Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / VI: The Kyklops of the east and the Kyklops of the west

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31 o The Kyklops of the East and West … A distant echo of this mythopoeic stage may be heard in … two, male and female, but a third as well, which was a compound of them both. … had a single head with four ears. Moreover, he had two sets of generative … be put thus. The male was originally the offspring of the sun ; the female, of … rationalised them into pirates, but that tradition made them the offspring of the Nemean … from Kouretis (= Euboia) and ultimately from Thrace, where there was a tribe of … k6k\ip £x°v- That is, every man had the shape of two men joined back to back, so that … comment in The Metaphysical Basis of Plato's Ethics Cambridge 1895 p. 138 f.

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The Kyklops of the East and West 311 … world in search of his other half. And, if Zeus hears much more … the serious beliefs of the past. When Platon speaks of a third sex … describe Argos by the author of the Aigimios (schol. Eur. Phoen. 1116). Is it accidental

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312 The Kyklops of the East and West … sense of artistic fitness prescribed, first that the Kyklops should … to the original conception of the western Kyklops and speaks of his … eye, according to Strab. 21. The Kyklopes of Aitne are one-eyed in Eur. Cycl. 21Y.; … of the Trojan war gives Polyphemos two eyes and makes Odysseus pluck out one of them

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The Kyklops of the East and West 313 … simile refers to the size (and shape), the other to the glow, of … Of course no simile or collection of similes can prove that the … from which he took his name, with the shining orb of the sun8. … survey of analogous myths all the world over, comes to the conclusion that the man- … by the solar hero or sun-god, who wrests from him the means of making fire. On this … § 3 (b)). W. H. Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1689, 59 ff. suggests that the one eye of the

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314 The Kyklops of the East and West … Three sons of size and strength, not to be named, … certain many-armed giants of the self-same parentage. If we may … nick-name of Appius Claudius Caecus). … 5 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians London 1904 i. 298 f., 306.

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The Kyklops of the East and West 315 … Crown, and thou art the lord of radiant light and the creator of brilliant rays____ … Ra was likewise fused with Tern the local sun-god of Annu, … Budge, 'was the physical body of the SunV And monuments of … 1 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians i. 422 f. Meh-urt, ib. i. 365 Hathor, … 2 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians ii. 8. … 6 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians i. 467, cp. ib. i. 109, 165, 202, 248, … 7 E. A. Wallis Budge A History of Egypt London 1902 iv. 119, The Gods of the

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316 The Kyklops of the East and West … spite of obvious inconsistencies. A Greek of the classical period … from the exclusiveness of primitive religion, the easier it is to hold … 1 E. A. Wallis Budge A History of Egypt iv. 133 Khut-en-Aten on a portable throne,

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mere succession of pictures or metaphors. A fin-de-siecle poet … With glowing" spokes of red, … while elsewhere in the same little volume he prefers to speak of … is of the scantiest. The scholiast on Euripides, probably confusing … They are, that is, elder and unsuccessful rivals of Zeus. … Arges—are all but identical with sundry titles of Zeus, namely … 3 Id. ib. p. 18. Mr Owen Seaman in The Battle of the Bays London 1896 p. 39 has … mere succession of pictures or metaphors. A fin-de-siecle poet … With glowing" spokes of red, … while elsewhere in the same little volume he prefers to speak of … is of the scantiest. The scholiast on Euripides, probably confusing … They are, that is, elder and unsuccessful rivals of Zeus. … Arges—are all but identical with sundry titles of Zeus, namely … 3 Id. ib. p. 18. Mr Owen Seaman in The Battle of the Bays London 1896 p. 39 has

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / VII: The Kyklops and Zeus

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thunder and lightning of Zeus, but could on occasion wield his … Of bastard bolts, not one god's-enemy … The lightning of the sky, both flash and fade, … The clappings of the thunder and with spray … On terra-cotta brasiers of Hellenistic date there is often stamped … of Zeus' thunder see Eur. Cycl. 327 f.

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that of the Kyklops. If they are right—and Furtwangler's argu- … at the advice of an ancient oracle, they first slew the daughters of … Kyklops (or the son of the Kyklops). This proved unavailing ;

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Kyklops was the son of Zeus; or Geraistos was, according to some, … the three-eyed Kyklops of Sicily bears a striking resemblance to … one with the three-eyed Zeus of Argos, who in turn is strictly … not refrain from laying hands on Odysseus through any fear of … 'This is inconsistent with what the Cyclopes acknowledged about the power of Zeus,

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The Blinding of the Kyklops' Eye 321 … settled in various parts, most of them in Kouretis: from Kouretis they came to help … Galatia took its name from Galates, son of Kyklops and Galatia. Appian. Illyr. 2 says … Io. Malal. chron. 5 p. 114 Dindorf asserts that Sikanos, king of Sicily, had three … logie celtique Paris 1884 p. 208 ff., J. Curtin Hero-Tales of Ireland Boston 1894 p. 283 ff., … 4 Append. E. J. Grimm op. cit. ii. 516 n. 2 speaks of ' sooty Cyclops' on the strength … The Blinding of the Kyklops' Eye 321 … settled in various parts, most of them in Kouretis: from Kouretis they came to help … Galatia took its name from Galates, son of Kyklops and Galatia. Appian. Illyr. 2 says … Io. Malal. chron. 5 p. 114 Dindorf asserts that Sikanos, king of Sicily, had three … logie celtique Paris 1884 p. 208 ff., J. Curtin Hero-Tales of Ireland Boston 1894 p. 283 ff., … 4 Append. E. J. Grimm op. cit. ii. 516 n. 2 speaks of ' sooty Cyclops' on the strength

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / VIII: The blinding of the Kyklops’ eye

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322 The Blinding of the Kyklops' Eye … a minute and painstaking criticism of the myth, sets aside all later … Of olive-wood yet green, which he had felled … Then 'neath the heap of embers I thrust in

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Prometheus' Theft of Fire … Is the strength of steel, so hissed the Kyklops' eye … A. Kuhn2, that the single eye of the Kyklops was an early repre- … been for the fortunate preservation of a more or less parallel myth, … theog. 567, cited by E. E. Sikes in his ed. of Aisch. P. v. p. xvii n. r, where a further … plantation, they will enclose a live stick in a hollow piece of a certain sort of wood, which … Prometheus' Theft of Fire … Is the strength of steel, so hissed the Kyklops' eye … A. Kuhn2, that the single eye of the Kyklops was an early repre- … been for the fortunate preservation of a more or less parallel myth, … theog. 567, cited by E. E. Sikes in his ed. of Aisch. P. v. p. xvii n. r, where a further … plantation, they will enclose a live stick in a hollow piece of a certain sort of wood, which

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / IX: Prometheus’ theft of fire

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324 Prometheus' Theft of Fire … common abode of Athena and Hephaistos2,' in fact from the … help of Minerva into the sky, and, applying a small torch to the wheel of the … composed. Prometheus made man out of clay, and moulded him without life … the wheel of Phoebus and stole the fire, which he applied to the breast of man, … the submerged volcano see R. C. Jebb's ed.2 of Soph. Phil. p. 243 ff. … faculam accendit. This version of the myth, which occurs with some slight variations

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / X: The fire-drill in relation to Prometheus, the Kyklops, and Zeus

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A. Kuhn in his remarkable study on The Descent of Fire has … tribes all the world over3, consists essentially of two sticks, the one … while he places the pointed end of the other stick upon it. This second stick is … My illustration (fig. 254) shows a couple of fire-sticks of this sort … 3 On the fire-drill see E. B. Tylor Researches into the Early History of Mankind and

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upper stick is made to rotate by means of a cord or strap. Thus … ' It consists in drilling one piece of ararii-wood into another by pulling a string … A. Fire-stick of thin … B Fire-stick of thicker … reports that the fire-boards of the Chuckchees in the north-east

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natural guardians of the reindeer. The holes made by drilling in the board are … turned about in the eye of a voracious and supernatural herdsman, … On this showing the hero of the Kyklops-adventure must have … blaze as 'Seed of Sicilian fire and glowing hearth' {supra p. 318).

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Ithax can hardly be dissociated from Ithake3, the home of Odysseus … out as the grandson of the Cretan Minos and says totidem verbis: … of Odysseus, e.g. on coppers of Ithake (fig. 258)6, is indistinguishable … Hyg. fab. 31 gives the name of Prometheus' eagle as Aithon (cp. 77. 15. 690). … Odysseus assumed the name Mdwv because his mother Antikleia, daughter of Autolykos … Other points of resemblance between the hero of the Kyklops-tale, Prometheus, and

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Prometheu's as the phonetic equivalent of pramantha^ \ and it is … the Kabeiros are not lacking. Several versions of the Kyklops-tale make the giant give … he did out of gratitude release Prometheus, and, to keep his oath, gave him a ring to … Prometheus a garland instead of a ring. An Etruscan mirror shows him wearing a … Axiothea the name of his wife (Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 1283) with the Cabiric names Axieros, … 1886 p. 132 n. 121, E. W. Hopkins The Religions of India Boston etc. 1895 pp. 107, … genious, but over-venturesome, writer attempts to connect Prometheus as inventor of the … ' He of the fire-drill,' and that it was distorted into Upofx-qdeis to suit the supposed con- … brother of Manthu and son of Vira-vrata, the son of Madhu and Sumanas (Sir M. … me : ' The names Manthu and Pramanthu occur in a long genealogy of one Priyavrata,

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Gyrdpsios of Chios2—a combination that strengthens his claim to … ideas expressed themselves in a cult of Zeus5. … explain a whole series of bronzes found by Messrs Saltzmann and … 4 Id. ib. ii. 227 ff. On the similar coupling of Zeus ~ Hestia see infra ch. iii § 1 (a) … which might be explained as the ' Rod-twirler,' a compound of the digammated root of … twirler (' Gertenschwinger'') to be Rhadamanthys as judge of the dead. Certainly in that … Gyrdpsios of Chios2—a combination that strengthens his claim to … ideas expressed themselves in a cult of Zeus5. … explain a whole series of bronzes found by Messrs Saltzmann and … 4 Id. ib. ii. 227 ff. On the similar coupling of Zeus ~ Hestia see infra ch. iii § 1 (a) … which might be explained as the ' Rod-twirler,' a compound of the digammated root of … twirler (' Gertenschwinger'') to be Rhadamanthys as judge of the dead. Certainly in that

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / XI: The solar wheel combined with animals

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of the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. The bronzes themselves … a similar wheel8. Since the principal cult of the early Rhodians

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Helios1. If so, the absence of horses is noteworthy2. … covered dozens of swans or ducks associated with the solar wheel in the art of the bronze

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Strabon1, many years before the establishment of the Olympic … serving as spokes. The body of the horse is connected with the … That belief meets us in the mythologies of various Indo-Europaean … kais. dentsch. arch. Inst. 1910 xxv Arch. Anz. p. 294 f. fig. 7 (from a photograph of the … Hopkins The Religions of India Boston etc. 1895 p. 41, W. Mannhardt Wald-und Feld- … The conception of Helios as a rider on horse-back is not Greek (pace Rapp loc. cit. … Strabon1, many years before the establishment of the Olympic … serving as spokes. The body of the horse is connected with the … That belief meets us in the mythologies of various Indo-Europaean … kais. dentsch. arch. Inst. 1910 xxv Arch. Anz. p. 294 f. fig. 7 (from a photograph of the … Hopkins The Religions of India Boston etc. 1895 p. 41, W. Mannhardt Wald-und Feld- … The conception of Helios as a rider on horse-back is not Greek (pace Rapp loc. cit.

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Evidence of the combination has been found here and there in … J. Dechelette claims that this is the pre-Mycenaean prototype of … the numerous representations of a solar rider whose type is discussed by R. Dussaud in … Smith in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London 1903 6—13 figs. 5—7).

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handles were assimilated to the sun. But neither of the band from … case may be, recall in effect the back-to-back arrangement of the … de Witte op. cit. ii. 20 n. 10 cite a winged tripod from a coin of Agrigentum (G. L. Castelli … 8 Doubtless the grouping of the horses is primarily due to the fact that the artist could

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Later this type of Helios and his chariot came to be enclosed … sents the horizon, and two plunging dolphins the sea. Nothing of … found in another tomb at Elis along with a whole series of phdlara … who owns a good collection of modern horse-amulets ('horses' … oval shape of this disk was determined by the turn of the horses to … were presumably meant to represent a pair of animals apiece.

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driver's breast1. The addition of a thunderbolt to the left of the … greeting, not in terror. Rather we should recollect that two of the … 1 On the derivation of the swastika from the solar wheel see T. Wilson The Swastika … represents the four points of the compass in motion. The four points seem to influence … '2 Panofka loc. cit. p. 305 f. cp. a vase from Apulia of like design and style then in the

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The first of May is kept as a day of jest and jollity by the … 2 The Persians, who called the whole circle of the sky 'Zeus' (supra p. 10 n. 1), had … after that the white chariot of the Sun similarly adorned; then a third chariot, the horses … horses and followed by a magnificent horse called the horse of the Sun—the leading … 4 A copper coin of Alexandreia struck by Trajan has for reverse type Zeus Amnion in … The first of May is kept as a day of jest and jollity by the … 2 The Persians, who called the whole circle of the sky 'Zeus' (supra p. 10 n. 1), had … after that the white chariot of the Sun similarly adorned; then a third chariot, the horses … horses and followed by a magnificent horse called the horse of the Sun—the leading … 4 A copper coin of Alexandreia struck by Trajan has for reverse type Zeus Amnion in

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / XIII: The solar wreath

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itself—another case of the solar apotropaion being fixed above the … angles to each other and decorated with a branch of may : from … an effigy of the earth-goddess4 blossoming beneath his rays? … wreath of flowers6'—a May-garland rather than a May-pole. The … 3 The first of the shapes here shown (fig. 270, a) can hardly be separated from that … 4 Cp. infra ch. i § 6 (g) xviii (the garland of Hellotis).

