vi. 426 ' in the Sitzungsber. d. Akad. d. IViss, … no. 3 pi. 120), and a stone statuette from Frangissa in Kypros showing Ba'al-hamman … corn-ears at Heliopolis {stipra pp. 552, 558 f., 569, 572), grapes and a plough in Phrygia

599

On the right stands Datames himself in chiton and himdtion raising … 1 I have to thank my friend Mr N. McLean, Lecturer in Aramaic to the University … 2 This word is placed either in the narrow space at the back of Herakles' knee … 2. 413 ff., G. F. Hill in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycaonia, etc. p. lxxx, Head Hist. … 6 In the rock-carvings of Iasily Kaya near Boghaz-Keui the Hittite son-god stands on

600

6oo The Bull and the Sun in Syria … stretches forth his right hand in what is clearly a characteristic … normally represented with his head full-face, not in profile : see E. Pottier ' Histoire … toes, and a conical fluted hat. He grasps a staff in his outstretched right hand and a … 5 I take this gesture to be expressive of power. In the Old Testament a ' stretched … the pyre' etc.). Mr G. F. Hill in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycaonia, etc.

601

so in an address to the inhabitants of Tarsos1: … of Melcarth, the god was burned in effigy on his own pyre-.' … Mr G. Macdonald in the Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 548 apparently rejects the identification … to a proof, that a practice of burning a deity, and especially Melcarth, in effigy or in the … 5 Ib. p. 221 pi. 37, 9, Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 555 pi. 60, 18. I figure a specimen in

602

bo2 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … on Greek or Roman money2, but both in form and in decoration so … (•figs. 469—474)4, in which appears a pyramid flanked by two birds or … the careful note of Mr G. F. Hill in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycaonia, etc. p. cxix.

603

might be suitably represented in … 1 M. Jastrow Aspects of Religiotts Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria, New … 5 Hieron. chron. ami. Abr. 509 Hercules cognomento Desanaus in Phoenice' clarus … chron. vers. Armen. (ii. 28 Scheme) Hercules in Phoenice cognoscebatur Desandas appel- … F. C. Movers Die Phonizier Berlin 1841 i. 460 suggested that in Synkell. loc. cit. … 7 Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 278, and especially W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii.

604

604 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … shall see—he bears some resemblance to the Hittite son-god also. In … n. 1) have held that Sandas was from the first a sun-god (see O. Hdfer in Roscher Lex. … 3 R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. 1903 i. 141 f. fig. 9 = id. Notes de mythologie syrienne … Cult' in the Sitzungsber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wiss. in Wien Phil.-hist. Classe 1854 xii. … bibliography ib. p. 396. The central scene appears to represent the union of the Hittite … toes. He carries a mace in his right hand and an emblem of uncertain significance

605

that symbolises lightning) in his left. The handle of a short sword is seen at his waist; … et en Occident Paris 1847 pi. 35, 2, H. Winckler in the Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen

606

606 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … Europe2. Finally, on another Hittite cylinder in the British … outside the limits of Asia. The said exception (fig. 478)7 is a … bundle of weapons. In the field is a star (or sun) and the Egyptian crux ansata. … 6 K. Humann and O. Puchstein Reiscn in Kleinasien mid Nordsyrien Berlin 1890

607

the time of Hadrian to the time of Gallienus3. They are most in … their son, himself visited Syria in 215 A.D. Alexander Severus … 1 Kan op. cit. p. 11 ft'., F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1276 f. … 3 Kan op. cit. pp. 16—19, F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1276—1278.

608

608 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … other on the Aventine. A couple of marble tablets, found 'in 1734 … a Dolocenum, which was still standing in the fourth century3, though … In accordance with a behest of Iupiter Dolichenus, Best and Greatest, the … stantisso (sic) exhibitori invicto, etc. On the epithet aeterni see F. Cumont in the Rev.

609

a solar power that he ordered the erection of a statue of Apollo in … 1 The word proscaenium is used of a facade or porch in front of the temple (De Vit … 2 An inscription on a statue of Apollo, now at Charlottenhof near Potsdam but doubt- … pater in both inscriptions means pater sacerdotuvi. … 4 lecticari dei. This implies that the image of the god was sometimes paraded in a

610

6io The Bull and the Sun in Syria … a curious third-century relief found at Rome near the Scala santa … priest beside the young sun-god with the moon and two stars in … 1 F. Cumont in the Rev. Philol. N.S. 1902 xxvi. 8 n. 5 remarks! 'Le syncretisme … 3 O. Marucchi in the Bull. Comm. Arch. Comun. di Roma 1886 p. 136 ff. pi. 5, … sace[rd(os)] | Iovis Dolich[eni] | v. s. 1. 1. [m.]. The inscription was found in the Castra

611

tively1. Two more, from Caerleon-on-Usk in Monmouthshire2 and … the god as a Roman soldier in full armour. He commonly, how- … This type occurs sometimes in the round5. For example, about … a Roman station in Lower Pannonia, and purchased for the Vienna … 2 Corp. inscr. Lat. vii no. 98 = Kan op. cit: p. 90 no. 112 (on an altar found in

612

612 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … in 1891 by J. Dell at Petronell, the ancient Carnuntum in Upper … 3 J. Dell in the Arch.-ep. Mitth. 1893 xvi. 176—187 with figs. 14—24 and pi. 1.

614

614 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … big square tiles. Three overturned altars (B, C, D in fig. 482) bore … in red letters with a dedication to

615

were discovered at Komlod in Hungary, a place which has been

616

616 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … plate (fig. 487)1 represents a bearded Iupiter Dolichenus in his … Budapest 1873 p. 11 f. pi. 5, whence it is reproduced by A. von Domaszewski in the … Wieseler—Wernicke Ant. Denkm.xx. 1. 56f. pi. 5, 8, A. Jeremias in Roscher Lex. Myth.

617

to it, in a separate panel as before, are busts of the Sun with a … bolt in his left over a lighted altar. He stands in a small distyle … a palm-branch in her left hand. But the statement appears to be a … ing a Phrygian cap, who holds a spear in his right hand, a quartered … Iupiter, and in a lower register beneath this figure a goddess more … G. Loeschcke 'Bemerkungen zu den Weihgeschenken an Juppiter Dolichenus' in the

618

618 The Bull and the Sun in Syria

619

A fragment of another bronze plate, similar in character to … At Heddernheim in Hesse-Nassau two triangular plates of cast … hangs his sword in its scabbard. His right hand brandishes a … excellent plate given by G. Loeschcke in the Bonner Jahrbiicher 1901 cvii pi. 8. The … tails a rosette and a disk with curved rays respectively (R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. … Hist, de VArt vi. 820 ff. fig. 398). A ' Minoan' krate"r from Arpera in Kypros belonging

620

620 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … flowers with a central spike, probably lilies. And on their helmets … blance to a weapon2 is strengthened by a raised rib, triangular in … may have stood in relation to a figure of Iupiter Dolichenus, now … in Campania have for their reverse type the forepart of a man-headed bull, on the … pp. 222—342, O. Montelius Die dlteren Kultuiperioden im Orient tind in Europa i Die

621

in.his temple with a thunderbolt in one hand, a sceptre or lance in the other {infra

622

622 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … the Egyptian vignette in which the divine cow looks out from the … This belief, probably indigenous in the Mediterranean area, … in one hand, a thunderbolt in the other,* and on its head wore … a thunderbolt in his right hand and ' crowned as it were with … 7 Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de r Art vi. 783 pi. 19, 5, Sir A. J. Evans in the Ann. Brit. … 10 Paus. 5. 22. 5. The manuscripts in general read eTrlneiTai bk avrco /cat eVt rfj … The Due de Luynes in the Nouv. Ann. 1836 i. 391 compared the Talleyrand Zeus of

623

Zeus {Tinid) has an eagle-sceptre in his right hand, a winged … In Hellenistic times the same conception made its way into … found by Messrs Drosinos and Stamatakis in a complex of buildings … alternating with half-open lotus-buds. In view of the fact that the lily was the Greek … ii. 41 pap. 5 col. \\a, 26 ybvos "Afxfxwvos, KpLvdvdefxov, R. Pietschmann in Pauly— … pi. 2, 20, ii. 9f., Sir A.J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 107 f. fig. 4 (en- … pursuit of Minos by disappearing in a grove at Aigina and was thenceforth worshipped as

624

624 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … Gruppe op. cit. p. 1125 n. 3, S. Eitrem in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 398 ff. … The coins of Elis mentioned in notes 3 and 4 must be studied in connexion with the … Miinztaf. 2, 6 ff. and 14 ff., id. Gr. Tlastik4 i. 509 ff., P. Gardner in the Num. Chron. … species of lily. This, however, is very doubtful. A. Frickenhaus in Tiryns i. 121—125 … (1 518—1594 a.d.) now in the National Gallery (no. 1313 : S. Reinach Rep. Peintures … Alexander the Great in Kos (Nik. ap. Athen. 684 e)—doubtless an allusion to his

625

Manasses, who in the middle of the twelfth century composed a … Its surface, as do flowers in the fields1. … Hermes shot rays, a blossom steeped in red; … Another Byzantine scholar drew up in prose a list of the seven … 1 I do not remember to have met with this conceit in classical literature. It occurs, … 5 Piccolomini in the Rivista di Filologia ii. 159 published the following among other … are by the hand of a corrector. J. Bernays in the Arch. Zeit. 1875 xxxii. 99 cites Lobeck

626

626 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … the customs and cults of the Roman Empire. In particular, there … 'A^poSirr; xa^K°s (CP- Prokl. in Plat. Tim. i. 43, 5 ff. Diehl with schol. ad toe. i. 460, … avT&v (cp. Eustath. in II. p. 25, 2 ff., p. 1154, 48 ft".). A. Ludwich as an appendix to

627

K. Zangemeister and E. Gerhard. Of these, three are in the Gold … its inscription5 has a spear-head enclosed in a frame of lily-work.

628

628 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … raised central ribs. To the right of … in a distyle temple, the capitals and … wreath in his beak. The field of the … 3 E. Gerhard ' Juppiter Dolichenus' in the Jahrb. d. Vereins v. Alterthumsfreund. im

629

Iupiter Dolichenus was in some sense, then, a god of precious … name Aurelius in his votive inscriptions1. Doubtless the imperial

630

630 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … usually interpreted of iron-mines in the neighbourhood of Doliche. … oriundam a Sole dictam putant, quod ei publice a populo Romano datus sit locus, in … (Ital. *ausoni) to the root *aues-, ' to shine,' seen in aurora etc. (Walde op. cit. p. 57). … p. 57 no. 60 (Pfiinz: a bronze tablet found near the camp of the first cohort of the … p. 26 ff. (found in 1840 A.D. at Apulum in Dacia) numini et virtutibu[s Iovis optimi

631

an effigy of the god in the baths at Carnuntum2. F. Cumont … them near Pharnakia, states that in his time they were called … silver9.' On the whole it seems clear that in Pontos, where, as … 3 F. Cumont in the Rev. Philol. N.S. 1902 xxvi. 7 and in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … 5 W. Ruge in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Euc. iii. 2099 f. … Eustath. in II. p. 363, 12 ff., and A. Ludwich ad loc.

632

632 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … In any case the same geographical clue will enable us to trace … 3 Terrestrial iron perhaps stood in some relation to celestial iron. H. R. Hall The … considered certain. And L. de Launay in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. ii. 1076 gives … ing the rare examples of iron in early Egypt and the possible sources of supply. … ovpavbv with Eustath. in II. p. 576, 33 ff., in Od. p. 1783, 18 ff. … with iron by the story of the metal-eating mice. Aristotle stated that in the island of … Herond. 3. 75 f., Sen. apocol. 7. 1. Since there is no iron ore in Gyaros (Pauly—

633

xxi. The Significance of the Bull in the cults of Zeus. … sively Egypt, Crete, Syria, and Asia Minor. Everywhere we have … was affiliated to Zeus6. In Crete the bull was identified with the … altar from Carvoran {supra p. 552 n. 3), used as a trough in a stable at Thirl wall, perhaps … 5 Supra p. 435 n. 6. A bronze statuette of Apis from a Greek site in the Delta is in- … xxi. The Significance of the Bull in the cults of Zeus. … sively Egypt, Crete, Syria, and Asia Minor. Everywhere we have … was affiliated to Zeus6. In Crete the bull was identified with the … altar from Carvoran {supra p. 552 n. 3), used as a trough in a stable at Thirl wall, perhaps … 5 Supra p. 435 n. 6. A bronze statuette of Apis from a Greek site in the Delta is in-

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XXI: The significance of the bull in the cults of Zeus

634

is his significance in ancient religion ? Prof. Gilbert Murray in a … seu medicus 10 (xiv. 706 Kiihn), Eustath. in II. pp. 259, 3 f., 527, 43 ff., 906, 60, id. in … Amulets combine the bull's head with the phallos in several ways (O. Jahn in the … barkeit in der Natur wird nun aber nach griechischer Anschauung hervorgebracht

635

shine and storm1. In Egypt it is of course the solar aspect of the … i.e. User-Maat-Ra (Rameses ii)12, in which the Hittite deities were … Wassers, bald das Feuer, das Licht und die Warme, ohne die in der ganzen Natur kein … 12 W. Max Miiller ' Der Btindnisvertrag Ramses' II. und des Chetiterkonigs' in the … Ancient History of the Near East London 1913 p. 363 ff., cp. p. 333.

