Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / VI: The Kyklops of the east and the Kyklops of the west

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A distant echo of this mythopoeic stage may be heard in … two, male and female, but a third as well, which was a compound of them both. … and tumble along in a circle: just in the same way did the men of those … "kpnTiav 8pos, a. mountainous island in the Propontis, and, coming from their mountain, … for Zeus. Other scholia on the same verse derive the Kyklopes, who came to aid Proitos, … taken to mean that his body was a sphere or disk. Cp. Tim. 44 D—E, 73 c—D, where

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Aristophanes goes on to tell how Zeus frustrated their efforts … he will go hopping on a single leg ! This interesting recital, despite … of the Orphic Phanes, first-born of the gods, a strange bi-sexual … In the western Mediterranean anthropomorphism went a step … 4 Orph. frag. 62 Abel ap. Prokl. in Plat. Tim. i. 429, 28 ff. Diehl (cp. ib. i. 450, … that Qdv-qs and"A/ryos are names of similar meaning? See further infra ch. i § 6 (g) ix.

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and sculpture in the round the case was different. Here a growing … about that Servius in the fourth century A.D. can write : ' Many say … again that he had three; but the whole tale is a make-belief5.' … irepocpdaX/xop, not [xovbcpdakfxov; cp. Guido de Columna (1287 A.D.), who in his account … a wall-painting in an Etruscan tomb at Corneto.

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But like a mighty shield. Yea, all these things … as the eye of the animate sky7. A presumption is thus raised that … 3 Parm. frag. 10, 4 Diels £pya re kijkXwttos ir&jari irep'upoiTa creXrjpyjs. … 8 L. Frobenius Das Zeitalter des Sonnengottes Berlin 1904!. 367—412, after a wide … as the Kyklopes are storm-powers, their fiery eye denoting the lightning (see infra ch. ii

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corresponds fairly well with a difference indicated in Hesiod's … A round eye, one, upon their forehead set.] … A hundred arms were waving from their shoulders, … of civilisation. A useful parallel is afforded by the religion of … 14 f., id. p. 327, 41, Plout. de amic. mult. 1. cp. v. Marcell. 17. Briareos is eKardyxet-pos … 4 E. A. Wallis Budge Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection London 1911 i. 156.

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a hymn written in the time of the twentieth or twenty-first dynasty … that is On or Heliopolis, thus forming the double god Ra-Tem3 : … old capital Thebes and the Theban cult of Amen. He adopted a … Aten.' This Aten was a very old Egyptian deity, whose original … 1 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians i. 422 f. Meh-urt, ib. i. 365 Hathor, … 6 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians i. 467, cp. ib. i. 109, 165, 202, 248,

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spite of obvious inconsistencies. A Greek of the classical period … a giant and the latter should have called up the image of a … as belief wanes, convictions become views, and views pass into a … An Assyrian obelisk shows two hands issuing from a solar disk, the right hand open,

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mere succession of pictures or metaphors. A fin-de-siecle poet … is of the scantiest. The scholiast on Euripides, probably confusing … Zeus and the other gods5. Clearly no conclusion can be based on … excellence, we are on firmer ground. Hesiod speaks of the Kyklopes … see, he shakes | His big red hands at me in wanton fun ! | A glorious image that! it might … mere succession of pictures or metaphors. A fin-de-siecle poet … is of the scantiest. The scholiast on Euripides, probably confusing … Zeus and the other gods5. Clearly no conclusion can be based on … excellence, we are on firmer ground. Hesiod speaks of the Kyklopes … see, he shakes | His big red hands at me in wanton fun ! | A glorious image that! it might

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / VII: The Kyklops and Zeus

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thunder and lightning of Zeus, but could on occasion wield his … A radiant brand and, armed with chthonian bolt … Ash spears he beat and many a blade, that Kyklops, … A mimic blaze, a gleam that echoed back … A cloud-like robe he wore, within whose fold … Then Brontes went a-warring and beat out … He and his drops, a bastard, cloudless Zeus.

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accompanied by a thunderbolt or thunderbolts1 (figs. 251—253). … Again, a connexion of some sort between the Kyklops and Zeus … the Lacedaemonian Hyakinthos on the tomb of Geraistos the … 1 A. Conze ' Griechische Kohlenbecken' in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. airh. Inst. 1890

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the three-eyed Kyklops of Sicily bears a striking resemblance to … Triops or Triopas7. On this showing, then, the three-eyed Kyklops … not refrain from laying hands on Odysseus through any fear of … 1 T. Panofka Archdologischer Commentar zu Pausanias Buck II. Kap. 24 p. 30 f. … 4 M. Mayer Die Giganten tend Titanen in der antiken Sage und Kunst Berlin 1887 … 9 Od. 9. 275 ff. ■ Dr W. W. Merry ad loc, taking a hint from the scholiast, observes:

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to be met with in Celtic2 and Germanic3 mythology—a fact which … In Appendix E I have collected a number of such tales, and shall … Aglaophannis ii. 1132 note d identified this Kouretis with Euboia, where there are other … (Od. 1. 71 f.), who according to one account seems to have lived on the coast of Euboia … pp. 48 f., 112 f., 238 f., J. A. MacCulloch The Religion of the Ancient Celts Edinburgh … to be met with in Celtic2 and Germanic3 mythology—a fact which … In Appendix E I have collected a number of such tales, and shall … Aglaophannis ii. 1132 note d identified this Kouretis with Euboia, where there are other … (Od. 1. 71 f.), who according to one account seems to have lived on the coast of Euboia … pp. 48 f., 112 f., 238 f., J. A. MacCulloch The Religion of the Ancient Celts Edinburgh

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / VIII: The blinding of the Kyklops’ eye

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red-hot pole (Athens), of a sharp piece of wood (Servia), of red-hot … a minute and painstaking criticism of the myth, sets aside all later … To bear when dry. We, looking on the same, … Therefrom I, standing close, cut off a fathom, … Twirled it above, as a man drills with a drill … Its either end, and still the drill runs on. … 1 A. and M. Croiset Histoire de la littirature grecque2 Paris 1896 i. 402, W. Christ

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And, as a man that is a coppersmith … A ghastly groan—yea, round us rang the rock— … A. Kuhn2, that the single eye of the Kyklops was an early repre- … worked over and incorporated into a wonder-voyage—had it not … 4 J. T. Bent The Cyclades London 1885 p. 365. Id. id. : ' In Lesbos this reed is still … down fire from heaven.' The same custom is found in Kypros, according to Sittl on Hes. … plantation, they will enclose a live stick in a hollow piece of a certain sort of wood, which … And, as a man that is a coppersmith … A ghastly groan—yea, round us rang the rock— … A. Kuhn2, that the single eye of the Kyklops was an early repre- … worked over and incorporated into a wonder-voyage—had it not … 4 J. T. Bent The Cyclades London 1885 p. 365. Id. id. : ' In Lesbos this reed is still … down fire from heaven.' The same custom is found in Kypros, according to Sittl on Hes. … plantation, they will enclose a live stick in a hollow piece of a certain sort of wood, which

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / IX: Prometheus’ theft of fire

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Mount Mosychlos, a wooded volcano in Lemnos now submerged … part, a perpetual fire was kept burning. Platon, however, is … help of Minerva into the sky, and, applying a small torch to the wheel of the … plausibly identified by Angelo Mai with a certain Leontius men- … on her shield and took him to the sky. When he saw there the heavenly bodies … Magic Art ii. 260, who notes that Bent is mistaken in calling the i>dpdrj£ or 'giant fennel' … Cp. Hellanikos frag. 112 {Frag. hist. Gr. i. 60 Midler) ap. Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 227. On … 3 Serv. in Verg. eel. 6. 42 Prometheus, [Iapeti et Clymenes nlius,] post factos a se … 4 See G. H. Bode Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini tres Romae nuper reperti … 5 Myth. Vat. 3. 10. 9 clanculum ferulam rotae Phoebi applicans, but later id. a sole … 2. 9 clam ferulam Phoebiacis adplicans rotis, i.e. to a date c. 480—550 A.D. For the reed

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A. Kuhn in his remarkable study on The Descent of Fire has … spoken of as a sexual act. The Rev. J. G. Wood states that the … his palms, pressing it slightly downwards, and in a short time he works a small … upon, bursts into an evanescent flame. A little fine and very dry grass is then … 3 On the fire-drill see E. B. Tylor Researches into the Early History of Mankind and … Natur- und Urgeschichte des Menschen Wien und Leipzig 1909 ii. 1 ff. and the mono- … 4 Rev. J. G. Wood op. cit. p. 415.

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upper stick is made to rotate by means of a cord or strap. Thus … ' It consists in drilling one piece of ararii-wood into another by pulling a string … employment of a bow instead of a strap, or the weighting of the … A. Fire-stick of thin … A … A … W. Crooke Things Indian London 1906 p. 209 on the fire-drill as used by the Brahman … 4 J. G. Wood op. cit. p. 419, cp. E. B. Tylor op. cit.3 p. 243.

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turned about in the eye of a voracious and supernatural herdsman, … name was Ithas or Ithax3. He relies on two glosses of Hesychios. … 4 Hesych. s.v. 'Idas' 6 tQp Tirdvwv KTjpv^ Upo/xridevs. Tives"I6a%.

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Prometheus was essentially a 'Fire'-god—a conclusion that suits … by Penelope on his return to declare his lineage, gives himself … of Odysseus, e.g. on coppers of Ithake (fig. 258)6, is indistinguishable … 3 Akousileos frag. 30 {Frag. hist. Gr. i. 103 Mviller) ap. schol. Od. 17. 207 states that … 5 Od. 19. 183 i/xol 5' oVo/xa k\vtoi> Mduv, cp. Lyk. A I. 432 with Tzetz. ad loc, … Ant. Lib. 17) son of Helios (Souid. s.v. Mdwv) : see Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1106. … 8 A votive vase from the Theban Kabeirion is inscribed 'OAixrceuJas Kaj3ipoi (Ath. … 9 Brit. Mies. Cat. Coins Troas etc. p. 40 f. pi. 8. 4 f., Head Hist, num.* p. 542.

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are enabled to set the two side by side3. On the other hand, it is … the hero a ring that binds him to the spot etc. (Append. E Abruzzo, Dolopathos, … Oxford 1908 ii. 194, infra ch. ii § 3 (c) i (%)). … A. A. Macdonell Vedic Mythology Strassburg 1897 p. 91. … 4 Pramantha, the 'fire-drill,' can hardly be separated from Pramanthu, the younger

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Gyrdpsios of Chios2—a combination that strengthens his claim to … He has further suggested a like origin for the association of Iupiter … explain a whole series of bronzes found by Messrs Saltzmann and … would read Upofxridevs for lipofiavdeis in Lyk. Al. 537 and recognise a Zeus lipop-rjOevs at … 3 Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 222 ff. … which might be explained as the ' Rod-twirler,' a compound of the digammated root of … Monier-Williams op. cit^p. yjj). A. Kuhn in the Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprach- … Gyrdpsios of Chios2—a combination that strengthens his claim to … He has further suggested a like origin for the association of Iupiter … explain a whole series of bronzes found by Messrs Saltzmann and … would read Upofxridevs for lipofiavdeis in Lyk. Al. 537 and recognise a Zeus lipop-rjOevs at … 3 Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 222 ff. … which might be explained as the ' Rod-twirler,' a compound of the digammated root of … Monier-Williams op. cit^p. yjj). A. Kuhn in the Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprach-

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are in the form of a wheel with four, six, seven, eight, or nine spokes, … a square base, but remains four-spoked. In another the central … no. 2rob pi. 13 (bird on wheel-base), id. p. 61 no. 420 pi. 24 (cock on wheel-base).

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i. 305 ff., ii. 94 ff. and Manuel (ParchMogie Paris 1910 ii. 1. 413 ff. claims to have dis-

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to find a parallel for the Rhodian bronzes. In point of fact it was … animal on the solar wheel, or rather in between a pair of solar … facilitated by a half-forgotten belief that the sun itself was a horse. … men no longer content to regard the sun either as a wheel or as a … kais. dentsch. arch. Inst. 1910 xxv Arch. Anz. p. 294 f. fig. 7 (from a photograph of the … kulte'1 Berlin 1905 ii. 203, E. H. Meyer Gertnanische Mythologie Berlin 1891 pp. 59, 94, … to find a parallel for the Rhodian bronzes. In point of fact it was … animal on the solar wheel, or rather in between a pair of solar … facilitated by a half-forgotten belief that the sun itself was a horse. … men no longer content to regard the sun either as a wheel or as a … kais. dentsch. arch. Inst. 1910 xxv Arch. Anz. p. 294 f. fig. 7 (from a photograph of the … kulte'1 Berlin 1905 ii. 203, E. H. Meyer Gertnanische Mythologie Berlin 1891 pp. 59, 94,

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / XII: The solar chariot

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Greek art. A silver band from a prehistoric grave at Chalandriane … Olympia have two large ring-shaped handles, on which is set a

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horse (fig. 266)1, more rarely a bird2 or bull's head3 or lion4. … the earliest type of Helios as a charioteer on Attic black-figured … 1 A. Furtwangler in Olympia iv. 72 ff. e.g. no. 574 pi. 30, no. 607 pi. 33, no. 624 … 4 Id. ib. p. 93 no. 641 pi. 30.

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in the solar disk. A fine example is furnished by a silver-gilt … fastened with a big circular stud. A curved exergual line repre- … found in another tomb at Elis along with a whole series of phdlara … who owns a good collection of modern horse-amulets ('horses' … optical illusion of the sun's orb flattened on the horizon. An … no. 220 fig. 14, p. 25 no. 223, p. 291". no. 235, p. 30 f. no. 237 pi. 4, Nicole Cat. Vases … Dodona (C. Carapanos Dodone et ses mines Paris 1878 p. 36 pi. 19, 1, 2, 4), Olympia … Besitze Sr. Excellenz A.J. von Nelidow Leipzig 1903 no. 533 pi. 20. … (^T:_PanojFka JJ3glios__Alabyrios' in the Arch. Zeit. 1848 ii. 3058". pi. 20, 1, 2,

Plate 24

1. Helios rising, on a silver-gilt disk.

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driver's breast1. The addition of a thunderbolt to the left of the … 1 On the derivation of the swastika from the solar wheel see T. Wilson The Swastika … '2 Panofka loc. cit. p. 305 f. cp. a vase from Apulia of like design and style then in the … Schol. Eur. Phoen. 3 a.....................Xpovos Aidd) 'AarpairT] Bpovrrj

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Zeus too was sometimes conceived as driving a chariot1. But … The first of May is kept as a day of jest and jollity by the … are burnt5. I figure (pi. xxv) a wreath of the sort, which I obtained in … S' i8LooK€ k.t.X., cp. Tib. 4. 1. 130 f. This conception is utilised by Plat. Phaedr. 246 e … Alexandermosaik aits Pompeji Strassburg 1909 col. pi. 1, J. Overbeck—-A. Mau Pompeji*^ … Zeus too was sometimes conceived as driving a chariot1. But … The first of May is kept as a day of jest and jollity by the … are burnt5. I figure (pi. xxv) a wreath of the sort, which I obtained in … S' i8LooK€ k.t.X., cp. Tib. 4. 1. 130 f. This conception is utilised by Plat. Phaedr. 246 e … Alexandermosaik aits Pompeji Strassburg 1909 col. pi. 1, J. Overbeck—-A. Mau Pompeji*^

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seen that Saint John's bonfire was in all probability a sun-charm1. … Here in Cambridge the children are out early on the first of May … angles to each other and decorated with a branch of may : from … commonly described as a branch of olive (or bay) twined with … durfiroXoL, eipeaubvTjv | [re]v^avres, [pLeydXrjp u!nr]a.crav €VKXeir)v.

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doorway a solar wreath destined to be burnt as a sun-charm on … winged solar disk10. Now Aischylos in his Suppliants, a play … 4 G. Benedite in the Mon. Piot. 1909 xvii. 5 ff. … 7 So in the Veda the eagle is connected primarily with Indra the thunder-god (A. A. … la division de Vannee p. 49 f., A. Wiedemann ' Die Phonixsage im alten Agypten ' in the … doorway a solar wreath destined to be burnt as a sun-charm on … winged solar disk10. Now Aischylos in his Suppliants, a play … 4 G. Benedite in the Mon. Piot. 1909 xvii. 5 ff. … 7 So in the Veda the eagle is connected primarily with Indra the thunder-god (A. A. … la division de Vannee p. 49 f., A. Wiedemann ' Die Phonixsage im alten Agypten ' in the

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (e): The sun as the bird of Zeus

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Lo, thus we call on the saving rays of the sun1. … their Rhapsodic Theogony with a somewhat similar invocation: … across the world is winged likewise4. A bird was on occasion … belief in a solar hawk10. Ovid tells how Daidalion, grieving for the … from the Akropolis and in mid air changed by Athena into a … 1 Aisch. suppl. 212 f. AA. /ecu Zrjvos opvtv rovde vvv /a/cX^cr/cere. | XO. KcCkodfxev av-yas … 4 Supra pp. 213 n. 2, 217 ff. … 11 Ov. met. 11. 291 ff., cp. Hyg. fab. 200, Paus. 8. 4. 6. Supra p. 241.

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turned into a hawk and of Daidalos' nephew Talos turned into a … the sun represented by a bird-like figure. A folk-tale from Zakyn- … ' In the time of the Hellenes there once lived a king, who was the strongest … enemy then took him prisoner, bound him, shut him up in a fortress, and gave … thirteen of his companions were flung by the enemy into a pit. As he was the … 2 E.g. Gilbert Gr. Gotterl. p. 180 and the author of the latest monograph on the … Marchen no. 11 '0 KairiTavos AeKarpecs with nn. id. p. 229, J. G. Frazer on Paus. 9. 11. 4

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after he was thrown into the pit he found a dead bird somewhere. He stuck its … Pterelaos, the Taphian hero whose life depended on a golden hair. … from the name Pterelaos that a bird played an important part in … of the father into a sea-eagle and of the faithless daughter into a … promontory. The ' White Rock,' as Homer calls it8, is a cliff that … 4 O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3266 conjectures that Pterelaos was changed

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rises on one side perpendicularly from the sea to a height of at … probably ' a mitigation of an earlier custom of flinging the scape- … who was said to have founded a temple for his goddess on the … 2 Frazer Golden Bough2 iii. 126 and on Paus. 10. 32. 6 (v. 401). Cp. C. O. Muller … Eustath. in II. p. 293, 12 f., schol. B. L. //. 2. 581, schol. Eur. Or. 457. … Ptol. Hephaist. ap. Phot. bibl. p. 153 a 7 ff. Bekker gives a long list of lovers who … On (pdeiv, (paedttv see L. Meyer Handb. d. gr. Etym. iii. 348 ff., Prellwitz Etym. Wbrterb. … 8 On a copper of Nikopolis in Epeiros (?), struck by Trajan, Apollon Leukates

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as a bird. … (a) Khnemu and Amen. … and worshipped throughout southern Egypt as Khnemu-Ra, a … makest bold thy brow, thou ram, mightiest of created things 4.' … Myth. ii. 1250 ff., K. Sethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 2349 ff. … ovk "Ocripcs, dWd 'Apaacpijs {ev rip a\0a ypdpLpLari) \eyeo~6cu, d^Xovvros to dvSpeiov rod … as a bird. … (a) Khnemu and Amen. … and worshipped throughout southern Egypt as Khnemu-Ra, a … makest bold thy brow, thou ram, mightiest of created things 4.' … Myth. ii. 1250 ff., K. Sethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 2349 ff. … ovk "Ocripcs, dWd 'Apaacpijs {ev rip a\0a ypdpLpLari) \eyeo~6cu, d^Xovvros to dvSpeiov rod

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as a ram, more often as a ram-headed or ram-horned god wearing … art, had horns curving sharply downwards4—a fact of which we … those of Khnemu and was even represented as a ram of the … Theban Zeus7, reports a remarkable myth concerning him : … abstain from sheep and sacrifice goats____But those who possess a temple of … 4 O. Keller Die antike Tierwelt Leipzig 1909 p. 3098"., who holds that the tradition … irpbaojivov 'e'xeLV KaL a^yos Kepara ttjv ev KpcLp o~tivo§ov rjXLov kcu <reXr)pr]s' to de e/c kvclvov … 6 R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1855, A. Wiedemann op. cit.