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The Sim as the Bird of Zeus 341 … which was originally conceived as the embodiment of Horos5, came … Horos of Edfu (Heru-behutet) was known far and wide as the … 2 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians London 1904 i. 146, K. Sethe Zur … book of Egyptian Religion trans. A. S. Griffith London 1907 p. 22. … 8 G. Maspero op. cit.4 p. 136 n. 5, cp. Hdt. 2. 73 (of the phoenix) ra p.ev avrov xpvo~6- … (bennu) of Heliopolis. As represented in Egyptian (Lanzone Dizion. di Mitol. Egiz. … ? D'Arcy WT. Thompson A Glossary of Greek Birds Oxford 1895 p. 182 ff. … The Sim as the Bird of Zeus 341 … which was originally conceived as the embodiment of Horos5, came … Horos of Edfu (Heru-behutet) was known far and wide as the … 2 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians London 1904 i. 146, K. Sethe Zur … book of Egyptian Religion trans. A. S. Griffith London 1907 p. 22. … 8 G. Maspero op. cit.4 p. 136 n. 5, cp. Hdt. 2. 73 (of the phoenix) ra p.ev avrov xpvo~6- … (bennu) of Heliopolis. As represented in Egyptian (Lanzone Dizion. di Mitol. Egiz. … ? D'Arcy WT. Thompson A Glossary of Greek Birds Oxford 1895 p. 182 ff.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (e): The sun as the bird of Zeus

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342 The Sun as the Bird of Zeus … The Orphists, jealous guardians of antiquated ideas, opened … variety of winged solar deities9. … the sun15. It would seem, then, that behind the stories of Daidalion … Abel (of Phanes) xPV(TeLaLS TrrepvyeacrL cpopevfxevos 'ivQa. koX 'ivQa. … 13 Ov. met. 11. 271 ff., 294 ff. makes Daidalion son of the Morning Star {Lucifer).

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The Sun as the Bird of Zeus 343 … the sea. Many mythologists, arguing from the analogy of Phaethon … thos, in which B. Schmidt recognised certain traits of the Ikaros- … him and cut off his three hairs. This made him the weakest of all men. The … 2 E.g. Gilbert Gr. Gotterl. p. 180 and the author of the latest monograph on the … of Talos, whom Gruppe admits to have been the sun (id. p. 1310 ' Ein Helios war … (v. 47, where for ' a sea-devil clawed him with a thirteen-pronged fork' read ' the god of … no. 8, in both of which the hero's strength is vested in three golden hairs on the top of

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344 The Sun as the Bird of Zeus … marry him. Now the sea in which the dolphin lived was of such a sort that no … wedding, the dolphin shook off his skin and changed into a young man of … This tale combines the characteristics of Ikaros with those of … the Taphian legend4, and justly compares the Megarian myth of … enemy (Ail. de-nat. an. 4. 5). But this is hardly to be got out of Souid. s.v. icpeKa' tt)v

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The Sun as the Bird of Zeus 345 … probably ' a mitigation of an earlier custom of flinging the scape- … son of Ikarios3. Further, the Leucadian 'leap' was persistently con- … simply a doublet of Pkaethon, ' the Shining One.' There is, there- … The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race Oxford 1830 i. 260 f. … Others declared that the 'leap' had first been taken by Kephalos son of Deioneus out … Ptol. Hephaist. ap. Phot. bibl. p. 153 a 7 ff. Bekker gives a long list of lovers who … Danubier in Griechenland Gottingen 1909 p. 43. Fick ascribes this cult of the sun-bird … 8 On a copper of Nikopolis in Epeiros (?), struck by Trajan, Apollon Leukates

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Ikaros, Nisos, Pterelaos are so many mythical expressions of one … Egypt was the ram. Khnemu, the great god of Elephantine1, was … himself was on occasion addressed as a ram, to judge from one of … 2 This is inferred from the hieroglyphic form of his name (Sethe loc. cit. p. 2350). … A magnificent gold statuette of Her-shef with a ram's head was found by Prof. Flinders … Ikaros, Nisos, Pterelaos are so many mythical expressions of one … Egypt was the ram. Khnemu, the great god of Elephantine1, was … himself was on occasion addressed as a ram, to judge from one of … 2 This is inferred from the hieroglyphic form of his name (Sethe loc. cit. p. 2350). … A magnificent gold statuette of Her-shef with a ram's head was found by Prof. Flinders

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was identified with another local form of Ra, namely Ba-neb-Tettu, … the solar disk. But, whereas the ram of Khnemu belonged to a … Herodotos, who speaks of Amen-Ra more than once as the … explain that this custom of theirs arose in the following way. Herakles was … p. 113 ff. pi. H, W. M. Flinders Petrie The Arts and Crafts of Ancient Egypt Edinburgh … 1 E. A. Wallis Budge op. cit. ii. 64 ff., 353 f., A. Erman A Handbook of Egyptian … of Herakles importing sheep from north Africa into Greece (Palaiph. 18 (19), Varr. rer. … 8 On the goat-cult of Mendes see Find. frag. 201 Christ with n., Hdt. 2. 46, Plout.

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last, when Herakles was importunate, Zeus thought of this device. He flayed a … once a year, on the festival of Zeus, they, like their god, cut up and flay a ram : … Shu (Herakles), who is often called 'the son of Ra3' and as god … when Lucian in the second century of our era makes Momos, the … journey of Zeus to Aithiopia (//. 1. 423 f.) and his union with Hera {supra p. 154 ff.) were … 4 E. Naville Book of the Dead ch. 55 and 38 B, 1. For these and the following

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god of ' Mockery,' ask Zeus how he can permit ram's horns to be … not to say far-fetched, between their own deities and those of the … blue, probably because that was the colour of the heavens in which he ruled as Sun god '

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ram or even give him a ram's head; for the whole trend of Greek … back to a fifth-century original of quasi-Pheidiac type3 perhaps … determine. It may have been at Thebes, the original nidus of … of Siwah, where the Theban Pharaohs planted their favourite … under a variety of titles8 and Ammon came to be reckoned as … 1 On the various forms of this name see R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … Ant. Denkm. i. 37 pi. 3, 9 a herm of Greek marble—height o"43m. … 6 G. Maspero The Passing of the Empires London 1900 p. 552. … E. A. Porcher History of the Recent Discoveries at Cyrene London 1864 p. 11 3 inscr. no. r 1).

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present no means of deciding. At Gythion … honoured deities of the land6; besides, he … The whole group of words is ultimately connected with tcepas, 'horn,' the napvos being … no. 1446) was worshipped before the return of the Herakleidai, having a shrine in the

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Kyrene also1. At Sparta there was another sanctuary of Amnion, … by the Lacedaemonians more frequently than by the rest of the Hellenes. It … Certainly Aphytis possessed an oracle of Ammon?j, whose head … Libye, Libyan justice would be found superior to that of Sparta7. … ' The image was dedicated by Pindar : it is a work of Kalamis. Pindar also

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A brief fragment of it containing the invocation— … nected with Thebes in Egypt may have led the inhabitants of the … Having thus secured a firm footing on Greek soil, the cult of … European, Asiatic, and African. The description stands in need of … monly speak of Iupiter Hammo?i. The aspirate has come to him … another possible fragment of the hymn see infra p. 366 f.

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venerated along the north coast of Africa1. The meaning of Ba'al- … Tanit9, a north-African form of the great Phoenician mother- … called Panthea, is invoked as ' partner in the rites of the horned … 3 So H. R. Hall The Oldest Civilization of Greece London 1901 p. 230 n. 3.

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Semitic influence penetrated to the Ammdneion itself. Of its … 'The image of the god is surrounded … whatever direction the will of the god … either side of the boat. Women and … Both of these statements were doubtless drawn from the lost … baztylos or baitylion of Ba'al-hamman, a sacred stone, half-fetich,

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Cypriote Aphrodite was likewise ' worshipped in the form of an … on the cult of Zeus Ammon. Now Theophrastos a propos of … of emerald. It is, I suspect, represented on … obelisks5 of the sort were to be seen there in … p. 285). A bronze statuette at Vienna shows Zeus Ammon holding the club of Herakles

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Amen-Ra in the tomb of Seti i was himself coloured green1, it … priate to the service of Zeus Ammon*. Perhaps it was as the son … In the second place, the method of divination practised at the … ' Plasma' was occasionally used for the figure of Zeus en- … Akad. 1845 Phil.-hist. Classe p. 289 pi. 1, 10). I append a laureate head of Zeus

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ideas of a cosmic ship1, but is simply the Egyptian solar barque. … morning barque, at night-fall reached the Mountains of the West, … dedicated in the temple of Amen-Ra at Thebes a boat of cedar … 3 A. Erman A Handbook of Egyptian Religion trans. A. S. Griffith London 1907 … chariot, which rises out of a boat : on the left Phosphoros (?) acts as leader; on the right … ii. 59, 6) is, however, comparable with the cup-shaped boats of Assyrian art (Preller— … were intended to serve as base for a precious stone or perhaps a piece of metal or wood

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name of Afnmon\ The association of the god with this reptile was … 5e 7rat5t/c6s—8<ppa Xddoire- k.t.X. This has been explained as a reference to the story of

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True, we have already seen the snakes of Esmun, the Punic … Again, Isis and Sarapis were often represented as a pair of … 3 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians London 1904 ii. 376 f. … 6 Ptolemaios ap. Arrian. 3.3.5 states that two snakes guided the army of Alexander … no. 677 Hadrian pi. 1 (bust of Zeus Amnion with a solar

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Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 361 … B.C. and probably in the Oasis of Siwah coalesced into the sun-god … 6 Cp. the cult of ZeiV'HXios Scuttj/j (g. Plaumann Ptolemais in Oberdgypten (Leipz.

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in support of the view that Zeus Amnion was essentially a Greek … far back as the reign of Seti i (c. 1300 B.C.)3. This blunder has … dynasty Egypt was twice attacked by a combination of northern … in the reign of Merenptah c. 1250 B.C. Egypt was invaded by … 7 See H. R. Hall The Oldest Civilization of Greece London 1901 p. 171 f., G. Maspero

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Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 363 … and Danaans (Daanau, Danauna)1. Several of these identifications … be left for Egyptologists to criticise. But on the strength of the … The same comparison of the Libyan with the Dodonaean Zeus … —but also reports at first hand with every appearance of fidelity … 2 W. M. Flinders Petrie in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1890 xi. 271—277. The sherds of

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carried off from Thebes by Phoenicians, that one of them—so they had heard— … human voice that on that very spot must be established an oracle of Zeus. … clearly believed that the cult of the Oasis and the cult of Dodona … Groves trodden by the foot of Iupiter, … And perched betwixt the horns of his fleecy head

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Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 365 … he adds the episode of the dove settling on the ram. The latter … represents the dove on the head of the Ammonian ram. More probably it is a variation

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the Ammoneion of an oracular grove without specifying oak-trees1. … On a double bust of Zeus Amnion and Sarapis (?) with oak-wreath and kdlathos see … 4 H. Dessau in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 751 f. They hold the oracle of Zeus … £acr#at fiaXdvov. This is Bergk's restoration of the MS. At'/3es 5£ Tdppavra 0a(rt

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Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 367 … Of Zeus' sweet acorn. … The institution of both oracles was also connected with a … then for the first time uttered a voice and said—"The youngest of thy followers." … Similarly with regard to the Oasis Leon of Pella, a contemporary … that the Fountain of the Sun is known locally as Ain el hammam, which he renders 'the … vTTOfj.ovrjs (iinfMovTjs cod. Barnes.) top [x&vtlv irpoayet. stands in need of emendation.

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of Alexander the Great, in his treatise On the gods of Egypt … been the original inventor of everything, a certain Hammon came from Africa … which makes the foundress dove settle on the head of a ram3. … pool of Zeus Hammon, cold by day, is hot by night5:; … explanation of the phenomenon was that by night the sun went … properly belonging to some old Greek cult led to the confusion of a Greek with an … spring flowed from the roots of a huge oak and itself gave oracles by means of its

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Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 369 … Yet Zeus Ndios and Zeus Amnion both gave oracles in verse. For those of the former

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a temple of Zeus Ammon, and set the helpful ram among the stars, … it be urged that the original consort of Zeus at Dodona was Ge … 3 Paus. 5. 15. 11 with J. G. Frazer's n. ad loc. (iii. 584). On the association of Zeus … Gemmentaf. 4, 11). The existence of double busts representing Zeus Ammon and Hera

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point is that the cult of Zeus in the Oasis was, as Herodotos … On gold, silver (figs. 280—283), and copper coins of Kyrene struck … type of Ammon2. The same mature and youthful heads with a … Beardless: Head Coins of the Ancients p. 69 pi. 35, 40 ( = myfig. 283),^'. Hist, num.2 … All these heads have in front a curious set of upstanding curls (?), perhaps derived

372

(figs. 284, 285) and copper coins of Tenos from the fourth to the … silver coins of Metapontum c. 400—350 B.C. both … The identification of this youthful figure is a

373

proposed identification of the youthful horned head with that of … Amnion. Nevertheless a comparison of the towns issuing coins of … L. Muller in his great work on the coinage of north Africa was … the latter founded the temple of the former8—but partly also by

374

commonly Dionysiac—a kdntharos, a bunch of grapes, a herm of … Stephani further drew attention to a series of double busts … probably a portrait in the guise of Ammon11. Another isolated … Barre locc. citt. the head of Ammon has a wreath of ivy and flowers, the other head

375

Petersburg, on which is a scene of considerable interest (fig. 287)\ … horns holds a larger branch of bay with leaves and berries. He … chiton and himdtion, who offers him a bunch of grapes with her left hand, a white wreath

376

tion of this far off spot on the more familiar oracle of the Delphic … Dionysos. And the coins at least suffice to prove the existence of … From the fourth to the eighteenth century we know nothing of … founded the oracle of Ammon, and made the child Zeus king of Egypt. Etc., etc. … 3 Cp. Hdt. 2. 42 'Afiouv yap AlyijTTioi KaX^ovcrc rbv Ala, Plin. nat. hist. 6. 186 (of

377

The Oasis of Siwah … stood rooted to the spot until he died, unless one of the natives … seen4. It was otherwise with the Oasis of Santariah or Siwah, … 'The town Santariah forms part of the Oases and was built by Minakiush,

378

the fourth, philosophers, astronomers, physicians, and masters of learning ; on … Leo Africanus {c. 1517 A.D.) speaks of the Oases as a district … The first Europaean to reach the Oasis of Siwah in modern … then in Egypt, joined a large company of pilgrims returning from … 1664, 1672, and 1673 A.D., praised the dates of Siba as the best (S. Ideler in the Fund- … the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa, continued his route westwards from Siwah

379

The Oasis of Siwah … the mysterious Lake Arashieh ; but the inhabitants of Siwah burnt his boat, and did … Berlin 1824, with an Atlas of 38 plates and a map. … 4 Bayle St. John Adventures in the Libyan Desert and the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon … Oasis of Jupiter Amnion London 1899. … 8 Archonides or Andron of Argos, a man who all his life ate plenty of dry salt food

380

The situation of Siwah was determined by Browne, Cailliaud, … it was an accessible coast-towm6! In point of fact the Oasis is … mined by W. Jordan at 290 12' north of the equator by 250 30' east of Greenwich. … showed a mean depth of 52 metres (Von Tripolis nach Alexandrien2 ii. 113).