636

on his haunch8. In Roman times Apis travelled yet further afield. … plan on p. 247 and pi. 72, H. R. Hall The Ancient History of the Near East London

637

His effigy is found e.g. on coins of Amastris1 and Germanikopolis2 in … erection like a pediment, sometimes with a pellet or disk in it … in my collection. My friend Prof. E. J. Rapson kindly refers me to his Catalogue of the

638

the Hallstatt period from the famous Bycfskala Cave in Moravia … lost. It is a statuette of cast bronze about 100 millimeters in … a bridle, as in the case of Egyptian bulls. Small triangular plates … col. Frontisp. ( = id. in the Mittheilungen der Anthrop. Gesellschaft in Wien 1877 … von Woldrich mit Apis in Zusammenhang gebracht worden ist,' ib. p. 130, 'welche auf

639

Moravia in the early iron age and Egypt. But it is possible that … of bronze and stone found mostly in eastern Gaul2. … lightning-god and sun-god, who in one or more of the Hittite … Religions Paris 1905 i. 66, 243 ff., and on the Celtic cult of bulls in general G. Dottin … 3 A. Jeremias in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 53 f., J. Garstang op. cit. p. 291 pi. 77, 1, … seen by V. Plenry in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1892 v. 289 ff. Other views in Roscher Lex.

640

of them is a commonplace' in Greek mythology2. For instance, … this tale (C. Robert in the Winckelmannsfest-Progr. Berlin 1, 90 ff. with figs.). Cp. also … 4 Relief on building-stone at Malatia, near the confluence of the Tochma Su with the … of dotted lines, D. G. Hogarth in the Ann. Arch. Anthr. 1909 ii. 180 f. pi. 41, 4). … is forward..., and on his feet are tip-tilted shoes. In his right hand, which is drawn

641

bronze bull, acquired by Monsieur Sorlin-Dorigny somewhere in … Probably we should be right in assuming at various Hittite centres … near Neokaisareia {Niksar) in Pontos. The find-spot was one of … Phanaroia, and beyond with its white peaks the hig'h mountain-chain of Asia … already noted near Ebimi at the sanctuary of Zeus Stratios and elsewhere too^ … a hollow socket, and two holes pierced in the metal show that this head must … back, there is a triangular bow, and in his outstretched left hand he seems to hold up a … 5 Eid. ib. p. 271 fig. The original, o*o6m in length, is now in the Musde du

642

pine-cone in his hand1, we may conclude with some assurance that this great … with the view that the Hittite bull-god was there first. Men in … no intermediary. Prof. Fick in his study of pre-Greek place-names5 … p. 687, W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2718 f. … I figure a copper of Antiocheia in Pisidia, struck by … Mithra Bruxelles 1896 i. 233 n. 1, W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2690, 2752,

643

argues that Mount Atdbyron or Atdbyris in Rhodes and Mount … 4. 1. 8, v. Fl. Ioseph. 37. So also in the LXX. version of Hos. 5. 1. … 5 Yet the myth of Katreus, Althaimenes, and Apemosyne, in which ox-hides and ox- … disk came from the south-west coastlands of Asia Minor—'This would not exclude an

644

she supports in either hand a flowery kirtle (fig. 503)2, certainly … (fig. 504)3 may be compared with Hellotis in her big wreath4. … - W. H. Ward in M. Jastrow Bildermappe zur Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens

Plate 35

in the Idaean Cave.

645

early cult-objects in Crete1. Conspicuous among these is a bronze … but as a young man in the prime of life, the ' greatest Lad of … Zeus was a prince ripped up by a wild boar and buried in their … in the temenos of a primitive sanctuary11, apparently a sanctuary of … 2 A. L. Frothingham in the Am. Jottrn. Arch. 1888 iv. 434 ff. ('the period between … 4 F. Halbherr—P. Orsi Antichita dell' Antro di Zeus Ideo in Creta (= Museo Italiano … W. H. Ward in M. Jastrow Bildermappe zur Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens Giessen … A. Jeremias in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 786, 793, 822. … 12 Sir Arthur Evans in the Jourri. Hell. Stud. 1912 xxxii. 279 f. : ' Some of the most

646

extant in Greek literature. We must consider their bearing on … will be remembered that various coins of Asia Minor showed the … Goddess, and in one case actually seem to have a glimpse of the "tomb" within its

647

and sat there grasping the thunderbolt, that in his efforts to escape … On fragrant Dikton, near the Idaean Mount, … eis ovpavbv; Prokl. in Plat. Crat. p. 55, 5 ff. Pasquali /cat 6 Aibvvcros < 6 > reXevraios 6eQv … /3acrt\?7a ri6r]p,i" [Orph. frag. 190 Abel] Xe7et irpbs rovs veovs deovs b Zeijs, id. in Plat.

648

we a right to use the term Zagreus of Zeus redivivus in Crete? … Lo, I am here in thy behoof … With bull-bound glue in its joints exact. … Hallowed alike in heart and hand, … In birth and burial have no share, … in line 1 I print Eupc67ras (so most MSS., Evpu>Trr]s Nauck with cod. Mon. 461), in line 2

649

in the iron age a certain sanctity still attached. The planks so … pis. 153, 154, and Index s.v. 'Cypress,' and F. Olck in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv. … 'in koX vvv deiKWTCLL #e/xe\ia 'Peas oiKoireda /cat KvwapiTTuv a\<ros e/c 7ra\atou XP^V0V … On a lenticular gem of rock crystal actually found in the Idaean Cave ' a female … Nevertheless such a substance may well have had a religious value in a shrine where the … helpful accumulation of anthropological parallels in her Proleg. Gk. Rel.2 p. 478 ff.,

650

was slain in the form of a bull, they could devour a bull's flesh … the young men of the community, in whom Miss Harrison has rightly recognised the … the ' bull-roarer' is to my ear-—and I have heard Mr Cornford swing it in the darkness … (p^perai (SapvTap(3r]s strongly supports the view advanced in the text—that the sound of … Koptifiavres rjvpov • | /c.r.X., Eustath. in II. p. 771, 54 ff., Hesych. and Zonar. lex. s.v. … 3 On the Kouretes as sons of Rhea see O. Immisch in Roscher lex. Myth. ii. 1597 f.,

651

the Assyrian influences manifest in our shield. From Crete it … ripped up by a wild boar4. The Cretan god, in fact, so closely … Dr Frazer after examining the traces of Adonis-worship in … periodically or occasionally, in their divine character____As time went on, the … belief in impregnation by means of fire. The use of torches in bridal processions may … 1 This rather obvious derivation was first, I think, noted by Miss G. Davis in The … mighty hunter"—which Euripides may have had in mind in his phrase in the Bakchai

652

Was there anything analogous to this in the cult of the Cretan … to Zeus5. The statement was made in his Nostoi and, I should … an unpublished variety in my collection (fig. 505): the legend is NO^T MVA ?

653

connected with his home-coming. Idomeneus, caught in a storm, … Nostoi. In any case it chimes with the statement already quoted … lonian in his first book On Kyzikos remarks—" It is fabled that the birth of … their regular sacrifice before marriage." Neanthes of Kyzikos in his second … lentia,] a civibus pulsus [est] regno, etc., id. in Verg. Aen. 11. 264 Idomeneus rex … retur, in tempestate devovit, se sacrificaturum de re, quae ei primum occurrisset. contigit … 2 E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 758 f. ('Aus diesem Grande ist er ins … Miiller)], Eustath. in II. p. 773, 14 ff. 7/ de rod Atos us dXXotws exet...Tepareverac yap els

654

in part eaten at a common feast2. Are we to suppose that in … may venture to press the analogy of Orphism in Thrace4. A … ' We see a group of three principal figures. The central one is a bearded man … of the figure is well brought out, in spite of the general sketchiness of the … TLfxcicrdaL 'H-yrjaavdpos 6 Ae\<pbs Aia Wihainvao~t'f)v re /cat ljir\a'yxvOT°lJLOVi Eustath. in Od. … 5 Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iii. 188 no. E 246, Sir Cecil Smith in the [ourn. Hell. Stud.

655

surprise at the sight of the central scene by the gesture of his left hand ; his … On the right a bearded personage, attired in the same way as the central … The dress which distinguishes the two right-hand figures is that which in … the like. The fact is that the word Titan, as F. Solmsen in one of … 2 F. Solmsen in the Indogermanische Forschungen 1912 xxx. 35 n. 1 med.\ 'Tit&p … gefallener Athener 'Epexdrjidos I G. I 433 iii 53 heisst, in demselben Verhaltnis wie … A. Dieterich in the Rhein. Mus. 1893 xlviii. 280 and Miss Harrison Proleg. Gk. Rel?

656

royalty in general. It would seem, then, that the Titans who … If the rite thus evidenced for Thrace once existed in Crete also, … L. Weniger in the Archiv f. Rel. 1906 ix. 241 ff.). No ancient author connects TtraVes … that Romulus disappeared in a thunderstorm, mentions the "very obscure tale" that

657

such cases in mind. … passage in the Odyssey describes Minos as a sort of ogre2. … such sacrifices in time of war were not unknown (see the context in Plout. v. Felop. 21).

658

But in the Berlin fragment of Euripides' Cretans Pasiphae says … be the Cnossian crown-prince masquerading in a solar dance2. He … its rise in a grim reality and then, as civilisation increased, passed through the successive

659

phagus (?)-relief in the Villa Albani (fig. 506)1 shows portions of … in general and cannibalistic omophagy in particular was a half- … of Men," and, when it has brought forth, they tend it like a woman in child-bed. … In this singular rite the calf dressed in buskins was obviously the … in the Gaz. Arch. 1879 v. 28 f. fig., Reinach Rep. Reliefs hi. 136 no. 3. … proved that we have in the Albani relief merely a genre-scene, it would still remain … Religion' in the Journ. Rom. Stud. 1912 i. 34 ff. for the Roman. … rently based on the ritual of Dionysos 'tip-ddios in the same island (supra p. 656). The verb

660

case, and that in Tenedos Dionysos was worshipped in the form of … Dionysos or Zagreus done to death in bovine shape, we can hardly … elvai TroXixviov Upaaov, ottov to tov AiKrcdov Aids iepbv. See R. S. Conway in the Ann. … ib. 1904—1905 xi. 304 f., R. M. Burrows The Discoveries in Crete London 1907 p. 151 ff. … 4 E. Babelon in the Rev. Num. iii Serie 1885 hi. 16J pi. 8, 8 (Paris), J. N. Svoronos

661

in the sacred tree2. Not unnaturally, therefore, when in the service … a systematic account with full details, that you may realise how in these profane … royal rewards and gifts, and next stationed her minions called Titans in the … tree-stump (?) with a caduceus in his right hand and a petasos hanging from his shoulders.

662

after torturing them in various ways. Indeed, to avenge his son, he had … of his son moulded in gypsum, and placed the boy's heart, by means of which … the basket in which the sister had concealed and hidden the heart. With the … apotheosised kings in no small measure upon Cretan tradition1. … pillar covered with records in a script resembling Egyptian hiero- … 1 In the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 406 and in Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 304 I suggested that

663

Euhemerism apart, we note three points in Firmicus' account … for every year one might see the Cretans ' performing in order … thou livest, and standest ; for in thee we live and move, and have our being2.' … sed per insaniam crederetur: praefertur cista, in qua cor soror latenter absconderat, … their enemies, and the Athenians retreated from them in defeat; then a certain Daimon … Of the Unknown and Hidden God: wishing, in fact, to say this, that though there is a … 11 In Him we live and move and have our being: and, as certain also of your own sages have … son of Zeus, made a panegyric over his father, and in it he said: … For in thee we live and move and have our being.