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last, when Herakles was importunate, Zeus thought of this device. He flayed a … since they are settlers of the Egyptians and Ethiopians and speak a patois of … once a year, on the festival of Zeus, they, like their god, cut up and flay a ram : … beat themselves in mourning for the ram and then bury it in a sacred … 1 licit. 2. 42, cp. 4. 181. Zeus Qrjfiaietjs had a human consort, who slept in his … lamentation was made for her and she was bestowed upon a husband (Strab. 816). The … returning after certain days, as though the god had come from Aithiopia ; and on the … to Ammon the former king and father of the people (Diod. 1. 15). On account of this … 2 H. Brugsch cited by H. Stein on Hdt. 2. 42. … 5 Pap. Salt. 825, Lanzone Dizion. di Mitol. Egiz. p. 1167 pi. 386, 4.

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foreigners among whom they were sojourning. It was a cheer to … 2 A. Wiedemann op. cit. p. 118 remarks that Amen-Ra 'was sometimes coloured … a water-god or Nile-god (supra p. 347 n. 5, K. Sethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii.

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aspect as Zeus Amman1, They did not indeed represent him as a … back to a fifth-century original of quasi-Pheidiac type3 perhaps … got their worship from that of Zeus Thebaietis*. On the other … religion6 in a spot destined to become famous throughout the … under a variety of titles8 and Ammon came to be reckoned as … 1 On the various forms of this name see R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … Ant. Denkm. i. 37 pi. 3, 9 a herm of Greek marble—height o"43m. … E. A. Porcher History of the Recent Discoveries at Cyrene London 1864 p. 11 3 inscr. no. r 1). … t]jxhepov debv, w Scu/c/rares, rov"A/x/j-cova. See L. Malten Kyrene Berlin 1911 p. 118 n. 6.

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this Egyptising Zeus arose. At Kyrene his head first appears on … a pillar surmounted by a simple ram's head … 1 Babelon Monn. gr. rom. ii. I. 1359 ff. 64, i6f., 20—23, Hunter Qat. Coins iii. … pillar ends below in a tenon. The shaft is square in section, slightly tapering, and … 4 See S. Eitrem Beitrdge zur griechischen Religionsgeschichte i. Der vor-dorische … 7 S. Wide in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 961 ff. and O. Hofer ib. 964 ff. Hesych. s.vv. nap-... … with the gift of sooth-saying by Apollon (id. 3. 13. 4, schol. vet. Theokr. 5. 83). A

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Aphytaeans are not a whit behind the Ammonian Libyans in their respect for … appears as the principal type on its coinage from 424 B.C. onwards4. … god sent emissaries to accuse him before the Spartans. On his … oracles, that of Ammon among them, on matters of importance8; … speaks of a temple of Ammon as built there, and adds: … 3 Steph. Byz. s.v. 'Ac/jvtt] r)"A(pvTLs. … 8 Cic. de div. 1. 95. 9 Plat. Alcib. ii. 149 B.

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A brief fragment of it containing the invocation— … indeed a memorable moment. No other mortal could claim the … first time in history a world-wide empire. But the climax marked … further proof; for hitherto we have considered the god only as a … through confusion with Ba'al-hamman, a Phoenician deity greatly … 4 Latin inscriptions rarely mention the god: Dessau Inscr. Lat. set. nos. 4424 (from a

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fied that of Amen or Zeus Ammon. Nor was the borrowing all on … Tanit9, a north-African form of the great Phoenician mother- … 2 So E. Meyer he. cit. (but see infra n. 4), F. Baethgen Beitrage zur semitischen … 10 On Tanit and Astarte see W. W. Baudissin Adonis und Esmun Leipzig 1911 pp. 18,

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ritual in the fourth century B.C. a twofold account has come down … follows a crowd of girls and women, … curtius 4. 7. 23 f. … and gems. When a response is desired, … will be propitiated and deliver a true … baztylos or baitylion of Ba'al-hamman, a sacred stone, half-fetich, … 2 Diod. 17. 50 to 5e tou deou %bavov 4k crfxapaydwu /cat tluwp aWwv Trepcex€TaL /cat ttju … 3 Curt. 4. 7. 23 f. id quod pro deo colitur non eandem effigiem habet quam vulgo diis … 4 H. Meltzer ' Der Fetisch im Heiligtum des Zeus Ammon' in Philologus 1904 Ixiii.

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to have had a cult-object similar to the emerald-set omphalos of … on the cult of Zeus Ammon. Now Theophrastos a propos of … records concerning the kings of Egypt. Certain writers declare that the king … one at Tyre is the largest. It is a good-sized stele in the sanctuary of Herakles, … of emerald. It is, I suspect, represented on … a precinct of Zeus, i.e. of Amen-Ra. Since … p. 285). A bronze statuette at Vienna shows Zeus Ammon holding the club of Herakles … 4 Brit. Mus, Cat. Coins Phoenicia p. 283 no. 435 Gordianus iii, p. 290 nos. 471 f. … 5 Theophr. lap. 24 avaKeiadai 8e Kal ev rod Aids o^eXiffKOVS a fxapdydov

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Pyrgoteles on an emerald5. … Ba'albek the image of Zeus Adados6 and at Bambyke that of a … boat on which it journeyed is hardly to be explained by oriental … 2 The term a/xdpay8os, strictly used, denotes a crystalline green quartz: it was, … Lex. Myth. ii. 1258). … Akad. 1845 Phil.-hist. Classe p. 289 pi. 1, 10). I append a laureate head of Zeus … the air—a notion probably based upon folk-belief. Cp. Ex. 24. 10, Ezek. 1. 26, 10. 1, … 6 Infra ch. i § 6 (g) xx (a).

358

ideas of a cosmic ship1, but is simply the Egyptian solar barque. … world3. Sesoosis, i.e. Sesostris (Rameses ii), is even said to have … Amman was said to have transformed himself into a snake in … 1 See R. Eisler Weltenmantel und Himmelszelt Miinchen ic)ioii. 57611. 4, 622, 7256". … 29. 3 = H. Diels Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker2 Berlin 1906 i. 59, 4 ff.). An Apulian … Classe p. 383 ff.), Welcker Alt. Denkm. iii. 67—71 pi. 10, r, A. M. Migliarini in the Ann. … The solar cup in which Herakles crossed Okeanos (Athen. 469 c—470 d : a black- … which are often shaped like shields and have on one side a nearly central circular sinking, … hardly claim the support of Curt. 4. 7. 23 umbilico maxime similis; for Curtius' timbilicus

359

5e 7rat5t/c6s—8<ppa Xddoire- k.t.X. This has been explained as a reference to the story of

360

But snakes undoubtedly played a large part in Egyptian … Again, Isis and Sarapis were often represented as a pair of … 3 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians London 1904 ii. 376 f. … 7 W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 536 ff. fig., H. P. Weitz ib. iv. 378 … 9 P. Kabbadias in the 'B0. 'A-px- 1893 p. 187 ff". pi. 12, … no. 677 Hadrian pi. 1 (bust of Zeus Amnion with a solar

361

Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 361 … ing a snake's body with a human head was infinitely preferable to … term it2, appears on gems3 and coins of … (£) Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god. … Here we must take account of a startling hypothesis put forward … 2 P. Kabbadias in the'E0. 'A.px- 1893 p. 189. … 4 Fig. \ = Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Alexandria p. 88 no. 744 pi. 15, cp. ib. p. 130 … 7 On the controversy, to which this hypothesis gave rise, see H. Meltzer in Philologus

362

in support of the view that Zeus Amnion was essentially a Greek … other arguments adduced by Overbeck. He justly lays stress on … Now it is a well-established fact that during the nineteenth … *Kjxfxwv, Eudok. viol. 75 "A/ufxwv Al/3vk6s eari debs /c.r.X., Prop. 4. 1. 103, Ov. ibis 313), … 4 Paus. 9. 16. 1 (at Thebes in Boiotia) ov irbppw 8e ccttl vabs"A/jt,fiwuos, xal to ayaKfia … The Struggle of the Nations London 1896 p. 389 ff., E. A. Wallis Budge A History of

363

Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 363 … are doubtful ; but that Egypt was thus repeatedly exposed to a … be left for Egyptologists to criticise. But on the strength of the … archaic cults of the same god on Greek soil, e.g. that of Zeus Ndios … the Asbystai, a Libyan tribe occupying the Hinterland of Kyrene, … 1 H. R. Hall op. cit. p. 175 ff., G. Maspero op. cit. p. 459 ff., E. A. Wallis Budge … 4 Nonn. Dion. 3. 292 ff. /cat Atos 'Aafivarao verjv avrLppoTrov dp.cpriv | Xaopt'77 j3oococrc

364

them of the evidence on which this definite statement was based, they said in … to Libye, the other to Dodona, where it settled on an oak and announced with … founded the twin oracles of Zeus. This testimony on the part of … and that Bostar on reaching the Oasis was welcomed by the … She chose a ram (I tell the miracle)

365

Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 365 … he adds the episode of the dove settling on the ram. The latter … and the Libyan cults. We cannot, I think, reject the statement on … Thebes at a distance of 300 stades from the Nile was a wooded … annoso robore lucus | exiluit, qualesque premunt nunc sidera quercus | a prima venere … no. 4, Reinach Re~p. Stat. ii. 771, 8) published a bronze at Berlin, which according to him … 5 Plin. nat. hist. 13. 63 circa Thebas haec, ubi et quercus et persea et oliva, ccc a … /j-vxv) QiXaivov fico/Aoi, eirivLov d/xfxovvei- aXovs {leg. eiriveiov, "A/^uw^os &\<ros) tt/s ^vprcdos.

366

Silius' statement is not to be dismissed as a mere poetic fiction, but … in general it is recorded that they were pious folk, who had a … On a double bust of Zeus Amnion and Sarapis (?) with oak-wreath and kdlathos see … appears to have escaped the notice of all recent writers on the cult of Amnion.

367

Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 367 … likewise founded by a dove from Thebes. Moreover, Semiramis is … The institution of both oracles was also connected with a … then for the first time uttered a voice and said—"The youngest of thy followers." … the oak, wished to cut it down by night; but that a dove showed itself from the … Similarly with regard to the Oasis Leon of Pella, a contemporary … Kallisthenes ap. Plout. v. Alex. 27, Strab. 814; Diod. 17. 49, Curt. 4. 7. 15, Eustath. in … 4 Id. 2. 20.

368

of Alexander the Great, in his treatise On the gods of Egypt … which makes the foundress dove settle on the head of a ram3. … below the earth and there boiled the water—a view which Lucretius … 1 Leon irepi t&v /car' Myvirrov de&v frag. 6 {Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 332 Muller) ap. Hyg. … properly belonging to some old Greek cult led to the confusion of a Greek with an … 4 So Mela 2. 43, Solin. 7. 2, Aug. de civ. Dei 21. 5, Methodios ap. et. mag. p. 98, … 6 Hdt. 4. 181, Lucr. 6. 848 ff., Ov. met. 15. 308 ff., Diod. 17. 50, Val. Max. 8.

369

Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 369 … centres. Zeus Ndios of Dodona was essentially a god ' of Streaming … an akropolis secured by a threefold wall. Its first rampart encloses a palace of … their guard-houses. Outside the akropolis at no great distance is built a second … The same association of the desert-god with water occurs in a … 2 Schol. //. 16. 233 0 de Audcovaios /cat Ndios- vdprjXd yap rd e/cet %wpt'a. Cp. Na'ta … 3 Supra p. 368 n. 4. … preserved a detail dropped by Diodoros.

370

the desert and like to perish with all his host. A ram appeared … had a female partner worshipped at Olympia as Hera Ammonia* … Oasis too we have found a tradition of Mother Earth6—a tradition … tale told how the gods, when attacked by Typhoeus, fled in a panic to Egypt and … 3 Paus. 5. 15. 11 with J. G. Frazer's n. ad loc. (iii. 584). On the association of Zeus

371

that it was a relic of an early Graeco-Libyan occupation of north … On gold, silver (figs. 280—283), and copper coins of Kyrene struck … type of Ammon2. The same mature and youthful heads with a … from a specimen in the McClean collection, fig. 282 from another in the Leake collection, … rom. ii. 2. i2i9f. pi. 160, 15. … Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 295 Miinztaf. 4, 16).

372

second century B.C.1, and on coppers of Mytilene in the second … The identification of this youthful figure is a … illustrated (fig. 286) is in the British Museum and shows a ram's ear as well as a ram's … 8 Pind. Pyth. 9. 112 ff. 7ir\va /cat dyvbv 'AiroXkwv'' J dvdpdai %a/3/m <f>i\ois, dy\x^Tov

373

reason to suppose that he was himself ever regarded as a ram or … Argos1; moreover, he was essentially a ram-god2, and one who, … L. Muller in his great work on the coinage of north Africa was … the Libyan Dionysos12. By way of confirmation they note that on … 1 Theopomp. frag. 171 {Frag. hist. Gr. i. 307) ap. schol. vet. Theokr. 5. 83 on rbv … Apollon bore the title' AyrjTcop (Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 41) as Zeus did at Sparta … 4 Supra p. 371 f. … yeyovbra Kepariav. Cp. Leon irepi tu>i> /car' MyvirTOv deQu frag. 6 (Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 332

374

commonly Dionysiac—a kdntharos, a bunch of grapes, a herm of … Stephani further drew attention to a series of double busts … assurance. Again, a bearded head with ram's horns is joined to a … probably a portrait in the guise of Ammon11. Another isolated … Atlas pi. 3, 11. (3) S. Maffei Museum Verortense Verona 1749 p. 93 no. 3. (4) Anti-

375

Petersburg, on which is a scene of considerable interest (fig. 287)\ … Karneios), which represents a definitely Dionysiac scene. In the centre sits a young man

376

tion of this far off spot on the more familiar oracle of the Delphic … a youthful Ammon as early as the fifth century B.C. … times is a sad one. Athanasios states that in 356 A.D. many … the Ammoneion beyond a few casual and partly fantastic references … 4 Athanas. ad imp. Const, apol. 32 (i. 316 f. ed. Bened.) oi 5e dav/nacrroi ttX^ov tl tt)s

377

and presumably of the Oases also in the seventh century. A … Assad, established a town in a distant Oasis (probably that of … a futile attempt to take it, and was forced to retire with heavy … which in Edrisi's time was occupied by Mohammedans with a resi- … 2 Langles op. cit. ii. 364, Parthey op. cit. p. 172.

378

the fourth, philosophers, astronomers, physicians, and masters of learning ; on … that were below it, not those that were above it, for they would never be on an … in his own day inhabited by 600 Berbers, who spoke a dialect akin … English traveller W. G. Browne, who left Alexandria with a … p. 79 f. 2 Langles op. cit. ii. 390, Parthey op. cit. p. 173. … to 1798 London 1799. There is also a German translation (Leipzig und Gera 1800). … 7 Parthey op. cit. p. 177. Boutin took with him a portable boat, in which to navigate

379

H. von Minutoli and his party (1820)2, the Englishmen G. A. … their best to rob and murder the explorer—a fate that ultimately overtook him in the … Berlin 1824, with an Atlas of 38 plates and a map. … W. Jennings-Bramley (1896) ' A Journey to Siwa in September and October 1896' … A. Silva White (1898) From Sphinx to Oracle. Through the Libyan Desert to the … with a map by Dr B. Hassenstein, id. Durch die Libysche Wiiste zur Amonsoase Bielefeld

380

the vast depression, which runs without a break from the Greater … were strewn with shells and a deposit of salt5: he even hazarded the … 2 G. Rohlfs Von Ti'ipolis nach Alexandrien2 ii. 113.

381

and taken by certain priests of Ammon to Egypt as a gift for the … shells mentioned by Eratosthenes, G. Rohlfs found and figured a … though no longer the most copious, is Ain el ham-mam (fig. 28<p)4 … ' Saimiah,' etc. G. Rohlfs Von Tripolis nach Alexandrien2, ii. 121 pi. 4, 2 describes and … 4 G. Steindorff Durch die Libysche Wiiste zur Amonsoase pp. 58 fig. 43, 62, 101 f.

382

?f y^'-^^^y^S:^ a' Agermi, containing the chief temple of … * F—M , I ----■ A 03^ ^*-»»»* … 2 G. Rohlfs Few Tripolis nach Alexandrien2, ii. 115.

383

(1792) saw five of its roofing stones yet in position and one on … rounded by a wall, of which the great corner-stones were in situ. … uncertain. In the middle of the precinct rose a mass of limestone … comprised two parts—a pronaos and a naos. On the north the … spring connected with it and forming a marsh to the south of the ruins.

384

outside, with reliefs and hieroglyphs. On the exterior and on the … '3 Id. ib. Atlas pi. 10, 2 = designs on the left of the main entry (pi. 7, t).

385

the temple to a hill full of catacombs just beyond the Fountain of … lized rosettes in many cases a foot in diameter.' The precise … found, however, the side-walls of the nads standing to a height of … the nads appeared never to have had any hieroglyphs on it; and

386

hibited on the east wall 53 columns of hieroglyphs, of which the … temple was a great block of marble, which on all four sides showed … ruin and a transcript of its hieroglyphs. The west side-wall of the … at the top, is standing to a height of 6.12 m. It consists of … sheltering the king's name with their wings, and below a series of … a ram-headed Egyptian deity enthroned beneath a canopy. He

387

solar disk and uraeus on his head. In his right hand he holds … Un-Amon, has an ostrich-feather upright on his brow, therein … Mut. The next tier of reliefs shows a god with the head of a … tier figures Horos with the head of a sparrow-hawk, Uatchit and … The chief temple of Ammon was however that situated on the … plete. He also found near by an ancient well some 50 ft deep. A … been largely filled in and blocked by the houses of a crowded … 1 This title marks Amen-Ra. as a giver of oracles.