381

The Oasis of Siwah … Despite the saline character of its soil, the Oasis can boast

382

traditionally identified with the Fountain of the Sun1. It measures … E? pVj&S varied inversely with the height of the … T of the Doves ' ; but G. Steindorff points … element of Ba'al-kamman, so that the … ?f y^'-^^^y^S:^ a' Agermi, containing the chief temple of … *y^*-V8\^ d. Ain el hammam, the ancient Fountain of … To the north of Ain el hammam is … 4 The temperature of the water is constant—840 5W*J»-

383

The Oasis of Siwah … first detailed description of the temple2. It appears from his … uncertain. In the middle of the precinct rose a mass of limestone … ruins Umtna beida, c = remains of the precinct-wall, d—the Fountain of the Sun, e = another

384

in the distance (fig. 292)2: he also had copies made of its reliefs, … walls of the nods to east and west were still 15^ ft long, 4J ft … larger figures of the interior all traces of colour had vanished. … '3 Id. ib. Atlas pi. 10, 2 = designs on the left of the main entry (pi. 7, t).

385

The Oasis of Siwah … G. Rohlfs1 in 1869 found nothing of the precinct-wall left save … of secret passages to Agermi and Siwah. Rohlfs further notes … the ground and fragments of perhaps two others. The outside of

386

hibited on the east wall 53 columns of hieroglyphs, of which the … The best-preserved figure was that of the horned Amnion seated … has the horns of both Khnemu and Amen5, the double plumes, the

387

The Oasis of Siwah … wearing the united crowns of the South and the North. Behind … and his wife the lion-headed Tefnut representing the moisture of … more detailed account of this temple was given by G. Rohlfs, … been largely filled in and blocked by the houses of a crowded … G. Maspero The Struggle of the Nations London 1896 pp. 220 fig. (cp. id. p. 430), 767 fig.

388

large doors of Egyptian design iS ft high lead into the naos. … of several candles he copied some of them and in due time sub-

389

The Oasis of Siwah … by inscriptions of the fourth century B.C. On one side of the naos … Rohlfs also discovered in the thickness of the inner long wall … About a furlong to the south of Agermi Rohlfs detected the

390

decorated with the winged solar disk and a few lengths of dentils … that of the Phrygian Zeus Sctbdzios. … Phrygian type, probably that of some famous cult-image3. The

391

name of Sabdzzos1 or Zeus Sabdzios2", and sometimes represent … god wears a Phrygian cap and raises both hands in the attitude of the benedictio Latina.

392

on the ram's head (pi. xxvii)1. The persistence of the ram as a … some rhetorical embellishment in the pages of Clement and other … (to a scale of f-) in the Nationalmuseet at Copenhagen. In the centre stands Sabdzios … attributes etc., including the thunderbolt and eagle of Zeus. All these are placed in a

394

not be appeased till Zeus came before her in a mood of mock- … Hence too the practice of those who were initiated into the rites … the aetiological myth of the Sabdzios-c\i\t. The devotees of the … 2 Farnell Cults of Gk. States iii. 300 f. (of the PdWot): ' Even the self-mutilation … (assimilation to the Amazonian goddess). Nor can we lay stress on the view of the

395

fertilising powers of their goddess by thus thrusting upon her their … of the Phrygian rite. Sabdsios-mystics referred their action to the … possibly of phallic form, erected over them : this I infer from Hesych. daXafiat • o-r^Xat … parallel from the legend of Ahalya in the Rdmdyanam : ' It is said in this passage that

396

conviction that the initiate actually posed as the divine consort of … this I should prefer—we must assume that in course of time, … that characterised him in the eyes of the multitude. Agreeably … the venerable form of the earth-mother, from whom they were alike

397

offshoots of Gaia2.' He further notes the significant fact that … daughter. Whatever the origin of the corn-daughter4, she may … was of more importance than the god, being duplicated for the … 4 Dr F. B. Jevons in his able book An Introduction to the History of Religion London … stately and beautiful figures of Greek mythology, grew out of the same simple beliefs … to a human figure in a cloak, with arms outstretched____In some of them the neck is

398

venturing to expound the true inwards of the Sabdzios-my stents, … knot, which is symbolised by the caduceus of Hermes. Rhea bore … mounted the throne of Zeus himself and sat there grasping the … in a mirror. In his efforts to escape he took the forms of a … 3 Hesych. s.v. Zctypetfs, et. mag. p. 406, 46 f. For a full collection of authorities see … menagerie was simultaneous, not successive, in the case of the Orphic Phanes, who com-

399

With the details of this myth and their ritual implications we are … offspring of Kore duplicated the tauriform Zeus. … once more the Dionysiac character of his cult. For we have … 2 This made it easy for the systematisers to identify Dionysos, son of Zeus by … 3 Farnell Cults of Gk States v. 185, Eisele in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 261 f.

400

the hill Zilmissos there was a circular hypaethral temple of Sol … was the Phrygian counterpart of Men the moon-god, with whom he was certainly brought … ixeaais rats rod 2a/3a£toi' reXerats). But Eisele loc. cit. p. 255 views the solar aspect of

401

sets of tribes had relatives among … that in Crete the ram gave place to other animals of a like … eo universa patefiunt. Perhaps we may compare the story of Perdikkas in Hdt. 8. 137 f. … Stud. 1897 xvii. 372 ff- ('Crete the Meeting-point of Thraco-Phrygian and Libyan

402

The well-known fragment of Euripides' Cretans1 suffices to prove … time immemorial. Silver coins of Priansos in Crete from c. 430 B.C. … Gortyna between 66 and 31 B.C., belong to the large series of … Gr. Myth. Bel. p. 1388 n. 8 thinks that this use of rirvpos came to Sparta from Crete. … 4 P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 162 pi. 9, 5. … 8 The examples of a 'Minoan' snake-goddess are listed by H. Prinz in the Ath. Mitth.

403

with a bow-case between them. The Cretan modification of the … their cult of a god identified with Zeus2. For this among other … iii. The Golden or Purple Ram of the Etruscans and … Coins of Ancient Sicily London 1903 p. 86 pi. 6, 5, Head Hist, num.2 p. 169. I figure … Cp. also denarii of C. Memmius c. 60 B.C., on which Ceres appears enthroned with three … Westermann) the statement that sheep have wool of a golden colour.

404

Virgil in his famous fourth Eclogue, anticipating the dawn of a … that wood, all along the banks of the river that flows past, with its lower waters … midday has assuaged the heat of the sun, and the cattle have settled down to … and then, when the sheep have passed from their first fury and are relieved of … the way of health, though her sickness was unto death. She did not fail to put … sheep with golden fleece as 'the flocks of the Sun4.' And he is

405

The Golden or Purple Lamb of Atreus 405 … in that way, and asserted in the hearing of the multitude that the man who had … borne witness to the avarice of Thyestes, Atreus received the kingdom and … come down to us with the usual number of slight variations5, … Or. 995 ff.) or Pan (Eur. El. 700 ff.); or was found in the flocks of Atreus through the … politic. 268 e—269 a). The myth is sometimes combined with that of Thyestes' feast … makes him sacrifice to Artemis the flesh of the golden lamb born in his flocks, but save

406

4-o6 The Golden or Purple Lamb of Atreus … A thing of sanctity shut in by stone'2. … Schneidewin's opinion that Tzetzes is importing into the story of Atreus a statement that … 3 Herodoros of Herakleia frag. 61 {Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 41 Muller) ap. Athen. 231 C

407

The Golden or Purple Lamb of Atreus 407 … ' We come to the grave of Thyestes on the right. Over the grave is the … A little further on he speaks of Thyestes' tomb as 'the Rams3' … Note that a ram's head was a frequent design on thrones, e.g. that of Zeus on the … a ram's head by the mouth of the pit (Furtwangler—Reichhold Gr. Vasenmalerei i. 300 … sanctuary of Amphiaraos near Oropos enquirers slew a ram and likewise slept on its skin

408

4_o8 The Golden or Purple Lamb of Atreus … sacrifice: the wheel at his feet is a short-hand indication of the … helped by a couple of wreathed attendants, is about to sacrifice … the long chiton of a charioteer, brings up the four-horse car of

409

The Cattle of the Sun 409 … In the myth of Atreus possession of the golden lamb and … of the myth, not its primary meaning. … of cattle both great and small. He had seven herds of oxen and … 3 Diod. 4. 73. On the Argive identification of Apollon Kdrneios with Zeus see supra … Later rationalists explained away the golden lamb and the reversal of the sun's course

410

4io The Cattle of the Sun … petie kept the oxen with a crook of shining mountain-bronze : the … way the oxen of the Sun-god, which the giant Alkyoneus drove … And fields of the Sun that brings delight to men, … 7 Pind. Isth. 5 (6). 32 f., schol. ad loc. On the myth of Alkyoneus with the cattle of

411

The Cattle of the Sun 411 … sixty of the sheep. He, when he saw what had happened, kept his counsel and … were given them both at Dodona and at Delphoi, when they enquired of the … strict silence about the matter, and entrusted the management of it to certain … terms of the oracle, made the following choice : if they would give him fields … which he knew to be the best in the town, why, once possessed of those, he … the Apolloniates hereby pay you this as a penalty for the blinding of your eyes, … The story of Euenios, who kept the sheep of the Sun-god in a

412

year 500 B.C., the inhabitants of Apollonia jealously guarded a … Hahn at Kapessovo, a village in the district of Zagori to the north- … and cried : " Open, Tartara Martara of the earth2! " Thereupon the door flew

413

open of itself ; and, after they had gone through many more chambers, they … ' Which of these ducks is the princess ?' But I will turn my head round and … their lives, and it will be the death of you too." " I stand by my word, sir … "No," cried he, "say: Open, Tartara Martara of the earth!" The king did … which of them all is my daughter, then you shall have her to wife." And … the deepest part of Hades (B. Schmidt -Das Volksleben der Neugriechen i. 235 citing

414

414 The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos … A comparison of the myth, localised at Argos, dated in the reign … the latter. In particular, the whole episode of Danae and Perseus … connexion in another folk-tale from the same village of Kapessovo2. … i. 102 ff. The princess, her child, and the Half-man, who is suspected of being its father,

415

The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos 415 … took to him a mortal woman in her stead. Nephele out of jealousy … of their danger. They fled with the ram. Helle, in crossing the … Gorgopis, and Pherekydes of Leros Themisto2. More popular, … in several versions of the myth (as first wife in Herodoros ap. schol. Ap. Rhod. 2. 1144, … the same version. Eudok. viol. 954 blends this with the Sophoclean form of the myth.

416

4i6 The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos … pontos after her. Phrixos came to the Kolchoi, whose king was Aietes, son of … wolves dividing sheep among themselves: they, when they caught sight of him, … salian tribe, of whom Athamas was the eponymous king, had

417

The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos 417 … But, without attempting to determine the ethnology of this … when she was on the point of being sacrificed to Artemis at … ram was the sacred animal—whatever that implies—of Zeus La- … ram with the golden fleece8. The commonly received version of … an oak in the grove of Ares (Apollod. 1.9. 1, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 22, Val. Flacc. 5. 228 ff.,

418

4i 8 The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos … practice arose the myth of the golden fleece2.' … (liyg. poet. astr. 2. 20). The ram was the offspring of Poseidon and Theophane (Hyg. … oracle that he would perish as soon as strangers landed and carried off the skin of Krios, … W. Ridgeway The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards Cambridge 1892

419

The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos 419 … suspicion, and they must be accepted as a record of the belief that … development of the myth. Thus the analogy between Helle, who … the army of Liber, when perishing of thirst in Africa, to the spring of Iupiter Mammon. … the boiling of Pelops in a caldron. Again, ij Qeris els Xe^-qra vdaros ^eovra evefiaXe tovs

420

But, if the myth of the golden lamb and that of the golden ram … Magnesia. On the summit of this mountain there was a sanctuary … Jendal on the east slope of Mt Hermon runs : virkp cruTrjpias avTOKpdropos | Tpa'Cavov … a survival of human sacrifice: C. Fossey in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1895 xix. 303—306 … used to support the conclusions of Mr F. M. Cornford, who detects in the Pelops-myth … 1 Append. B. A possible parallel to this rite in the Naxian cult of Zeus M^Aaxnos … himself to rain (Frazer Golden Bough* : The Magic Art i. 260 f., 269 f.) and the use of

421

sun, it is easy to see why the procession made the ascent of the … sold on the sixteenth day of the month Artemision by sundry … tuary of Artemis Mounichia* and to the shrines of Hekate at the … were made of cheese7, had small torches stuck in them round about … priest as first-fruits of the earth in the 'AproK\aaia of the Orthodox Greek Church.