664

point and purpose of the Cretan cult. In early days the child that … whom they worshipped. Such a belief, though primitive in its … markets, and seas, and havens are filled with His name; and also in every place, all men … yaarepes dpyai, cited by Paul in Tit. 1. 12, came from the prooimion of Epimenides' … restore the original text in some such form as the following: croi fxev ereKT-qvavro rdcpou,

665

born as a babe in Crete. … goats in like manner5. And such was the type of Maenad idealised … goes on to describe the birth and rearing of Zeus in Crete. … 3 Supra pp. 112 n. 3, 150, 529 n. 4. See further G. Wentzel in Pauly—Wissowa

666

were the Lenaia in Gamelion (January to February) and the City … corresponding with Gamelion in the calendar of all the other Ionic … mittemus immania {inania codd.) quibus nomen Omophagiis Graecum est, in quibus … 1 Overbeck Schriftquellen p. 223 ff. no. 1162, G. Treu in the Melanges Perrot Paris … 4 This is the fact which {pace Prof. U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff in Hermes 1886 … A. Frickenhaus in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1912 xxvii. 82 f.

667

theatre was built1. The said contests doubtless took place in the … somewhere in the valley between the Areios Pagos and the Pnyx, near to the spot where … 3 O. Ribbeck Anftinge ttnd Entwickelung des Dionysoscidtus in Attika Kiel 1869 … k.t.X. , G. Hirschfeld The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Musetim … A-^at r/ Bd/c%at. A-qva is found twice as a woman's name on early funeral stelai in the … Sic. It. no. 2414, 39 on a tessera in the British Museum, no. 2447 on a marble stile

668

lends led the populace in ancient times, as it has led the learned in … it shall come to the festival and any women dwelling in Mykonos that have … 'EttlXtivcuos (W. Judeich in the Altertiimer von Hierapolis {Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. … p. 564, 4 and et. Gud. p. 368, 12 Xrjvis, o"r)/j.aivei rr\v ^clkxvv' f.r.X., Eustath. in II. p. 629,

669

At Mykonos, then, in the first century B.C. the full Lenaean festival … were perhaps worn by them as by Pythagoras in the Idaean Cave5. … and Dionysos, figure in the Athenian Lenaia. The old scholiast … 2 Inscr. Gr. ins. vii no. 76 (Arkesine in Amorgos, s. iv B.C.) Arj/jLrjrpi Kopyi j Ad

670

What happened in answer to this evocation, we are not told. But … the child has a cornii copiae in his left hand3. How the cave or … Hermes of Kephisodotos the Hermes of Praxiteles was near akin. … 2 Cp. O. Jessen in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 668: 'naher liegt die Annahme, die … She says {Themis p. 418 f.): 'We have a great mound of earth artificially covered in … I see no tortoise or grave-mound or omphalds, nothing in fact but a would-be cavern.

671

It would seem, in fact, that the Lenaean festival made important … still consists of Maenads3. In one case the pillar is not decked … pillar decked, and his table spread8. In the absence of a definite … pp. 1—40 with figs, in text and 5 pis. … 6 M. Mayer in the Ath. Mitth. 1892 xvii. 265—270 and 4461". … wie sie Aristophanes in den Acharnern schildert, konnen nichts mit unseren Vasen zu tun … Within the last few months E. Petersen ' Lenaen oder Anthesterien' in the Rhein. Mus.

672

long since maintained that in the table, which on the same vases … rhetorical passage in which Clement of Alexandreia3 contrasts the … beyond measure in their Bacchic rite, and along with. their Satyrs, their mad … dressed-up pillar in the old Dionysion ev M^vcus. But the arguments adduced in support

673

annotating the verb lena'isontas and in his very next sentence … And the whole context in Clement leads us to conclude that this … who took part in this sacrament thereby renewed their own vitality. … the 'Bull-eater' {Taurophdgosy. I submit that in early days the … 7 Paus. 8. 54. 5 a sanctuary of Dionysos Mvot^s in the oak-clad district of Korytheis

674

statement of Hesychios that in Lakonike Dionysos was worshipped … to Ino and Athamas, that they might rear it as a girl. Hera in anger … Apollodoros. And this tale in particular, though not written down … and the site of the new, city. Not improbably kids were killed in the cult of the … 4 Apollod. 3. 4. 3, schol. Pind. Isthm. argum. 1 and 3, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 229. Cp. … 6 At Brasiai in the territory of the Eleutherolakones Ino nursed Dionysos in a cave

675

and embedded in this context of archaic rites, the statement of … Recent research is in fact tending towards the conclusion that he … In the tale told by Apollodoros we detected certain remnants … actually pretended to be seethed like him in a caldron. This may … some trace of the fact in Orphic formularies. Now A. Dieterich9 … 4 See the careful and critical summary in Gruppe Myth. Lit. 1908 pp. 171 —185.

676

hexameters, in which the Orphic votary claims a happy entrance … or ErzpJiios and explained as a solemn pass-word, in which the … in milk, but often abstain from the luxury because they fancy that

677

boiled him in milk with a view to his being born again. The … Feste d. Stadt At hen p. 449 refers the TaXa^ta to Elaphebolion on the ground that in the … cave in the Palatine Hill, and sacrificed goats (Plout. v. Rom. 21, Ov. fast. 2. 445 cp. … 2. 2. 9, interp. Serv. in \rerg. Aen. 8. 343, Nikol. Damask, frag. 101, 21 {Frag. hist. Gr. … (Paul, ex Fest. p. 48 Muller, p. 42 Lindsay, Isid. orig. 12. 1. 15 : see S. Bugge in the … wipe off the blood, applying wool steeped in milk. After this wiping the young men are

678

us how kings used to be inaugurated in Tirconnell, now the county … in itself may be related by pure lips in decent words. There is, then, in the … being immediately killed, and cut in pieces and boiled, a bath is prepared for … Experience of the Roman People London 1911 p. 478 ff., J. A. Hild in Daremberg—Saglio

679

dealt with the same theme in his Xantriai*, as did Euripides in his … passion would be told of others beside Pentheus, who in this or … Palaimon, once boiled in a caldron by Leukothea and later … 3 A. G. Bather 'The Problem of the Bacchae' in the Jotirn. Hell. Stud. 1894 xiv. … 14 F. M. Cornford in J. E. Harrison Themis Cambridge 1912 p. 243 ff.

680

easy to suffering heroes in general—Hippolytos dragged to death … similar, or at least analogous, conclusion. In a lucid and closely- … a theophdneia or ' epiphany in glory.' Following a clue put into … this, I think, he has succeeded in proving. … 2 Printed as an excursus in Miss Harrison's Themis Cambridge 1912 pp. 341—363. … 4 Prof. Murray writes to me (July 6, 1913): 'I want to put in a word of explanation … called Vegetation Spirits or Year-Daemons. Tragedy, while in official cult specially be-

681

I should have found myself in complete accordance with his view. … began on Elaphebolion 9 and in the fifth century was over by … 1 J. Girard in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. ii. 243, O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa … 4 AiOvpa^os has a suffix found in other words denoting dance and song—tafxfios, … to yevos and tt)s QpaKiKrjs 'Id/m/Hqs, cp. Proklos in R. Westphal Metrici scriptores Graeei … p. 274, 45 ff., schol. Ap. Rhod. 4. 1131, alib.), the last the name of a dance used in his … that in the same region *Aeldvpos denoted ' Zeus the Begetter' (dopos, dopr], dbpvvixai,

682

of their child Dionysos1. His life-history, in which I would re- … be cured till, both privately and publicly, they made phalloi in his … Finally, I shquld surmise that in dpiafi(3os we have the weakest grade of the same … Further evidence tending to show that the City Dionysia culminated in the union of … anderen Schauspieltage als die der Lenaen, denen mithin samtliche in Athen zur … City Dionysia as his festival took place in the sixth century and were the work of … no. 72 A 11 ff. (in a decree concerning the colony of Brea, not much earlier than 443/2 b.c.)

683

may be found in a curious but little-noticed fact2. At the Lenaia … Corp. inscr. Att. ii. i no. 321 b, 7 (in a decree of 278/7 B.C., which apparently refers to a … 3 See the law of Euegoros cited by Dem. in Mid. 10 ~Evr)yopos elirev orav 77 ivofj.ivrj … ot Kw/xcpdol /cat ot rpaywdoi, k.t.X. Comedies precede tragedies also in the official lists of … spoken of in order of performance, rather than in order of relative importance.' But since … inscribed records, in which e.g. the name of Magnes precedes the name of Aischylos on … dies were performed after the tragedies.' But, noting that this passage stands near the … and therefore able to fly off home, get his bit of dinner, and be back in time for the next

684

of the Anthesteria as ' the older Dionysia1,' presumably in com- … terion 123, the one day in the year on which 'the oldest and holiest … for forming a reasonable guess. Beside the altar in the sanctuary … ventured to touch ' the holy things9.' In view of the ascertained … performance of a phallic rite11. This conjecture is in general agree- … 4 Dem. c. Neaer. 76. The temple in question was probably identical with the small … polis accords well with the account given by Thouk. 2. 15 of the temple in the Marshes. … 8 The evidence is collected by P. Stengel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 1232 f. … hair looped up with fillet, leans forward to r., holding in her 1. a rectangular box; with

685

signing to the figure in (a).' Sir Cecil Smith suggests tljat the scene may have reference

686

with man; and I perform in Dionysos' honour the Theognia and the Iobakcheia … in Anthesterion, since at Astypalaia this month was called Iobak- … with the Lenaia6. In any case we are left with the curious problem … by A. Mommsen Heortologie Leipzig 1864 p. 359 n. 2 and by E. Petersen in the Rhein. … 4 S. Wide in die Ath. Mitth. 1894 xix. 248 ff., especially p. 280. … It is possible that this torch-light procession stood in some relation to the marriage of … in question the date usually assigned to the marriage, and has even {ib. n. r) been

687

right in my contention that Dionysos as yet was not. Let us … panspermia boiled in a pot (ckytros), which gave its name to the … as held on that concluding day7. The contests in question were … KupydoL are ' those who sing in the /cw^os' (L. Meyer Handb. d. gr. Etyni. ii. 345,

688

compete in the theatre on the day of the Chytroi and that the … brilliant shows of the City Dionysia, but restored in the fourth … ' The story goes that he rebuked the Athenians for the way in which they … of Dionysos and so furnished the original core of tragedy. In … that Dikaiopolis, who in Aristophanes' Acharnians conducts a

689

his play in 425 B.C. comedy had already invaded not only the … this festival2. Secondly, I would point out that in Aristophanes' … It may even be that in Xanthias attacked by the Acharnians, the … 1 The 'AcrKcoXiaa/xos, in which the competitors balanced themselves on an inflated … 5 Dr L. R. Farnell in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1909 xxix p. xlvii and in his Cults of Gk. … Dionysos) presupposes ' an old Thrako-Greek mummers' play in which a divine figure

690

may be conveniently set forth in tabular form. It appears that … mysteries of Dionysos3, who in many places had trieteric rites4. … covered figure in the phallophoria [Athen. 622 d] appears to have been comic, and this … Dionysien' see O. Kern in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1021 f. … 4 Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 956, W. Quandt De Baccho ab Alexandri aetate in Asia … land-cultivation which is frequent, in early society owing to the backwardness of the … 5 I cannot share the odd view advanced by A. Fick Hatliden und Danubier in

691

als Halbmonate zu verstehen sind : in jedem Monate (u^k) durchlauft der Mond ja

692

the passion of the god1. Presumably, then, in Attike, where … Once in every period of eight years the intercalary month was … trieteric rites) in successive months. The date of the City Dionysia … Dr Frazer in his Golden Bough*: The Dying God pp. 58—92 and by me in the Class. … 6 Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 54 n. 11 ff., p. 1167 f., p. 1435 n. 2, E. Pottier in

693

he was recognised at least as an adventitious deity in the mystic … and finally that at the Haloia in Poseideon Zeus himself gave birth … festivals in Italy4. But it will be more in point to observe that … Apolline!), in a consistent Dionysiac Jahreskreis. It is a pity that a scholar who has … 4 We must not here be drawn into a discussion of the Roman calendar. But in … and in many parts of Italy, including Rome, Liber was served with phallic rites pro … The Saturnalia too stood in obvious relation to semina. In view of the fact that our … It is usually supposed that the gap was filled up by Hermolaus Barbarus in the fifteenth

694

695

elements that we detected in the Zagreus-cult of the Cretans1, … from place to place. In Crete, where this religion appears as a … a child actually dismembered and eaten'. In Crete the human … The Athenians of the fourth century, sitting on cushions in their … dyvd (Orph. h. Sem. 44. 9). In Hesych. Se^AT?* Tpdirefa. irapd dk Qpvvlxv eopT-q