388

prdnaos, now roofless, is a chamber 15 ft long by 10 ft broad, with … to a series of male deities which, to judge from their extant crowns,

389

deities addressing a god named Urtestu that is Lord of the nations. … his hair. On the other side of the naos a similar scene shows the … Hakoris, a l^ing of the twenty-ninth dynasty, who reigned at … on the east side a secret passage 2 ft broad leading to a great … About a furlong to the south of Agermi Rohlfs detected the … shafts of two fluted columns. The debris formed a mound 18 paces

390

A single wall faced with limestone blocks is in situ. But a lintel … ii. The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia. Zeus Sabazios. … as a Doric temple (!) and first recognised by Bayle St John as a copy of the temple at … 3 G. Rohlfs Von Tripolis nach Alexandrien1 i. Frontisp. and ii. 137, cp. 106.

391

him seated or standing with his feet on a ram's head (fig. 2g6)3; … him standing amid a crowd of attributes with his right foot … 2 E.g. ib. p. 377 no. 3216 AICABAZI CO on a specimen from Asia Minor.

392

on the ram's head (pi. xxvii)1. The persistence of the ram as a … (to a scale of f-) in the Nationalmuseet at Copenhagen. In the centre stands Sabdzios … 4 Dem. de cor. 259 f. dvrjp de yevbpievos {sc. Aischines) tt) pLrjTpl TeXo6o"rj rds (BL(3Xovs … irpoy]^epilov /cat KLTTO<f>bpos (KiaTO(p6pos, a variant in Harpokr. s.v. KiTTo<pbpos and in schol. … ovk dv (is dXrjduis avTov evdai/novicreie /cat tt}v civtov tv%Wi On this passage see Eisele … irapeTai /cat (pvaaXoi wovrjpoi irdvTes {ib. 4. 56). … tt)s Arjovs, 77s dr) xdpiv Bpt/^w rrpoaayopevdrjuaL Xeyerai, </cat> iKeT-qp'iai Albs /cat Tro^a

Plate 27

Zeus Sabdzios on a bronze relief at Copenhagen.

393

or Demeter, turned himself into a bull and so compassed his end. … £\eyx°- a/cpacrtas Atos. Kvei /cat 77 ^epecparra iraida ravpbiJLop<pov a/xeXei, (pyjai tls ttoltjt^s

394

not be appeased till Zeus came before her in a mood of mock- … of Zeus Sabdzios by passing a golden adder through their bosoms … honestate privaret? But this aetiological tale is equally intelligible on Farnell's showing … Spy) Qpvyias 7) t6ttos Kv^Lkov k.t.X.). On Mt. Lobrinon see F. W. Hasluck Cyzicus

395

A. de Gubernatis Zoological Mythology London 1872 i. 414 gives an interesting … moved to pity, took the testicles of a ram and gave them to Indras, who was therefore … A-q fxoo~ 6 ev7]s virep Kt^ctk/kS/'tos (Dem. de cor. 260 evot aafioi). oi jxev 2a/3oi)s Xeyevdat tovs … evacrfxbv o~a(3ao-/j.6v Xeyovaiv • 'e'vOev 2a/3dftos 6 Aiovvcros. 2d/3oi/s eXeyov /cat tovs afiiepw- … symp. 4. 6. 2 olfiai de /cat ttjv tG>v 2a/3/3drtti' eopTrjv /htj iravTairao-Lv aTrpocrdLovvaov elvai. … views: (a) that the Sabot were called after Sabos, (b) that Sabos was called after the

396

the mother-goddess. Nevertheless, as A. Dieterich has pointed … we must fall back after all on Dr Farnell's explanation ; or—and … god, was indeed retained, at least in a mitigated form ; but its … been a ram-god. But in later times it was the snake not the ram … 1 A. Dieterich de hymnis Orphicis Marpurgi Cattorum T891 p. 38 f. ( = Kleme … On the snake as phallic see F. L. W. Schwartz Die altgriechische Schlangengottheiten'1

397

there was a time when the Phrygian cult recognised one goddess … that ab initio the Phrygians worshipped a fertilising sky-father and … 4 Dr F. B. Jevons in his able book An Introduction to the History of Religion London … appropriate to Demeter later in the year. Dr J. G. Frazer Golden Bough2- ii. 216 f. … represented by rude dolls made out of the yellow sheaves on many a harvest-field long … autumn, is still made from the last sheaf on the Braes of Balquhidder. Indeed if we

398

and the earth-mother was from the first a sharer in their cult is a … Rhea, to avoid him, turned into a snake. Thereupon he became … in a mirror. In his efforts to escape he took the forms of a … Rhea my nurse told me while yet a child … 3 Hesych. s.v. Zctypetfs, et. mag. p. 406, 46 f. For a full collection of authorities see

399

So, still a babe, he was a second Zeus … not here concerned. But in passing we note one point of import- … able enough; and a certain assimilation to that of Attis will not be … already found evidence in north-eastern Phrygia of a very primitive … Phersephone, with Sabdzios : Diod. 4. 4 p.vQo\oyov0i 8e rives Kal erepov Aibvvaov yeyovevai … airbpov ticv Kapir&v ixireXeiv a<f> ov 5i) Kal Keparlav avrbv wapeicrdyovcri, cp. Lyd. de mens. … ui's." Similarly Arrian. frag. 30 {Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 592 Miiller) ap. Eustath. in II. … etc.: see F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2180, H. Hepding Attis seine … 123 f., infra ch. ii § 4 (d)). See further Hepding op. cit. p. 187 f.

400

with two grape-bunches and a plough1. Moreover, the name … inscription from Nikopolis in Moesia records a dedication to ' Zeus … 2 A. Fick Vorgriechische Ortsnamen Gottingen 1905 p. 65 f. '2aos oder 2dop Berg … ii. 701 n. 1]. Damit ist der Sinn der Namen "Laos, 'Lab-vvrjaos vollig aufgehellt; auch … aavadcu, aavdoi- 'A^eptas tovs (reiXeivovs ovtoj KaXeiadaL (prjacp vtto MaKedovuv. Die … von dem Namen des thrakisch-phrygischen Gottes Zavdfros (inschriftlich), 2a^a^os, … 4 Steph. Byz. s.v. 2a/3of Zdvos Qpvyias. Xeyoprai Kai dvri rod Ba/c%ot irapd i>pv^i. … Tim. iii. 41, 10 f. Diehl irapei\ri<pa/uev Kai irapd Qpv^l M^a ~Zafid£iov vfxvovixevov [/cat] ev

401

Sabdzios. In both cases a ram-god developed into a sun-god. In … begat a Phrygian Dionysos. … of Zeus as a ram-god, unless … 1868 lx. 358 derived Zilmissos from £t\a, 'wine' (Hesych. s.v. fiAcu ' b olvos irapa Qpa^L … 4 Supra p. 371 ff. … a Satyr (Tiavpos) consorted with the earth-goddess Europe (infra ch. i § 6 (g) xviii).

402

4-02 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia … onwards represent a goddess enthroned beneath a palm-tree, who … a serpent..., or possibly Hygieia7.' Whatever her name, she could … kistophoroi. This quasi-federal currency had on its obverse side … It is therefore just possible that at Gortyna Zeus was originally a ram-god. But? … Coins ii. 170, Head Hist. 7ium? p. 458) and Knossos c. 200—100 B.C. (Svoronos op. cit. … 4 P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 162 pi. 9, 5. … 8 The examples of a 'Minoan' snake-goddess are listed by H. Prinz in the Ath. Mitth.

403

an ivy-wreath enclosing a kiste with half-open lid, from which a … their cult of a god identified with Zeus2. For this among other … Etruscan books declared that a ram born of a remarkable or … 2 Infra ch. ii § 3 (a) ii (5).

404

Virgil in his famous fourth Eclogue, anticipating the dawn of a … that twelve purple sheep, one of them parti-coloured, were born on … with a will, not however with the intention of doing as she was bid, but to seek … most wretched death, nor yet approach the formidable sheep on yonder bank. … Fulgentius, writing about the year 500 A.D., describes these … 1 Verg. eel. 4. 42 ff. … 4 Fulgent, myth. 3. 6 p. 718 van Staveren.

405

to be a doublet of Iason finding the fleece of gold hung on an … the sun. A Greek commentator on the Iliad tells the following … would sacrifice to Artemis the fairest offspring of his flocks. But, when a golden … Zeus sent Hermes and bade him make a compact about the kingdom, informing … century B.C. And Euripides, who took a special interest in primi- … 2 Schol. //. 2. 106 (codd. A. D.), cp. schol. Eur. Or. 812 (codd. A. C. Fl. 33). … 812 Gu. I., ib. 990 A. B. I. C, lb. 995 A. B. M. I., lb. 998 A. B. M. I., Tzetz. chll. 1. … it in a box (Apollod. epit. 2. 10 f., Apollonios ap. Tzetz. chil. 1. 436 ff.) ; another

406

4-o6 The Golden or Purple Lamb of Atreus … Safely it grazes in a place apart, … a silver bowl or cup enriched with a gold lamb in the centre of it3. … Thyestes passed on to Agamemnon4.' For an olpe by the painter … 3 Herodoros of Herakleia frag. 61 {Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 41 Muller) ap. Athen. 231 C

407

sceptre ends in a ram's head (fig. 302)1. This may be interpreted … to a very ancient stratum of Greek religion. And in view of the … ' We come to the grave of Thyestes on the right. Over the grave is the … from Oinomaos, king of Pisa, whose practice it was to sacrifice a … 4 Paus. 5. 13. 2 f. … sanctuary of Amphiaraos near Oropos enquirers slew a ram and likewise slept on its skin

408

4_o8 The Golden or Purple Lamb of Atreus … helped by a couple of wreathed attendants, is about to sacrifice … Poseidon and Athena, the remaining corner being filled in by a … Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 777 f. fig. 4.

409

which the offering is about to be made is certainly not a Zeus, but … guess: solar symbolism was at best a secondary development … 3 Diod. 4. 73. On the Argive identification of Apollon Kdrneios with Zeus see supra

410

shepherding the sheep with a silver staff in her hand, while Lam- … Of the kingly Sun and range a lovely land11. … 2 Ap. Rhod. 4. 962 ff. … 7 Pind. Isth. 5 (6). 32 f., schol. ad loc. On the myth of Alkyoneus with the cattle of … 8 Schol. Dionys. Thrac. gramm. 2 in Bekker anecd. ii. 752, 12 ff.

411

beside a river, which flows from Mount Lakmon through the district of Apol- … chose and deemed right; but that, if this were duly done, the gods on their part … citizens, who acted in the following way. When Euenios was sitting on his … thought to possess the two finest plots in Apollonia—and in addition a house, … The story of Euenios, who kept the sheep of the Sun-god in a

412

year 500 B.C., the inhabitants of Apollonia jealously guarded a … highly probable that the myth of the golden lamb presupposes a … till there was nothing left and they were reduced to poverty. The youngest on … clever as he was handsome, bent on pursuing the quest. He went therefore to … Having led it into his castle and through many chambers, he came to a door … There is a German translation by J. G. von Hahn Griechische und albanesische Mdrchen … 2 'Avoi^re rdprapa fj-dprapa rrj$ 777s ! For the phrase Tdprapa rrjs yrjs cp. A. Passow

413

came to a second door. Here the king again cried : " Open, Tartara Martara … lamb has eased itself!" And he replied: "It is just a lamb, why should it … a wife, and he lived with her in grandeur and in happiness.' … Cambridge 1910 p. 98. The same word Tdprapa survives in Rhodes as a name for

414

Akrisios, king of Argos, kept his A certain king kept his daughter shut … Despite the king's precautions, Zeus Despite the king's precautions, a young … in a chest, and flung them into the … in the chest, which forms so striking a feature of the myth, is a … The golden lamb of the Pelopidai, with its relations to Zeus on … are enclosed together in an iron vessel with a lid and sent adrift on the sea, but are … Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1929—1933, K. Seeliger in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 669—

415

took to him a mortal woman in her stead. Nephele out of jealousy … Helle. Athamas, on hearing this, sent to fetch his children from … on the ram, got safely to the country of the Kolchoi. Here he … Athamas in his turn, garlanded like a victim, was led out to be … father of two children, Phrixos a boy and Helle a girl. Again he married Ino, … 2 Schol. Pind. Pyth. 4. 288. For the MSS. Arj/xcjTiKTjP (A17ixotikt]v Gott.) A. Boeckh … Athen. 560 D, as second wife in Eur. ap. Hyg. fab. 4, Hyg. fab. 1, as third wife in

416

and, having obtained from Hermes a ram with a golden fleece, gave it to them. … Phrixos slew the ram with the golden fleece as a sacrifice to Zeus Phyxios and … The oracle replied that he should dwell wherever he was entertained as a guest … Athamantine Plain3; and it is reasonable to assume that a Thes- … where Strabon records a sanctuary of Leukothea (that is, Ino) … 4 Cp. Paus. 9. 34. 6 f.

417

at least note that the golden ram has something to do with Zeus. … that is, in the temple of Zeus11. The Latin commentary on the … 3 Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 298 ff. … 7 Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1436 f. Hirschkuh, 1434 Barin, 1399 f. Tavpo-rroXos, … 9 Apollod. 1. 9. 1, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 22, Ap. Rhod. 2. 1150 with schol., 4. 119, … 14 Other deities involved are Ares, Hermes, and Poseidon. The fleece was hung on

418

who, in his account of Kolchis, writes as follows of the Soanes, a tribe … by the barbarians in vats pierced with holes and on fleecy skins ; from which … <f>i/£tos at his bidding (Ap. Rhod. 4. 119 ff.), or to Ares or Hermes (Sophoclean version : … fab. 3, 188), daughter of Bisaltis; when she was besieged by a multitude of suitors, he … his mythological novel The Argonauts represented the ' Ram ' as a paidagogos named … built a wall about the precinct, established a guard there, and covered the skin with gold … sickness, leaned overboard and fell into the sea ! (schol. Ap. Rhod. 1. 256, Diod. 4. 47,

419

of Atreus, a theriomorphic epiphany of Zeus. This, in fact, is … to the usual tradition6; but they are not on that account open to … Again we may suspect a solar interpretation as a secondary … telligible. And the elevation of the ram to a position among the … the grand-daughter of the Sun-god, naturally chose a ram for her … 6 G. H. Bode Scriptores rerum myihicaru.ni etc. Cellis 1834 ii. 12 ad loc. … the boiling of Pelops in a caldron. Again, ij Qeris els Xe^-qra vdaros ^eovra evefiaXe tovs

420

for further evidence of him as a ram-god in the actual rites of the … they wore the skins as a protection against catching cold on the … scaled the sky as a ram with a golden fleece, and his worshippers … ap. schol. Ap. Rhod. 4. 816). Lastly, a dedication found at El-Btirdj below Kala'at- … Ganneau Recneil archeologie orientale Paris 1898 ii. 74 f., 1901 iv. 250 sees in this … the ritual of a New Birth (J. E. Harrison Themis Cambridge 1912 p. 243 ff.). … 3 Gilbert Gr. Golterl. p. 148 thinks that the fleeces were worn on the mountain in … a fleece in the modified rain-charm (?) of Judges 6. 36—40. But Gilbert's whole ex-

421

sold on the sixteenth day of the month Artemision by sundry … Mounichion'2. Hence we might look to find fresh light on the cult … cross-roads4. They were called amphiphontes, ' shining on both … 4 Philochoros ap. Athen. 645 A, Methodios ap. et. mag. p. 95, 1 ff. The last-named … 5 Souid. s.vv. ap.cj)LcpG)VTes, <xvolo~t<itoi, Pausanias ap. Eustath. in II. p. 1165, 12.

422

Zeus, once regarded as himself a ram, Artemis, once regarded as herself … with a procession. The skins of Artemis with a mimicry of bears, … On this showing the saffron robes of Artemis' devotees would … The skin of a victim sacrificed to Zeus was used by the Greeks … 2 Harrison Myth. Mon. Anc. Ath. p. 402 ff., Frazer Pausanias ii. 284, iv. 224, and … 6 So P. Stengel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1084 (relying on Eustath. in Od.

423

skin, though used in a variety of ceremonies, was in every case the … guilt. The same idea may underlie the old Roman custom that a … Krijcitf) Att. ra 8e Kio8ia rovrwv cpvXdaaovcn, At'a (5m J. E.. Harrison, Atos T. Gaisford) … Latin as diro- (Greek *<5tcro- 5to-) and denote consequently a 'festival of curses' with its … Stephanus Thes. Gr. Ling. ii. 1528 D—1529 A, i. 2. 1420 D—-1421 c. … 5 Cincius ap. Fest. p. 347 b 2 ff. Midler, cp. ib. p. 351 a 8 ff.

424

women holding torches and a plemochoe (a top-shaped vase used … with uncertain objects in their hands, a pot on a brazier and a … 2 Tischbein Hamilton Vases ii. 42 ff. pi. 17, Inghirami Vas. Jitt. iv. 117 pi. 387,

425

contour of a fleece3. … mysteries as a pair of pendant panels4. In one we have the assem- … 2 2a/3dfios was sometimes confused with the ntipios ~2aj3au)6 {supra p. 234 n. 4: see … (Isa. 66. 17) was a heathen practice introduced into Jewish worship, in the days of … Tischbein and Inghirami locc, citt. show a mere ground-line. … 5 F. Hauser in the Rom. Mitth. 1910 xxv. 288 n. 1 cp. h. Dem. 195 f. irp'iv y ore §17

426

He sits on a stone seat spread with a skin, which in the most … to another relief of the same type; and the middle part of her is a faulty modern … 4 Here again the best specimen in terra-cotta, that of the Museo delle Terme no. 4357

427

the finest example of the frieze is the front of a splendid sarco- … a most ingenious attempt to prove that the Torre Nova sarcophagus … 1 Helbig Guide Class. Ant. Rome ii. 261 ff. no. iro8, first published by Countess … 4 Schreiber in the Verh. d. 40. Philologenversamml. in Gorlitz 1889 p. 310.

428

Analogous customs are still observed here and there on Greek … It will be seen that these scattered indications of a divine ram … appears as a ram-god, and it is time to draw conclusions. From … long run most of these cults took on a solar character; but that … 4 Supra p. 390 ff.

429

original. Thirdly, it will not be denied that there was a well- … idea that the ram was a solar animal3 and on that account associated … 3 K. Schwenck Etymologische mythologische Andeutungen Elberfeld 1823 p. 41, A. de … by a lioness standing over a prostrate ram (Paus. 2. 2. 4, cp. Imhoof-Blumer and … Conclusive is the fact that the phallos itself is sometimes made to terminate in a ram's

430

which on occasion served to bring together the Hellenic Zeus and … apart from foreign influence, regarded the ram as a possible … manipulated as so much artistic material by the poets of a literary … to the bull. There is indeed a curious parallelism between the two … 428) is likewise appropriate to a fertilising god [supra p. 396 n. 1). S. Reinach in the … F. Baumgarten, who first published the pillar, cp. a bronze caduceus with ram's-heads … 1907 i. 2838"., ii. 646 f., S. Muller Urgeschichte Europas Strassburg 1905 pp. 24, 102, … which on occasion served to bring together the Hellenic Zeus and … apart from foreign influence, regarded the ram as a possible … manipulated as so much artistic material by the poets of a literary … to the bull. There is indeed a curious parallelism between the two … 428) is likewise appropriate to a fertilising god [supra p. 396 n. 1). S. Reinach in the … F. Baumgarten, who first published the pillar, cp. a bronze caduceus with ram's-heads … 1907 i. 2838"., ii. 646 f., S. Muller Urgeschichte Europas Strassburg 1905 pp. 24, 102,

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / I: The bull and the sun in Egypt

431

We begin, then, with Egypt. Here from a remote past bulls … Manethon4, and lasted on into Ptolemaic times, as appears from … him9.' Aelian, however, relates that a certain Bokchoris, king of … 4 Maneth. frag. 8, cp. 9 f. [Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 542 ff. Miiller). … 6 Corp. inscr. Gr. iii. 304. See further W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3081 f. … 8 Id. id. pi. 55, 3. On Greek and Roman representations of Mnevis see W. Drexler

432

Aelian—' if any one thinks it a scandal to drop from a zoological … marks4, of which a few are reported by classical authors. Thus … 1 Ail. de nat. an. 1 r. 11. Id. ib. 12. 3 (cp. Maneth. frag. 65 {Frag. hist. Gr. ii. … 4 Ail. de nat. an. n. 10. … that a cow's tail waxes and wanes with the moon : cp. supra p. 429 n. 3 of the ram.

