Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

Human sacrifice to Zeus Lykaios 75

eponym of Anthedon in Boiotia1, or more probably as a cult-title
of Zeus comparable with that of Zeus Antkaletis, who is mentioned
in a sacrificial calendar from the Epakria district2. The cult would
thus be one of a Zeus presiding over animal and vegetable fertility,
a god presumably worshipped by a guild of farmers. Mr Anderson's
conclusion is sound, though his premises are shaky. I doubt
whether Zeus Keraios is a mere synonym of Zeus Ammon. His
' horns' may be those of a bull, not a ram. In that case he
resembled Zeus Olbios, a god of fertility who in northern Greece
had bovine horns3, or Zeus Xenios (?) of Kypros, to whom the
horned Kerdstai were wont to sacrifice strangers till Aphrodite,
offended at their savagery, changed them all into bullocks4. Again,
O. Hofer objects that, if Anthas had been merely a cult-epithet,
we should have expected a repetition of the name Zeus before it5.
But this objection only brings into clearer light the indisputable
fact that in Attike the hero Anthas stood in intimate relation to
Zeus. Anthos occupied a like position on Mount Lykaion.

Now Anthos, son of Autonoos and Hippodameia, deprived his
father's horses of their pasture and was therefore devoured by
them6—a fate recalling that of Lykourgos, king of the Thracian
Edonoi, who in order that his land might not remain barren was
taken by his subjects to Mount Pangaion and there destroyed by
horses7. That a similar end overtook Anthos on Mount Lykaion
is at least a permissible conjecture ; for the charred bones found
nowadays on the summit of this mountain8 are said by the peasants
to be 1 the bones of men whom the ancients caused to be here
trampled to death by horses, as corn is trodden by horses on a
threshing-floor0.'

Conjecture apart, there is good reason to think that in time of

1 He is called Anthas (Paus. 9. 22. 5, Steph. Byz. s.v. ''Ai>d-ndwi>), Anthios (schol.
//. 2. 508, Eustath. in II. 271, 13 ff.), Anthedon (Steph. Byz. and Eustath. locc. citt.),
and Anthes (Herakleid. Pont. ap. Plout. de musica 3); for all these local heroes are
obviously one and the same.

2 Am. Joitrn. Arch. 1895 x. 210, J. de Prott leges Graecorum sacrae Lipsiae 1896
Fasti sacri p. 46 ff. no. 26, 47 ......y Kpios Abb Aa 'Avda'Kec ols Abb, iepwavva bh

3 Infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii (f).

4 Ov. met. 10. 220 ff., Lact. Plac. narr. fab. 10. 6, infra loc. cit.

5 O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. hi. 2491.

6 Supra p. 73 n. 4.

7 Apollod. 3. 5. 1, Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 312 f. Other examples of men done to death
by horses with a like intent are cited in the Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 82, Folk-Lore 1904 xv.
388 n. 92. See further S. Reinach ' Hippolyte' in the Archiv f. Rel. 1907 x. 47—6o = id.
Cultes, Mythes et Religions Paris 1908 iii. 54—67.

8 Infra p. 82.

9 J. G. Frazer on Paus. 8. 38. 2 (iv. 382).