696

1 G. Murray in Harrison Themis p. 343.

697

in the British Museum (c. 440—400 B.C.) gives the name Silenos … with volutes in the Jatta collection has again a figure with equine … p. 4 ff. pi. 55, Kretschmer op. cit. p. 132, C Frankel op. cit. pp. 72, 98 f., A. Legrand in … i. 122, E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1844 xvi. 200 ff., Mon. d. Inst, iv pi. 10, Kretschmer … p. 3 ff. with pi., L. Deubner in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 21171". fig. 8, F. Hauser in … ' Zur Herkunft des Wortes Silen' in the Sertum Philologicum Carolo Ferdinando … Hengste,' and *<rl\dvos. He finds a nearly related word in icfjkwv, 'a stallion' (used of … T<7L\nroijpd(.(riiia. But P. Kretschmer in Glotta 1910 ii. 398, ib. 1913 iv. 351 ff. prefers to … even the noneolae of a goat. It is wearing both a head-band and an ivy-wreath. In

698

gr. dipint. Bologna p. 216 no. 491, E. Brizio in the Bull. d. Inst. 1872 p. 112 no. 86, … • (5) Fragment of a red-figured skyphos of c. 450 B.C. now in the possession of … (6) Red-figured askSs of c. 450 B.C. in the British Museum {Brit. Mus. Cat. leases … (7) Red-figured jug of c. 450 B.C. now in the possession of Commendatore Galeozzo … (8) Red-figured krater of c. 440 B.C. in the Albertinum at Dresden (P. Herrmann in … (9) Red-figured skyphos of c. 440 B.C. in the Albertinum at Dresden (P. Hartwig … (10) Red-figured skyphos of c. 450 B.C. from Vico Equense in the Bourguignon … (11) Red-figured krater of c. 450 B.C. from Falerii, now at Berlin (L. Bloch in … (12) Red-figured krater of c. 450 B.C. from Altemura in the British Museum

699

Now these situations recall certain scenes in the carnival-plays … Scene in: she hands over her child to Hermes, who acts as its … which is attached an erect phallos and a goat's tail, and shoes (?) in the form of goat's … (Mon. d. Inst, iv pi. 34, E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1846 xviii. 2388"., Lenormant— … (14) Red-figured krater found at Chiusi in 1854 [Arch. Zeit. 1855 xiii. Anz. p. 6*) … (15) Black-figured kyHx from Tanagra, not earlier than c. 450 B.C., now in the

700

in the goatish figures of the vases we should recognise the Satyrs … in the British Museum (pi. xxxviii)1, which shows a goat-chorus … 2 Pratinas of Phlious, who irpwros eypa^e Sarupous (Souid. s.v. Uparbas), in a … chips in the rim. The shape is early, the body being broad and heavy, the base taper- … stool-like platform on which stands a silen in the attitude known as the oklasma. He … ably, a choregos A. B. O] dressed in a long, sleeved chiton and himation above. He is … The vase, now in the Hope Collection and hitherto unpublished, would date from … drame satyrique ?'), M. Bieber in the Ath. Mitth. 1911 xxxvi. 269 ff. pis. 13, if.,

701

representing preparations for a Satyr-play1. In this group the … 4 Heydemann Vasensamml. Neapel p. 546 ff. no. 3240, J. de Witte in the Ann. d. … deep black and rather metallic in appearance. The shape shows the middle development … loin-cloths, into which are fixed large phalloi. The actor on the right being in profile, … attitude. The other two stand in easy attitudes, holding their masks in their hand. On … In style it is considerably under Attic influence and is descended directly from the class … in the Hope Collection.

702

in most cases wearing a shaggy skin, presumably a goat-skin, round … 6 UpofXTjOevs " 77x270s yeveiov apa irevdrjaeis <rv ye;" Eustath. in II. p. 415, 6 ff . /cat to … first might be explained as a case of abbreviated comparison (see P. Shorey in Class. … 3 G. Korte in E. Bethe Prolegomena zur Geschichte des Theaters im Alterthum … 6 E. Reisch ' Zur Vorgeschichte der attischen Tragodie' in the Festschrift Theodor … no. 690, p. 495 ff. no. 3218, cp. H. Schrader in the Ath. Mitth. 1896 xxi. 275 ff.).

703

in south Europe. On August 12, 1908, Monsieur P. Bourrinet … as goats—chamois, to judge from their horns,—and engaged in … in the skins of goats (figs. 513, 515, 516)4. I pointed out then … de commandement' etc. in the Revue de VEcole d' Anthropologic de Paris 1909 xix. 62—79 … 3 For parallels see in priniis E. Cartailhac et l'abbe H. Breuil La Caverne cfAlta- … Fig. 513 is a lenticular seal .of serpentine from Crete in the Pauvert de la Chapelle

704

705

have in point of fact found the Satyrs or goatish dancers of the … round a trdgos*. These facts suggest that the tragic chorus in … primitive goat-dances that had subsisted in south Europe from … Museum at Athens (F. Hiller von Gaertringen and H. Lattermann in the Abh. d. berl.

706

A fragmentary kylix of red-figured technique, painted in the … god Azizos (O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1531, Sir W. M. Ramsay The Cities … conceived as morning- and evening-star (F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. ii. … 5 First published in the Jahi-b. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1891 vi. 43 pi. 1 by

707

denoting a sacred grove. Foremost in the procession marches … publish the principal group in its reconstituted form and so to anticipate the final … iv. 218 pi. 2, B. Graef in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1891 vi. 46 f. with fig., … a folding-stool beside a pillar, with a spray of ivy in her left hand, a stephdne on her … importance of this vase as a link in my argument.

708

restoration of the missing parts in accordance with what I hold … 1 F. Matz in the Ann. d. Inst. 1870 xlii. 97—106, Mon. d. Inst, ix pi. 16 (careless), … 4 So e.g. on two reliefs in the Louvre ((1) Clarac Mus. de Sculpt, pi. 200 fig. 26,

709

into Attike. He stands, a comely youth dressed in chiton, … bunch in the other. The old Attic hero is attended by his hound … draped in a Doric peplos, who pulls forward an ample veil with … 1 F. Matz loc. <:it., followed in the main by J. R. Wheeler toe. cit., held that the … came from a thymele erected in the orchestra of the theatre, for the performance of such … in spite of Svoronos' long and learned advocacy, is still highly problematic.

710

exceptional beauty, to be set up again in some rich man's house. … sceptre in her right hand, while the latter with crossed legs held … see Dionysos finally installed in his own theatre. He sits in an … Theseus, the embodiment of the Athenian people assembled in

711

are reminiscent of half-forgotten sanctities. In short, the whole … statement of Gellius7 that in his temple between the Arx and … Dionysos Anthroporrhaistes, to whom a calf dressed in buskins … 7 Gell. 5. 12. 11 f. simulacrum igitur dei Vediovis, quod est in aede.de qua supra … goddess, concealed the maiden in the temple and sacrificed a she-goat dressed in her

712

numismatists in general. It is called in question by H. Jordan in the Commentationes … 176, Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 200, A. Kliigmann loc. cit., H. Montagu in the … 38, 8. The reverse has Minerva in a galloping quadriga.

713

however, put much faith in the accuracy of the die-sinker; for he … Indeed few facts in the religious history … a tree and is adorned with festoons and an eagle in relief. A coin … men, now in my collection, of the Laconian tetradrachm with … Munztaf. 1, 14—16, K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … 2 To the examples collected by L. Stephani in the Compte-renolu St. Pet. 1863 … Cohen Monn. emp. rom!1 v. 381 no. 380. Other coins of Gallienus in base silver show

714

of these designs, a fond hope that the prince in question would … infant (who?) is seen between the forelegs of the same goat: in front, an eagle; above, … nos. 26—28, 29 fig., 30—32. I figure a specimen in my collection. … iv. 138 ('in via Appia, non procul ab Hippodromo castrensi') bonae»spei | avg«vot | … 5 Cp. also a coin of Gallienus in base silver, which shows the infant seated on a goat … dargestellt in den Kunstdenkmalern des Alterthums Berlin 1808 pis. 7, 8, 9, 10 and the

715

child's head wreathed in vine-leaves and grapes (fig. 532) are … bust of him carried in procession at the ludi Circenses, and his … a droite voile et couronne de roseaux. (Annius Verus?).' I figure a specimen in my … 4 Ant. Skulpt. Berlin p. 61 no. 134 fig., E. Gerhard in the Arch. Zeit. 1851 ix. … 6 The bull-connexion had in fact never been wholly dropped (F. T. Welcker in the … ii. i no. 468, 11 f. 94/93 B.C.). At the Dionysia in the Peiraieus too in 334/3 B.C. oxen

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XXII: Animals sacrificed to Zeus

717

which, at least in classical times, partly determined the choice4. … reason why both ram and bull were associated with sky-gods in … 22. 334 ff., Hes. theog. 535 ff-, Dem. in Mid. 53, Cougny Anth. Pal. Append. 6. 214. … (Meineke cj. Qrjfia'iKois)), as L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pe~t. 1869 p. 116

718

essential feature of the personification in the RV. is in fact his paternity. In a few … with the following translation of, and commentary on, the passages in question :—■ … From the speckled cow and from the bull l'ich in seed … Do thou the bull, with bulls in thy chariot, O fair-lipped one, … in chariots with strong wheels, O ye Maruts, … it has or has not the further specific idea of "bull." It is applied to gods, in this

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (h): The sun as a bronze man

719

i. Talos in Crete. … to put in there, Talos observed them and flung stones at them9. … I cannot find any other passages in which Dyaus is likened to a bull. I should have … 2 Spenser in The Faery Queen naturally makes Sir Artegall's Talus an ' iron man' … 6 Schol. Od. 20. 302, Eustath. in Od. p. 1893, 9, Ap. Rhod. 4. 1641. … 8 Apollod. 1. 9. 26, Zenob. 5. 85. Plat. Minos 320 C, in a rationalising passage,

720

Talos in Crete … Silver coins of Phaistos, struck in the fourth century B.C., … (fig. 536)5 is noticeable: the stones in either case may represent … pi. 23, 40. The legend at the feet of Talos in the specimen figured is T A A fl(N). … p. 64 pi. 16, 6, Hunter Cat. Coins ii. [94. Fig. 535 is from a specimen in my collection. … the stars. The hound he caused to guard the holy place (to lepov) in Crete. Pandareos, … by W. H. Roscher in his Lex. Myth. iii. 15026°. See also P. Perdrizet in the Bull.

721

Talos in Sardinia … A magnificent krater with volute-handles, found in the nekro- … shrinking back in alarm from the central scene, springs up the … falls backwards in a swoon. The nymph Krete flees in terror … to his breast, and slew them gaping8. Both versions agree in … 1 See W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2751 n., and cp. supra pp. 493 ff., 524.

722

Talos in Sardinia … the Phoenicians in general and the Carthaginians in particular … bronze furnace. In the embrace of this statue the child perished … Minotaur8 suggests that in process of time he had become bull- … in Od. p. 1893, 15 ff., Zenob. 5. 85, schol. Plat. rep. 337 A, cp. Tzetz. ad Hes. o.d. 59 … 5 M. Mayer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1504^

723

Excavations now in progress beneath the ancient church of … bull worship, as there is a ponderous statue in basalt of a male … It is tempting to explain certain traits in the myth of Talos … recalls the cire peirdue method of hollow-casting in bronze, a pro- … op. fit. p. 78 f. ' Doctissimi Pauli Fagij verba de Moloch, in Chaldseam paraphrasin … saltabant interim quo pueri (leg. puer) in idolo succenso igne cremabatur, percutientes … urbem Hierosolymorum, quemadmodum idola alia, sed extra urbem. Imago fuit in … for casting, just as they were abandoned...in the transition period between the ages of … und R'dmem Leipzig 1887 iv. 2856°., 325 ft"., id. in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 607 ff.,

724

satisfied him in every detail. The whole was next covered with … left in the exterior. Bronze rods half an inch square in section … with minute accuracy. In this technical process the hollow from … various advances in the mechanical arts. It was he who invented … Uaremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 1019 n. 17, Forrer Reallex. p. 115, H. B. Walters in the … Graeco-Phoenician stdmnos from Tamassos {c. s. ix B.C.) in the British Museum {Brit. … 3 Diod. 4. 76, Ov. met. 8. 247 ff., Hyg. fab. 274, Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 143, Serv. … It is mentioned first in //. 18. 600 f.