433

was a white crescent on his right side, which denoted the moon1. … test his credentials. A special house was built for him in accord- … their persons before him. Then he was put on board a barge with … 1 Ail. de nat. an. n. io,'Plin. nat. hist. 8. 184, Amm. Marc. 22. 14. 7, Solin. 32. 17, … 4 Plout. de Is. et Os. 43, Souid. s.v. "A.in8es. … 10 Strab. 807. A description of the court-yard built for Apis by Psammetichos is given

434

He had also a seraglio of fine cows1. Once a year a cow, distin- … meant that Germanicus was a doomed man7. Apis had two chapels … drawn from the first words heard on quitting his sanctuary10. Thus … Large sums of money were spent on his obsequies13; his burial … 3 Plin. nat. hist.8. 186, Solin. 32. 21, Amm. Marc. 22. 15. 17. According to Timaios … is indecisive. On the Apis-tombs of the "Lapainov (Strab. 807) of Sakkara see A. Mariette

435

death3. So the cult of Apis went on from the days of Menes … of the priests taught that the former must be regarded as a comely … deposited them in a wooden cow {boils) wrapped about with fine … countries bordering on the Mediterranean during the Hellenistic … classical tradition, would prove to have been a solar before he … Kaiechos of the second dynasty, according to Manethon (supra p. 431 n. 4). … ' second life of Ptah ' (E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians ii. 350).

436

records a cult of Apollon and of Zeus, adding : ' Here too an ox is … E. A. Wallis Budge4 comments as follows : * The Egyptian equiva- … :i Macrob. Sat. 1. 21. 20 f. {Bacin most MSS. bachin cod. A. Bacchin cod. 'Angl.'). … difference between the real and the apparent movement of the heavenly bodies. E. A. Wallis

437

He wears between his horns a disk, from which rise plumes, and a … was fed on Median grass. E. A. Wallis Budge identifies it with … At Momemphis, in the Delta, there was a cult of Aphrodite … attests) the worship of a great fertilising bull, which tended to … 3 E. A. Wallis Budge op. cit. ii. 352. … He wears between his horns a disk, from which rise plumes, and a … was fed on Median grass. E. A. Wallis Budge identifies it with … At Momemphis, in the Delta, there was a cult of Aphrodite … attests) the worship of a great fertilising bull, which tended to … 3 E. A. Wallis Budge op. cit. ii. 352.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / II: Zeus, Io, and Epaphos

438

Greece6. Hesychios' statement that bdkchos was a Phoenician word … king of Argos, on the ground of kinship. The passage was thus … King. How ended such a high-enkindled feud? … Leipzig and Darmstadt 1840 ii. 203 (' Bacis, worm vielleicht bedeutende Spuren liegen … 7 Hesych. fianxov KKavdfxbv. Qoivmes. Cp. the Hebrew bak{h)a, 'he wept.' But … 2. 1. 3 a\f/d/j.evos, Nonn. Dion. 3. 2846°. aK-qpaaiwv ore k6\ttwi> | 'lvax^s fia/mXiys eiratp-qaaro

439

Cho. She set a sleepless watch, with myriad eyes. … Cho. A goading gad-fly, giving her no rest. … Cho. Zeus with a finger-touch begat a child. … Cho. Libya that holds a wide extent of earth. … This version of-the myth involves a sort of thrust and parry- … into a cow. Zeus outwits Hera, becoming a bull to prosecute his … This may be, probably is, a task beyond our powers. Nevertheless

440

changed into a cow by Zeus, not by Hera. According to Apollo- … Iuv. 6. 526 si Candida iusserit Io, Val. Flacc. 4. 380 verbere candentes quotiens exhorruit … 4 Plin. nat. hist. 16. 239 Argis olea etiamnum durare dicitur, ad quam Io in tauram … the Abh. d. berl. Akad. iSjy Phil.-hist. Classe pi. 5), a red- … pi. I—K, Reinach Rep. Vases i. 314, Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. … 5 Soph. El. 4 f. to yap iraXaLov "Apyos ovirodeis r68e, | ttjs olo~Tpo7rXrjyos aXcros 'Ip&xov … inspired Zeus with love for Io, and was punished by Hera, who transformed her into a … fell (Opp. de auc. 1. 24). The peacock appears on the gem mentioned above (n. 4), cp.

441

when he could not be hidden, slew Argos with a stone1. Hera … human form and gave birth to Epaphos on the banks of the Nile. … But, whether Io was transformed into a cow by Hera or by … goddess into a cow. This, the Aeschylean form of the myth, … bearing animal titles are fairly frequent. Dionysos often had a … Gordon of Cairness in 1831 found there the tail of a peacock in white marble. Id. ib. ii. … 3 Mosch. 2. 44 f. 4 Verg. Aen. 7. 789 fif. … when he could not be hidden, slew Argos with a stone1. Hera … human form and gave birth to Epaphos on the banks of the Nile. … But, whether Io was transformed into a cow by Hera or by … goddess into a cow. This, the Aeschylean form of the myth, … bearing animal titles are fairly frequent. Dionysos often had a … Gordon of Cairness in 1831 found there the tail of a peacock in white marble. Id. ib. ii. … 3 Mosch. 2. 44 f. 4 Verg. Aen. 7. 789 fif.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / III: Priests and priestesses with animal names

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Poseidon was sometimes a bull-god, and the young men who … interpreted by R. Scholl Satura philologa in hon. H. Sauppii p. 177 and A. Dieterich … 4 Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 1449. Wide Lakon. Kulte pp. 79 n. 1, 179, 331 regards this … ttloXovs yap avras eXeyov, olov 'A<ppodiT7)s. 7rc6Xous tovs j>€ovs, kcu rds veas, nal irapdevovs … 200 and 211 a.d.

443

Mithras adopted a variety of animal disguises and animal names. … rules of ceremonial purity for a year, were called by the citizens … 1 Porph. de abst. 4. 16 ws tovs jxev fierexovras tQv avT&v dpyiwv /j-varas \eovras /caAetV, … Bruxelles 1899 3*4 ff-> ^96 ii. 535 Index, Die Mysterien des Mithra11 trans. G. Gehrich … or pater patratus. A relief from Konjica in Bosnia shows a Mithraic communion … UeXeiddas.. .Xeyovcrt... .aaai yvpaiKQv irpLoras k.t.X. ; and the scholiast on Sophokles prefixes … Kai xL^cao"rvy k.t.X., J. T. Wood Discoveries at Ephesus London 1877 Append. 4. 2 … 7 Hesych. s.v. p.eXiaaai- at tt)s Arjfj.r}Tpos fxvo-Tides, Kallim. h. Ap. nof. A??ot d' ou/c

444

alludes to the Pythian priestess as a 'Delphic bee1.' And, lastly, … already in Homeric days come to be used as a complimentary … occupies the second half of the hexameter line, and is in fact a tag … coin-types of imperial date (figs. 3138, 3149), was a dressed up wooden … 4 I/. 3. 144 Klymene, 7. 10 Phylomedousa. On Polottls in the sense of 'large-eyed5 … 7 For the analogous case of deb, yXavnGnn.? 'Adrjvrj see infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii (X). … alludes to the Pythian priestess as a 'Delphic bee1.' And, lastly, … already in Homeric days come to be used as a complimentary … occupies the second half of the hexameter line, and is in fact a tag … coin-types of imperial date (figs. 3138, 3149), was a dressed up wooden … 4 I/. 3. 144 Klymene, 7. 10 Phylomedousa. On Polottls in the sense of 'large-eyed5 … 7 For the analogous case of deb, yXavnGnn.? 'Adrjvrj see infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii (X).

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / IV: Hera and the cow

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post with a pair of cow's horns attached near the top of it. Hera, … became a snow-white cow4. Again, the great Argive Heraion was … on the summit10,' were two cult-titles of Hera in the Argolid, and … is very variously represented on the coins (Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Hera p. 15 Munztaf. … 2 W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 513 fF- 3 Supra p. 370 n. 1. … 10 Paus. 2. 24. 1 states that on the way up to the akropolis of Argos there was a

446

suggests that Euboia, 'She who is rich in oxen,' was a third. Nemea, … cows, as many as 700 being found on the akropolis of the latter … Knew the plough nor on her neck … athletic contest, the prize was a bronze shield8. The festival was … 4 Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de P Art vi. 819. … 8 Pind. 01. 7. 83 0 t ev"Apyei %a\/cos 'iyvw viv. The schol. vet. ad loc. 152 a explains

447

called Hekatombaia because it included a great procession headed … on, their mother had to be drawn in a car to the temple. But the … congratulated them on their strength, the women complimenting … Argives had statues of them made and dedicated at Delphoi on … rbv aywva, ijroL on iax^pos eariv, rj on %aXKoui' ottXov to ZiraOXov and the passages cited … 4, 'EKaTOfxpola in the Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 3 no. 1367, Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 1515 b 8 … 4 The French excavators of Delphoi found to the west of the Athenian Treasury two … called Hekatombaia because it included a great procession headed … on, their mother had to be drawn in a car to the temple. But the … congratulated them on their strength, the women complimenting … Argives had statues of them made and dedicated at Delphoi on … rbv aywva, ijroL on iax^pos eariv, rj on %aXKoui' ottXov to ZiraOXov and the passages cited … 4, 'EKaTOfxpola in the Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 3 no. 1367, Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 1515 b 8 … 4 The French excavators of Delphoi found to the west of the Athenian Treasury two

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / V: Kleobis and Biton

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for her to go to the temple except on an ox-car1 drawn by white … Kleops and Bitias4, when no oxen could be had because a plague … A second tale of Biton's prowess was told in verse by Lykeas, … to Zeus, Biton full of vigour and strength caught up a bull and … commonly been regarded as a mere athletic feat; but, as we shall … Returning to the joint performance of the two brothers, we note … 4 Hyg. fab. 254.

449

considered a copy of this relief1. An ancient glass-paste, however, … carved on a sarcophagus in the library of S. Marco at Venice … with a basket of fruit and a couple of snakes. Before the temple … a moon-goddess, who took with her through the midnight sky the … 4 Anth. Pal. 3. 18.

450

souls of the two lads. On the right we see them reunited to their … for their reward. He promised to give it to them on the seventh, … first feasted, not to say fattened, in a temple, afterwards put to … both broad and long; that on these Trophonios and Agamedes, … 3 Plout. consol. ad Apoll. 14. 4 Cic. Tusc. 1. 114. … souls of the two lads. On the right we see them reunited to their … for their reward. He promised to give it to them on the seventh, … first feasted, not to say fattened, in a temple, afterwards put to … both broad and long; that on these Trophonios and Agamedes, … 3 Plout. consol. ad Apoll. 14. 4 Cic. Tusc. 1. 114.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VI: Trophonios and Agamedes

451

eyed2,' her legendary transformation into a snow-white cow3, her … that drew her priestess to the Heraion11, amount to a conclusive … ing district. A. Rapp in a careful discussion of their myth has … the sixth century B.C. and provided a mythological quarry for … Geschichte der rbniischen Litteratur*1 Miinchen 1899 ii. 1. 91), says:' Sacerdotes Junonis … 14 A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3001 ff. … eyed2,' her legendary transformation into a snow-white cow3, her … that drew her priestess to the Heraion11, amount to a conclusive … ing district. A. Rapp in a careful discussion of their myth has … the sixth century B.C. and provided a mythological quarry for … Geschichte der rbniischen Litteratur*1 Miinchen 1899 ii. 1. 91), says:' Sacerdotes Junonis … 14 A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3001 ff.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VII: The Proitides

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kydes of Leros, another logographer, who c. 450 B.C. wrote a work … saying that their father's house was a wealthier place. For this they were … The fields; yet none pursued so base a love … 2 A. and M. Croiset op. cit. ii. 548 f.

453

Here, then, is a further trace of the attendants or priestesses of … a hypostasis or by-form of Hera6. This somewhat vague and … 1 Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 2. 220 says: furore immisso a Venere. … 4 Jonm. Hell. Stud. 1894 xiv. 160. … i. 182, 200, K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 797, E. E. Sikes on Aisch. … 7 Hesych. s.v. 'Iw KaXXidveaaa- KaXXidveaaa eKaXeiTo 17 irpcbTtj iepeta tt)s ' AO-qvds. … 8 KaXXi96r) {Phoronis frag. 4 Kinkel ap. Clem. Al. strom. r, 164. 2 p. 102,23 ff. Stahlin … "Hpas dyaXp.a ixopcpGxrai k.t.X., with which cp. Pans. 2. 17. 5 irapa 8e avTrjv €<xtlv ewi … Here, then, is a further trace of the attendants or priestesses of … a hypostasis or by-form of Hera6. This somewhat vague and … 1 Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 2. 220 says: furore immisso a Venere. … 4 Jonm. Hell. Stud. 1894 xiv. 160. … i. 182, 200, K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 797, E. E. Sikes on Aisch. … 7 Hesych. s.v. 'Iw KaXXidveaaa- KaXXidveaaa eKaXeiTo 17 irpcbTtj iepeta tt)s ' AO-qvds. … 8 KaXXi96r) {Phoronis frag. 4 Kinkel ap. Clem. Al. strom. r, 164. 2 p. 102,23 ff. Stahlin … "Hpas dyaXp.a ixopcpGxrai k.t.X., with which cp. Pans. 2. 17. 5 irapa 8e avTrjv €<xtlv ewi

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VIII: Hera and Io

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described in all our sources as the priestess of Hera, never as a … their names, seems to have led to a further identification of Io with … 376), KaXXaidvia (Aristeid. irepl p-qropLKris 6 Canter (ii. 3 Dindorf) with schol. Aristeid. … temple and even the precise site of her 'long column' and 'seated image' on the floor- , … reference is to Tiryns, and that the epic fragment JIw KaWtdtiecrcra (adj.) rests on a mere … 18, alib. See W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 439 ff., supra p. 237 n. 1 (where the … 7 On the Hellenistic Zeus ' HAtos see supra p. 186 ff. Isis was to the Greeks, though

455

connect both Io and Hera with the moon. L. Ross pointed to a … Argive cow-goddess, whom he calls Hera-Io, into a moon-goddess. … identified with the horns of the moon5. On the other hand, the … Souid. s.v. Tc6, Exc. Salmasii in Cramer anecd. Paris, ii. 387, 22 ff., supra p. 237 n. 1. … 4 E.g. Gruppe quotes Verg. Aen. 1. 742 errantem lunam. … 7 Porphyr. de antr. nymph. 18 ravpos p-ev aek-qvi) /cat v\pcop.a aeXrjurjs 6 ravpos, Lact. … In Loukian. philops. 14 the moon brought down by magic appears first in the form of a … the former with rays on his head, the latter with horns. Selene in the poets is dpicpiKepcas,

456

or riding on a steer1, or at least drawn in a chariot by white steers … this oriental influence began to operate, is a difficult question. … And placed on Nemea's knees, a bane to men6,— … 1 Ach. Tat. 1. 4 eidov eyw wot' iiri ratipip yeypafx/xeurjv ^eXrjvijv, Lact. Plac. in Stat. … n. 3. Cp. also A. de Gubernatis Zoological Mythology London 1872 i. 264. … Asie Mineure no. 1730 a, supra p. 236 n. 10.

457

Epimenides, that is to say from about 625 B.C.4, the Argive Hera … The ancient systematisers of mythology recognized a variety of … 2 Herodor. frag. 9 [Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 30 Miiller) ap. Tatian. ap. lust. Mart. p. 267, … polis ortum etc. According to Demodokos ap. Plout. de fluv. 18. 4 Mt Apaisanton (in … Cuperus Numism. p. 255, but Lobeck Aglaophamus ii. 1133 defends ^eX-qvr], comparing … appears probable from AntA. Plan. 4. 289. 1 ff. avrov bpav ,16{3<xk.x01' eSb^afj.ev, TjviKa … Epimenides, that is to say from about 625 B.C.4, the Argive Hera … The ancient systematisers of mythology recognized a variety of … 2 Herodor. frag. 9 [Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 30 Miiller) ap. Tatian. ap. lust. Mart. p. 267, … polis ortum etc. According to Demodokos ap. Plout. de fluv. 18. 4 Mt Apaisanton (in … Cuperus Numism. p. 255, but Lobeck Aglaophamus ii. 1133 defends ^eX-qvr], comparing … appears probable from AntA. Plan. 4. 289. 1 ff. avrov bpav ,16{3<xk.x01' eSb^afj.ev, TjviKa

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / IX: Zeus and Argos

458

mentions a priestly personage called the boukolikos1. His name … type of a priest tending an actual or nominal cow. … 123 = Roberts—Gardner Gk. Epigr. ii. 239 no. 91, 123. … 4 Supra p. 32. 5 Paus. 2. 22. 5. … and founded a sanctuary of Demeter Mfivaaa at a spot called Charadra in Argos (Polemon … sow : he, having yoked (^ev^as) the cows for that purpose, dedicated a sanctuary to Hera

459

Argos was not, like Zeus, a bull, at least he wore a bull's hide. … Had girt a bull's hide black with shaggy hair1. … ancient authority that Argos was either a bull or a god4. It seems … ably a cult-title of Hera6. Panoptes, 1 He who sees all,' occurs … 2 Hyg. fab. 14 p. 48, 4 Schmidt. Cp. Aristoph. eccl. 79 f. vr\ tov Ata tov cwTrjp' … der griechischen Stamme, Gdttingen 1861 ii. 273 ff. Miss Harrison has recently somewhat … The Jatta krater shows a well-marked tendency to duplicate its figures. In the lower

461

nised a Zeus Pandptes, whom they identified with the many-eyed … On the all-seeing (panopteu) circle of the sun … Zeus Pandptes had or came to have a solar character. An anony- … Since the commentator in question has just been discoursing on … lex. s.v. iravoTTTrjS Zevs' TroXvocpdaX/nos with S. A. Naber ad loc, Souid. s.v. iravtnvT'qs' … 4 Tzetz. alleg. Od. 1. 306 yyjv, ovpavbv /xapTvpop.ai., Kai tjXlov iravbirTr]v, Manuel Philes … iravraxov. co Zeus (sic) iravb-KTa. Kai' -qeXios, os tt&vt' itpopqs. A. Meineke Vind. Aristoph. … 7 D. Petavius op. cit. p. 274 A—B oi 5e Aia tov rjXiov vorjaavTes, Xeyovatv, otl Kai

462

that he interprets the title of Zeus Panoptes in a solar sense. … sented Argos as four-eyed in a line borrowed by an Orphic writer … Euboia was so called ' because, when Isis was turned into a cow, … connected by the populace with A rgos the ' watcher' (ouros). … 4 Supra pp. 313, 323. 5 Supra p. 31 f. 6 Supra p. 317. … 15 On the relation of the Euboean to the Argive myth see Gruppe Gr, Myth. Rel.