422

The Fleece of Zeus … we are thus enabled to complete the correspondence of the Attic … with a procession. The skins of Artemis with a mimicry of bears, … On this showing the saffron robes of Artemis' devotees would … of Zeus. … was done towards the close of the month Maimakteridn, the victim … especially Fai-nell Cults of Gk. States ii. 4346°. See also Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 942

423

The Fleece of Zeus … kept and used by those who marshalled the procession of the … from that of the Athenians5. … hydria in the Lambert collection (fig. 305)6 shows a scene of initia- … statement [Proleg. Gk. Rel.2 p. 24) : ' this fleece was by no means confined to the ritual of … cLTroSioTroiJLwelv [supra p. 422 n. 7), 'to send away evil by means of the Zeus-fleece': see

424

The Fleece of Zeus … design. A nude youth, wearing a string of amulets, kneels upon

425

The Fleece of Zeus … (fig. 307)8. In the other panel we have the purification of Herakles. … My friend and colleague Prof. R. H. Kennett The Co?nposiiion of the Book of Isaiah

426

The Fleece of Zeus … Diet. Ant. i. 1070 fig. 1311 perpetuate Campana's error. The lower part of Kore belongs … 4 Here again the best specimen in terra-cotta, that of the Museo delle Terme no. 4357 … at Naples (Guida del Mus. Napoli p. 167 no. 568), of post-Augustan date, perhaps part

427

The Fleece of Zeus 427 … types of the Eleusinian triad (Demeter, Kore, Iakchos) designed … The vertical plume of wheat-ears worn by Demeter resembles the head-dress of Isis; and

428

428 The Significance of the Ram … x. The Significance of the Ram in the cults of Zeus. … Akraios of Mount Pelion, the Zeus Meilichios and the Zeus Ktesios

429

The Significance of the Ram 429 … with Zeus. Rather it was the principal beast of a pastoral popu- … vernal equinox, but on its right side during the other half of the year (Ail. de nat. an. … amatory propensities of the creature see Aristot. hist. an. 6. 19. 573 b 17 ff., Varr. rer. rust. … been enamoured of Glauke a Chian citharist (Theophr. ap. schol. Theokr. 4. 3r, … wide-spread use of the ram as a decoration of tombs in general (Frazer Pausanias iii. 187). … 3. 687 ff.), still gushes out through an old ram's head of marble and as of yore is believed … Hence the ram was associated with the deities of generation, Hermes, Aphrodite, … et Pomp, viii Musee Secret p. 1976°. pi. 46) and a bronze statuette of the pantheistic

430

manifestation of Zeus. Theriomorphic epiphanies of this god are … religious beliefs in closely analogous forms, of which many similar … occurs repeatedly on monuments of the continental Celts [id. Bronzes Figure's p. 195 ff.). … 3 O. Schrader Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples trans. F. B. Jevons London … manifestation of Zeus. Theriomorphic epiphanies of this god are … religious beliefs in closely analogous forms, of which many similar … occurs repeatedly on monuments of the continental Celts [id. Bronzes Figure's p. 195 ff.). … 3 O. Schrader Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples trans. F. B. Jevons London

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / I: The bull and the sun in Egypt

431

were readily fused with those of surrounding foreigners. … was the biggest of bulls : he was jet-black, for exposure to the sun … Of myths connected with him we know little. Indeed, Ammianus … of a persea-tree, where Mnevis gored him to death. Bokchoris … 8 Id. id. pi. 55, 3. On Greek and Roman representations of Mnevis see W. Drexler

432

the hatred of the Egyptians. And—to conclude in the words of … marks4, of which a few are reported by classical authors. Thus … of Apis10. And Porphyrios explains … the gibbous signs11. Others say that the most important mark of all … 6 For XevKov rerpayiopov of the MSS. we should read, with Stein, \evKov tl TpLywvov. … 7 For eirl de t% yXtbcra-rj Kavdapov of the MSS. we should read, with Jablonski and Stein, … that a cow's tail waxes and wanes with the moon : cp. supra p. 429 n. 3 of the ram.

433

Apis was the calf of a cow not suffered again to conceive off- … scribes with hereditary knowledge of the requisite signs came to … a gilded cabin and conveyed as a god to the precinct of Hephaistos … tained another stall for his mother. The shrine of Apis stood … 10 Strab. 807. A description of the court-yard built for Apis by Psammetichos is given

434

He had also a seraglio of fine cows1. Once a year a cow, distin- … and the crocodiles of the river harmed no one till noon on the day … if the other, mischief was brewing8. He was attended by choirs of … the mathematician ap. Plin. nat. hisf. 5. 55, Phiala was the source of the Nile. … is indecisive. On the Apis-tombs of the "Lapainov (Strab. 807) of Sakkara see A. Mariette

435

death3. So the cult of Apis went on from the days of Menes … African! '9 He was regarded as lord of the underworld, an … of those who assert that Apis, if we could but recover the Egyptian … Kaiechos of the second dynasty, according to Manethon (supra p. 431 n. 4). … 4 Apis was also compared with Horos, whom the Egyptians deemed the cause of good … ' second life of Ptah ' (E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians ii. 350).

436

that is seen between the horns of Apis in extant Egyptian repre- … At Hermonthis, eight miles to the south-west of Thebes, Strabon … the town of Hermunthis they worship a bull, which is consecrated … opposite way to those of all other beasts, so that it is regarded as … by L. Jan ad loc. with the help of Macrob. comm. in somn. Scip. 18 as an allusion to the … of one Thaesis be sent to Hermonthis and there deposited ds rb Bovxiv ( = Bovxeioy) \

437

styled the "living soul of Ra,"...and the "bull of the Mountain of … He tells us, however, that this bull was the largest of bulls, that its … Herodotos, the first student of comparative religion, boldly … Real-Enc. ii. 2802 f. Coins of the Hermonthite nome show the bull Bakis butting; or, … 10 See e.g. Plout. de Is. et Os. 35 with the judicious remarks of P. D. Scott-Moncrieff … styled the "living soul of Ra,"...and the "bull of the Mountain of … He tells us, however, that this bull was the largest of bulls, that its … Herodotos, the first student of comparative religion, boldly … Real-Enc. ii. 2802 f. Coins of the Hermonthite nome show the bull Bakis butting; or, … 10 See e.g. Plout. de Is. et Os. 35 with the judicious remarks of P. D. Scott-Moncrieff

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / II: Zeus, Io, and Epaphos

438

borrowed2 from that of the Egyptian bull Bakha%. The name … Less problematic is another and a better-known case—that of … Io was doorkeeper of Hera's Fane. … Cho. He took the likeness of a leaping bull. … 2 The loan would be facilitated not only by the bovine form of the god and his … 5 Farnell Cults of Gk. States v. 300 n. 73. 6 Cp. Gruppe loc. cit.

439

King. What all-seeing herdman of one heifer ? Say. … King. 'Tis called the "breese" by neighbours of the Nile. … Cho. Libya that holds a wide extent of earth. … King. In truth ye seem to me to be of kin … slays Argos. Hera, as a last resource, drives the cow by means of … Not so we. Aischylos' plot is obviously put together out of … struction of an earlier version.

440

doros1, who in his great 'Library' of Greek myths has preserved, … make her a present of the cow and stationed Argos Panoptes as its … figured amphora of the Coghill collection (Overbeck op. cit. … 279 f.), a green jasper of which a replica in paste was in the … neck,' daughter of Echo or Peitho, sacred to Nike and Aphrodite, by magic means … 2. 89) or decorated the tail of her peacock with his eyes (Ov. met. 1. 722 f.), or the … Boetticher Baumkultus fig. 35 and the peacocks kept in the temple of Hera at Samos … At the Argive Heraion Hadrian dedicated a peacock of gold and shining stones (Paus. 2.

441

human form and gave birth to Epaphos on the banks of the Nile. … Zeus, and whether the colour of the said cow was white or black or … class of priests called 'cow-herds5.' Their name presupposes that … officials in the service of Dionysos. Their name refers to the bovine form under which … human form and gave birth to Epaphos on the banks of the Nile. … Zeus, and whether the colour of the said cow was white or black or … class of priests called 'cow-herds5.' Their name presupposes that … officials in the service of Dionysos. Their name refers to the bovine form under which

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / III: Priests and priestesses with animal names

442

sanctuary of Artemis Polo, 'the Colt,' constructed c. 200—150 B.C., … existence of human (36e$ from that of the priestly [3ovk6Xoi. See also infra ch. i § 6 (g) … 7rcoXos as a priestess or attendant of the goddesses.

443

who were initiated into the leontikd or ' leonine' mysteries of … Dodona were by many of the ancients held to be priestesses.2. The … attended by a corax, a Perses, a miles, and a leo : the first and the last of these wear … who chattered like doves; Strabon remarks that in the language of the Molottians and … eao"r}vevaas ayv&s /cat eucre/3tDs, cp. E. L. Hicks The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscrip-

444

the chief-priestesses of the Great Mother (Kybele) were still being … strictly signifies ' cow-eyed, cow-faced, of cowlike aspect,' had … occupies the second half of the hexameter line, and is in fact a tag … of the first century b.c. and in the beginning of the first century a.d. (Pauly—Wissowa … of Helios is 'Evpvcpdeacra j3ou>iri.s. … 7 For the analogous case of deb, yXavnGnn.? 'Adrjvrj see infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii (X). … the chief-priestesses of the Great Mother (Kybele) were still being … strictly signifies ' cow-eyed, cow-faced, of cowlike aspect,' had … occupies the second half of the hexameter line, and is in fact a tag … of the first century b.c. and in the beginning of the first century a.d. (Pauly—Wissowa … of Helios is 'Evpvcpdeacra j3ou>iri.s. … 7 For the analogous case of deb, yXavnGnn.? 'Adrjvrj see infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii (X).

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / IV: Hera and the cow

445

post with a pair of cow's horns attached near the top of it. Hera, … of Hera6, and that the ground about the Heraion, the district … on the summit10,' were two cult-titles of Hera in the Argolid, and … coins of Lappa (J. N. Svoronos Numismatiqtte de la Crete ancienite Macon 1890 i. 211 f. … 1 W. Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the Semites'2 London 1907 p. 310, … 6 Plout. symp. 3. 9. 2 makes Eu/3ota the sole nurse of Hera, cp. et. mag. p. 388, 54 ff. … 10 Paus. 2. 24. 1 states that on the way up to the akropolis of Argos there was a

446

'herded' by Argos1. The first systematic exploration of Tiryns … At Argos the festival of Hera was known as the Heraia or Heka- … sanctuary of Hera 'A/cpcua, cp. Hesych. s.v. 'A/c/n'a. On the cult of Hera 'AKpaia at and … Id. ib. 152c: 'The prize was a bronze shield, and the wreaths were of myrtle.' Id. ib. … the old without supplying the new, he armed a mob of mercenaries, aliens, etc. and so

447

all the citizens1. Was it as devotees of Hera Argeia that the Coan … from Herodotos' tale of Kleobis and Biton3. These were two … of the goddess and prayed her to grant the lads, who had shown … Argives had statues of them made and dedicated at Delphoi on … Herodotos' account is supplemented in some points by that of … story of Harpalyke). The festival is called 'E/caTOyUjSaia in the Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 1715, … 4 The French excavators of Delphoi found to the west of the Athenian Treasury two … all the citizens1. Was it as devotees of Hera Argeia that the Coan … from Herodotos' tale of Kleobis and Biton3. These were two … of the goddess and prayed her to grant the lads, who had shown … Argives had statues of them made and dedicated at Delphoi on … Herodotos' account is supplemented in some points by that of … story of Harpalyke). The festival is called 'E/caTOyUjSaia in the Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 1715, … 4 The French excavators of Delphoi found to the west of the Athenian Treasury two

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / V: Kleobis and Biton

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A second tale of Biton's prowess was told in verse by Lykeas, … Returning to the joint performance of the two brothers, we note

449

considered a copy of this relief1. An ancient glass-paste, however, … with a basket of fruit and a couple of snakes. Before the temple … the Argive Hera was conceived by the artist of the sarcophagus as

450

souls of the two lads. On the right we see them reunited to their … Another celebrated example of euthanasia, coupled with this … of course made capital of such stories. But to the dry critic there … Phoibos Apollon himself laid the foundations of his Pythian fane … to my ear very much the sound of a foundation-sacrifice, such as … 6 Unless priority can be claimed for the Telegonia of Eugammon (Epic. Gr.frag. i. 57 … souls of the two lads. On the right we see them reunited to their … Another celebrated example of euthanasia, coupled with this … of course made capital of such stories. But to the dry critic there … Phoibos Apollon himself laid the foundations of his Pythian fane … to my ear very much the sound of a foundation-sacrifice, such as … 6 Unless priority can be claimed for the Telegonia of Eugammon (Epic. Gr.frag. i. 57

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VI: Trophonios and Agamedes

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peaceful end of Kleobis and Biton. But we need not pursue the … fice9, the Argive festival of the hundred oxen10, the white steers … goddess into a cow, we should recognise an attendant of the animal … logographer of Argos in Boiotia, who lived in the second half of … 13 Is this the ultimate significance of Kleobis and Biton acting as oxen to draw the car … peaceful end of Kleobis and Biton. But we need not pursue the … fice9, the Argive festival of the hundred oxen10, the white steers … goddess into a cow, we should recognise an attendant of the animal … logographer of Argos in Boiotia, who lived in the second half of … 13 Is this the ultimate significance of Kleobis and Biton acting as oxen to draw the car

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VII: The Proitides

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said, 'because they made light of Hera's wooden statue1.' Phere- … he received a reward worthy of his cure. For the disease had now lasted ten … The Latin commentators explain that the daughters of Proitos … and used it for their own purposes10. In consequence of this … thinks that the Proitides contrasted their own beauty with the ugliness of Hera's

453

Melampous cured them and married one of them, receiving along … a hypostasis or by-form of Hera6. This somewhat vague and … 85, 2. 68. Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 3. 453 speaks of actual metamorphosis: Iuno in … girls were the /36es of Hera just as Athenian girls were the apuroi of Artemis. … J. Scaliger's correction of the last word to ' Upas (ii> "Apyei "Upas Knaack) has won … Melampous cured them and married one of them, receiving along … a hypostasis or by-form of Hera6. This somewhat vague and … 85, 2. 68. Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 3. 453 speaks of actual metamorphosis: Iuno in … girls were the /36es of Hera just as Athenian girls were the apuroi of Artemis. … J. Scaliger's correction of the last word to ' Upas (ii> "Apyei "Upas Knaack) has won

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VIII: Hera and Io

454

described in all our sources as the priestess of Hera, never as a … a state of affairs best explained on the assumption that the deity … eavrovs 'Apyeioou Traides ev eoprrf tlvl ■naifavTes airoKakovuiv k.t.X. The same form of the … original name. Combining the fragment of Plutarch with that of the Phoronis, he argues … identification of Io with Astarte also is noted).