725

consisting in a rotatory disk was naturally attributed to one who, … the Athenian Talos stood in some relation to the snake. For … 2 Interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 6. 14 ah illo et usum serrae de osse interiore piscis et … Babylonian art likewise shows the sun-god with saw in hand (I. Low in Or. Lit. 1912 … 1. 492 f., Ov. met. 8. 250 f., Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 143) is more precise. Hyg. fab. 39

726

folk-etymology of some sort. Now in northern India a snake is, … Talos was in any sense a snake, he might be euphemistically … to the ground, the youth was in mid air changed by Athena … Greeks as early as the fifth century B.C.; for it occurs in a play … a partridge was probably popular in Periclean Athens. For a … p. 21 into KdAw aocpias irepi a-ywvL^bjj.evov and by O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. … ;i So Hyg. fab. 39, 244, 274, Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 143, Serv. in Verg. Aen. 6. 14, … Talos is Perdix in Apollod. 3. 15. 9 (R. Wagner, after Heyne, brackets the name as a … avaipeOfrra Hepdiica dvai rouvofia. In the Sophoclean verse S. Mekler cj. KXeivoiai … 8 See O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 1950, W. Judeich Topographie von Athen … !l L. Mercklin ' Die Talos-Sage und das sardonische Lachen' in the Memoires de

727

discouraged by this accident, Athena appeared to him in a dream … in a dream and prescribed the herb perdicium, the ' partridge- … bird-metamorphoses in general I have elsewhere said my say4. … (Plin. nat. hist. 34. 81) : on existing copies see M. Mayer in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. … Daidalos burying his son Ikaros. In 237 garrula ramosa prospexit ab ilice perdix (so the … 5 Aristot. in the passages cited by H. Bonitz Index Arislotelicus Berolini 1870 … Selene : see W. H. Roscher Uber Selene und Vertvandtes Leipzig 1890 p. 97 ff. and in

728

Latin mvthographers-. Perdix, the inventor of the saw, fell in … nificance in the fact that her lover bore the name of a bird, … Talos the 'Sun'!) was in Crete identified with Zeus. A … 3 Fulgent, myth. 3. 2 Fenestella in Archaicis and Myth. Vat. 2. 130 Fenestella

729

in Crete1.' And that this gloss is trustworthy appears from … Olous was set up3, as was also a decree in honour of a certain … a sceptre in his left (fig. S37Y- Perhaps the same deity was … Inschr. iii. 2. 239 ff. no. 4952 A 14 ff. The inscription was found in 1854 011 a … second half of the second century B.C., was found at Delos (T. Homolle in the Bull.

730

As in Crete, so in Lakonia, Talos the sun-god came to be … § 7. Zeus in relation to the Moon. … sky stood in any special relation to the second of the celestial … 7 F. Dummler in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2616 ff. … Aquileia in 1830 Au 0ctX^ | Tt TouXios | Mafxeprcvos | dveOrjKep). For the interchange … dialectes doj-iens Paris 1891 p. 92, who adds av\Tiv for avdis in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.- … conception survived in the Phrygian moon-god Mrjv (on whom see W. Drexler's … As in Crete, so in Lakonia, Talos the sun-god came to be … § 7. Zeus in relation to the Moon. … sky stood in any special relation to the second of the celestial … 7 F. Dummler in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2616 ff. … Aquileia in 1830 Au 0ctX^ | Tt TouXios | Mafxeprcvos | dveOrjKep). For the interchange … dialectes doj-iens Paris 1891 p. 92, who adds av\Tiv for avdis in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.- … conception survived in the Phrygian moon-god Mrjv (on whom see W. Drexler's

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 7: Zeus in relation to the moon

731

sceptre in his left hand, an eight-rayed star, possibly meant for … grave in Crete ; his epithets Yiavbirr-qs, 'Aarepios, Xpv&awp, "EittS^los, \vKaios ; his con-

732

When Zeus appears in conjunction with the god Men, as in … With her once Kronos' son in love lay locked, … Coins iii. 99 f. pi. 69, 18 f., Head Hist, num.2 p. 770. Fig. 538 is from a specimen in … symp. 3. to. 3, quaestt. not. 24, de fac. in orb. lun. 25, cp. Macrob. Sat. 7. 16. 31, … 9 W. H. Roscher Tiber Selene und Verzvandtes Leipzig 1890 p. 100 and in his Lex.

733

love-tales told about him and already in part discussed by us. … 2 E. Cahen loc. cit. Another extension of Ata is to be seen in Atdcria : the simple … offering was made At Noo-c'y, i.e. Norty, cp. Zeus 'TeVios (A. Rehm in Milet iii. 162 ff., … Selene und Verwandtes Leipzig 1890 pp. 8 f., 100 f. and in his Lex. Myth. ii. 3172 f.

734

In the Homeric Nekyia™ Odysseus interviews the shades of … Asopos' daughter, who in truth did boast … In Euripides' Antiope Amphion says to his mother: … 3 W. H. Roscher Uber Selene und Verwandtes Leipzig 1890 pp. 132, 138 f. and in … 12 Od. 11. 260 ft. The passage is paraphrased and expanded in Ap. Rhod. 1. 735—741.

735

The story was localised in Boiotia2 and took on a Dionysiac … in II. p. 265, 5, Herodian. i. 300 Lentz, Steph. Byz. s.v. 'TpLa). Her father Nykteus … Dion. 7. 123, 16- 242 f., Myth. Vat. i. 204, Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 9. 423, schol. Ap. … two only have been rightly so interpreted, viz. an Etruscan mirror of late style in the

736

suggests rather that he courted Antiope in the shape of an ordi- … in the oracles of Bakis : … The tomb of Phokos comes in as something of a surprise. We … son of Ornytion, son of Sisyphos, fell in with her, healed and married her. … the right. Finally it may be noted that a painting by Correggio in the Louvre (no. 1118) … 3 Paus. 9. 17. 6. At a place in Daulis called Tronis there was a shrine of the hero

737

At Sikyon the story of Antiope was told in a different way3. … Thereupon the Thebans sallied out to fight him. In the fight … 3 Paus. 2. 6. 1 ff. Variants in Apollod. 3. 5. 5, schol. Ap. Rhod. 4. 1090, Hyg. fab. … 7 J. Escher-Biirkli in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 245. … The god-like, having met in wedlock's bond

738

in the sign of Taurus1. Her partner at Sikyon was Epopeus, … 4 Eumel. frag. 2 Kinkel ap. schol. Pind. 01. 13. 74, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 174, schol. … 9 W. H. Roscher Uber Selene und Verwandtes Leipzig 1890 p. 146 ff. and in his … Schrifi uber Selene und Verwaitdtes Leipzig 1895 p. 21, id. in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. … 12 Supra p. 65. S. Eitrem 'Die gottlichen Zwillinge bei den Griechen' in the

739

may have stood in some relation to stars. And, if so, we obtain … by half a dozen different names in Greece, is by no means sur-' … Nor was there, except perhaps with Antiope and Europe in … It occurs in Crete and in the eastern half of central Greece, but … There is in them a decided tendency towards representing Zeus

740

Zeus was the bull that had connexion with Pasiphae in her … § 8. Zeus in relation to the Stars. … brightness did not often find definite expression in cult, literature, … but in the Hellenistic age would doubtless be understood as ' god … 3 If I am right in my surmise stipra p. 539 ff. … 6 Supra p. 545 ff. K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal-Enc. ii. 1786 argues from … Zeus was the bull that had connexion with Pasiphae in her … § 8. Zeus in relation to the Stars. … brightness did not often find definite expression in cult, literature, … but in the Hellenistic age would doubtless be understood as ' god … 3 If I am right in my surmise stipra p. 539 ff. … 6 Supra p. 545 ff. K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal-Enc. ii. 1786 argues from

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 8: Zeus in relation to the stars

741

as their reverse Zeus standing with corn-ears in his … Finally, stars played an important part in the cult of Zeus Oro- … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Cyprus p. lxxxi. I figure a specimen in my collection. … Moulton in his Early Religious Poetry of Persia Cambridge 1911 p. 7311. writes: … spiritual sense, Zarathushtra proclaimed his own conceptions in their stead. One … p. 57 f. : 'The elements of the combination Ahura Mazdah in the Gathas are declined as … preserves in a Grecised form the cult-title Mazdah.

742

Tauros in the region of the upper Euphrates. Here in 1881 the … Antiochos i of Kommagene (69—38 B.C. or later), who in his … Imhoof-Blumer Gr. Miinzen p. 226 no. 746 pi. 13, 6, cp. no. 747 (Ankyra in Galatia) ; … Silberfund'Berlin 1901 pi. 5, Reinach Rip. Reliefs i. 159, 2, W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. … 3 K. Humann and O. Puchstein Reisen in Kleinasien tmd Nordsyrien Berlin 189a … Yorke in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1898 xviii. 312 f. no. 14, 1 ff. Samosata ( = Dittenberger … QcXeWrjua, and the slight variant in Humann—Puchstein op. cit. p. 311 i ff. ( = Ditten- … Since a dedication 6e£ Aucaty Midpa has come to light at Kilissi Hissar, i.e. Tyana in

743

alone, were used throughout Asia Minor etc. of a variety of gods and goddesses. And,

744

king's chamber have been made in modern times and have failed'2. … the end that here the body of my outward form, having lived till old age in … immortal mind which has many a time been seen to manifest itself in my support … guardians with a set of snow-men4. The central statue, somewhat … Zoroastrianism London 1913 p. 107 f. detects in these last clauses a clear reference to the

745

or barsom1, in his left hand and a high tiara on his head : this … wreath on her head, a horn of plenty in … tamarisk, the gathering of which Ormuzd describes to Zarathustra in the nineteenth … note to no. 48.) It was the constant accompaniment of almost every ritual act, and in his … ing that this was at one time the case—The bundle of rods seems to be shown in the … held by the deity in the Sassanian rock sculpture, fig. 42, has some resemblance to a … 3 Kommagene is the one figure whose head, though not quite in the original position,

746

a beardless effigy of Antiochos, in pose and costume closely re- … long bases or walls, north and south of the terrace, in which stelai … by Mithras and by Hermes (F. Cumont in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3055, Dittenberger … observed by P. de Lagarde in the Nachr. d. kon. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. Gottingen Phil.-hist. … represented as Herakles in Mithraic art (F. Cumont Textes et monuments figure's relatifs … as festivals in honour of his divine guardians ; that the corresponding days, viz. the 16th

748

by Artagnes Herakles Ares, the horoscope of Antiochos in the … claws. He holds a sceptre in his left hand. His tiara has a pearled … figures relatifs aux mysteres de Mithra Bruxelles 1896 ii. 187 f. fig. 11 and in Roscher … a Turk in 1884 and brought by him to F. von Luschan is now at

749

96). Figs. 549, 550 are from specimens in the Leake collection = W. M. Leake Ahimis-

750

stars set in a kind of network or trellis. Clearly the king wished … Mercury, and Iupiter in the sign of the Lion. Now apart from … or that the king's horoscope was cast in accordance with his choice … mann, which pointed to July 17, 98 B.C., as the day most in accord- … i'75m in height, 2 '40™ in breadth, o"47m in thickness. It is inscribed: llvpoeis' HpaK\[eovs], … 6 U. Wilcken in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2487 f.

751

In any case it is obvious that astrology played no small part in … with the stars in ancient literature and art. … Joins in the dance4. … or no support in actual cult. … With regard to the inner ceiling in the temple of Zeus at Olympia W. Dbrpfeld in

752

type are found. Thus a magnificent copper coin of Nikaia in … more ambitious is a copper coin of Perinthos in Thrace, struck by … single star, painted probably in gold against a blue ground, and hence called ovpavos, or … ■'' Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Thrace etc. p. 157 fig. ( = my fig. 552), J. N. Svoronos in the

753

Eckhel1, had Zeus with Nike in his hand enthroned amid the signs … Antoninus Pius in 145 A.D.4, play further … senting the days of the week—and gives as the central figure Sarapis … in Dionys./<?r. 322), eXovra UcMpXayoviav, /cat e/c rod Ti/xav top Ata Tiov irpocrayopevcrcu. … appears to have travelled westwards; for at Adzilare near Philippopolis a certain … 4 See G. Dattari in the Rivista Italiana di Numismatica 1901 xiv. 157—183.

754

754 Zeus in Astronomy and Astrology … (c) Zeus in Astronomy and Astrology. … in Greece long before the age of Alexander the Great—astro- … In the course of the third and following centuries B.C. the … and was, more often than not, said to have been placed in the … in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 1952. Supra p. 516 fig. 389. … 4 E. Riess in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. i8iof.