463

Coins of Euboia from the earliest times exhibit a variety of … or Argos, Hera or Io. Still, the ox-head bound with a fillet, which … the bull stands before a vine (fig. 320)1-, and we legitimately suspect … Hist, num.'1 pp. 357, 361 and others: cp. infra ch. ii § 3 (c) i (0). … 5 f., cp. p. 117 pi. 21, 9—11, Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 45 f., cp. p. 46 pi. 33, 8, Head … 11 II. 2. 537 iro\vc>Ta<pv\bv 6' 'Icrriaiav.

464

Europe became a bull and carried … be vouchsafed to him. So he sacrificed to Poseidon and prayed that a bull … after it. She, being enamoured of the bull, asked help of Daidalos, a master- … 3 Gruppe Gr. Myth. Kel. p. 76 n. 8, p. 1425 n. 4. … Europe became a bull and carried … be vouchsafed to him. So he sacrificed to Poseidon and prayed that a bull … after it. She, being enamoured of the bull, asked help of Daidalos, a master- … 3 Gruppe Gr. Myth. Kel. p. 76 n. 8, p. 1425 n. 4.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / X: The myth of Pasiphae

465

with it as though it were a real cow. Pasiphae then bore Asterios, who is … a younger maid. The painting is further discussed by A. Mau in the Rom. Mitth. 1896

466

the remaining parts were those of a man. Minos in accordance with certain … between (a) and (b). But Sir Cecil Smith in the Joum. Hell. Stud. 1890 xi. 349 justly … sufficient to warrant us in identifying a definite Minotaur type with Zagreus; especially … Anz. p. 213*, H. B. Walters History of Ancient Pottery London 1905 ii. 148) I take the

467

was the one made by Daidalos, a building which by means of intricate windings … fice to his father, and prayed the godhead to furnish him with a victim worthy … sent by Eurystheus, proved to be more than a match for … concerned to present the reader with a consecutive and consistent … golden ram found among the flocks of Athamas we regarded as a … a dedication by the township of Marathon on the akropolis at Athens (Paus. 1. 27. 10 with … was the one made by Daidalos, a building which by means of intricate windings … fice to his father, and prayed the godhead to furnish him with a victim worthy … sent by Eurystheus, proved to be more than a match for … concerned to present the reader with a consecutive and consistent … golden ram found among the flocks of Athamas we regarded as a … a dedication by the township of Marathon on the akropolis at Athens (Paus. 1. 27. 10 with

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XI: The bull and the sun in Crete

468

Was once a white bull, glory of the herd, … means 'a bull.' It follows that some who wrote on Cretan mythology … gave him an oracle to the effect that he should found a city … 3 Ov. ars am. r. 289 if. 4 Supra p. 430 ff. 5 Infra ch. i § 6 (h). … not be a dialect-form from "Adwvis, whose name often appears on Etruscan mirrors as … with tXy, 'herd' (see Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 121).

469

he followed it till it bent its legs and fell down on the site of Ilion1. … symbolise the sun, we can discover a meaning in another story told … 3 Van*, rer. rust. 2. 5. 4 ab hoc (sc. bove) antiqui manus ita abstineri voluerunt, ut … 6 Apollod. 3. 3. 1, cp. Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 811, Aristeid. or. 46. 307 (ii. 398 Dindorf) … 7 For fivv, which is supported by Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 81 r, A. Westermann, after … burying him in a plthos (cp. Gruppe Gr. Myth. … he followed it till it bent its legs and fell down on the site of Ilion1. … symbolise the sun, we can discover a meaning in another story told … 3 Van*, rer. rust. 2. 5. 4 ab hoc (sc. bove) antiqui manus ita abstineri voluerunt, ut … 6 Apollod. 3. 3. 1, cp. Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 811, Aristeid. or. 46. 307 (ii. 398 Dindorf) … 7 For fivv, which is supported by Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 81 r, A. Westermann, after … burying him in a plthos (cp. Gruppe Gr. Myth.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XII: The cow and the moon in Crete

470

The Kouretes told him that he had in his herds a three-coloured cow1, and … Polyidos, son of Koiranos, likened the colour of the cow to the fruit of a … ' Glaukos, son of Minos and Pasiphae, while playing at ball, fell into a big … to explain the significance of the three-coloured cow, but to find a … 4 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 811 eri 8e /ecu ava<tt7)<reiv avrbv 6s 6171-17 t'lvi 6p,oia iariv 77 rpixpup-os … 5 See e.g. J. Grimm Teutonic Mythology trans. J. S. Stallybrass London 1883 ii. 717 ff.,

471

A ' Caeretan' Jiydria in the Louvre (fig. 327)2 represents Zeus … isle; but the coloration is here a matter of Ionian technique, not of … Further evidence of the Cretan cult of a solar bull and a lunar … 2 Pottier Cat. Vases dit Louvre ii. 535 f. no. E 696, id. Vases antiqties du Louvre … 4 Hesych. s.v. Kapr-qv ttjp (3ovp Kp^res. Kal top oiKer-qv ol avroL M. Schmidt adloc. … s.v. YbpTvv to Kapre/u-pia: he cites Strab. 478 to prove that Gortyna lay 'in a plain' and … Pindar of 'a bull' (Pind. 01. 13. 81 K.apTalirob'' with schol. ad loc. Kapraiiroda top raupop. … A ' Caeretan' Jiydria in the Louvre (fig. 327)2 represents Zeus … isle; but the coloration is here a matter of Ionian technique, not of … Further evidence of the Cretan cult of a solar bull and a lunar … 2 Pottier Cat. Vases dit Louvre ii. 535 f. no. E 696, id. Vases antiqties du Louvre … 4 Hesych. s.v. Kapr-qv ttjp (3ovp Kp^res. Kal top oiKer-qv ol avroL M. Schmidt adloc. … s.v. YbpTvv to Kapre/u-pia: he cites Strab. 478 to prove that Gortyna lay 'in a plain' and … Pindar of 'a bull' (Pind. 01. 13. 81 K.apTalirob'' with schol. ad loc. Kapraiiroda top raupop.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIII: The sacred cattle of Gortyna

472

Bronze coins of Gortyna show Zeus as a bull … H. R. Hall describes the latter building as follows: ' It was a great … of the funeral rites after his death10.' Classical writers had a more … 4 J. N. Svoronos Numismatique de la Crete ancienne Macon 1890 i. 174 f. pi. 16, 4 … collection a similar coin of Knossos, struck in alliance with Gortyna (cp. J. N. Svoronos … 7 Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1778 ff. … pp. 4—8 pi. 25 map of neighbourhood with conjectural ground-plan). In 1911 he was … between goddesses holding fish, and another in which he is kneeling in a boat and opening … Bronze coins of Gortyna show Zeus as a bull … H. R. Hall describes the latter building as follows: ' It was a great … of the funeral rites after his death10.' Classical writers had a more … 4 J. N. Svoronos Numismatique de la Crete ancienne Macon 1890 i. 174 f. pi. 16, 4 … collection a similar coin of Knossos, struck in alliance with Gortyna (cp. J. N. Svoronos … 7 Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1778 ff. … pp. 4—8 pi. 25 map of neighbourhood with conjectural ground-plan). In 1911 he was … between goddesses holding fish, and another in which he is kneeling in a boat and opening

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIV: The labyrinth of Knossos

473

Herodotos speaks of its twelve courts as a memorial of the dodec- … on matters of importance2.' . Diodoros thinks it the 'tomb' of the … as a building sacred to the Sun, and such is the common belief5.' … 4 Maneih. frags. 34—36 {Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 560 Miiller).

474

who suppose a Cretan imitation of an Egyptian building1, but also … of the colonnade a broad band decorated with swastika-patterns … it as a building is Apollod. 3. 1. 4 (01/07/xa Kajjarais ito\vt\6kois ir\avwv r-qv g^oBov). But … 2 (1) Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iii. inf. no. E 84 a kylix from Vulci, of which the … collection of the late Sir Gardner Wilkinson Harrow 1887 p. 18 no. 52 a kylix from Nola, … Madrid p. rroff. no. 196 pis. 25—28 a kylix signed by the artist Aison, first published

475

the more important becomes this particular feature of it2. On … it can hardly be termed a building at all. On a black-figured … the anta of a wall and that its patterns are mere filling, though he admits that ' An … 4 Graef Ant. Vasen Athen p. 142 f. no. 1280 pi. 73, a, P. Wolters loc. cit. p. 123

476

to a stone structure is still more remote1, the Labyrinth appearing … wards to a time when the Labyrinth was depicted, not as a palace, … The same result is reached on Cretan soil. Coins of Knossos … representing 'ein turmartiges Bauwerk' with a labyrinthine ground-plan, and ingeniously … 4 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Crete p. i8ff. pis. 4 ff., Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 173 ff. pi. 40,

477

incuse corners (figs. 333, 334) passes into a framework enclosing a … 340, 341) becomes a maze, which is first square (fig. 342) and then … series of mazes2,' based on the motif of the swastika*. … 1 Cp. Roman mosaics, which represent the slaying of the Minotaur within a large

478

The swastika as a representation of the Labyrinth can perhaps … form of the Labyrinth. That much-disputed symbol has a volu- … is something like a consensus in favour of the view that it was a … 4 F. De Saulcy op. cit. p. 210, Head Hist, num? p. 805. Cp. Damaskios dubit. et … University, vol. ii) pp. 1—602.

479

was a structure which somehow lent itself to an imitation of the … flights of steps or seats (18 on the east, 6 decreasing to 3 on the … A. E. Haigh The Attic Theatre*1 Oxford 1898 p. 137.

480

a flourishing 'Minoan' settlement, it might be suggested that the … Athens was laid out as a swastika-mosaic (pi. xxix)5. There was in … in 1194 A.D., tells his old friend the prior of Hildesheim how … 3 Diels in Pallat De fabula Ariadnaea Berolini 1891 interprets the clew as a rope- … 5 The plan here given (very slightly restored) is based on Mr A. M. Poynter's careful

481

out by a thrice-familiar passage in the Iliad. Daidalos, we read, … in company with the young men danced a dance, which, they say, is still kept … Area with its dancing ground, supplies a material foundation for the Homeric tradition … erroneously as a palace. … 9 The ytpavos (Loukian. de salt. 34) is described by Poll. 4. 101 tt)v 8e ytpavov Kara … fiwixbv eyeipo/j.evov KidapLcrfiov \ kijkXiov (hpxwavTo k.t.X. On the kratdr of Klitias and

482

from the left side. They state also that he instituted a contest in Delos and … Religions Oxford 1908 ii. 186 f.) pointed out that this curious combination of bull and … (b) the lower portion of a small draped female figure, (c) a beardless (?) wood-cutter … It may also be remarked that a Japanese crest has three storks or cranes grouped … 1 The form tcepardiv is found also in a Delian inscription (Dittenberger Syll. inscr, Gr? … 2 G. E. Marindin in Smith—Wayte—Marindin Diet. Ant. ii. 899 f. Cp. also Hesych.

483

sented as a maze1 and Virgil expressly compares with the Cretan … the humped bull within the Labyrinth on coins of the „. … neath the feet of Apollon on the later tetradrachms (fig. 348)11 … Miss Harrison in a letter to me dated June 14, 1912 makes the interesting suggestion … Here at least is a bona fide piece of folk-lore. … 5 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Ionia p. 158 ff. pi. 18, 1—11, 19, 2, Hunter Cat. Coins ii. … Coins ii. 478 f. pi. 56, 13, Head Hist, num? p. 666. … rrj ~NavTr\ia ra <nrr)\cua /cat ot ev avrois olKo5ofj,r]Tol \afitipi.vdoL, KwcAc67reta 5' 6vop.a$ov<nv),

484

4.84 The Labyrinth at Knossos … foe in a labyrinthine frame2. … basilica, founded in 324 A.D., had among … century was coloured a fiery red and adorned with a Labyrinth … as a tomb for himself by Porsenna (id. ib. 36. 91—93 citing Varro, cp. Isid. orig. 15. 2. 36: … 3 F. Prevost in the Rev. Arch. 1847—1848 ii. 664, 800 ff. pi. 78.

485

known man wearing a Labyrinth of the sort on his breast1. A small … of S. Michele at Pavia (s. xi), at Aix in Provence, on the walls … uncommon in continental churches3. A fine specimen, composed … propalare. I am indebted for this and for several of the following references to a … Wiss. Phil.-hist. Classe 1882 ii. 267—300 enumerates nine examples (ib. p. 283 ff.

486

adorned with a representation of Theseus and the Minotaur. Such … Later the same Labyrinths were used as a means of penance for … situated close to a church or chapel, so that not impossibly they … Pave" mosdique de Pancienne iglise de St. Bertin a Saint-Omer Douai 1843 P- 97)- … 3 The best collection of facts is contained in a paper by the Rev. F. G. Walker on … 4 E. Trollope loc. cit. p. 224 f. fig. 5.

487

young people used on festivals to dance upon them, or, as the … than a circular work made of banks of earth in the fashion of a maze or laby- … ii. 124 n. The Rev. F. G. Walker op. cit. p. 20 says of the Comberton Maze : ' It used,

488

4.88 The Labyrinth at Knossos … and known as Trojin, Trojeborg, Trojenborg, Troborg5. A maze … on a coin of Knossos (supra .p. 477 fig. 343)7. In Finland and … descent (!), used often to cut a labyrinthine figure called the Caerdroia on the turf, as the … 6 E. Krause Die Trojaburgen Nordeuropas Glogau 1893 p. 4 fig. 1, p. 184 fig. 23. ,

489

Vier, a small uninhabited island in the Gulf of Finland (fig. 353)2. … fact was Dr E. Krause. In a very noteworthy monograph devoted … survivals of a remote past and were originally used for the purposes … 4 Thus far at least we may frankly accept Dr Krause's results, without necessarily … names of Troy-town, Trojaburg, etc., are not due to a diffused tradition of the Homeric

490

children in the country, which enclose a walk of several thousand … and north-western Europe it remained as a relic of paganism. … of a solar dance, has throughout mediaeval and modern times been … of a purely secular sort. … two conclusions. On the one hand, in Cretan myth the sun was … 2 J. Fergusson Rude Stone Monuments London 1872 pi. 1 publishes a useful ' Map, … children in the country, which enclose a walk of several thousand … and north-western Europe it remained as a relic of paganism. … of a solar dance, has throughout mediaeval and modern times been … of a purely secular sort. … two conclusions. On the one hand, in Cretan myth the sun was … 2 J. Fergusson Rude Stone Monuments London 1872 pi. 1 publishes a useful ' Map,

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XV: The Minotaur

491

dancer imitating the sun masqueraded in the Labyrinth as a bull. … why every ninth year he required a tale of human victims3, are … 'A dance or game which has thus spread over Europe and survived in … the seat of a great worship of the sun, and that the Minotaur was a representation … by means of sympathetic magic, to aid the great luminary to run his race on … confirmation of this view that on coins of Cnossus the sun or a star appears in … that, since the Cretans conceived of the sun as a bull, Minos as sun-king wore a bull- … 4 Frazer Golden Botigh?: The Dying God p. 77, cp. id.3 The Magic Art i. 312.

492

the middle of the Labyrinth, the place which on other coins is occupied by the … The fact that the earliest known form of the Labyrinth is a … the Minotaur, like the Chilcotin Indians walking in a circle and … a Labyrinth clearly based on the swastika-pattern, and for its … leans upon a staff. A figure better adapted to express the solar … or hers, was transformed into a constellation at a later date when … 4 Epimenides ap. pseudo-Eratosth. catast. 5 and Hyg.poet. astr. 2. 5, cp. Paus. 5. 19. 1.

493

Starry.' A red-figured amphora from Nola, now in the Vatican … ' 3 Gerhard Auserl. Vasenb. iii. 36 f. pi. 160, Mus. Etr. Gregor. ii pi. 57, Helbig Guide … spots, mostly T-shaped, of white), Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases ii. 105 no. B 148 (black-figured

494

a row of dots, which may or may not be meant for stars2. … Baumeister Denkm. iii. 1789 fig. 1873, A. S. Murray Designs from Greek Vases in the … 2 J. N. Svoronos Numismatique de la Crete ancienne Macon 1890 i. 65 f. pi. 4, 23 ff.,

495

The Minotaur 4.95 … Labyrinth, Ariadne,' etc.4 These, doubtless, were late pantomimic … 1 Ant. Denkm. ii. 6 pi. 29, 14 ( = Furtwangler Vasensamml. Berlin i. 75 no. 663+ i. 77 … tcitov I 4v a/xepa \ KXewTOfxevop. The schol. vet. Pind. 01. 1. 6 says: /ca/ca)s elTrev darpov. … oiir aarepwirbv 6p.p.a (codd. darepwv aro/xa, corr. Bentley) ArjTcpas Koprjs.

496

tional. A black-figured hydria in the British Museum, on which … historian goes on to remark that five generations later there came … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases ii. 179 no. B 308. Cp. the impression of an Elamite cylinder … d. kais. bayr. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Classe 1882 ii. 281 notes that in the middle ages … Frazer {Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 410 n. 3). Mr A. Lang in Folk-Lore 1910 xxi. 145 dis- … 5 See Frazer Lect. Hist. Kingship p. 172 fif., Golden Bough2". The Magic Art ii. 133 f.,

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVI: The “minoan “ bullfights

497

4-97 … by A. Reichel1. This careful investigator thinks that the sport … towards the charging bull, grasped it by the horns, turned a somer- … Koumasa near Gortyna (A. Mosso The Palaces of Crete and Their Builders London 1907 … With these may be compared the capture of the big bull by a posse of men in Lanzone … a Thessalian youth, who grasps a plunging … Thessaly etc. p. 25 ff. pis. 4, 12 f., 5, 1—4). Since a fourth-century drachm of the same

498

athlete is on foot and the bull is not killed. If the two are related … universally1—regarded as a rite in the cult of Poseidon2. But so … Thessaly to Crete across a gap of fifteen … Minotaur. On this showing we might look to find the bull-grasping … p. 34 ff. views the taurokathdpsia as a rite properly belonging to the cult of Zeus IloXieijs. … In an inscription from Larissa (Inscr. Gr. sept, ii no. 528) a bull-fight takes place for … Larissa,...at Eleusis,...and at Ephesos' is inexact, as a reference to the citation (id. iv. 95)

499

find it. A banded agate in Sir Arthur Evans' collection (fig. 361)1 … to suggest that behind these art-types lurks a traditional pose … a sacred bull. A clue to the meaning of such contact is, … as a coin-type [stipra p. 483). Possibly the allusion is to some Labyrinth other than

500

I think, afforded by a lenticular sardonyx found at Orvieto … The bull—let us suppose—is a beast pre- … hand on the lower portion of her body and holds a bison's horn in … raised to grasp the fertilising horn, the left lowered in a gesture … ad loc.y Oppian. cyneg. 4. 33 ovk e\a<pos Kepaeaai dpaatis, KepdetxaL 8e Tavpos,Ai\. de nat. an. … discovery and for suggesting that it may furnish a prototype of the rites in question.

