Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

Zeus-like deities in wolf-skin garb 99

knotted round the wearer's neck (fig. 70)1. It will not be denied
that this interesting bronze shows a Zeus-like god wearing a wolf-
skin. But we shall not venture to describe him as Zeus Lykaios.
For there is neither literary nor epigraphic evidence to prove that
the Arcadian Zeus travelled as far north as he did south. And,
even if that had been the case, his cult-type was widely different
from this. Rather we shall agree with S. Reinach2, who ranges the
Bonn statuette3 along with a whole series of bronzes representing
the Gallo-Roman Dis pater, the ancestor—Caesar tells us4—of all
the Gauls. Such figures regularly hold a bowl in one hand and
rest the other on a long-handled mallet. Many of them also wear
a wolf-skin hood (fig. 71)5, though the nature of the skin is seldom
so clearly marked as in this example. Reinach himself suggests
that the Gaulish mallet-god may have got his wolf-skin from some
Greek identification of him with the Arcadian Zeus Lykaios*. But
it must not be forgotten that in Etruscan tomb-paintings at Orvieto
(fig. 72)7 and Corneto (fig. 73)* Hades likewise is coifed in a wolf-
skin9 ; and from the Etruscan Hades to the Gallo-Roman Dis pater
there is but a short step.

1 J. Overbeck in the fahrb. d. Vereins v. Alterthumsfreund. im Rheinl. 1851 xvii.
69—74 pi. 2, id. Katalog der kdnigl. preuss. rhein. Mus. vaterldnd. Alterthiimer Bonn
1851 p. 98 no. 5, id. Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 266f. Overbeck is followed by Gruppe
Gr. Myth. Rel. p. n 16 n. 8.

2 Reinach Bronzes Figure's pp. 137—185. 3 Id. ib. p. 181.

4 Caes. de bell. Gall. 6. 18.

5 Drawn from a cast of the bronze found at Saint-Paul-Trois-Chateaux (Drome) and
now in the Museum at Avignon (Reinach op. cit. p. 141 no. 146, Rep. Stat. ii. 21 no. 8).
Another fine specimen from Vienne (Isere) is in the British Museum {Brit. Mus. Cat.
Bronzes p. 142 no. 788, Gaz. Arch. 1887 xii. 178 pi. 26).

6 Reinach op. cit. p. 141 n. 2, cp. p. 162 n. 8.

7 G. Conestabile Pittiire murali e suppellettili etrusche scoperte presso Orvieto nel 1863
da Domen. Golini Firenze 1865 pi. n, Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1807 f.

8 Mon. d. Inst, ix pis. 15 and 15 a, W. Helbig in the Ann. d. Inst. 1870 xlii. 27,
C. Scherer in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1805.

9 W. H. Roscher in the Abh. d. sacks. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Classe 1897
xvii. 3. 44 f., 60 f. compares Lykas the hero of Temesa, who was ' horribly black' and
wore a wolf-skin (Paus. 6. 6. 11) and Lykos the hero of Athens, who had the form of a
wolf (Eratosth. ap. Harpokr. s.v. Se/cdfwi', alib.), arguing that in Greece as elsewhere
'die Todtengeister Wolfsgestalt annehmen.' A gold pendant seal of the sixth century B.C.
from Kypros shows a male figure with the head and tail of a wolf thrusting a sword
through a panther or lion {Brit. Mus. Cat. fewellery p. 167 no. 1599 fig. 49 pi- 26).
Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Sculpt, p. 80 n. 1 recognises as Thanatos a winged
youth with a wolf-skin or dog-skin cap, who carries off a girl on an Attic statuette-vase
belonging to the end of the fifth century B.C. {Ath. Mitth. 1882 vii. 381 ff. pi. 12). A
beardless head wearing a wolf-skin occurs on a copper coin of Sinope (H. Dressel in the
Zeitschr. f. Num. 1898 xxi. 218 pi. 5, 6, Waddington-Babelon-Reinach Monn.gr. d'As.
Min. i. 196 pi. 26, 15); but this, to judge from a copper coin of Amisos {Brit. Mus. Cat.
Coins Pontus etc. xvi, 20 pi. 4, 3, Head Hist, num.2 p. 497 (Amazon Lykastia?), Imhoof-
Blumer Gr. Miinzen p. 46 pi. 3, 20), is probably female. Furtwangler loc. cit. interprets

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