455

Hera was a patron of women, marriage, child-birth, etc.; and … wanderings of Io were perhaps compared with the apparently … factory nature of these arguments is pointed out by Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. 180 f. … Maximus irepi Karapx&v 50 Keparjs ravpibirLbos and 509 TavpQnris avaaaa of the moon. … In Loukian. philops. 14 the moon brought down by magic appears first in the form of a … 8 Paus. 6. 24. 6 saw in the market-place of Elis stone statues of Helios and Selene,

456

E. Siecke has attempted to bring the story of Io into line with … historical times associated the cult of Hera with that of Zeus … For I too am a child of the fair-tressed Moon,

457

the lion came to be called the offspring of the Moon3. These … The ancient systematisers of mythology recognized a variety of … which has preserved for us the regulations of the iobakchoi, an … Selene to help her. Selene, using magic spells, filled a basket with foam, out of which a … ei're 'ZeXrjvrj tis XeyotTo et're TLepae^burj ; G. Dindorf prints 2ejxeXr], the emendation of … <rcpaXX6[xevoL 8cbpoi<ji xopoifiaveos 'Io[3aKxov. That the l6f3aKxoi acted the part of 'I6(3<xkxos, … the lion came to be called the offspring of the Moon3. These … The ancient systematisers of mythology recognized a variety of … which has preserved for us the regulations of the iobakchoi, an … Selene to help her. Selene, using magic spells, filled a basket with foam, out of which a … ei're 'ZeXrjvrj tis XeyotTo et're TLepae^burj ; G. Dindorf prints 2ejxeXr], the emendation of … <rcpaXX6[xevoL 8cbpoi<ji xopoifiaveos 'Io[3aKxov. That the l6f3aKxoi acted the part of 'I6(3<xkxos,

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / IX: Zeus and Argos

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is placed next to that of Dionysos, whose connexion with the bull … exploits with cattle. Being of exceptional strength, he slew a bull … child of Tartaros and Ge, who seized passers by and carried them … there is much to be said in favour of this view. But was i'c6 merely an exclamation, or … and founded a sanctuary of Demeter Mfivaaa at a spot called Charadra in Argos (Polemon … (avdea) of Hera (et. mag. p. 409, 28 ff.). In the reign of Argos, son of Apis, Greece

459

And this was no unimportant detail of his myth: Apollonios … hairy bull's hide2.' On the strength of this hide Miss Harrison, … also Panoptes. Kallithyessa, 1 She of the fair sacrifices,' was prob- … that Argos was the god, but that the god Argos arose out of the worshipper.' … couple is the bovine counterpart of the former—witness the bull's hide of Argos, the

461

my contention that Argos was akin to Zeus. Hesychios, in one of … Argos. A remarkable confirmation of Hesychios' words has recently … On the all-seeing (panopteu) circle of the sun … mous commentator on the Pkainomena of Aratos remarks that the … the view of those who identify Zeus with the sun7, it is obvious

462

that he interprets the title of Zeus Panoptes in a solar sense. … speaks of Zeus urges, 'the brilliant5'; that Hesiod names one of … The author of the Hesiodic poem Aigimios associated the story … Cow's Crib on the east shore of Euboia, adding that Io was said to … Euboia argiboios™', " the land of white cattle." Argonra in Euboia, … analogous to that of the Argolid15. … 15 On the relation of the Euboean to the Argive myth see Gruppe Gr, Myth. Rel.

463

Coins of Euboia from the earliest times exhibit a variety of … jecture that the allusion is to the cult of Hera6, who perhaps, … 2 Prof. W. Ridgeway The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards … 6 Head Hist, num.2 p. 357 : 'The Bull or Cow is possibly connected with the cult of

464

464 The Myth of Pasiphae … x. The Myth of Pasiphae. . … thys, how Asterion, ruler of Crete, … Minos, staying in Crete, married Pasiphae, daughter of Helios by … ' Now Asterion died childless, and Minos desired to become king of Crete, … became lord of well nigh all the islands. But Poseidon, wroth with him … 1 Drawn from a photograph of the stone kindly taken for me in the Museum at … 5 A wall-painting in a room of the Casa dei Vettii at Pompeii (Herrmann Denkm … 464 The Myth of Pasiphae … x. The Myth of Pasiphae. . … thys, how Asterion, ruler of Crete, … Minos, staying in Crete, married Pasiphae, daughter of Helios by … ' Now Asterion died childless, and Minos desired to become king of Crete, … became lord of well nigh all the islands. But Poseidon, wroth with him … 1 Drawn from a photograph of the stone kindly taken for me in the Museum at … 5 A wall-painting in a room of the Casa dei Vettii at Pompeii (Herrmann Denkm

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / X: The myth of Pasiphae

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The Myth of Pasiphae 465 … rings—perhaps the price of his handiwork. Behind Pasiphae stand an old nurse and … having (a) an inner design of Persephone with Zagreus on her knee, (b) two outer designs

466

466 The Myth of Pasiphae … objects that 'in late r. f. kylikes such a relation of subject between the exterior and … Anz. p. 213*, H. B. Walters History of Ancient Pottery London 1905 ii. 148) I take the

467

was the one made by Daidalos, a building which by means of intricate windings … the fields, but even the walls of the Cretans. Herakles, … redounded to the glory of Herakles, drove the bull into Attike, where it was … two types of Greek tales, represented respectively by the golden … The golden lamb found among the flocks of Atreus and the … a dedication by the township of Marathon on the akropolis at Athens (Paus. 1. 27. 10 with … was the one made by Daidalos, a building which by means of intricate windings … the fields, but even the walls of the Cretans. Herakles, … redounded to the glory of Herakles, drove the bull into Attike, where it was … two types of Greek tales, represented respectively by the golden … The golden lamb found among the flocks of Atreus and the … a dedication by the township of Marathon on the akropolis at Athens (Paus. 1. 27. 10 with

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XI: The bull and the sun in Crete

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I would venture to offer the same explanation of the dazzling … man of bronze, about whom we shall have more to say5, was by some … changed the site of his city, he led the way in the likeness of a … The cow went before him to the hill of the Phrygian Ate and there … wherever he saw one of his cows fall : one of them leapt away, and … pi. 23)? On the Cretan Zeus as a sort of Adonis see supra p. i 57 n. 3.

469

he followed it till it bent its legs and fell down on the site of Ilion1. … If the brilliant bull in the herd of king Minos had thus come to … 4 Cp. the /3ov(p6via at Athens (infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii), the sacrifice of a calf dressed in … The first part of the story implies the custom of preserving the dead in honey … Rel. p. 816 n. 5). Glaukos' pursuit of the 'fly' … he followed it till it bent its legs and fell down on the site of Ilion1. … If the brilliant bull in the herd of king Minos had thus come to … 4 Cp. the /3ov(p6via at Athens (infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii), the sacrifice of a calf dressed in … The first part of the story implies the custom of preserving the dead in honey … Rel. p. 816 n. 5). Glaukos' pursuit of the 'fly'

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XII: The cow and the moon in Crete

470

that the man who could offer the best similitude for the colour of this cow … to the oracle, began to enquire of his people what this portent might be. They … at a loss to do so, Polyidos, son of Koiranos, showed3 that it was like a … bears him out4), the task set to test the powers of the seer was, not … tion of the moon's spots is that they are a thorn-bush carried by

471

The Sacred Cattle of Gortyna 471 … isle; but the coloration is here a matter of Ionian technique, not of … hazards the suggestion that we should read oIkigtt}v and explain it of an eponymous … Soping a comparison with the first element in Carthago and the story of the bull's hide … I would rather suppose a connexion with ra Kapraiiroda, which occurs in the laws of … Pindar of 'a bull' (Pind. 01. 13. 81 K.apTalirob'' with schol. ad loc. Kapraiiroda top raupop. … The Sacred Cattle of Gortyna 471 … isle; but the coloration is here a matter of Ionian technique, not of … hazards the suggestion that we should read oIkigtt}v and explain it of an eponymous … Soping a comparison with the first element in Carthago and the story of the bull's hide … I would rather suppose a connexion with ra Kapraiiroda, which occurs in the laws of … Pindar of 'a bull' (Pind. 01. 13. 81 K.apTalirob'' with schol. ad loc. Kapraiiroda top raupop.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIII: The sacred cattle of Gortyna

472

herds of cattle belonging to the sun used to be kept at Gortyna1; … Bronze coins of Gortyna show Zeus as a bull … keeping of the Minotaur7. Diodoros8 and Pliny9 state that it was … buildings, erected by the greatest pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty, … collection a similar coin of Knossos, struck in alliance with Gortyna (cp. J. N. Svoronos … Prof. Flinders Petrie investigated the site of the Egyptian Labyrinth in 1888 with … the shrine of a holy tree (W. M. Flinders Petrie in Records of the Past 1911 x. 303—315 … herds of cattle belonging to the sun used to be kept at Gortyna1; … Bronze coins of Gortyna show Zeus as a bull … keeping of the Minotaur7. Diodoros8 and Pliny9 state that it was … buildings, erected by the greatest pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty, … collection a similar coin of Knossos, struck in alliance with Gortyna (cp. J. N. Svoronos … Prof. Flinders Petrie investigated the site of the Egyptian Labyrinth in 1888 with … the shrine of a holy tree (W. M. Flinders Petrie in Records of the Past 1911 x. 303—315

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIV: The labyrinth of Knossos

473

Herodotos speaks of its twelve courts as a memorial of the dodec- … on matters of importance2.' . Diodoros thinks it the 'tomb' of the … interpretations are put upon the construction of this edifice.

474

claim the support not only of such writers as Diodoros and Pliny, … of palace is not necessarily to assert that such was its original … of the colonnade a broad band decorated with swastika-patterns … 1 Diod. 1. 61, 1. 97, Plin. not. hist. 36. 84—86. The earliest writer that speaks of … (2) C. Torr Harroiv School Museum. Catalogue of the classical atttiquities from the

475

the more important becomes this particular feature of it2. On … the anta of a wall and that its patterns are mere filling, though he admits that ' An … Labyrinth, greeted by Athena in the presence of three other figures: the inscription

476

accompanied by a ground-plan of the scene. He finds a parallel … O. Benndorf3 recognised soldiers engaged in the game of 'Troy' … The same result is reached on Cretan soil. Coins of Knossos … 1890 cxxiii. 3. Helbig loc. cit. p. 67 had already thought of the same explanation.

477

circular (fig. 343) but retains at least a trace of its original form to … Labyrinth-design was already familiar to the Cnossians of the … 1 Cp. Roman mosaics, which represent the slaying of the Minotaur within a large

478

The swastika as a representation of the Labyrinth can perhaps … the Phoenician letter mem on autonomous coppers of Gaza … is something like a consensus in favour of the view that it was a … the flooring-of continental churches (infra p. 485 f.). … 6 To the bibliography of the sxvastika given by T. Wilson (supra p. 337 n. 1) add

479

by Sir Arthur Evans, at least was not the whole of that palace, but … of the Cnossian palace. This space, discovered by Sir Arthur … east-and-west oblong of 12*94 by 9'^9 metres enclosed by two … 3 I have here combined a plan of the ' Theatral Area' (based on that of A. J. Evans

480

peculiar form of its theatre was a heritage from early times. … out to me that even in Roman times the orchestra of the theatre at … in 1194 A.D., tells his old friend the prior of Hildesheim how … 2 On the TeTpaywvos %op6s of tragic, comic, and satyric plays, and its relation to the … 4 I have discussed a 'Minoan' precursor of the Kop5a£ in Journ. Hell. Stud. 1894

481

charmed he had been to find at Taormina the Labyrinth of the … Labyrinth by means of Ariadne's clew, with the youths and … danced together, that Sophokles had alluded to ' the dances of … his Life of Theseus* writes: … 2 Sir Arthur Evans loc. cit. p. 111 concludes 'that this first of theatres, the Stepped … Daidalos, and that the close relation of this dancing-ground to the palace at Knossos … fiwixbv eyeipo/j.evov KidapLcrfiov \ kijkXiov (hpxwavTo k.t.X. On the kratdr of Klitias and

482

round the keraton1 altar, so named because it consists of horns ikerata) all taken … back are three cranes visible against the foliage of the willow. The inscription above is … (Rosmerta?) standing on either side of an altar. A small animal (goat? ram?) is be- … Trigaranus), who slew Cacus the thief of Geryones' oxen. … /3wlu6s of Delos as one of the seven wonders of the world (so anon, de incred. 2, Mart. … vads, the centre of which forms a sunk oblong space. This is separated from the third … metres in length, which runs along the northern side of the precinct, has its triglyphs

483

former existence of a labyrinthine dance in Asia Minor. It may, … the humped bull within the Labyrinth on coins of the „. … neath the feet of Apollon on the later tetradrachms (fig. 348)11 … that the TpwiKov irr)8r]p,a of Neoptolemos at Delphoi (Eur. Andr. 1139) may stand in some … Here at least is a bona fide piece of folk-lore. … god, his swastika being re-interpreted as the sinuous line of the river. … Prof. R. C Bosanquet draws my attention to the fact that in the temple of Apollon … 12 The Labyrinths of the Kyklopes in the caves near Nauplia (Strab. 369 i(pe^i}s 5£

484

from the literary allusions to the game of … other mosaics a Labyrinth, the centre of … of gold and pearls, in which was a Minotaur of emerald holding a

485

known man wearing a Labyrinth of the sort on his breast1. A small … of S. Michele at Pavia (s. xi), at Aix in Provence, on the walls … of grey and white marble, decorates the middle of the nave in … propalare. I am indebted for this and for several of the following references to a … 1 F. R. Earp A descriptive Catalogtie of the Pictures in the Fitzwilliam Museum … quivit qui fuit intus, | ni Theseus gratis Adriane (sic) stamine iutus. The facade of the

486

adorned with a representation of Theseus and the Minotaur. Such … But new uses were found for the old design. Towards the close of … Later the same Labyrinths were used as a means of penance for … of Lucca cathedral. After the Reformation ecclesiastical mazes … 2 E.g. there is one inside the west door of Ely cathedral; but it is of quite recent

487

'The lovers of antiquity, especially of the inferior class, always speak of … three years about the time of Easter3.' … 1 J. Aubrey Natural History and Antiquities of Surrey v. 80, cp. Remaines of … 3 T. Wright The History and Topography of the County of Essex London 1835

488

Roman lineage of these turf-mazes; for in England they are … name with that of lulus4! … on a coin of Knossos (supra .p. 477 fig. 343)7. In Finland and … 1 E. Trollope loc. cit. p. 222 ff. Welsh shepherds, in commemoration of their Trojan … 5 On Hallands Vadero, an island in the Kattegat, a maze of stones is called … Dmtaulande Strassburg 1908 pi. 1} and so furnish the prototype of this design.