501

remarks, it is 'a cow's horn5.' Of countless illustrations I figure … 4 See K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1721.

502

' Amaltheia was a daughter of Haimonios and had a bull's horn. This had … tain a close connexion with the sacred animal6. … publications (Tischbein Hamilton Vases iv pi. 25, A. L. Millin Galerie mythologique … belief that seed-corn, if it fell on the horns of ploughing oxen, would produce hard {i.e.

503

'There is here a sanctuary of Dionysos, and in winter a festival is held, at … Again, near Nysa in Lydia was a village called Acharaka, … The god is represented on imperial copper … fig. 9, Head Hist, num? p. 888. The obverse of this coin has a bearded male head, … the altar etc. (atpeadcu tovs (3ovs) : the former was an exceptional, the latter a normal usage. … ; 4 Other examples of the title are collected by O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. ]\Iyth. iii.

504

'A yearly festival is held at Acharaka...on which occasion about the hour of … This strange procession is illustrated (fig. 366)5 by a copper coin … therefore inclined to surmise that a second illustration of it is … Lydian rites is the scene depicted on a … i. 1787, 1800 ff., Farnell Cults of Gk. States iii. 286 pi. 32, a. … the type as 'Herdsman (Eurytion?) driving bull into cavern'—a very improbable

505

clothing on a pillar in the gymnasium, are about to hoist the bull … 1 Tischbein Hamilton Vases ii. i8ff. pi. 3, Inghirami Vas.fitt. i. 49 pi. 24, Lenormant

506

fusion. A red-figured vase at Saint Petersburg (fig. 369)2 shows … positions of importance—at the foot of a sacred tree, on the top of … painted white, like the flesh of Europe. For a Dionysiac variation of the scene see … fusion. A red-figured vase at Saint Petersburg (fig. 369)2 shows … positions of importance—at the foot of a sacred tree, on the top of … painted white, like the flesh of Europe. For a Dionysiac variation of the scene see

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVII: Ritual horns

507

(1904) that the ' Minoan' horns present a striking analogy to the … a heavy altar-like base ; but in process of time they develope four … rams, and stags (figs. 370, a—d)z. … pi. 16, 1—6, id. Natur- und Urgeschichte des Menschen Wien und Leipzig 1909 ii. 564, … Savoy; fig. 370, c, from the nekropolis of Golasecca in north Italy; fig. 370, d, a terra-cotta … a

508

a deposit dating from the beginning of the bronze age came upon … My brother Dr A. R. Cook, on returning from a visit (1905—

509

as such. These heaps have a pair of bullock's horns stuck into … consequently a pair of ropes (fig. 374). … erection is, he says, a form of shrine known as buor made for the

510

' Several generations ago one Nyet founded a village which, as is usual with … who with his followers lived near the Alliab boundary at a place called Unedol. … thrusts. As the bullock lies moribund on the ground, its throat is cut and the … organs and parts of the animal are reserved and scattered on the ground for the … the Bor villages ; but usually these do not resemble the back of a bullock, the … me, as a resting-place for his spirit (atiep) ; and in one case he has seen a mat … Among the Dinka a shrine originally representing a mud bullock

511

1 Anth. Pal. 6. 10. 3 (Antipatros on an altar dedicated to Athena by Seleukos) … Coins give him the horn of a bull (B?'it. Mus. Cat. Coins Seleucid Kings of Syria p. 3 … 2 Part of relief on a steatite pyxis from Knossos (A. J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud.

512

writes: ' The temptation is strong to see in the table and triangle a horned altar, but the … a sacred shield placed on an altar. If so, the interpretation of the triangles as horns … fig. 120 f. pi. 30, 1, 2 ; p. 345 f. figs. 276 f., A. J. B. Wace—M. S. Thompson Prehistoric … p. 517 f. no. 3223, Mon. d. Inst, ii pi. 43, E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1837 ix. 198 ff.,

513

(fig. 385)5; and these volutes in turn were combined with a simple … on Mount Kynthos8; according to … built by Hermokreon at Parion in Mysia (Strab. 487, 588, Eustath. in II. p. 355, 15 f.) … 6 From a red-figured kylix by Hieron at Berlin (Wien. Vorlegebl. A pi. 4). … Cp. the single horns of stone found in a neolithic pillar-precinct at Terlizzi in Apulia … earthenware found in a bronze-age sanctuary of the early Sicilians at Cannatello near

514

This curious method of obtaining a swarm is often mentioned by … ' Iobas king of the Libyans states that bees must be made in a wooden coffer; … pitched rags, and he is laid on a heap of thyme. The door and … One life thus slain begat a thousand lives5. … 4 Journ. Hell. Stud. 1895 xv. 9 f.

515

or offered sacrifice1 and prayer2 holding it as by a handle. He was … procuring bees from a bull … asas dictas, quod esset necessarium a sacrificantibus eas teneri : ansis autem teneri solere … 2 Verg. Aen. 6. 124 talibus orabat dictis arasque tenebat (cp. 4. 219, 12. 201) with … vignette as copied from a pyramid at Deir el Bahri, which was especially connected

516

a bull (fig. 389, 390)1. Mithras—whose myth has been largely

517

a tree (cypress ?); Mithras dragging the bull by its hind legs, while a snake threatens its … mount the chariot; Luna reclining in her chariot is drawn by two horses down a rocky

518

with his right he plunged a knife deep into its flank. Thereupon … the ant, and the snake, attack the moribund monster, fastening on … altar of the Mediterranean originated as the shrine of a buried … That is a conclusion from which in fact we must not shrink. … This relief was originally so mounted as to turn about in its three-sided frame on two … 1 F. Cumont Texies et monuments etc. i. 159 ff., in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3050 ff., … 5' at fiiXiaaai. /cat i/a>xat 5' et's yeveaw lovcrai fiovyeveis, /cat /BovkX6ttos debs 6 ttjv

519

'The Dumatenes in Arabia used every year to sacrifice a boy and to bury … Syrian gods. A long day's march west of Aleppo rises a bare and … Mddbachos would be the Syrian equivalent of a Greek Zeus Bomos, … 3 Theodoret. relig. hist. 4 (lxxxii. 1340 Migne). … deois irarpuiOLS : nos. 3, 4 ? omit deols : no. 9 omits both deois and irarpdooLs). … Ephemeris fiir semitische Epigraphik 1908 ii. 81, Gruppe Myth. Lit. 1908 p. 639,

520

Djebel Shekh Berekdt is a place called Burdj Bdkirhd, situated at … Zeus Bomos, no doubt, was the Grecised form of a Syrian god. … 2 In dealing with aniconic representations of Zeus as a stone we must carefully dis- … is rightly emphasised by W. Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the Semites'1 … inference from the fact that Zeus was worshipped on such high-places, or a generalisation … Zeus MeiAixios at Sikyon was a mere pyramid (Paus. 2. 9. 6 e'en 5e Zeus MeiXi^ios … Zeus 2,Topiraos (A. S. Arvanitopoullos in the 'E0. 'Apx- 1906 p. 63 f. fig., K. A.

521

how such beliefs lingered on into our own era. Behind the god as … Plutarch6 informs us that at Thalamai—a frontier town between … of the end of the second century a.d., respectively. A triple iconic herm at Tegea is … (a) natural stones such as meteorites, and (b) artificially-shaped stones of certain definite … Zeus KaTatftaTris at Tarentum (infra ch. ii § 3 (a) ii (5)). … op. cit. p. 42 fig. 12) shows Zeus sitting on his altar and threatening with uplifted … how such beliefs lingered on into our own era. Behind the god as … Plutarch6 informs us that at Thalamai—a frontier town between … of the end of the second century a.d., respectively. A triple iconic herm at Tegea is … (a) natural stones such as meteorites, and (b) artificially-shaped stones of certain definite … Zeus KaTatftaTris at Tarentum (infra ch. ii § 3 (a) ii (5)). … op. cit. p. 42 fig. 12) shows Zeus sitting on his altar and threatening with uplifted

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVIII: The marriage of the sun and the moon in Crete

522

Pasiphaa, whom some took to be a daughter of Atlas and mother … was changed into a laurel {daphne) and received the gift of prophecy: … her with a variety of better-known mythological characters. … a sacred spring of water that is sweet to drink. Pasiphae is not a local deity of … supposing a union between the sun and the moon. … Tert. de anim. 46, Aristox. Tarent./raf. 76 {Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 288 Muller) ap. Apollon. … 4 The manuscript reading Ylacpi-qs.. .Iia<pLy] was corrected by Camerarius to ILao-Mpdrjs...

523

near the river Theren, there was in historical times a sanctuary, at … That a queen should submit to being enclosed in a wooden cow … describes how Mykerinos (Men-kau-Rd), a king of the fourth … the splendid silver cow's head with golden horns and a gold-plated … representative of 'a sky-goddess or sun-goddess,' but rather, as others had seen, the … 4 Hdt. 2. 129 ff. … a similar belief occurs among the Baganda of central Africa. W. H. Roscher in his

524

that the same custom of sun-and-moon marriage is attested on the … drawn up in a fisherman's net may well be, as some have thought, the explanation … Europe bore to Zeus a son Dodon5 or Dodonos6, the eponym of … If so, Europe was at first a great earth-mother, who sent up … 2 K. Hoeck Kreta Gottingen 1823 i. 90 ff., ib. 1828 ii. 170. … 4 Frazer Golden Boughz: The Dying God p. 73. … this scholar went off on a wrong track, when he detected at Dodona the cult of a … (Cults of Gk. States ii. 479), 'the Eteocretan earth-goddess' (ib. ii. 632), later assimi-

525

bears out her chthonian and vegetative character. She had a … garland, probably, as Dr M. P. Nilsson conjectures, with a puppet … 2 Athen. 678 A—B lieXevKos 5e iv rats FXdbaaais eXXwTida KaXeicrdaL (prjcn tov £k … 3 Nilsson Gr. Feste p. 96 remarks that this can hardly be a case of actual hones … F. Diimmler in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1971 'In Gortyn feierte man unter … The only other references to a definite cult of Europe in Crete are Dictys Cretensis … operum afficiebantur, inspicientes repetentesque memoria singula quae ex Sidone a … T7]v vtav tt\v ~Kpvo~riv 17 "EXXwtIs apiraa-aaa eiarjXOev els tov vabv rrjs 'Adrjvas, Zvda TrepiKard- … Nilsson op. cit. p. 95 infers that a large puppet called Hellotis was burnt (or two large

526

Europe, then, was a Cretan earth-goddess responsible for the … the other a flower, symbol of her own fertility. Theophrastos and … Kotyto, a Thracian Artemis (A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1399 m whose cult … 56 a, d, and et. mag. p. 332, 48 f., is attested by the calendar of the Attic Tetrapolis … 4—6, 22 f., J. Escher-Biirkli in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 1296—1298) I figure but … What is left has been carefully redrawn by K. Reichhold for A. Furtwangler {Aegina … Europe is furnished by certain Hittite cylinders, on which we see e.g. {a) a nude goddess … 3 Prof. R. C. Bosanquet tells me, on the authority of F. Halbherr, that a single

Plate 32

on a white-ground kylix at Munich.

Plate 33

Iupiter Heliopolitanus on a marble stele from Marseille.

527

Coins of Gortyna from c. 430 B.C. onwards show a goddess … E. lokalisiert (Plin. n. h. XII 11), und fiihrte Zeus den Beinamen EI'A^ti (= 'EAAwnos ? … P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 165, G. Macdonald in the Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 184 ff. … p. 113 ff. argues that the coins in question illustrate a myth preserved by Kallim. h. Artem. … Minos, taking upon him the form of an eagle, wooed and won his oak-nymph in a Cretan … mieux representees de toutes, ainsi que tout le reste, laissent reconnaitre facilement a … and argued further in its support. But I now believe that I was mistaken : (a) It is more

528

in a plane-tree, but on the crown of a pollard willow. The long … regarded the tree as an ancient willow. In such a matter the opinion of an experienced

529

Theophrastos, who spoke of a plane, with blundering. Both trees … 4 Supra p. 112 n. 3. Another account stated that Zeus was reared by the daughters … Pans. ii. 85 f. pi. R, 14, Muller—Wieseler—Wernicke Ant. … "Aparos • at£ leprj, tt]v fiiv re \6yos Ail p.a£bv ctt l<xxe^v ' ^rt\^Y« 5£ Kai otl

530

' Willow1.' And a nurseling of the willow might naturally be mated … Sevdpov oiovrai 8e, wairep 4\ex0y, KaL napirbv %xeLV avTTjv ybvip.ov. … Waldeck collection at Arolsen a copper of Tyre struck by … in 1. a vase, r. hand on breast; on L, approaching her out of the water, forepart of a bull; … Possibly the flower-basket of Europe was derived from a custom … The wicker basket on coins of Kibyra in Phrygia (Brit. Mus. … of Zeus, rev. Athena holding Nike etc. or Apollon seated on a

531

on the bull's back (fig. 405)1. The Hellenistic poet devotes twenty- … conjecture that the very name ^Europe or Eiiropeia was a cult-title … his name on coins of Gortyna. Hence it is tempting to regard 9IB0S as a term … 3 The nameQ3u/)a>7r?7 has been regarded by recent writers (1) as Pelasgian and there- … ' Verfinsterten': (3), as a Greek compound of evpvs and oir, 'eye,' equivalent in meaning … efi 4-, pLTrr\.

532

represent Europe as a willow goddess. At first she sits pensively … a grassy plain (fig. 393), now treading on rough ground (fig. 394), … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Crete etc. p. 39 pi. 10, 4 (my fig. 391), J. N. Svoronos … 4 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Crete etc. p. 38 pi. 9, 9, O. Jahn Die Entfiihrung der … 6 From a specimen in the McClean collection at Cambridge. … 10 Supra p. 439 ff. If Zeus accompanied Io on her wanderings (Souid. s.v. 'Icrts), it may

533

The coins that represent the eagle in Europe's lap often add a … portray a bull's head high up on a willow-tree1. … And pile a mound above them, but must wrap … yevvrjaai with schol. ad loc, Clem. Rom. horn. 5. T3 (ii. 184 Migne) HvpvfxeSoijcrr) … matrem, Isid. orig. 9. 2. 75 Eratosthenes autem dicit Myrmidonas a Myrmidone duce … 2 H. von Fritze in W. Ddrpfeld Troja und Ilion Athens 1902 ii. 491 pi. 63, 68 f.,

534

the enigmatic legend Tzsyroi (SOIVMST) partly on, partly off the … —a point insisted on by Strabon6; and it is on record that the … venture to explain the coin-legend by assuming that at Gortyna a … deap.olo TeTVKTai. On this see Nymphodoros frag. 17 {Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 380 Muller) … St/ceAtumis. dXXot 8e tovs rpdyovs ' eVepot tovs ^ardpovs' 'ivioi 6vop.a iroXews KprjTTjs ' … 4 Prellwitz Etym. Worterb. d. Gr. Spr.2 p. 462 f., cp. I . Meyer Handb. d. gr. Etym. … 6 Strab. 466. 7 Supra p. 529 n. 4.

535

Antiope, who was wooed by Zeus in the form of a Satyr1. … Mus. Cat. Coins Lycaonia, etc. pp. lxxxvif., 182 f. pi. 33, 7) as the name of a 'quail-hunt' … of a bull (id.). … 4 Cretan coins struck by Domitian show not only a caduceus between two cornua … p. 542 n. 1) : see F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Intern, a"Arch. Num. 1908

536

the whole scene. Dionysos had by the Naiad Nikaia a son Satyros1

537

Willows1^),' Pausanias saw a statue of Orpheus with Telete at his … rare name Epiktesis from a Chian inscription4. We may therefore … earth-goddess worshipped at Gortyna in a sacred tree. For all … of a moon-goddess. Europe herself bore an equivocal title, which … points out that Europe riding a white bull11 resembles Selene riding … 6 T7)\€<pdaa-<ra (Mosch. 2. 40 ff.), Tr)\e<pacr<Ta (Apollod. 3. 1. 1, 3. 4. r, Steph. Byz. … 3 Eustath. in II. p. 141, 25 ft", cp. evpio-wa Tievs with "H/xi ^oQttls and with ~EiVp<inrri, … lex. Myth. ii. 3192. Euryphaessa was, however, the mother of Helios, not of Selene … rrjv ~Etvpbnrr)v. A. Nauck cj. apyi/uLeruiros, cp. Mosch. 2. 85 kjjkXos 5' apyticpeos /meo-aw

538

on a bull or drawn in a chariot by white bulls or cows1, and that … Europe with certain Roman types of Selene (fig. 408)4, of Artemis … portant piece of evidence is a passage in the treatise On the Syrian … honoured her with the temple and told a pious tale about her to the effect that … Myth. ii. 3168 f. … Verzvandtes Leipzig 1895 p. 42 with fig. on p. 37, id. in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3137 … Cp. Ach. Tat. 1. 4. TOLavTTjv eldov eyw iror ezri raupip yeypapifxevrji/ SeAiji^. … Real-Enc. ii. 1399 f*

539

the coinage in use at Sidon shows Europe seated on the bull Zeus,—but they do … identification of Europe with the moon3. A … Tauros carried off Europe to his own country, and, since she was a virgin and … scholiast on the Iliad*, who cites as his sources the Boiotiaka of … 1 Loukian. de dea Syr. 4. … 4 Io. Malal. chron. 2 p. 30 f. Dindorf. … 8 Apollod. 3. 4. 1 f. . .