755

Zeus in Astronomy and Astrology 755 … and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria New York and London 1911 p. 217 ff., id. Die

756

756 Zeus in Astronomy and Astrology … disk shone so steadily and was visible for so long in the sky3. The … 5 Id. ib. p. 117 f., id. Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and … k.t.X., Eustath. in Dionys. per. 1005 BtjXos 8e r)v &acri\evs BafivXQvos, vibs Aids, d<p' ov /cat … See further K. Tumpel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 259 ff.

757

Zeus in Astronomy and Astrology 757 … Thee, Iupiter, in my star-sounding song, … Is wont to wheel again in order due … So the hard Earth soft-wrapped in circling Air … Who in thy love dost clasp the stars together,

758

758 Zeus in Astronomy and Astrology … were regarded as matters of moment by a public that believed in … no further. They belong to the history of sidereal divination in … 5 E. Riess in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1802 ff. … passim. A great mass of fresh material is listed and in part published in the Catalogus … deutsch. Lit. xxxi) Leipzig and Berlin 1913. On recent astrological research in general

759

Zeus in Astronomy and Astrology 759 … character in physical terms : he emphasises the essentially temperate nature of … inherited these attributes from Marduk. In the fourth tablet of the Chaldean … such a deity6. In the winds "that fertilise" we have the isolated relic of a once … 5 The astrological Jupiter is ykvuewv vddroov x°PVybs (Anon., In Tetrab., p. 70) and … According to Proclus (in Anal. Sacr., v, 2, p. 176 Pitra), Boreas produced males, Notus

760

in the Iliad, which tells how Zeus sent Athena like a meteorite … This may be no more than a simile. But in the Hymn to the … in Cancer. … 3 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 88 <ev> aXAots 8e tl<tlv edpov icrTopiKois on 6 Zeds aarpip (aartpi

761

In the battle of Salamis (480 B.C.) the ^Eginetans distinguished … temple three golden stars on a bronze mast2. H. Pomtow in his … know that they were specially worshipped in Aigina. But an … statues, which in time became covered with a patina of exquisite … towards the elucidation of divine twins in general and the Dioskouroi in particular (The … 6 T. Homolle in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1894 xviii. 186, ib. 1897 xxi. 284—288, ib.

762

in all probability attached to the heads of the twin-deities3. Cicero … A. Trendelenburg Die Anfangsstrecke der heiligen Strasse in Delphi Berlin 1908, … 3 H. Pomtow in the Ath. Mitth. 1906 xxxi. 563. A bronze statuette of one of the … no. 591, in f. = Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.-Inschr. ii. 652 ff. no. 2502, 111 f. to[0 … 5 My friend Dr W. H. D. Rouse in his Greek Votive Offerings Cambridge 1902

763

ii. The Dioskouroi as Stars in Hellenic Literature. … the voyager. In the Helene (412 B.C.) Teukros says of them : … bei Griechen itnd Romern und ihr Fortleben in christlichen Legenden Tubingen 1907 … 4 On the contention of S. Reinach in the Rev. Arch. 1901 ii. 35—$o = id. Cultes, … 5 E. Bethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1109.

764

Ye who dwell in the halls of the Heavenly Home, … Similarly in Euripides' Elektra (413 B.C.) the women of Argos … In the glittering heavens mid stars who stand, … In the Orestes (408 B.C.) Helene shares their prerogative : … by a couple of stars, though common enough in Hellenistic times … Arolsen 1862 nos. 173, 174) is drawn from casts in the Cambridge collection. The … 5 The type dates from the third century B.C. (A. Furtwangler in Roscher Lex. … Lacedaemonians by appearing suddenly in the guise of the Dioskouroi, mounted on white

765

1 E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 929.

766

whose credit was none of the best3. But in any case the concep- … where dominant in Greek religion, could have led to no other … between them. Each is clad in Phrygian cap, short chiton, and … 2 L. Bloch in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2530 f., E. Bethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … 4 The older notion lingers in Kallim. lavacr. Pall. 24 f. ota irap' Evpwra rol AaKeSai- … tG)v de&v oiKeiov eivai rod avaOrj^aros to kolvov rat ddiaiperov, cp. Eustath. in II. p. 1125,

767

we have here a humanised form of them in which the side-posts

768

retained and perhaps accepted in lieu of the missing arms. … forms of the gateway which in the wall-paintings of Pompeii turns a tree into a temple … etc. (E. A. Gardner in the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1888 ix. 210—215, G. F. Hill in the Brit. … toran or portal of many an Indian tope (J. Fergusson History of Indian and Eastern … these types is a theme deserving of serious investigation, but not one to be undertaken in … in honour of chaste wives, filial children, and others. The former is simple in style,

769

1 A. Conze and A. Michaelis in the Ann. d. Inst. 1861 xxxiii. 39 f. pi. D, 1 and 2,

770

but still retains the side-posts of the ddkana in the form of cippi … in Hellenistic Literature. … 1 A lotus-bud is the central ornament of the doicava as figured on a Spartan relief in … 6 Hyg.poet. astr. 2. 22, cp. Qv.fast. 5. 693 ff., Serv. in Verg. Aen. 6. \2\.

771

and seeks support for his view in the fact that Assyrian mythology … greater antiquity than the zodiac : ' we are at an earlier date in … pairs of twins found in other Indo-Europaean mythologies, argued … definite pair of stars, but any stars that shone out through a rift in … vi. The Dioskouroi identified with Saint Elmo's Fire in … 8 E. Bethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1096. … F. T. Bullen's article on 'St Elmo's Fires' in Marvels of the Universe, published by

772

' In a big storm stars as it were are wont to appear sitting on the sail. Men … like Diodoros4, seems to have spoken of the Kabeiroi in this con- … change seems to have come over classical beliefs in this respect. … 1913) that one night in stormy weather he saw St Elmo's fires glimmering on the topmost … Martin ' La foudre et le feu Saint-Elme' in the Revue archtologique 1866 N.S. xiii. 168 ff.

773

and Castor as favourable signs, but describe the star of Helena in … makes a hole in the mast, that it bores through the ship's bottom, … in his Oneirokritika he observes : … 6 Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 7. 792. The distinction is made by Statius himself … and of Etruscan art {supra p. 763). R. Basset in Melusinc 1884—85 ii. 189 writes : … on appelait cet objet Es sari (le voyageur de nuit), dans la mer de Chine Ed douli.' In

774

involved in any of these alarms they speedily deliver. For the gods are … discharge fire-arms, pull the tails of pigs, in short do anything and … 2 Porphyr. in Hor. od. 1. 3. 2 : see, however, F. Hauthal ad loc. … 7 N. G. Polites in Melusine 1884—85 ii. 117. For ancient apotropaeics see Solin. 1. … 9 These are collected in Melusine 1884—85 ii. 112 f. (cp. id. 112 ff., 138 ff., 189, 255 f.,

775

explained in more ways than one. Apart from the inevitable … succeeded in citing the intermediate forms Santeramo, Santeremo, … when we have succeeded in connecting their stars with the fire of … 1 Frazer Pausanias iii. 13 f. 'In the middle ages and in modern times such lights have … 5 So first in the Acta Sanctorum ed. Bolland. Iunius i. 218 f. (1695). See also D. H. … 7 J. Rendel Harris in the Transactions op the Third International Congress for the … 9 K. Jaisle op. cit. p. 59 f. In Old French the fires were ascribed to Sainte Claire.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 9: General conclusions with regard to Zeus as god of the bright sky

776

Having advanced thus far in our main enquiry we must pause … ceived in zoTstic fashion as the bright sky itself—a conception that … attempt to express heaven in terms of earth. The divine sky, as … As god of the bright or burning sky, Zeus dwelt in aither, … as in a peculiar sense the abode of Zeus8. His mountain-cults can … decessors10. Mythology associated Zeus with the mountain in a

777

with his partner, the mountain-goddess1. There, in one famous … Apart from the luminous dome of heaven, there are in normal … stand in relations of peculiar intimacy towards these special exhi- … the rapprochement, which from a very early period in the history of … an important role in their astronomy and astrology17. They also … In short, Zeus was brought into close connexion with any and … 1907 p. 20. In abnormal circumstances (storms etc.) lightning is another manifestation

778

worshipped in the Oasis with rites similar to those of Zeus Ndios … the same remote original might be seen scattered up and down in … in turn was essentially a Grecised (and subsequently Egyptised)

779

Hierapolitan gods were near relatives ; and kindred deities flanked … certain analogy subsisting between the ram and the bull in Levan- … they were associated in primis with the fertilising sky-god6; and I … the mass of detail considered in this book. Zeus as sky-father is … 7 Yet in Crete [supra pp. 401, 501) and in Karia etc. [supra p. 717 n. 3) Zeus was

780

not remain unfruitful. In the Dorian states the twin sons of … but many times in our survey of the Mediterranean lands—in the … 5 H. Usener in the RJiein. Mus. 1898 liii. 340 ff. { — id. Kleine Schriften Leipzig—

Addenda

781

in his recent and masterly work Early Zoroastrianisin London 1913 p. 391 n. 3. I quote … zamar• xsis, "qui regnat in terra." (Since the cognate Thracian had the required X … Hochaltar des Zeus in Olympia' in the Neue Jahrb.f. klass. Altertum 1913 xxxi. 241— … Page 45: on Iupiter Capitolinus with globe in right hand, sceptre in left. In the

782

Page 48 fig. 21 sarcophagus-relief in the Capitoline Museum. See now Reinach Rep. … resembling that in the Louvre {supra p. 93 fig. 65). On a recent visit to Taranto he … in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1913 xvii. 367 propose a new derivation of these names: … Page 147 f.: on the pillar-throne at Phalasarna. In the Comptes rendus de VAcad, … Page 216 fig. 159 red-figured kylix at Berlin. L. Malten in the Jahrb. d. kais. … Page 223 : on Triptolemos with the plough. In the Roman villa at Brading, Isle

783

Page 232 ft". : on a coin of Gaza (?). Mr G. F. Hill in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins … emblem of the emperor Julian as sun-god (R. Dussaud in the Mission dans les regions … Page 241 : on the hawk as sacred to solar deities in Egypt. See now T. Hopfner … Page 259 note 3 : on {ynx-wheels in temples. The vase cited as illustrating the … Page 296 fig. 219 a Thraco-Macedonian coin. J. N. Svoronos in the Journ. Intern, … dieu de ce peuple, le Soleil. Celui-ci avait son culte central sur le sommet du Pangee … Page 310 f.: on Aristophanes' speech in Platon's Symposium. K. Ziegler 'Menschen- … Page 338 note 2 : on the Persian chariot of Zeus. Cp. the Zoroastrian account in

784

Page 360 : on snakes in Egyptian religion. See now T. Hopfner Der Tierkult der … add now J. C. Evvald Falls Siwah, Die Oase des Sonnengottes in der libyschen Wiiste … Page 396 note 1: on the snake as phallic. See now E. Kuster Die Schlange in der … Page 430 ff.: on the bull and the sun in Egypt. See now T. Hopfner Der Tierkult … apKTOL Dianae, /36es Bacchi,' etc. But in Inscr. Gr. ins. iii Suppl. no. 418 F. Hiller von … Delos' in the Melanges Holleatix Paris 1913 pp. 59—68 would identify this altar with the … Page 501 f. : on a bell-krater representing Herakles in Olympos. This vase should … listed by Rasche Lex. Num. v. 1641 f. and by K. Regling in W. v. Diest Nysa ad … W. H. Ward The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia Washington 1910 pp. 307—310.