489

Vier, a small uninhabited island in the Gulf of Finland (fig. 353)2. … east of Russia, and Iceland rough mazes of unknown antiquity exist, … endorsing his conclusions as to the precise character of the rite involved. He holds that … myth, in which the solar heroine (Freya, Brunhild, etc.) was freed from the prison of … p. 41 ff.) that the whole story of the Trojan War presupposes this northern myth, with … circles of the neolithic age.

490

of Daidalos with the paltry representations of it to be seen in … maze was pressed into the service of the church, while in western … Further, it can hardly be accidental that the distribution of … Labyrinth was an orchestra of solar pattern presumably made for … designed to illustrate the distribution of Dolmens, and probable lines of the migrations of … of Daidalos with the paltry representations of it to be seen in … maze was pressed into the service of the church, while in western … Further, it can hardly be accidental that the distribution of … Labyrinth was an orchestra of solar pattern presumably made for … designed to illustrate the distribution of Dolmens, and probable lines of the migrations of

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XV: The Minotaur

491

That, if I mistake not, is the true explanation of Pasiphae's child, … why every ninth year he required a tale of human victims3, are … Dr J. G. Frazer4, after discussing the dance of the youths and … how often with the decay of old faiths the serious rites and pageants of grown … confirmation of this view that on coins of Cnossus the sun or a star appears in … that, since the Cretans conceived of the sun as a bull, Minos as sun-king wore a bull- … of the solar bull. See also G. Murray The Rise of the Greek Epic2 Oxford 1911 … 5 I had almost completed my own account of the Labyrinth before reading Dr Frazer's

492

the middle of the Labyrinth, the place which on other coins is occupied by the … the crown of Theseus or Ariadne was originally a flowery crown … former as 'dark with roses2'; Timachidas, of the latter as made … forget that a shining crown of some sort was connected with the

493

collection3, shows Theseus slaying him in the presence of Ariadne, … 546 ff., 40. 284.ff. (Asterios, son of Minos by Androgeneia). … spots, mostly T-shaped, of white), Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases ii. 105 no. B 148 (black-figured

494

him with eyes like those of Argos, another bovine personage (fig. … a row of dots, which may or may not be meant for stars2. … Walters in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iii. 73 notes: ' the mask of the Minotaur is edged

495

appears in the centre of four unmistakeable stars, which are hardly … plaining the title Aste'rios, Asterwn as 'god of all the Celestial Lights.'

496

akimbo (pi. xxx)1, has possibly preserved a reminiscence of such … speaking of the Egyptian Labyrinth built by king Mendes or … terror into others.' The researches of Messieurs Maspero and … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases ii. 179 no. B 308. Cp. the impression of an Elamite cylinder … misses it as ' a mere ^etiological myth to explain the Odyssean story of Proteus.'

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVI: The “minoan “ bullfights

497

Few features of the 'Minoan' civilisation are more striking … Its earliest form was the capture of a bull by one or more unarmed … for the utmost nerve and dexterity. It comprised various feats, of … of bull-baiting is found in the Thessalian taurokathdpsia4-. The … 2 Two terra-cotta figures of the ' Early Minoan' period found by Xanthoudides at … With these may be compared the capture of the big bull by a posse of men in Lanzone … 4 The literary and monumental evidence of the TavpoK<xda\pt.a is collected by J. Baunack … Fifth-century coins of Larissa have obv. … Thessaly etc. p. 25 ff. pis. 4, 12 f., 5, 1—4). Since a fourth-century drachm of the same

498

at all, the one must be viewed as a modification of the other. The … universally1—regarded as a rite in the cult of Poseidon2. But so … appanage of Poseidon, we could not … feat associated with the Labyrinth. In point of fact, we do so … Zeus "Ekevdepios; but E. Cahen justly remarks that it is only one item of an extensive … 3 Nilsson Gr. Feste p. 80 f. Farnell Cults of Gk. States iv. 25 : 'We have the evidence

499

represents an athlete in the act of turning his somersault over … of the Minotaur on the vases already discussed (figs. 329—331). … of the bull-grasper. Iason and Herakles seizing the bull by the … In any case it seems probable that the religious value of the … that of Knossos.

500

(fig. 362)1, which represents a man grasping by the horn a couple of … of strength4. Any one who grasps the bull's … type of such rites5. On limestone blocks inside a rock-shelter a man … News July 13, 1912 cxli. 56 with 3 figs., H. G. Spearing The Childhood of Art London

501

which resided in the horn of the latter should be found in the horn … remarks, it is 'a cow's horn5.' Of countless illustrations I figure

502

dainties contained in the cornu copiae of Zeus. Pherekydes, the … contact with the horns of the fertilising bull3. … Thus on coins of Mauretania struck at Siga by … of Zeus stands Hera (Reinach loc. cit. suggests 'Hebe(?)': Welcker Alt. Denkm. iii. … Apollod. 2. 7. 5 (see Jebb's ed. of Soph. Track, p. 3). … harmonists stated that Acheloios' horn was the horn of Amaltheia (Diod. 4. 35, Strab. … 3 For the transference of quality from the horns to that which touches them cp. the … graphy. See also Farnell Cults of Gk. States v. 126.

Plate 31

from the cornu copiae of Zeus.

503

in contact with the bull by methods resembling those of the … of Wealth'4; and it will be observed that this … fig. 9, Head Hist, num? p. 888. The obverse of this coin has a bearded male head, … Coins of Nysa in Lydia show a cornu copiae filled with corn-ears, poppy, and grape- … p. 108 f. compares this lifting of the live bull en route for sacrifice with the exploit of … ; 4 Other examples of the title are collected by O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. ]\Iyth. iii.

504

ends his account of the cult as follows : … of Nysa struck by Maximus. Six naked … shared by other cities in the valley of the Maiandros6. I am … of a cavern. These two remarkable coin- … i. 1787, 1800 ff., Farnell Cults of Gk. States iii. 286 pi. 32, a. … in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1579, iii. 2567, who notes that Nysa was a colony of Sparta

505

on to their backs in the presence of an official. We cannot of

506

are in any case the successors of the ' Minoan' bull-grapplers. … positions of importance—at the foot of a sacred tree, on the top of … painted white, like the flesh of Europe. For a Dionysiac variation of the scene see … are in any case the successors of the ' Minoan' bull-grapplers. … positions of importance—at the foot of a sacred tree, on the top of … painted white, like the flesh of Europe. For a Dionysiac variation of the scene see

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVII: Ritual horns

507

conventionalised article of ritual furniture derived from the actual … terra-cotta or stone crescents {Mondsichel, Mondbilder, croissants) of … A. Mosso The Datvn of Mediterranean civilisation London 1910 pp. 343—345 .

508

the Cretan type of horned altar (fig. 371)1 with one found at Oficio … and west of the Mediterranean basin. If, however, we would … ebb and flow of advanced civilisations. … of the native cattle. He also reported that outside the hut of every … red baked clay with horns painted white and remains of a metal tenon beneath, found at

509

as such. These heaps have a pair of bullock's horns stuck into … consequently a pair of ropes (fig. 374). … erection is, he says, a form of shrine known as buor made for the … 1 See now his article in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh

510

themselves golonyet, "(men of the) Clan Nyet." At the present day men of … Directly the houses were built Der erected a shrine for the atiep of Anet to … that in his country mud representations of cattle were erected over the graves … only one son of the dead man, paternal first cousins would give the additional … by the clansmen among whom the meat is distributed. Small pieces of all the … Shrines of this kind (buor) are found in all the Tain and at least in some of … a cattle rope is hung to this. Among the Tain Dinka the sons of a dead man … and viewed as the abode of a paternal spirit has developed into

511

area. Of course in classical times, though the term ' horned altar' … Thus the ritual horns of ' Minoan' art (fig. 37/)2 were stylised … Coins give him the horn of a bull (B?'it. Mus. Cat. Coins Seleucid Kings of Syria p. 3 … 2 Part of relief on a steatite pyxis from Knossos (A. J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud.

512

by successive generations of practical folk (figs. 3792, 3803). … this very vase, while the band of chequers lower down, makes it doubtful if the table had … a sacred shield placed on an altar. If so, the interpretation of the triangles as horns … Thessaly Cambridge 1912 p. 43 fig. 19; pp. 60 f., 73; p. 85. For bronze examples of the … 2 Detail of black-figured pyxis-lid or kylix-hd found at Cuma in 1908 (E. Gabrici in

513

architectural akroteria. The climax of magnificence is reached in … servatism retained clearer traces of … Kabeiros of Thessalonike had a horn, which was either planted … 255 ff. pi. 51). Cp. W. Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the Semites'2 London … Cp. the great altar of Demeter at Pergamon (W. Dorpfeld in the Ath. Mitth. … which appears on coppers of the town c. 350—300 B.C. or later (fig. 113 : Brit. Mus. Cat. … Cp. the single horns of stone found in a neolithic pillar-precinct at Terlizzi in Apulia

514

sought, not in any artistic modification of the horned altar, but in … This curious method of obtaining a swarm is often mentioned by … pitched rags, and he is laid on a heap of thyme. The door and … eleventh day clusters of bees will be found, while of the bullock … fact the centre of a vital force, which radiated outwards especially

515

thereby himself filled with the life of the divine beast. Moreover, … the Egyptian Book of the Dead … Bahri the relative positions of … to the humbler rite of the buried bull and its resultant swarms. … vasa quis dubitet? Cp. interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 4. 219. Varro's etymology is of … 4 E. A. Wallis Budge Facsimile of the Papyrus of Ani2 London 1894 pi. 37, id. The … 5 Mr H. R. Hall points out to me that Mr Somers Clarke {Proceedings of the Society … with Hathor-worship, and the hills as being the cliffs of the same locality.

516

To the same cvcle of ideas belongs the Mithraic sacrifice of … 1 Figs- 389 and 390 are the front and back of a Mithraic altar-piece found in 1826 in … the testicles of the bull. A snake would drink from a krater placed below the bull's

517

shows four scenes separated by three cypresses : Mithras appearing out of the foliage of … of corn (?) and flowers and fruit in bosom (?) ; on the left below, Winter with covered

518

messenger of the Sun, to slay the great bull that had escaped from … wonders ensued. Fresh forms of life sprang from the body of the … altar of the Mediterranean originated as the shrine of a buried … advancing to seize the branches of a bush, of which the lower part is seen. … out a big bunch of grapes to Mithras, who raises his hand in admiration. Between … various animals—boar, hound, horse (hoof and part of leg visible), sheep (?), hound, … iron pivots. Hence the absence of decoration on the back of the frame. … yevecriv XeXrjdorcos anotiiov. The parallelism between the procreation of bees from a

519

Porphyrios' strange account of the worship at Dumat: … Even more explicit is the divinity of the altar in the cult of certain … is a levelled precinct c. 68 metres square, enclosing the tomb of the … 'To Zeus Mddbachos and to Selamanes, gods of the country5.' … Mddbachos would be the Syrian equivalent of a Greek Zeus Bomos,

520

the northern end of Djebel Bdrishd. Here was once a fine Roman … Zeus Bomos, no doubt, was the Grecised form of a Syrian god. … 2 In dealing with aniconic representations of Zeus as a stone we must carefully dis- … inscription TE P M fl N , i>e. Zeus Tepjxwv as the equivalent of Iupiter Terminus (Plout. … at Korkyra (supra p. 164 n. 5) and the bronze pyramids of Iupiter Dolichenus (infra … deities, represented at Tegea by small pyramids surmounting four-sided pillars of Doliana

521

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 521 … into a variety of distinct forms, to each of which was assigned its … by the vulgar; but it was vital to the progress of religion. … Messene and Lakonike—there was a sanctuary and oracle of … In the east we find omphaloid stones regarded as Zeus: e.g. the omphalos of Zeus … It would seem, then, that the genuinely Greek forms of aniconic Zeus included … Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 521 … into a variety of distinct forms, to each of which was assigned its … by the vulgar; but it was vital to the progress of religion. … Messene and Lakonike—there was a sanctuary and oracle of … In the east we find omphaloid stones regarded as Zeus: e.g. the omphalos of Zeus … It would seem, then, that the genuinely Greek forms of aniconic Zeus included

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVIII: The marriage of the sun and the moon in Crete

522

522 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … the daughter of Amyklas when fleeing from the embraces of Apollon … ' Two bronze statues stand there in the open air, one of them a statue of … sun-god8. We know, at least, that in the territory of the Cnossians, … Pasiphae of Thalamai was a lunar Aphrodite, cp. Lyd. de mens. 4. 64 p. 117, 12 f.