540

his guide a cow and found a city wherever this cow, tired with the way, lay on … return for having destroyed the snake serve for a year1 ; the Muses were to … it was, to say the least of it, appropriate that Zeus as a bull should … Pelagon, and that on each of the cow's flanks was a white mark … 1 Cp. Apollod. 3. 4. 2 KdS^uos 5e dp0' c3j> ^Kreivev didiov ("Apeos vibv Hercher, dvdpQv … Cat. Sculpture iii. 390ff. nos. 2494, 2495, Reinach Re"p. Reliefs ii. 482 nos. 1—4, 5—8),

541

Hath a white mark round as the rounded moon : … was originally lunar. Diktynna was a Cretan form … represent her seated on her rocks between a couple … 2 Flout, v. SulL 17 Qup yap 01 Qoiviices ttjv fiovv nakovcn. This is much nearer the … 4 Supra p. 524. … 4. 59, Mela 2. IT3, Solin. 11. 6, Mart. Cap. 659, Anon. Ravennas 5. 21 p. 398, 3

542

Britomartis too, a goddess closely related to Diktynna3, was readily … have had a temple at Chersonesos6. Nor is the combination … 1 A copper of Domitian shows AI KTYN N A j 2EBA2TH as Artemis the huntress … a cult-epithet of Diktynna. … 5 Drawn from a specimen in my collection. The only other specimen of this fine coin … Artemis with the deer on her hand forms an interesting pendant to the standing Apollo

543

came to be regarded as a moon-goddess2, the way was open for … Britomartis or Diktynna as a case of sun-and-moon marriage. … to involve the agency of a great fertilising bull. But here their … The Cnossian myth dealt with a solar bull, a lunar cow, and … 2 Farnell Cults of Gk. States ii. 457—461, K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … /ecu aiiTT) a£\as ^dWeLV /cat (purlfeiv iroaCos to wepiexov, birorav /xdXLara irapaeXrjvos y, … 4 Verg. Ciris 305 cited supra n. 3. … *' (1) Hesych. 'Ao-repi'?? • 77 KprjTT] /cat i] ArjXos ovtcos ZkoXovvto. (2) Asteria as a … came to be regarded as a moon-goddess2, the way was open for … Britomartis or Diktynna as a case of sun-and-moon marriage. … to involve the agency of a great fertilising bull. But here their … The Cnossian myth dealt with a solar bull, a lunar cow, and … 2 Farnell Cults of Gk. States ii. 457—461, K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … /ecu aiiTT) a£\as ^dWeLV /cat (purlfeiv iroaCos to wepiexov, birorav /xdXLara irapaeXrjvos y, … 4 Verg. Ciris 305 cited supra n. 3. … *' (1) Hesych. 'Ao-repi'?? • 77 KprjTT] /cat i] ArjXos ovtcos ZkoXovvto. (2) Asteria as a

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIX: Zeus and the Bovine figures of cretan mythology

544

On the other hand, from Hesiodic4 and even Homeric5 times … shape7. In short, Zeus as a bull is an integral part of the Europe- … (3) Asteria was an old name of Rhodes (Plin. nat. hist. 5. 132). (4) The 'Aarepiov … Enc. ii. 1787). … 4 Hes. frag. 209 Flach and Bakchyl. frag. 47 Jebb ap. schol. //. 12. 292. … p. 529 fig. 400) on coppers of Gortyna is possibly solar (cp. J. N. Svoronos in the Bull.

545

that distinguish a Cretan solar Zeus from the ordinary Hellenic … shared that title with the Arcadian Zeus2. And the oxen slain on … later the Zeus of Gortyna took on a solar complexion. If Europe … 12, Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Crete etc. p. 44 pi. 11, 9), I should prefer to regard it as a … 3 That Zeus at Gortyna was a rain-god appears from Kallim. frag. ioof no. 37 - … KaXbs Atos do~Tr)p o~Kr)TTTpov oTrdfet, | ^o%a 5' ad /xoiprjaL irapai Ne^oto XeovTos, \ iv iriparTri

546

Asterios was a sun-god of Phoenician character1. Only, we must … {Lectures on the Religion of the Semites'1 London 1907 p. 292) that Zeus 'Acrrtpios was the … 4 Supra pp. 410 n. 9, 471 n. 4.

547

into Zeus Asterios, it is hard to say. A red-figured amphora and … with a thunderbolt in one hand, a sceptre in the other, surrounded … type with that on which Domitian's infant son appears sitting on a … 4 Supra p. 531. … previously published (id. ib. 1866 p. 79 ff. pi. 3, 1 and 2, Vase?isamml. St. Petersburg ii. … 7 Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 165 pi. 40, 2, J. N. Svoronos Nwnismatique de la Crete

548

Crete struck under Caligula and Claudius have a head of Augustus … proximately the same position as on a modern star-map, four of … 1 Svoronos op. cit. i. 335 pi. 32, 4, Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Crete etc. p. 1 pi. 1, 2, … 3. Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 164, Head Hist, num.'1 p. 479.

549

resemblance to a 'Willow' or a 'Willow'-leaf\ If so, the sacred … (a) Zeus Adados and Iupiter Heliopolitanus. … consort of Atargatis. Since a common designation of Adad … B.C.—witness a series of inscriptions found by the French in Delos6. … 1 The Chinese regard as a Willow-leaf the stars 8, e, £, co, 0, p, 17, s of the constellation … (A. W. Curtius Das Stiersymbol des Dionysos Koln 1892 p. 6 ff., Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. … 4 Mar-Tu, the ideographic form of Amurru. See further A. T. Clay Amurru, the … 6 A. Hauvette-Besnault in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1882 vi. 479 ff., G. Doublet ib. 1892 … resemblance to a 'Willow' or a 'Willow'-leaf\ If so, the sacred … (a) Zeus Adados and Iupiter Heliopolitanus. … consort of Atargatis. Since a common designation of Adad … B.C.—witness a series of inscriptions found by the French in Delos6. … 1 The Chinese regard as a Willow-leaf the stars 8, e, £, co, 0, p, 17, s of the constellation … (A. W. Curtius Das Stiersymbol des Dionysos Koln 1892 p. 6 ff., Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. … 4 Mar-Tu, the ideographic form of Amurru. See further A. T. Clay Amurru, the … 6 A. Hauvette-Besnault in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1882 vi. 479 ff., G. Doublet ib. 1892

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XX: The bull and the sun in Syria

550

another Hieropolitan1. A third priest, the son of one Apollonides, … a second centre of diffusion and with a slightly different complexion. … to claim that the Syrian cult was a mere off-shoot of their own10. … 3 Ib. 1882 vi. 497 no. 15, 498 nos. 16 and 17. … 5 Ib. 1882 vi. 498 no. 16, 5 f. 'A5d5tot /cat ' A.rap\ydreL /cat 'Aa7cA?77rtctn. … 7 A. Hauvette-Besnault in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1882 vi. 487. … c. 400 a.d. in the 'Exploits of Mar Rabbula' p. 196, last line {infra p. 555), and even … into the bands of lawful marriage, until they have been first corrupted in a way contrary

551

to Rome. In the grove of Furrina on the east side of the Ianiculum … Heliopolitanus. Antoninus Pius (i38-161 A.D.) began3 and his … Siscia7 in Pannonia, from the Latovici on the borders of Venetia8, … the inscription on its front is unfinished—0600 AAAjAOO AN60H {sic); that on … 4 Corp. inscr. Lat. iii Suppl. no. 7280 = Dessau Inscr. Lat. set. no. 4284 [I. o.] m. … 9 Am. Journ. Arch. 1898 ii. 374 no. 2 = Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. no. 4289 [ex] iussu … I. o. m. I Heliopolitano | KofXfxbSy \ avhpl /3a[cr6]\i/c[a;TdTCfj] | acnrLarrj [rrjs] I o'lkov-

552

Carvoran on the wall built by Hadrian)3. … ritual and from its outward appearance. It is in fact a golden statue of beard- … ' In the cult attaching to this temple divination is a strong point; and divina- … move forwards to deliver their responses. Persons at a distance also consult … that human guile had no hand in the matter. He began by sending a sealed … inscriptions the first three probably came from the sanctuary on the Ianiculum {supra … politan. j et Nemauso (on the left of this stone is the relief described and figured infra … 4 Macrob. Sat. 1. 23. 10—20. 5 Cp. Loukian. de dea Syr. 5.

553

sealed, and sent off, with nothing written on it. The priests, ignorant of the … the fact that it was a vine1. … they adore as a god mighty above all others. But with him they associate … proclaim a solar character. The image of Adad is seen conspicuous with rays … force of the beams sent up on high5. Beneath this same image are the forms … campaign (117 A.D.), it being a mark of military authority. … College, Cambridge, informs me that Macrobius, who is taking Adad to be a reduplicated … had da, " zerbrechen, krachen."' See further A. Jeremias in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 23.

554

honours with them; for inscriptions attest a Heliopolitan triad … Heliopolis was for long a battle-ground of paganism and … [I. o.] m. et Ve|neri et | Mercurio j Heliopoli | [t]anis Q. Tejdius Maxi|mus v. 1. a. (sic), … 2 On the ugly connotation of the words /u^os, jXLjxds in the Hellenistic east see … Diet. Chr. Biogr. ii. 617.

555

Heathenism was for a while triumphant1. But in 379 a.d. Theo- … famous idol' of Bctalbek was still to be seen in the time of Justin ii … into a strong citadel, the Kaltia, which still stands much as it stood … 1 Id. ib. 4. 22. … (see the note by J. Markland in Dindorf's ed. of the Chronicon Paschale ii. 394 ff., … we have here the Greek fiaXavetov, which appears in Syriac as balana (cp. S. A. Cook … 5 Michael the Syrian trans. J. B. Chabot ii. 262 f., cited by R. Dussaud Notes de

556

several problems still awaited solution. Fortunately a visit of the … consisted of two towers united by a colonnade, and was approached … tell how Longinus, a life-guard of the first Parthian legion, and … 2 See especially R. Pococke A description of the East, and some other countries … the years 1783, 1784, and 1785 (English ed.) London 1787 ii. 232—248 with a plan and … 4 O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 88 f., id. Fiihrer … dua aerea auro inluminata sua pecunia ex voto 1. a. s. On these two inscriptions see … votum sua pecunia 1. [a. s.].

558

(figs. 4202, 421 3, 4224) have been thought to represent a cypress- … advocated by Monsieur R. Dussaud7 that we have here a corn-ear … 4 F. Lajard Recherches sur le culte du cypres pyramidal Paris 1854 pp. 97 ff., 360 … Nemea stood in a cypress-grove (Paus. 2. 15. 2) and the shrines used by the mystics of

559

a patch of sacred corn1 ? … and rectangular recesses ; and beneath the floor was a vaulted … water, adorned with a mosaic floor, above which rose a circular … Lupke Ba'a/beh Berlin 1910 pis. 8—13, 14a, 15. … end, that it might conform to the usual arrangement of a Christian church, while the

560

level of the court, was mounted by means of a broad flight of steps. … in width by 8775 metres in length. Round it stood a single row of

561

for sundry patches of a cement-paving, has entirely disappeared. … a very broad pteron or ambulatory. The whole building is shown … 1 O. Puchstein & T. von Liipke op. cit. pi. 17. In the background appears the snow- … 4 R. Dussaud Notes de mythologie syrienne Paris 1905 p. 94 f. fig. 23.

562

was supported on three sides—north, west, and south—by a terrace1 … Ba'-albek Berlin 1910 pis. 17, 27, 28.

563

neighbouring quarry lies half-finished a stone, which measures at … attains a length of 2172 metres (fig. 430)4. Greeks and Romans … 3 Supra p. 555 n. 3. A parallel is furnished by the fourth temple of Apollon at … 5 On colossal statues etc. as a means of literally ' magnifying' the god see Folk-Lore

564

demanded a supreme effort. But here, as in the case of the … Adjoining the great temple of Zeus was a second sacred edifice … which was divided by half-columns into a central sanctuary and … pi. 34, E, H. Frauberger Die Akropolis von Baalbek Frankfurt a. M. 1892 pi. 16.

565

the temple of Zeus; and the relief of the eagle carrying a caduceus, … bunches of corn and poppies and a string of vine-leaves and ivy. … an unfinished frieze, which represents a procession of twelve persons, … kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 98 n. 4. … Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2779.

566

the left Dionysos leans against a vine with Ariadne beside him … We have yet to notice a remarkable and much-canvassed coin- … c. 200 A.D.3 Since, however, the capitals of the Propylaion were … 1 F. De Saulcy Numismatique de la terre sainte Paris 1874 p. 13 pi. 1, 4, with legend … 4 Supra p. 556.

567

glory1. On this showing the temple here figured is that of Zeus'2. … years, make it certain that he stood with a bull on either hand6. … main the description cited from Macrobius10. It is, in fact, a beardless … describes it as an unknown temple, possibly situated on the neighbouring height of Sheik … Adad was a mountain-god {supra p. 551). … 7 For a full list see R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. 1903 i. 347 ff., ii. 91 ff., 1905 i. … sketch marking the disk on the god's chest, etc.) = id. Notes de mythologie syrienne Paris

568

charioteer with a whip in his raised right hand. He wears, however,

569

A disk is suspended round his neck. The upper part of his body … bears in front a joint-dedication … and a string of jewels (?)4. His . ._____'."Jill Llllll J\ … hand a fragment of the bunch of corn, and perhaps of the thunderbolt too, mentioned by … inscription on the stele from Beirut [supra p. 567 n. 8). The dedicators of the two monu- … 3 Height of stile o-9om. F. Lenormant in the Gaz. Arch. 1876 ii. 78 ff. pi. 21 … 4 Pliny in his list of precious stones includes ' Adad's kidney,' ' Adad's eye,' and

570

on its stalk. On the sides of the case are two thunderbolts. And … Somewhat more elaborate is a stele of white marble, which came … 4 Height o'55m. H. Bazin in the Rev. Arch. 1886 ii. 257 ff. pi. 26 published this … tiraeus-snakes; that the herm does not rest on the lion's head and cannot therefore be

571

of his body-sheath appears a beardless herm wearing a kdlathos; … Real-Enc. ii. 2834 f., vii. 1174, infra n. 2) ; and that the lower part of the relief closely … [Ki/jpt'wt [T]e\v]\vaiip Ba\\/u,apKu>5i | rc^ /cat Mr]\ypb, /ca[r]a j KeXevcn[v] | deov ' A\pe/j,dr)\vov … Avcrrpov i.e. in March 196 a.d.). At Kefr-Nebo, twelve or thirteen hours' ride from … dated in the year 223 a.d.) and an inscription at Ny-Carlsberg of uncertain provenance … as Tevvaios the lion that appears on coins of Berytos with a

572

lastly a helmeted figure (Ares ?) and a bearded god (Herakles?). … A bronze in the Joanneum at Graz (fig. 440)3 has the kdlathos … 349, ii. 91 n. 4 = id. Notes de mythologie syrienne Paris 1903—1905 … enlarged |), which surrounds the god's head with a radiate nimbus. … nos. 4, 5.

573

a wreath in its beak. Below the busts and the eagle are rosettes … 1903 ii. 401).

574

A bronze from the Hamilton collection, now in the British … (fig. 443 a, by shows the god wearing not only an Egyptian wig but … Arch. 1903 ii. 399—401 fig. 1. … op. cit. p. 125 ff. fig. 3i=my fig. 444). This too has Egyptising hair, a pschent, a small

575

busts etc. on the sheath are exception- SL … with a crescent between her breasts. Next ^M>k^\ … rayed star. Then follows a central panel … Finally, a series of five more busts—Posei-

576

The second statuette is simpler (fig. 445 a, b)\ The beardless … It is noticeable that no bulls are figured on any of these … that together with each of the Tortosa figures was found a bronze … represented on the cylinders as standing on the back of a … 1 De Ridder Cat. Bronzes de la coll. de Clercq p. [45 f. no. 219 pis. 35, 2, 36, 4, … no. 219: head turned slightly to left, and tufts of hair between the horns forming a sort … forms of the sky-god, Adad hailing from the west-country Amurril {supra p. 549 n. 4) … Myth. iv. 48 fig. 5), sometimes unwinged, as on the ste'le of Esarhaddon (680-669 B.C.) from

577

essentially related to the bull4. And, since a Susian deity obviously … Sin was undeniably a moon-god and Samas a sun-god,, while Istar … takably a storm-god. He is, however, constantly coupled with

578

Probably, then, Adad or Ramman was a storm-god, who in process … rays caught in the clouds (Aristot. meteor. 2. 9. 369 b 12 f.) : see E. Zeller A Histof-y of

579

Ramman—as a solar deity representing some particular phase of … considered a fitting vehicle for him, partly perhaps because its … enormous birds flocking on their swift wings from below the … where he had passed....Zu had as son a vigorous bull, which, … constellation Taurus5. But in any case it is invoked as a bringer … in the Beitrdge zur Assyrialogie Leipzig 1894 ii. 416 f. See also A. Jeremias Die baby-

580

Sumerian god of Nippur, bore a name which meant 'Lord of the … north-east (Elam). On entering the fertile plain, where agriculture … the two exercised a reciprocal influence over each other. Thus … designates Enlil4. In a fragment of a hymn, Enlil is described … In another composition the refrain reads, "A sturdy bull art thou." … 4 Langdon Sutnerian and Babylonian Psalms no. 10, cp. pp. 85, 127, 277, etc.

581

seen both in the colossal bulls which form a feature of Assyrian art … they represented4. A magnificent thunderbolt of wood thickly … 1 E.g. Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de V Art ii. 280 f., 334 ff. ; v. 486 ff. … /mepos iire\dcoKei'' 'A/xdpa jxbvov ou/c e'dunev, elirev \ de " e£<x'0es 6 e'xets, KCtL Tore \rj\pei … 9 A. Dieterich Eine Mithrasliturgie'1 Leipzig and Berlin 1910 pp. 20 f., 220 f., id. … 12 Id. ib. cites Corp. inscr. Gr. iii no. 4908 (Philai) ' Ajxapiuv | /m/j.os. For a gilded

582

that we have here to do with a Grecised form of Adad, god of the … A valuable account of her temple and cult is given by the … The golden doors of its pronaos gave access to a naos gilded … a different name. Both are of gold, and both are seated ; but Hera is carried … 2 Plin. nat. hist. 5. 81. 3 Ail. de nat. an. 12. 2. 4 Strab. 748. … 7 Plout. v. Crass. 17, supra p. 550.

583

at her, will be found to exhibit a variety of forms. The general effect is certainly … Aithiopia, Media, Armenia, and Babylonia. But a point more worthy of … call it a sign : they have given it no special name, indeed they do not … Dindorf and others, would imply that she wore the kestos on her head. … where it was said to spring from a divine shower and was found by the reflected light of

584

It appears, then, that the thdlamos at Hierapolis contained a … presuppose—as J. Garstang holds—a common Hittite nucleus6, … num? p. 804, Tib. 1. 7. 17 f.). … Semiramis and all the kings of Assyria had the dove as their military standard—a doubtful … associated with Semiramis for two reasons. On the one hand, Semiramis was assimilated … 1 This refers to a myth and a rite described by the pseudo-Lucian ib. 12 f. Beneath … a turreted head-dress, chiton, and pttplos; holding two ears of corn in her left hand, a … iwe^eTai to mean that Zeus and Hera were literally seated on their sacred beasts: rather

585

goes on to say that in the main body of the temple, on the left … decidedly. When they stoop and carry him, he drives them on, whirling them … bearers forwards like a charioteer. So they gather their oracles and do nothing … tinguished from the image of Zeus seated on bulls in the inner … virtues of the sun under the form of a single bearded image, which they call … the said deity. The female form stands for the earth, on which the sun is shin- … point to the altitude of the sun. A Gorgon-vest is added because* Minerva, … 1 Loukian. de dea Syr. 36, cp. ib. 10. 2 Macrob. Sat. 1. 17. 66 ft'.

586

opinion of some one who identified him as a solar power with … a dove between them. This arrangement is con- … 2 On coins of Tarsos from Hadrian to Gallienus appears a cult-image of Apollon … 4 J- Pellerin Milange de diverses me'dailles pour servir de supplement aux recueils des … 5 F. Neumann Populorum et regum nummi veieres inediti Vienna 1783 ii. 74 ff.