785

Page 585 : on the snake-entwined statues at Hierapolis. P. Gauckler in the Comptes … story in question. But fig. 507 is described by E. Babelon as ' Taureau' (sic), by J. N. … Page 676 f.: on the Orphic formula 2pL<pos es yaX 'iiveTov. Dr L. R. Farnell in The … Kid," milk being in Orphic-Pythagorean myth the object of desire which lured souls into … C. Picard in the Btdl. Corr. Hell. 1913 xxxvii. 97 ff. publish a quadrangular altar of … e/c t&v I IS'iwv avedy]Kav. \ evTvx&s. The precise nature of the cult in question is doubtful. … Mr Cornford has also kindly brought to my notice a valuable article by E. Maass in the

786

(p. 633): 4 Das Bad in siedender Milch, das von einem Zauberpferde kiihl geblasen wird, … I am indebted to Mr F. M. Cornford (Dec. 3, 1913) for a possible parallel in Roman … E The Kyklops in Folk-tales

Index I: Persons – Places – Festivals

787

In the Genealogies f. — father, m. = mother, s. =son, d.=daughter, b. = brother, … Aalen See Aquileia in Upper Germania … Achaeans in Crete 15 invade Egypt 362 … in Dekapolis 572x 590 Eleuthero- … In relation to Ramman 5764 Samas

788

Associated with Aphrodite 3454 645 Cult: Salamis in Kypros 6594 … In relation to Zeus 1573 4688 5302 Agrigentum … Aetes, ghost of 252 See also Aietes Aiga, in Achaia 5294

789

- known as Iskender in Oasis of

790

Cults: Oasis of Siwah 389 Thebes in … of Siwah 386 f. Thebes in Egypt … 365 Thebes in Boiotia 3624 … Ankyra in Galatia

791

Anthas, eponym of Anthedon in Boiotia … Anthedon, eponym of Anthedon in Boiotia … Anthes, eponym of Anthedon in Boiotia … Anthios, eponym of Anthedon in Boiotia … Antiocheia in Pisidia … Apameia in Phrygia … Aphrodisias in Kilikia (?), coins of~297.> … Heliopolis in Svria 554 Knidos

792

In relation to Atargatis 583 … 433 Nikaia in Bithynia 637 Niko- … 351 Hermonthis 436 Hierapolis in

793

In relation to Zeus 373 373x 4093 … Apollonia in Illyria … Apollonis in Lydia … Aquileia in Upper Germania … Thebes in Boiotia 540 … In relation to Apollon (?) 585 … Cult: Kaisareia in Kappadokia 102r,

794

In relation to Io 459 Zeus 457 ff. … In relation to Zeus 372 … - were-wolves in 80 f. … Arkesine in Amorgos … island in Adriatic 2453 Karthaia

795

In relation to Atagartis 583 Brito- … Asia, North-east 330 … In relation to Zeus 6464 … Asteria, island near Ithake 5440 … Asterion, river near Argos 445 6244 … Atabyrion, Mt, in Galilee See Tabor, Mt … See also Atabyrion, Mt, in Rhodes

796

-temple of, at Hierapolis in Syria … Cult: Heliopolis in Egypt 315 … in Boiotia 540 Thera 143 … Perikles in dream 727 Argo 755 … faced 444- in snake-drawn chariot … In relation to Atargatis 583

797

taken in procession by epheboi 715q … commemorated in Lenaean ode … Cults: Amphipolis 104 f. Ankyra in … In relation to Mithras 754 … Ba'albek See Heliopolis in Syria

798

In relation to Zeus 353 ft. … Bambyke 582 See also Hierapolis in Syria … Biennos, town in Crete See Biannos

799

Myth : Ino nurses Dionysos in cave … Cults : Chersonesos (?) in Crete 542 … Myths : disappears in grove at Aigina … In relation to Artemis 527i Dikte

800

Chalkis in Euboia … Charadra in Argos … Chersonesos in Crete … Claudius in guise of Triptolemos 228

801

buried in Crete 645 652 6632 … Cydonians in Crete 15 … Cult: Mt Ide in Crete 646

802

Kronos swallows stone in place of … in Galatia 2298 Antheia 228x Apol- … Mykonos 668 f. Nikaia in Bithynia … herm 5210 in snake-drawn chariot

803

Cults: Askalon 5834 Hierapolis in Europe to 155 Zeus reared for a … polis in Syria 584! 59I3 standard 5422 ovpeia 5415 5422 irah 5422 … Dia, festival in Teos 4232 733 Genealogy : d. of Leto 5422 … Functions: beasts 273 f. huntress 274 In relation to Britomartis 5274 542 … Identified with Britomartis 5423 Ne- Cult: Salamis in Kypros 6594 … . Associated with Nemesis 276 ff. Sil- Dion, promontory in Crete 165 … Dido Dion in Euboia 1239

804

6674 Heliopolis in Syria 564 ff. 687 marriage with BaaiXiwa 6720 … 705 Lesbos 656 Magnesia in Ionia (?) Xanthias attacked by Acharnians (?) … 373 f. Naxos 428 Nysa in Lydia 6833 sacrifices 399<> sacrifice of calf … 659(; Tenos 373 f. Thebes in Boio- sacrifice of yearling 668 cnrapayixbs … arris 657 657i 'Sl/xrjrris (?) 657i wpios 451 Bhea (?) 375 f. slain in bovine … Festivals: Anthesteria 67I9 683ff. City standard at Hierapolis in Syria … Rites : aiylfriv 665.5 annual drama in Eirene (?) 6702 s. of Kabeiros 112^ … taken in procession by epheboi 7156 Isis 3465 457s by Kore 695 by

805

Types: arrival in Attike 709 ff. bearded … thronement in theatre 710 f. herm … In relation to Zeus 373 ff. 401 428 … of 672 688 f. survivals of, in … Thebes in Boiotia 739 … victory in sea-fight 761 f. presage … 766 ff. driving in chariot drawn … 764 ff. two young male heads in

806

Associated with Selene 449 Zeus 356 Dorians in Crete 15 … In relation to Kabeiroi 765 f. 772 Doumatenoi … Diospolis, name of Laodikeia in Phrygia Apollon Ae\<pLi>io$ 7292 Apollon … Genealogy: w. of Lykos 736 Drion, Mt in Daunia

807

In relation to the Phoenician Kronos … created in the mountains 580

808

In relation to Ninib 580 … Myths: Antiope 7373 born in Euboia … In relation to Apis 438 633 … In relation to St Elmo (?) 775 … Praxiteles 7103 on ram 354 in … Eteo-Cretans in Crete 15 at Phaistos 660

809

Euphrates, egg found in 5840 … imitated in the Christus Pattens … Phoinike 5387 Talos 719 Thebes in … In relation to Nemesis 271o

810

In relation to Ouranos 84 Zeus 81 … Cults: Berytos 5712 Heliopolis in … Geraistos, eponym of Geraistos in Eu-

811

Gordys, s. of Triptolemos 237.3 Hadrianopolis in Thrace

812

In relation to St Elmo (?) 775 … Helike, in Achaia 5294 … Heliopolis in Egypt 3418 4784 (?) claims … 189i Ankyra in Galatia 1892 Apol-

813

5702 lion 2407 lizard 2407 in quad- … two young male heads in juxta- … 238 chariot of, enclosed in solar … Type : in quadriga 200c … In relation to Prometheus 324 328 … Stratonikeia 20 ff. Thebes in Boio-

814

refuge in Egypt 445 hung up by … 451 Polykleitos 134 f. in quadriga … In relation to Atargatis 583 Herakles … crosses sea in solar cup 225 Eurys- … sees Zeus in ram-skin 347 f. solar … 499 feasting in Olympos 501 f. 784 … In relation to Hera 4573 467 … polis in Syria 565 Mt Ide in Crete

815

Functions: conducts procession of Cults: in the Amdrion 16 f. Athens … Attributes: barsom 746 caduceus 4227 Hierapolis in Phrygia 5884 … 4697 herm with kdlathos 570 f. lead 4074 sea-water poured out in tem- … In relation to St Elmo(?) 775 Hierax 440 … Hesperides 2752 and Hierapolis (?) in Syria 584

816

Hydaspes, lychnis found in 5833 … Ide, Mt, in Crete 112 647 … Ide, Mt, in Phrygia 100 116

817

Ikaria in Attike, now called Dionyso i7i4 … Ikonion, rock-cut throne near 136 … In relation to ram 3952 … In relation to Argos 459 Hera 453 ff.

818

Rite: gilded cow wrapped in black … In relation to Semiramis 5840 … 190o 630g Aquileia in Upper Ger- … matia(?) 191o Dion in Dekapolis … Caesariensis 354 f. Neapolis in Sa-

819

of life 757 god dwelling in aether … on globe with wreath in his beak … 5202 radiate 194i in Roman military

820

Cults: Etruria 107 f. Hierapolis in … In relation to Dioskouroi 765 f. 772 … Kaisareia in Kappadokia … Cult: Mt Drion in Daunia 4074

821

Katakekaumene, Zeus born in 152 … Kibyra, in Phrygia, coins of 5302

822

Zeus and Hera 522 f. queen in … Rites: dead men wrapped in ox-hides … Types: in feminine attire 5912 femi- … kesine in Amorgos 6692 Delos 669.>

823

Korykos, Mt, Zeus born in Corycian Cave … in 6246 … in Crete 645 Pluti 4714 Mt- Sol- … Leto 6493 reigning in Crete 3764

824

1810 swallows stone in place of … In relation to Minotaur 298 the … 48312 Naxos in Sicily 32^ Odyssey … In relation to Zeus 317 ff.

825

used in 3234 folk-tale from 3434 … In relation to Arkadia 89 … 635 in Lemnos (?) 48312 near Nau- … Laphystion, Mt, in Boiotia … Larissa in Thessaly … Lartos, rock-cut throne near 142 … - Labyrinth in 48312(?)

826

Cults: Heliopolis in Egypt (?) 5712 … - fennel-stalk used in 3234 … Myth: boils Palaimon in caldron 674 … Luna, the town in Etruria … 620 horned bust in crescent 618

827

Mabog 582 See Hierapolis in Syria … -carnival-plays in 694 coins of 304

828

Cults: Ameria 642 Antiocheia in … 641 f. Nysa in Lydia 6424 Phrygia … drawn in car by two bulls 642j … Myth: in Crete 5455 … Heliopolis in Syria 554 Netherby

829

Messalina, in guise of Demeter 228 … Rites : barley boiled in milk 676 re- … - in folk-lore 6244 in modern art … Types: bust 616 thoughtful 343 in … masquerading in solar dance (?)

830

In relation to Auramazda 754 … In relation to Osiris 431 … Functions ; central fire 3036 earth 553 … Nasamones, chalcedony found in land of

831

- Labyrinths near 483i2 … - folk-tale of St Dionysios in 171s … Neapolis in Campania, coins of 6200 … Diana 276 in snake-drawn car 270 f. … In relation to Atargatis 583 Fortuna

832

Neokaisareia in Pontos … Nikaia in Bithynia … Nikopolis in Iudaea … Nikopolis in Moesia … In relation to En-lil 580 … Nysa in Lydia

833

in modern times 378 ff. 784 de- … Rites: 6fx<pa\6s carried in golden boat … Olene or Olenos in Achaia 5294 … development in meaning of 113 ff. … - in Mysia 100 1025 1168 124 … On See Heliopolis in Egypt … Orchomenos in Arkadia 16

834

Orchomenos in Boiotia 82x … Types: in Catacombs 1664 leaning … Myth: slain in bovine form 660 … Ortygia, near Ephesos … In relation to Apis 633 Mneuis 431 … Myth : boiled in caldron by Leukothea … Pallantion in Arkadia 87

835

Pelasgians in Argos (?) 438 Arkadia (?) 77

836

- carnival-plays in district of … - winged disk in 207 f.

837

Cult: near Mykeuai 4300 … - winged disk in 206 f. … - rock-cut thrones in 136 f.

838

Cult: Nysa in Lydia (?) 5030 … of horse every year in Illyricum (?)

839

In relation to Hephaistos 328 the … Prosymna, district near Argos … Prousa in Bithynia … In relation to Apis 4356 633 … Cult: Thebes in Egypt 346 … In relation to Bacis, Bacchis, or

840

In relation to Adad 5764 Samas Myths: Althaimenes 117 Korybantes … In relation to St Erasrao 775 ("Adados) 590 … 648i 650 Myths: disappears in thunderstorm … In relation to Atargatis 583 Rites : golden adder 392 mystic 395

841

Salamis in Kypros … In relation to Adad 577 ff. Eamman … - Labyrinth in 48312 … In relation to Zeus 603 … 753 Ankyra in Galatia 1892 Apu- … Tripolis in Lydia 1884

842

Cults: Heliopolis in Syria (?) 553 f. … In relation to Zeus 740 … Cult: Koryphe near Aleppo 519 … Selenaion, Mt, in Argolis 4573 … Types: in biga 449 (?) bovine 455

843

200g nimbus 250 quadriga in boat … In relation to Atargatis 583 bull 5182 … in Syria 583 Zeus "A^wv 367

844

Soanes, catch gold in fleeces 418

845

Cults : Hierapolis in Syria 582 ff. 591.3 … In relation to Kronos 298 … Genealogy: near akin to Zeus 116 s.