523

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 523 … rites. In view of the similarity existing between Cretan and … describes how Mykerinos (Men-kau-Rd), a king of the fourth … was originally affixed to the exterior surface of a wooden coffin5. … 6 E. B. Tylor Primitive Culture* London 1891 i. 356 (the Mintira of the Malay

524

524 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … that the same custom of sun-and-moon marriage is attested on the … heaving billows from the far eastern land of Phoenicia, borne or pursued by her … regarded as moon-goddesses—the former through the influence of … Europe bore to Zeus a son Dodon5 or Dodonos6, the eponym of … this scholar went off on a wrong track, when he detected at Dodona the cult of a … (Cults of Gk. States ii. 479), 'the Eteocretan earth-goddess' (ib. ii. 632), later assimi-

525

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 525 … festival in Crete, the Hellotia, at which a garland of myrtle, twenty … that at Corinth, where the same festival was attached to the cult of … 3 Nilsson Gr. Feste p. 96 remarks that this can hardly be a case of actual hones … character of the rite, which in all probability involved not merely the death but also the … 5 The schol. Pind. 01. 13. 56 gives various atria for the Hellotia of Athena Hellotis.

526

526 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … the other a flower, symbol of her own fertility. Theophrastos and … stone table in the opisthodomos of the temple of Aphaia in Aigina. Here, as A. Furtwangler … I have had Jahn's colour-plate copied with the insertion of various details—the inner … 2 H. Prinz in the Ath. Mitth. 1910 xxv. 169 n. 2 hints that the key to the myth of … 3 Prof. R. C. Bosanquet tells me, on the authority of F. Halbherr, that a single

527

Marriage of the Sim and Moon in Crete 527 … Zevs) stands alone. Whether it preserves an older form of the myth, or is due to the … P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 165, G. Macdonald in the Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 184 ff. … 189 ff. Britomartis, a Gortynian nymph in the train of Artemis, was loved by Minos, … of numismatists such as Prof. P. Gardner (Types of Gk. Coins p. 166 'serrated leaves as … mehr einer Eiche als einer Platane ahnlich'), but also of Mr Spyridion Miliarakis, … likely that the coins of Gortyna would represent the famous union of Zeus with Europe,

528

528 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … shock-head of slender shoots (fig. 394), which in some cases have … being nowhere mentioned by any classical author, {c) Well-preserved specimens of the … regarded the tree as an ancient willow. In such a matter the opinion of an experienced

529

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 529 … Theophrastos, who spoke of a plane, with blundering. Both trees … of Olenos, two nymphs called Aiga and Helike ; and that these persons respectively gave … Aiga, and Helike were the eponyms of Olenos or Olene, Aiga or

530

530 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … According to Hyg. fab. 139, Amaltheia as nurse of the infant Zeus in Crete hung his … question was a willow. In a Czekh tale the nymph of a willow-tree married a mortal … of prettiness but 'vielmehr ein Attribut von tieferer Bedeu- … An example of this latter coin now in the British Museum … in 1. a vase, r. hand on breast; on L, approaching her out of the water, forepart of a bull; … Possibly the flower-basket of Europe was derived from a custom … the time of M. Aurelius (fig. 403) and a copper struck by Trajan … 91 BOS. The word 9IB0S has been taken for a dialect form of

531

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 531 … rightly or wrongly taken to mean the goddess ' of Flourishing … his name on coins of Gortyna. Hence it is tempting to regard 9IB0S as a term … ' Verfinsterten': (3), as a Greek compound of evpvs and oir, 'eye,' equivalent in meaning

532

532 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … Then, as the branches begin to leaf, by a subtle change of gesture … was an emanation of Zeus himself12. … P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 165 pi. 9, 20, Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 405 fig. r. … P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 165 pi. 9, 19. … xvii. 405 fig. 2 (British Museum), P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 165 pi. g, 18 (Paris). … shape of a gad-fly. Another possible case of the soul as a fly is noted supra p. 469 n. 7.

533

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 533 … Probably the head of the fertilising bull was … odd custom perhaps susceptible of the same … Cretan (? cp. Plin. nat. hist. 21. 79) equivalent of the Philistine god worshipped at … H. von Fritze op. cit. ii. 514 holds that, since inscriptions of Ilion mention 17 pods, the

534

534 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … mention of these woodland spirits makes them akin to the Kouretes5 … 3 Mr G. F. Hill A Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins London 1899 p. 181 puts … 8 Mr W. Wroth, with whom I once had the advantage of discussing these coins,

535

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 535 … ' Increase.' Before her on a base is a statue of Euthenta, 1 Fer- … Mus. Cat. Coins Lycaonia, etc. pp. lxxxvif., 182 f. pi. 33, 7) as the name of a 'quail-hunt' … of a bull (id.). … 5 The gesture of the goddess is similar to that of the tree-nymph in the Real Museo

536

536 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … latter stands for the female element in the cult—a koure of

537

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 537 … was probably set up over the grave of an Orphic votary. The … ceived henceforward as a new heroine of ' Increase' to be reverenced … of a moon-goddess. Europe herself bore an equivocal title, which … lex. Myth. ii. 3192. Euryphaessa was, however, the mother of Helios, not of Selene

538

538 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … will appeal to the eye, if we compare the common Greek type of … portant piece of evidence is a passage in the treatise On the Syrian … it the temple of Astarte, and Astarte I take to be Selenaia. But, as one of the … 4 From a denarius of L. Valerius Acisculus (46—-45 B.C.) in my collection : obv. … 5 From, a copper of Amphipolis, struck by Tiberius, in my collection : … who rejects the combinations of Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 251 ff.

539

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 539 … myth that associates Europe with the founding of Thebes5. The … was changed to Boiotia, according to some, by reason of Boiotos the son of … of a copper, struck by Elagabalos, in my collection : A P | SI DON | COLMET - … 3 K. Hoeck Kreta Gottingen 1823 i. 93, 96 interprets the crescent-shaped veil of … 5 On the connexion of Europe with Kadmos see O. Crusius in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii.

540

54-0 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … some of his men to fetch lustral water from the spring of Ares. But the snake … to wife Harmonia, the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite, but first bade him in … Pythian oracle is vindicated from the charge of irrelevance. Besides, … Of Pelagon Fate's nurseling. Then draw nigh, … 2 Paus. 9. 12. 1. Two Egyptising altars of Roman date, formerly in the Towneley … A relief in a tomb of the Roman period at Kom el Chougafa shows the Pharaoh offering … 3 Paus. 9. 12. 2. On the site and significance of this cult see Frazer Pausanias v. 48 f.

541

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 541 … Of the ranging cow is lowered and her knee … Baudissin with the Phoenician moon-goddess on account of its … Dr Frazer's other example of sun-and-moon marriage was that … of the mountain-mother5, whose name probably … of Kouretes as nurse of the infant Zeus (fig. 412)7. Here, as … mark than the statement of schol. Eur. Phoen. 638 (^Kodofx-qcre ras Q-qfias' 6rj(3a yap … of Alktus, as Alktt] of *A'uctos. In Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 171 the eponymous nymph of

542

542 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … copied the actual cult-statue of Britomartis, who is known to … 929, O. Jessen ib. v. 585 ff., Farnell Cults of Gk. States ii. 476, Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. … a cult-epithet of Diktynna. … 5 Drawn from a specimen in my collection. The only other specimen of this fine coin

543

dropped that the consort of Diktynna or Britomartis was solar. It … evidence of a religious complex, forming an independent whole and … father of Britomartis by Hekate. … former name of Delos (Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1780 f. : add schol. Ap. Rhod. 1. … dropped that the consort of Diktynna or Britomartis was solar. It … evidence of a religious complex, forming an independent whole and … father of Britomartis by Hekate. … former name of Delos (Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1780 f. : add schol. Ap. Rhod. 1.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIX: Zeus and the Bovine figures of cretan mythology

544

mythographers was sent by Zeus1, according to Christian writers of … shape7. In short, Zeus as a bull is an integral part of the Europe- … advances of Zeus, and he, to punish her, changed her into a quail and cast her into the … Myth. Vat. 1. 37, 2. 17, 3. 8. 3). She was ravished by Zeus, who took the form of an … 46) and the Phoenician Herakles (Eudoxos of Knidos ap. Athen. 392 D, Cic. de nat. deor. … protr. 4. 49. 3 p. 312, 15 Stahlin. Cp. the statements that Pasiphaa, daughter of Atlas, … 9 The circle of rays surrounding the bull [supra p. 472 fig. 328) and Europe [supra

545

It remains, of course, both possible and probable that sooner or … actually mention a Gortynian cult of Zeus AsteriqsK There is … border' (G. F. Hill A Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins London 1899 p. 158).

546

Asterios was a sun-god of Phoenician character1. Only, we must … must have been worshipped; for here he had herds of cattle4. … 1 Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. 44, citing the opinion of W. Robertson Smith

547

were the sons of Zeus Asterioss. It looks as though the contamina- … hand (fig. 405)4, or awaits on his throne the arrival of her cortege, … to the starry sky. Silver coins of Crete struck by Nero show Zeus … globe and flanked by the stars (fig. 27)10. Similarly silver coins of

548

Crete struck under Caligula and Claudius have a head of Augustus … What was this group of seven stars ? Dr B. V. Head, who … proximately the same position as on a modern star-map, four of … 4 Head Hist. num.x p. 384 'perhaps in the character of Zeus Kretagenes.'

549

tree of Europe attained a scientific euthanasia in the text-books … sky-gods of Syria also. And here again the cults in question took … This was the case with Adad or Hadad, * king of the gods3' and … that the same constellation was sometimes regarded as the bull-form of Dionysos … 4 Mar-Tu, the ideographic form of Amurru. See further A. T. Clay Amurru, the … R. Dussaud in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 2157 ff., M. Jastrow The Religion of Baby- … tree of Europe attained a scientific euthanasia in the text-books … sky-gods of Syria also. And here again the cults in question took … This was the case with Adad or Hadad, * king of the gods3' and … that the same constellation was sometimes regarded as the bull-form of Dionysos … 4 Mar-Tu, the ideographic form of Amurru. See further A. T. Clay Amurru, the … R. Dussaud in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 2157 ff., M. Jastrow The Religion of Baby-

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XX: The bull and the sun in Syria

550

were carried out in the priesthood of Seleukos son of Zenodoros, … Adados4.' The cult was now strengthened by the addition of the … 8 The name Bcfalbek means ' Lord of the Beka,' i.e. of the fertile valley between … containing the earliest mention of Ba'albek, is thus translated by S. Lee {Eusebius Bishop … things, even now, in Baalbeck; the ancient injurious excesses and corrupting paths of vice,

551

to Rome. In the grove of Furrina on the east side of the Ianiculum … starting from this great cult-centre, the worship of Iupiter Heliopoli- … Siscia7 in Pannonia, from the Latovici on the borders of Venetia8, … Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 2161, 2163. The altar is of white marble, 0*55 m. high : … Germanic[o], 4287 (altar shewing relief of a goddess with mural crown, who holds rudder

552

As to the character and ritual of the cult thus propagated an … 'The Assyrians too worship the sun under the name of Iupiter, Zeus … divinity is at once Iupiter and the sun is manifest both from the nature of its … power of Iupiter and the sun. … certain friends of his, devout men whose faith in this deity was based on con- … Genio Forinarum | et cultoribus huius | loci, 2546 I. o. m. Heliopolitano. Of these … politan. j et Nemauso (on the left of this stone is the relief described and figured infra

553

sealed, and sent off, with nothing written on it. The priests, ignorant of the … thereupon ordered that a centurion's vine-staff, one of the offerings dedicated in … ' To prevent my argument from ranging through a whole list of divinities, … the subdivision of their power into this, that, and the other sphere by means of … 1 That is, the centurion's vine showed that Trajan would die in the course of the … 3 Opinions are divided as to the value of this interpretation (W. Drexler ib. i. 1987 f., … 5 Bundles of rays resembling wings start from the shoulders of various Assyrian deities,

554

Ba'albek, the seat of this remarkable cult, has seen many changes. … defaced many of their idols, did him to death and—if we may … 2 On the ugly connotation of the words /u^os, jXLjxds in the Hellenistic east see … this custom consult E. S. Hartland ' Concerning the rite at the temple of Mylitta' in the

555

dosios finally demolished2 the great temple of Zeus and built … subject to Arab rule till 1517, when the Turks gained possession of … (see the note by J. Markland in Dindorf's ed. of the Chronicon Paschale ii. 394 ff., … A Glossary of the Aramaic Ins-criptions Cambridge 1898 p. 30). This is the more likely … 1865 p. 196 'Exploits of Mar Rabbula.'