587

effigies of the temple-deities. Again, 'on the top of it there is … no details are on record. … 4 See now J. Garstang The Syrian Goddess London 1913 pp. 23 ff., 73 n. 45, who … 6 Ib. pp. liv, 138 pi. 17,8 (struck in the time of Antoninus Pius).

588

Several fragments of them remain on the east side, especially at the east gate ; … Here are a multitude of subterraneous aqueducts brought to this city, the people … 'At the west part of the town there is a dry bason, which seemed to … that were tame. About two hundred paces within the east gate there is a raised … perish. I observed a low wall running from it to the gate, so that probably it … north of the temple belonged to it. A court is mentioned to the north of the … 4 R. Pococke A Description of the East, and Some other Countries London 1745 ii- 1.

589

have been where there are now some ruins of a large building, which seems to … massive architecture, not unlike the Egyptian, and 11 arches form one side of a … 'As a result of the Circassian occupation almost all the standing remains of … with silt and overgrown with grass. Secondly, scanty remains of a stepped … These remains extend all along the western bank and are visible also on the … reached, the ground rises abruptly to a plateau, and probably here was an … ground rises to a low hill on which some of the better Circassian houses are … 4 Dr Hogarth notes further a much defaced limestone lion near the south-east angle

590

Syrian Zeus was worshipped as a bull-god1. To Dion, near Pella … attests the same cult. It has for a reverse type a bearded god … 1837 pi. 3 b, 3 and 4), Eleutheropolis (id. ib. p. 243 no. 2) and Nikopolis in Iudaea … A€IHN](jON I CEH (in the year 268 of the Pompeian era = 204 a.d.), Brit. Mas. … 4 F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1898 xviii. 170 n. 9, citing A. L. Millin

591

ciated with Adad (Zeus) marked him as a god of thunder and fertility. … and ritual3. He was here a fitting partner of Atargatis (Hera), a … future dwelt there. A bronze statue of him by Hermokles of Rhodes, which stands in … In this myth Kombabos is obviously a Syrian parallel to Attis, who, according to one … a The statements of the pseudo-Lucian with regard to the ritual at Hierapolis may … and reaching to a height of thirty fathoms. Twice a year a man climbs up one of them

592

seated on the (paXXol raised for Dionysos, and notes that on the right of the temple at … by the Turks to be (paXXoi used in the cult of the Syrian goddess. On the beaten gong … the altar: more than 300 of them come to the sacrifice. All wear white garments and a … twice a day. During the sacrifice to Zeus they keep silence; during that to Hera they … blocks the way and implores him to depart. On the occasion of their greatest festivals … in the courtyard. On these they hang live goats, sheep, etc. together with birds,

593

was a god worshipped since Hittite times in Kilikia and the … day. Hence doves dwell with them, enter their houses, and feed for the most part on … both for bathing and for drinking and must always sleep on the ground, it being forbidden … itself; but, having brought the victim to the altar and poured a libation over it, they lead … down hence, but not as they do the beasts : they put them in a sack and lower them

594

id. ib. Berlin 1906 pp. 4—7 (cp. a second relief near Ibriz, which appears to be an exact … of Cappadocia' in the Recueil de Travatix relatifs a la Philologie et d P Archeologie

595

seen at Ivriz, where a singularly fertile glen runs far into the … two persons represented : the Peasant-god, a gigantic figure fourteen feet in … with turned-up toes, characteristic of the godlike figures on all Hittite sculptures. … In front of the right foot is the suggestion of a bolted implement, possibly … Sandas was clearly a god of fertility1. The bovine horns on … corn, he acquired the characteristics of Zeus. On silver coins

596

sceptre in his right hand, a corn-ear and a bunch of grapes in his … and Trans-Euphratesia, 351—334 B.C. (figs. 456, 457)4, together with … the same deity enthroned with a lotos-sceptre and grouped in various … Babelon op. cit. ii. 2. 443 ff.

597

loses his distinctive attributes altogether. And on later pieces … also his title Ba'al-tars and appears as a purely Hellenic Zeus. … 1 Id. ib. ii. 2. 475 ff. pi. 114, 21 f. … 4—9, Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 548 f. pi. 60, 12, Head Hist, hum? p. 732 f.). … accessible cave on the mountain behind Anazarbos {Ana- J … tepews de&v \ 'Ayptwv Zetrou TavpiaKov \ erovs j3op = 153 a.d. or possibly 192 a.d.).

598

fact that Zeus too was a giver of fertility1. But this identification2 … struck by Datames, which represented Balal-tars as a Zeus-like … Zeus, laureate, to right; rev. 6T0YC ) BAP (=132=113/114 a.d.) head of Tyche, … See further A. von Domaszewski 'Zeus '0\u/3pios' in the Num. Zeitschr.ign pp. 10—12. … pi. 14, 10, Imhoof-Blumer Kleinas. Miinzen ii. 494, Head … Berlin 1901 p. 387 ff., F. Cumontin the Archiv f. Rel. 1906 ix. 323 ff., A. v. Domaszewski

599

On the right stands Datames himself in chiton and himdtion raising … Herakles on certain specimens (fig. 455) room is found for a second … of a royal or quasi-royal proclamation. I would therefore suggest … onwards (figs. 462—46s)5 bears a much closer resemblance to the … of Cambridge, for examining a number of these coins and deciphering their legend. … (Babelon Monti, gr. ro'm. ii. 2. 413 f. pi. 109, 13 and 15) or outside the frame behind … 3 E. Babelon Les Perses Achemenides Paris 1893 pp. clvi—clix, id. Monn. gr. rom. ii. … effeminate Zeus or Dionysos is here snapping his fingers (Athen. 530 A ff.) at Herakles, … 6 In the rock-carvings of Iasily Kaya near Boghaz-Keui the Hittite son-god stands on

600

is both winged and horned. He is draped and wears a tall head- … stretches forth his right hand in what is clearly a characteristic … (113—95 B.C.) show Sandas between two small cones or altars on … Childhood of Art London 1912 p. 138 ff.). He wears a short tunic, shoes with upturned … pi. 36, 9, Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 548 pi. 60, n, Imhoof-Blumer and O. Keller op. cit. … 5 I take this gesture to be expressive of power. In the Old Testament a ' stretched

601

of Melcarth, the god was burned in effigy on his own pyre-.' … it were a permanent structure. … 8 Id. ib. pp. 84—90 'raises a strong presumption, though it cannot be said to amount

602

Again, the eagle on its apex resembles the eagle on the pyramidal … bunches and a pyramid topped by an eagle, we may perhaps … exhibit on the pyramid a symbol resembling the three-petalled … 2 For the pyre of Zeus Strdtios as shown on coins of Amaseia see the Class. Rev. 1904

603

The significance of the pyramid as a cult-object is uncertain. … tionalised form of a mountain2, … relation to Zeus. If so, a parallel … 2 A coin of Kaisareia in Kappadokia, struck in 113 a.d., shows a pyramid {Hunter … habetur, unde ad nostram usque memoriam a Cappadocibus et Heliensibus (v. II. Helini- … Auravdav was a false reading for ~2dv8av due to dittography (AI = the AI of yvwplfcaOai).

604

essentially a god of fertility, was also in Hellenistic times con- … Roman age2. To cite but one example: a bronze brought from … Dolichenus*, furnishes another example of a Hittite god surviving … the central scene of the rock-carvings near Boghaz-keui (fig. 4/6)10 … 4 Id. ib. Additions et Corrections p. (67). … 8 The most complete monograph on Iupiter Dolichenus is A. H. Kan De Iovis … son at the head of the right-hand procession. The father-god, who stands on the bowed

605

the father-deity has at his side a bull1, which as his alter ego wears … the same high head-dress as he does. On a Hittite cylinder at … Gesellschaft 1896 iv. 18 f. (who reads the Babylonian inscription on this Hittite seal as

606

a leash. On another cylinder in the collection of J. Pierpont … accompanied by the divine attendant (sukallu) stands before the god, who carries a … 4 Supra p. 577 fig. 446.

607

wearing boots, hose, a short chiton with a broad belt, and a kdndys … their son, himself visited Syria in 215 A.D. Alexander Severus … A good selection of them is given by Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. nos. 4296—4324.

608

At Rome he had two sanctuaries, one on the Esquiline, the … inscriptions found there4. One of these throws some light on the … 3 The Notitia regionum urbis xiv (written between 334 and 357 a.d.) and the Curio- … Latin b ■ f [bona fortuna) corresponds with the Greek dyadrj tvxv as a preliminary formula … stantisso (sic) exhibitori invicto, etc. On the epithet aeterni see F. Cumont in the Rev. … 1466 f.) implies, not merely the ritual use of white clothing (T. Mommsen on Corp. inscr.

609

regarded as a sky-god ('Preserver of the Whole Sky'), whose … 1 The word proscaenium is used of a facade or porch in front of the temple (De Vit … 4 lecticari dei. This implies that the image of the god was sometimes paraded in a … no. 4319: I. o. m. a. D. et | Soli digno pres., | etc. This should be read Iovi Optimo

610

was regarded by the Romans as a solar power2, we can understand … himself, but 'to the Invincible Sun' etc.4; and it represents the old … with a partner-goddess called 1 Iuno the Holy Mistress/ and another, … etc. Probably Dessau no. 4320, like Dessau no. 4319, came from the Dolocemim on the … imperial a considere tous les Baals syriens comme des dieux solaires.' … A. von Domaszewski Die Religion des romischen Heeres Trier 1895 p. 64 no. 134 pi. 3, 5, … 5 Corp. inscr. Lat. vi no. 367 = Kan op. cit. p. 69^ no. 74 (dated 218 a.d.) Iunoni

611

tively1. Two more, from Caerleon-on-Usk in Monmouthshire2 and … a female partner are alike supported by the extant monuments of … the year 1648 A.D. a marble statuette, now preserved at Stuttgart, … sua d. d. Since Iuno Regina had a temple of her own on the Aventine (H. Jordan— … 2 Corp. inscr. Lat. vii no. 98 = Kan op. cit: p. 90 no. 112 (on an altar found in … :i Corp. inscr. Lat. vii no. 956 (on a small altar): I(ovi) o(ptimo) m(aximo) ] D(olicheno), … Paternus ex iussu eius pro salute | sua et suorum. On this statuette see further Gustos

612

horns of the bull. A third is indicated in relief on a short column, … aspect of a Dolichenus'-shrine, may be inferred from the finds made … presumably the M. Aur. Apollinaris, a decurio of Mursella, who dedicated two altars, … 4 Id. id. p. 177 fig. 14 = Kan op. cit. p. 47 f. fig.

614

once held up a vaulted roof, above which there had been a second … contained a limestone relief, a marble … Iupiter, who stands as usual on his bull (fig. 484)3. The statue (H), … figs. 16, 17, 18, E. Borraann id. pp. 210 ff., 2i5f., Kan op. cit. p. 50 f. nos. 42. 43, 44.

615

his right hand uplifts a double-axe; his left holds the remains of a … a foot from base to apex, which have here and there come to light.

616

identified with Lussonium in Lower Pannonia. The reliefs on these … busts of the Sun and Moon ; the upper one, a lily-plant. The … 1 Kan op. cit. p. 43 f. no. 28, a. The best publication of this plate is that of Desjardins

617

to it, in a separate panel as before, are busts of the Sun with a … bronze plates are bounded along their common sides by a leaf- … In the Archaeological Institute at Vienna is a pair of similar, … bulls behind which a corresponding god stood on the left of … 2 Kan op. cit. p. 55 ff. no. 58, a, A. von Domaszewski loc. cit. p. 60 pi. 4, 2a, 20, … 3 R. Munsterberg loc. cit. p. 230 f. fig. 102 well compares a small bronze statuette of

618

like Venus than Iuno. Lowest of all came a handled label,

619

shield, and beside him his northern attribute—a goose with out- … middle is a tree with leaves and fruit. To the left of it stands … excavation of a Roman settlement on the Heidenfeld : they are … 2 A. von Cohausen Fiihrer durch das Altertumsmuseum zu Wiesbaden p. 236. … 4 A slate palette from a pre-dynastic grave at El Gerzeh shows a cow's head with … its horns made of gold and a large rosette between them plated with gold (Perrot—Chipiez

620

eastern and southern deities. In the midst is Isis on a hind (?). She … Phrygian caps, on their heads. Their upraised hands grasp four … to the Louvre, shows a bull, whose flank is adorned with a large rayed rosette: this, … in Campania have for their reverse type the forepart of a man-headed bull, on the … 1 Cp. Reinach Rep. Stat. ii. 341 no. 3, 422 nos. 4, 5, alib. … 4 Kan op. cit. p. 103 f. no. 145, c.

621

rib on the back of it and of its fellow, the spear-like aspect of … pyramid as a ritual object points to the cult of a mountain-deity3. … in.his temple with a thunderbolt in one hand, a sceptre or lance in the other {infra

622

of the Heddernheim plate1 raise a further question. What have … mediaeval times8. Lilies were wrought by Pheidias on the … 4 Infra p. 627 ff. 5 Stipra p. 515. … 7 Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de r Art vi. 783 pi. 19, 5, Sir A. J. Evans in the Ann. Brit. … 11 Paus. 5. 24. 1 f. eo-Te<pavojfj.evov de 01a 8r) tivdeai, k. t. A.

623

Zeus {Tinid) has an eagle-sceptre in his right hand, a winged … phallos of an ass2. And a lily-flower growing in north Africa was … pomegranate-flowers : but cp. the lily-wreath and lily-sceptre of Zeus on another Etruscan … irapdevwv Biavva KaXov/aevrj, x°Pev0V0~a> virb tlpos x^Lcr/xaT0S iXrjcpOrj.

624

was said to delight in the lily2. Her head on silver coins of Elis … lingered on into post-classical times. Byzantine writers regarded … 4 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Peloponnesus pp. 65^, 68 ff. pi. 12, 13, 15, pi. 13, 13, … of Gk. States i. 213 ff., 232 ff. coin-pl. a, 17 and 18, A. Lambropoulos in the Zeitschr.f. … that hemiobols of Argos struck before 421 b.c. exhibit as their obverse type a star-shaped … loc, Paus. 9. 25. 2, Diod. 4. 9. See also the painting by Jacopo Robusti il Tintoretto … On the folk-lore of the Milky Way see further Mdusine 1884-85 ii. 151 ff. 'La Voie

625

Manasses, who in the middle of the twelfth century composed a … Clear as a crystal was Selene's light. … Zeus like a lily shone; a violet, Ares; … Another Byzantine scholar drew up in prose a list of the seven … 3 J. Millingen Ancient Unedited Monuments Series ii London 1826 p. 36 pi. 19, 2 … are by the hand of a corrector. J. Bernays in the Arch. Zeit. 1875 xxxii. 99 cites Lobeck

626

late and irresponsible authors, but a systematised selection from … Cramer anecd. Paris, iii. 113, 4 ff. (cited by Gruppe Gr. Myth. Ret. p. 1491 n. 4) … koXolos rip "Apei did to ra/)a%(35es, T(p HXt'c^ rjyovv t<2 ''AttoXXcovl 6 idpnos, 0 £(TTi yevos … avT&v (cp. Eustath. in II. p. 25, 2 ff., p. 1154, 48 ft".). A. Ludwich as an appendix to

627

as standing in a distyle building, the gable of which contains a … clearly on the second specimen (fig. 493)4, which above and below … 4 K. Zangemeister loc. cit. 1901 cvii. 63 pi. 6, 1 and 3.

628

The third silver plate (fig. 494)1 shows a distyle temple, in the … Below is an altar. To the left of it stands Iupiter Dolichenus on … the altar stands a female (?) figure, … London plates that a separate de- … medallions depicting Cupid with a round shield and a lance: of … 1 K. Zangemeister op. cit. cvii. 63 pi. 7, 1. Fig. 494 is from a photograph taken for … 4 E. Gerhard loc. cit. 1863 xxxv. 31 ff. pi. 1, 2, Kan op. cit. p. 106 no. 151.

629

Iupiter Dolichenus was in some sense, then, a god of precious … 1 Kan op. cit. p. 17.

630

thirty-two Latin inscriptions bearing on this divinity1. They in- … But A. H. Kan justly objects that there is not a particle of … 4 Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. no. 43x6. … oriundam a Sole dictam putant, quod ei publice a populo Romano datus sit locus, in … 7 Paul, ex Fest. p. 9, 2 f. Mviller, p. 8, 14 Lindsay (aurum) alii a Sabinis translatum … Kan op. cit. p. 82 no. 92 (from the Carrafa vineyard on the Quirinal at Rome) Iovi … p. 57 no. 60 (Pfiinz: a bronze tablet found near the camp of the first cohort of the … p. 26 ff. (found in 1840 A.D. at Apulum in Dacia) numini et virtutibu[s Iovis optimi

631

with some Semitic epithet and imply a Commagenian myth now … silver9.' On the whole it seems clear that in Pontos, where, as … the days of the Hittites, who worshipped a great mountain-mother. … 4 Et. mag. p. 805, 22 f. XdXu/3es edvos eicrl ~LKvdi.Kbv £vda 6 aid-qpos tlkt€to,l, Souid. s.v. … 7 Steph. Byz. s.v. XaXSi'a, Eustath. in Dionys. per._ 767. See further Baumstark in … apytipov ecrri yeve6\r]. On the ancient variants e£ 'AXotttjs, it, 'AX6/3t?s, e£ 'AXvfiwv, e/c

632

points backwards to a time when the god was identified with his … They also collected gold in a small island lying off their coast5. … 2 For 'Minoan' parallels see infra ch. ii § 3 (c) i. … ' The Sumerians may have first used meteoric iron at a very early period, like the … considered certain. And L. de Launay in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. ii. 1076 gives

633

sometimes coupled1 or identified2, was essentially a thunder-god … found traces of the same religious history—a local worship of the … pro sa[l(ute)] Aug(usti), where Kubitschek cj. that rel was a stone-cutter's error for … altar from Carvoran {supra p. 552 n. 3), used as a trough in a stable at Thirl wall, perhaps … 4 Supra p. 435. … sometimes coupled1 or identified2, was essentially a thunder-god … found traces of the same religious history—a local worship of the … pro sa[l(ute)] Aug(usti), where Kubitschek cj. that rel was a stone-cutter's error for … altar from Carvoran {supra p. 552 n. 3), used as a trough in a stable at Thirl wall, perhaps … 4 Supra p. 435.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XXI: The significance of the bull in the cults of Zeus

634

was as Zeus A dados or Iupiter Heliopolitanus that he reached his … is his significance in ancient religion ? Prof. Gilbert Murray in a … 4 Infra p. 640 fig. 500. 5 Supra p. 604 ff. … {or. 2 p. 69 ff. Reiske) on the Homeric text //. 2. 480—-483. … seu medicus 10 (xiv. 706 Kiihn), Eustath. in II. pp. 259, 3 f., 527, 43 ff., 906, 60, id. in … Ber. sacks. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Classe 1855 p. 58 n. 116 pi. 5, 4 and 5,

635

a disk between their horns. In Crete too the solar character of the … this deity was likewise regarded as a sun-god; for c. 1271 B.C. … 3 Supra pp. 432—436. 4 Supra p. 436 f. … 9 Infra ch. ii § 3 (c) i (5). 10 Infra p. 640 fig. 500.

636