846

Cult: Heliopolis in Egypt 315 … Rite : sacrifice of calf in buskins 659 … See also Gaia, Ge, and in Index II … Thebe, town in Mysia 304

847

-connected with Thebes in Egypt (?) … Thebes in Egypt … - connected with Thebes in Boio- … - rock-cut inscriptions in 117i … - carnival-plays in 694 … - carnival plays in 694 Orphic

848

Myth: danced round tree in which … Tityros, town in Crete (?) 534 … Tripolis in Lydia … Tripolis in Phoinike … Myths: in Apollodoros 211 in Hymn … 213 ff. corn-ears in hair 222 plough

849

- chariot of 740 211 ff. in a folk- … Types: in guise of Io 2363 veiled and … In relation to Nemesis 2716

850

5516 Heliopolis in Syria 554 … In relation to Iuno 617 f. … Vienna, town in Gaul 623e … slain in bovine form 398 647 650 … In relation to Kronos 398 Zeus 398 f. … in Galatia 124 189i Apameia in

851

Arkadia in Crete 4020 Arkesine in … sonesos (?) in Crete 542 Chios 76 (?) … Mt Dikte 161 652 Dion in Dekapolis … Hermonthis, Thebes in Egypt) Eleu- … Mt Helikon 117 132 Heliopolis in … 5202 Koryphe near Aleppo 519 Kos … Taleton) Laodikeia in Phrygia … Neapolis in Samaria 572L 590i … Olympos in Makedonia 101 ff. 116

852

Mt Thaumasion 154 Thebes in … Tralleis 1514 Tripolis in Lydia … Qwj3cuos 3477 'law 2337 'Idaios in

853

363 ff. 367 3684 369 Heliopolis in … votive limbs dedicated in the Idaean … Priestesses: at Dodona lllo 364 in the

854

cradle on a tree in Crete 5300 cp. … 693 Bootes 755 born in Crete 6502 … up in thigh of Zeus 6742 Elektra … on Mt Arkton 112 by Nymphs in

855

and buried in Crete io7 645 652 … himself in ram-skin to Herakles … Tethys 329q washed in the Lousios

856

coiled in circle 191 f. serpent-staff

857

as bull in radiate circle 472 bust … 547 colour of hair 22 in Comma- … 361 572! in ram-drawn chariot 3384 … seated with Nike in hand 753 … seated with sceptre in easy attitude … ears in right hand, sceptre in left, … and sceptre, eagle 1024 standing in

858

In relation to Adonis 1573 4688 530<> … 341 birth of (scene in mysteries ?) … spring of, in Oasis of Siwah 368 ff. … of 303 vote of 147<> well of, in Oasis

Index II: Subjects – Authorities

860

5633 at Hierapolis in Syria 582 ff. … Aither in relation to aer 101 776 … in Greece 511 ff. ' Minoan' 506 ff. 511 … in Bithynia 380 at Olympia 37x 121 on … 117 of Zeus Idatos in Crete 118 of … Ant in Mithraic myth 518 worshipped

861

Astrology in Babylonia 754 ff. in Egypt … in Crete 648 f. worshipped (?) 632 659 f. … in milk at Galaxia 676 … in Dionysiac procession 565 707 cp. … Bears kept at Hierapolis in Syria 5920

862

Birds hung on trees 5920 in Babylonian … Bones burnt 286 of Europe in wreath 525 … Bran in rites of Sabazios 3924

863

Bull in Assyria 581 645 Crete 401 464 ff. … kept at Hierapolis in Syria 5920 … 779 in relation to river-cult 48310 pre- … Hittites 636 639 ff. 784 in India 637 … 497 Orchomenos in Boiotia (?) 497 … Bulls, humped, at Hierapolis in Syria … Bull's hide in Bhodian myth 6435 made … Burial beneath altar 519 in ' Dipylon' … Buskins, calf in 659 … Caduceus at Heliopolis in Syria 564 ff. … Pelops 41910 679 in rites of Leukothea … Carpet in Dionysiac procession 565

864

Cave at Anazarbos 5974 in Boiotia 524 at … Chest, golden lamb in 405 … Clay in rites of Sabazios 3924 in rites of … Cloud in semblance of Hera 198 … used in fertility-magic (?) 5634 … pides called 442 priest or priestess in

865

woman in child-bed 659 with moon on … 'Cows,' children at Hierapolis in Syria

866

- in pediment 259 292 ff. … Ba'al-bek 357 552 f. at Hierapolis in … of Zeus in Oasis of Siwah 364 f. … Hierapolis in Syria 583 f. 586 f. on … 723j worshipped in Syria 5834 5840 … in Crete (?) 534 f. in north Greece (?) … 689 at Panathenaia (?) 6889 in Crete

867

on globe 628 in pediment 259 on … Eagles kept at Hierapolis in Syria 5920 … Elephants draw Augustus in chariot 548 … Fawn-skin in rites of Sabazios 3924 worn … 323 in rites of Sabazios 3924 … of Zeus 7026 in rite of purification or … Fire-bearers at Hierapolis in Syria 592(> … Flood at Hierapolis in Syria 584j 5913

868

Thebes in Boiotia 469 539 ff. … Goat as sacred animal in Crete 401 501 … luperci 6774 in clothes of maiden 7119

869

Gold in relation to Helios 625 f. 6260 cp. … Hair, hero's life in 344 hero's strength in … Hawk in Argive mvthology 440

870

Heart of Liber in image of gypsum 662 … harden corn 5023 in earthenware 51312 … Hierapolis in Syria 5920 solar 333 ff.

871

Inauguration of kings in Tirconnell 678 … fire (?) 2II3 in rites of Sabazios 3924 … terrestrial in relation to celestial 6323 … Ivy-wreath in rites of Dionysos 374 671,,

872

put to death in time of drought etc. … Krater in rites of Sabazios 3924 … emperors 484 as mosaic in basilica at … wheel 285 in relation to Hermes, the

873

184 in relation to the sun 578 f. 5783 … Liknon in rites of Demeter and Persephone … Lions kept at Hierapolis in Syria 5920 … 11 f. in relation to personality 124 not … Mare, sacrifice of white, in Tirconnell

874

shipper 394 ff. of Sky and Earth in … Masks in Carnival-plays 694 at Eural … Mice eat gold 6325 eat iron 6325 in rites … Milk of Hera confers immortality 624 in

875

Months, intercalary, in oktaeterls 692 … Moon called by many names in France, … Moon, man in the 470 … Mysteries at Agra 219 ff. in Crete 402 … sinian mysteries 609 to performers in

876

Oak-tree in Circaean Plain 533 in Crete … Olive-tree in Oasis (?) 365 at Tyre 5302 … Omphalos in Ammoneion 355 ff. 5210 at … Otherworld-visit, the, in Celtic tales 239 … in 296 wheels suspended in 2594 296

877

with bull's head 6347 ending in ram's … Pig eaten sacramentally in Crete (?) 6644 … 34 f. of Zeus in Pompeian painting 34 … Poplar, fruitful, in Idaean Cave 529

878

Predynastic remains in Egypt 6I94 … 472 at Kaisareia in Kappadokia (?) … Quail in myths of Asteria or Asterie 5440 … 6720 686 709 f. of Egypt buried in … gelded by Zeus 394 in ' Minoan' art … Ram in Armenia 4072 in Crete 401 4020 … 646 (?) in Macedonian pillar-cult 428 … the procession in ram-skins up Mt

879

of the dead in vegetation (?) 687 6424 6424 7204 7276 732 73310 734 738 f. … Robert, C. 472 473 482 494 605 643 2499 Saints worshipped in place of gods and … Roberts, D. G. 7255 Salt in Oasis of Siwah 380 f.

880

in circle 191 f. coiled round female … kings 496 horned 4300 in Egyptian

881

cubation 4074 428 cp. 646 used in … sacred (?) 5120 6460 in pediment 2962 … stellar worship 543 in relation to … onic (?) 7033 feminine 3964 in trees on … Spring, miraculous, at Dodona 368 in … Lykaion 76 f. at Nemausus 569 in … Standards of Ashur 207 at Hierapolis in … Dioskouroi 766 ff. in pediment 391i … Salamis 761 771g in relation to Zeus

882

Storm-god, in relation to sun-god 578 ff. … Sun in relation to lightning 578 f. 5783 … Hermes, the planet 6260 in myth of … in Syria 585 … Thdlamos at Hierapolis in Syria 582 ff. … stage of Phaidros in Athenian 708 ff. … Thorn-bush in the moon 470

883

Three-eyed figures in Greek religion and … Tin in relation to Aphrodite, the planet … carried round fields 286 6504 in … Trident in folk-tale 344 … central wheel 304 with corn-ears 227

884

in divination 285 in Midsummer … Will-power in relation to magic 12! l^i

885

Wolf, hero in form of 999 See also Were- Wundt, W. 92 67i … Wolf-skin, deity clad in 96 ff. 999 hero Yorke, V. W. 5879 7425

Plate 40

Marble reliefs from the stage of Phaidros in the theatre at Athens.

Marble reliefs from the stage of Phaidrcs in the theatre at Athens (Restored).

OCR-Volltext

Hinweise zum OCR-Text

Wolf-god or Light-god ?

65

numerous relatives in both Greek and Latin1. Indeed, our word
' light' is of kindred origin.

But etymology, unless supported by ritual and myth, can afford
no certain clue to the nature of an ancient deity. Fortunately in
the present case that support is forthcoming. Zeus Lykaios was
sometimes at least conceived as a sky-god, for his priest acted as
rain-maker to the district-. Again, Achaios the tragedian, a
younger contemporary of Sophokles, appears to have spoken of
Zeus Lykaios as 'starry-eyed' (astervpos)*. An epithet of similar
formation and of the same meaning (asteropos) is used by Euri-
pides of the aither or ' burning sky' in connexion with Zeus4.
This suggests that Zeus Lykaios was a god of the aitlier. Indeed,
Creuzer long since pointed out that Zeus Lykaios is none other
than the Arcadian Zeus5, whom Cicero and Ampelius describe as
the son of Aether16. H. Usener further observes that, just as a
Boeotian myth makes Lykos succeed his brother Nykteus on the
throne7, so the Arcadian myth makes Lykaon succeeded by his
son Nyktimos, the inference being that both pairs of names denote
the alternation of'daylight' (lyk-) and 'darkness' (nykt-)s. If Zeus
Lykaios was thus a god of daylight, certain statements made by
Pausanias a propos of his cult gain a fresh significance. Lykosoura
founded by Lykaon was 'the first city that ever the sun beheld9.'

1 Prellwitz Etym. Worterb. d. Gr. Spr.2 pp. 266, 275 cites for the stronger form of the
root the Latin lux, luceo, luna, for the weaker the Greek d/xcpiXi'iKT], Xu/cd/3as 'year' (lit.
'light-circuit' : Fick in the Gbtt. Gel. Anz. 1894 clvi. 240 cp. Hesych. <x/3<r rpoxos),
\vKavyrjs 'twi-light,' XvKO(pws 'twi-light,' Xvxvos 'lamp,' etc. See further L. Meyer
Handb. d. gr. Etym. iv. 519m, who adds XvKoxpia 'twi-light,' and Walde Lai. etym.
Worterb. s.v. luceo p. 349 f., who connects Xvydos 'white marble' with the same group
of words.

2 Infra p. 76.

3 Achaios Azanes frag. 2 Nauck2 ap. schol. Eur. Or. 383 rrjs darepoirov (MSS.
dffTepoirov) Zrjvbs duaias, cp. F. G. Welcker Die Griechischen Tragbdien Bonn 1841 iii.
963. Arcad. p. 67, 13 Barker vouches for the accent darepoiros: the analogy of xapoir6s,
'bright-eyed,' suggests darepoiros, cp. darepwiros.

W. H. Roscher in the Jahrb.f. class. Philol. 1892 xxxviii. 705 supposes that darepoiros
denotes ' the god of lightning ' (daTpa/rri, darepoTrr]).

4 Eur. Ion 1078 f. Aids darepw-Kos \ dvexopevaev ai8r]p, cp. Kritias Sisyphus frag. 1,
33 Nauck- ap. Plout. de plac. philos. 1. 6 and Sext. adv. math. 9. 54 to t darepwrrov
ovpavov aeXas (so Plout., Se^as Sext.).

5 F. Creuzer Symbolik und Mythologie* Leipzig and Darmstadt 1841 iii. 74 f.

6 Cic. de nat. deor. 3. 53, Ampel. 9. Cp. supra p. 27 n. 3.

7 Infra ch. i § 7 (d).

8 H. Usener Gotternamen p. 199. The myths are collected and analysed in Roscher
Lex. Myth. ii. 2169 ff., 2183 ff., iii. 492 ff., 498 f. W. PL Roscher Selene und Verwandtes
Leipzig 1890 p. 140 ff. regards Nykteus and Lykos as personifications of the Evening-
and the Morning-star: he is followed by Worner in the Lex. Myth. iii. 496^

9 lJaus. 8. 38. 1.

C.

5

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