556

subsequent travellers, including the Duke of Ragusa, in 18341.' … consisted of two towers united by a colonnade, and was approached

558

original intention of this court1 is not known. Certain Helio- … a cedar. A cypress is the central object on other coppers of Heliopolis, which show two … Cypress-trees are not often associated with Zeus. But the temple of Zeus Ne'meios at

559

a patch of sacred corn1 ? … as inscriptions attest, was set out with bronze portraits of the … It was originally entered at the eastern end, therein resembling the temple of Zeus, which

560

At the western end of the altar-court rose the temple of Zeus1 … in width by 8775 metres in length. Round it stood a single row of

561

for sundry patches of a cement-paving, has entirely disappeared. … pseudodipteral, i.e. that in lieu of an inner row of columns it had … in perspective on coins of Septimius Severus, his wife Iulia Domna, … capped range of Libanos; in the foreground, the lowest course of the temple-terrace—

562

consisting of a huge outer wall and a filling of massive stones. … moulding was never completed. On this rested the main face of … arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 93. It shows a section through the temple of Zeus from north to

563

above them the popular name of the Trilithonz. The unknown … attains a length of 2172 metres (fig. 430)4. Greeks and Romans … advrov €K irevTe \i6wv (Steph. Byz. s.v. Ae\<poL). It was the temple of epic times, the … and breadth, and gives details as to the method of quarrying. The big stone, which … 5 On colossal statues etc. as a means of literally ' magnifying' the god see Folk-Lore

564

demanded a supreme effort. But here, as in the case of the … Adjoining the great temple of Zeus was a second sacred edifice … but those of the pronaos and the engaged columns of the interior … at the west end of the building. Nine steps led up to the chancel, … (fig. 432)3, it used to be assumed that this was the temple of Zeus, … 3 R. Wood The ruins of Balbek, otherwise Heliopolis in Coelosyria London 1757

565

the larger building being then regarded as that of Helios. But the … an unfinished frieze, which represents a procession of twelve persons, … (ib. no. 4475, 1 9eG> Batro%eixei) was the Grecised form of the Baal worshipped at … Orient. Gr. inscr. sel. no. 262). The inhabitants of Baitokaike described themselves as

566

was that of Dionysos, who at Heliopolis as elsewhere was worshipped … type of Philippus Senior (figs. 43 31, 4342). On a rocky eminence … of the temple; and in the field beyond this space is a caduceus. … 6 Another possible explanation of the type would be to say that the die-sinker, in

567

glory1. On this showing the temple here figured is that of Zeus'2. … with bulls. But copies of his cult-image, recognised in recent … 2 RascheZ^r. Num. iv. 93 (cp. Suppl. ii. 1345) assumes that it is a temple of Hermes. … Angelus given to Iupiter Heliopolitanus {supra p. 551 n. 10). The remarks of G. Henzen … 1903 pp. 30, 38 f. fig. 14. The inscription in letters of the third century runs : [I.]o. m.

568

a kdlathos or 'basket' on his head, adorned with two tiers of ovate-

569

A disk is suspended round his neck. The upper part of his body … symbolised on the right side of … and a string of jewels (?)4. His . ._____'."Jill Llllll J\ … and there are traces of two busts … of four and six petals each: one of these flowers is seen in profile … hand a fragment of the bunch of corn, and perhaps of the thunderbolt too, mentioned by … solvit {supra p. 552 n. 2) in letters belonging to the end of the second century. Cp. the

570

on its stalk. On the sides of the case are two thunderbolts. And … of Bctalbek and published by O. Puchstein in 1902 (fig. 437)1, … Somewhat more elaborate is a stele of white marble, which came … relief as a Roman copy of Artemis Dlktynna. P. Wolters in the Anv. Journ. Arch. 1890 … pp. 30, 33—36 has contributed most to our understanding of its details. He points out

571

composed of the solar disk with two uraeus-snakes. In the centre … Real-Enc. ii. 2834 f., vii. 1174, infra n. 2) ; and that the lower part of the relief closely … 2 There was a lion-shaped image of Tevvcuos in the temple of Zeus at Heliopolis … Aleppo, is a dedication of an oil-mill etc. to a triad of gods including one simply described … dated in the year 223 a.d.) and an inscription at Ny-Carlsberg of uncertain provenance … as Tevvaios the lion that appears on coins of Berytos with a … brow on early electrum coins struck in the time of Alyattes?, 610 —

572

The sides of the sheath are adorned with disks. … pp. 32, 67 n. 4. Of the coins listed by him the most interesting … argues in favour of accepting Macrobius' assertion. S. Reinach Cultes, Mythes et … the cuts representing the front, side, and back of the statuette ; Reinach Rep. Stat. iii. 8

573

of six or seven petals apiece. And on either side of the sheath is a

574

The finest examples of this type are two bronzes in the de … his chin is a short tenon for the attachment of a false beard. The … belonged to J. Loeytved of Beirut and is now in the Berlin collection (C. Clermont- … false beard, and numerous busts. J. Rouvier detected traces of gilding upon it.

575

To right and left of him is a star with … Finally, a series of five more busts—Posei-

576

bust, that of a rayed Helios; the back, an eagle with spread wings … It is noticeable that no bulls are figured on any of these … Iupiter of Heliopolis. In the Babylonian and Assyrian religion … 2 This was the view of W. Gurlitt loc. cit. p. 125 n. 9 and of F. Studniczka in the … no. 219: head turned slightly to left, and tufts of hair between the horns forming a sort … Myth. iv. 48 fig. 5), sometimes unwinged, as on the ste'le of Esarhaddon (680-669 B.C.) from

577

—the Rimmon2 or Hadadrimmon3 of the Old Testament,—was … question depends of course upon the functions ascribed to the god. … 4 My friend the Rev. Dr C. H. W. Johns kindly tells me that the association of … 5 A. H. Layard The Monuments of Nineveh First Series London 1849 pi. 65.

578

of time was associated with Samas and ultimately viewed as himself … of Heliopolis. These two conceptions of storm-god and sun-god, … in point of fact by no means incompatible3. 'In many mythologies,' … 3 Supra pp. 196 n. 6, 313 n. 8. Empedokles held that lightning consisted of solar

579

Ramman cannot have been accidental. This double nature of … lord of justice,"—an attribute peculiar to the sun-god ; but in … of many very ancient genii, all of whom had been set over the … horizon, and breathing flame or torrents of water upon the … taken to represent a divine bull 'child of the god Zu3.' This divine … of fertility.

580

Sumerian god of Nippur, bore a name which meant 'Lord of the … 'Lady of the Storm,' was described as Nin-khar-sag, 'Lady of the … character of a god who fostered vegetation : … When we see votive offerings with the figure of a bull, or repre- … 5 H. C. Rawlinson A Selection from the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Western Asia

581

traces of the association between the god and the animal may be … A. Dieterich9 supposed that this ascent of the mountain was a … rather infer from the mention of the golden calf and the mountain … 3 1 Kings 12. 28 ff. See further the learned dissertation of S. Bochart Hierozoicon

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that we have here to do with a Grecised form of Adad, god of the … Hierapolis by Seleukos Nikator, the founder of the Syrian dynasty3. … A valuable account of her temple and cult is given by the … The golden doors of its pronaos gave access to a naos gilded … a different name. Both are of gold, and both are seated ; but Hera is carried … abbreviation of Atargatis, the Syrian 'Atar'ata (F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … 8 Loukian. op. cit. 1. The author of the de dea Syria throughout speaks of the goddess … /xrjKos, though the editors of Lucian take it to mean v\pos, and certainly ib. 30 it bears the

583

by lions, while her partner is sitting upon bulls. Indeed, the statue of Zeus … adorn none save the goddess of Heaven. Without she is covered with more … golden imag'e {xoanon) in no way resembling the rest. It has no shape of … 2 Not, of course, the true emerald, which is found only in America, but the green … river Hydaspes to the sound of flutes while the moon was waxing (Plout. de flnv. 1. 2). … s.v. ~Lefx,LpafjLLs). At the close of her life Semiramis changed herself into a dove and flew

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statue of Atargatis carried by lions2, a statue of her partner (re- … goddess. She besought Iupiter to put the fish among the signs of the zodiac. And the … in question were really Venus and Cupido, who, scared by the sudden appearance of … Semiramis and all the kings of Assyria had the dove as their military standard—a doubtful … for dove {himmatii) was not very unlike the Assyrian name of Semiramis (Sammuramat). … her right hand, a tympanum in her left, and seated on the back of a lion {Brit. Mus. Cat. … 3 S. Reinach in the Rev. Arch. 1902 i. 31 argues that we must not press the text of … 6 This is the thesis of J. Garstang op. cit. pp. viii, n f., 17 n. 49, 27, 70 n. 43 .

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pseudo-Lucian, having described the statues of the inner shrine, … refuses to do aught, retreats backwards, if he approves of aught, drives his … The right hand holds erect a spear, and on it stands a small statuette of Victory. … left of which are statues of women : these are surrounded by the twisted coil of … subject to the power of this luminary. The flower bears witness to the bloom

586

opinion of some one who identified him as a solar power with … Victory, the aigis, the eagles) are suggestive rather of Zeus. … firmed by the coin-types of Hierapolis. A … two deities are grouped on either side of a small … Fig- 449- design occurs on a bronze coin of Severus Alex- … 2 On coins of Tarsos from Hadrian to Gallienus appears a cult-image of Apollon … he has in common with the Zeus of Heliopolis and the Zeus of Hierapolis.

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and trustworthy his description is. ' It has no shape of its own, but … effigies of the temple-deities. Again, 'on the top of it there is … sceptre or standard of a divine king figured prominently in the … those represented in the Hittite sculptures of Fraktin and Yarre : ib. fig. 4, id. The Land … 6 Ib. pp. liv, 138 pi. 17,8 (struck in the time of Antoninus Pius). … tion found by him at Perre {Perrin), which speaks of a certain Ma/*| Boyew. He suggests

588

writes as follows of ' Bambych3': … of about one hundred yards diameter. It was low, and had no water in it, and … R. Pococke in 1745 gives a more detailed account of his visit … ground, on which probably stood the temple of the Syrian goddess Atargatis.... … had such a grand avenue as the temple at Gerrhas ; and the enclosure of the … must have been west of it, of which I could see no remains ; it possibly might … 4 R. Pococke A Description of the East, and Some other Countries London 1745 ii- 1.

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have been where there are now some ruins of a large building, which seems to … Nowadays even these scanty relics of the great temple have … its immediate precinct. The position of the Temple may have been more or … 1 Lieut.-Colonel Chesney The Expedition for the Survey of the Rivers Euphrates and … of the wall (ib. p. 188 fig. 2); four terra-cotta heads of a goddess who, to judge from the

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in Koile Syria, belongs a copper coin of Geta, showing a god who … of Rhosos on the Gulf of Issos likewise represents a horned deity, … silver tetradrachm of Antiochos xii, now in the Dresden cabinet, … are extended, and the left holds a two-leaved ear of corn (fig. 452)5. … (F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Num. Zeitschr. 1901 p. 13 f.) is the Zeus of Heliopolis {supra

591

Characteristics of Zeus (Adad) 591 … ciated with Adad (Zeus) marked him as a god of thunder and fertility. … Stratonike [the second wife of Seieukos i Nikator], who was afterwards married to her … to lay violent hands upon herself. Whereupon he told her of his mutilation and so cured … future dwelt there. A bronze statue of him by Hermokles of Rhodes, which stands in … and sharing his mode of life. (Others tell a sacred tale to the effect that Hera loved … version (Prudent, peristeph. 10. 196 ff.), unmanned himself to escape the embraces of … and reaching to a height of thirty fathoms. Twice a year a man climbs up one of them

592

that made out of moisture the first principles and seeds of … figure cylinders of enamelled terra cotta, c. -50111 high, found at Erzingian and thought … Outside the temple is a large bronze altar and countless bronze statues of kings and … the altar: more than 300 of them come to the sacrifice. All wear white garments and a … Near the temple is a lake containing sacred fish of various kinds. The large ones have … blocks the way and implores him to depart. On the occasion of their greatest festivals … The greatest festival known to the writer is, however, celebrated at the beginning of … deities and images of the same. On certain specified days the crowd assembles in the

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knowledge of all that is good for them1.' … flings aside his garments and with a great cry rushes into the midst of them. He seizes … enter the temple-precinct for the next seven days. If any of them sees a corpse, he does … unclean but sacred. They regard the dove as an object of the greatest sanctity: they … shaves his head and eyebrows and then sacrifices a sheep. Most of it he cuts up and … hair for Hippolytos, so at Hierapolis young men offer the first hairs of their beards, while

594

duplicate of the first: id. ib. Berlin 1906 p. 19 f.), E. J. Davis ' On a New Hamathite

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northern flank of Mount Tauros. Prof. J. Garstang describes the … main stream of the valley it washes at a bend the foot of a bare rock, upon … with turned-up toes, characteristic of the godlike figures on all Hittite sculptures. … which is carved before the face of the god, Professors Sayce and Jensen both find … corn, he acquired the characteristics of Zeus. On silver coins

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sceptre in his right hand, a corn-ear and a bunch of grapes in his … others issued by Arsames as satrap of Kilikia, 334—331 B.C.5, show … 2 For the coinage of Mazaios etc. I follow the classification recently proposed by

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of Babylon under Alexander the Great, 331—328 B.C.1, Bctal-tars … The identification of Sandas with Zeus was due partly to the … Among the commonest types of the later copper coins of Tarsos is that of Zeus … 4 Another Cilician god, Olymbros, who passed as being the brother of Sandas (Steph. … And the debs Karaift&rrjs is coupled with Persephone in an inscription on the ' tomb of … of the town {Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycaonia, etc. pp. cvi, 31, 34 pis. 5, 10, 6, 4,

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fact that Zeus too was a giver of fertility1. But this identification2 … of exceptional interest (figs. 454, 455)- Within a square frame … in my collection (fig. 460): obv. [KAISAPEHN rp ?] I ANAZAPBH head of … of Anazarbos there was an important cult of Zeus, who had here dispossessed Olymbros. … of the Italian Lokroi enthroned with a sceptre in his left … from the reign of Commodus and is inscribed I. o. m. I … 3 J. Garstang The Land of the Hittites London 1910 pp. 195, 238, 240, 378 f.

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his hand with a gesture of adoration. On the left is the nude form … Ana must be the name of the naked god, and attempts have been … of a royal or quasi-royal proclamation. I would therefore suggest … ancient Hittite son-god6. He stands on the back of a lion, which … 2 This word is placed either in the narrow space at the back of Herakles' knee … 4 P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 171 pi. 10, 29 regards as plausible an interpreta- … P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 206 pi. 13, 20.

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in his left hand. Occasionally also, as befits a god of fertility, he … Certain coins struck at Tarsos by the Seleucid kings of Syria … ' Pyre' made for Herakles (Sandas) at the Tarsian festival of Pyrd7. … 5 I take this gesture to be expressive of power. In the Old Testament a ' stretched … 548, Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Seleucid Kings of Syria p. 72 pi. 28, 8, p. 78 pi. 21, 6, p. 89

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so in an address to the inhabitants of Tarsos1: … of Melcarth, the god was burned in effigy on his own pyre-.' … In any case the erection of the Tarsian coins can hardly be … to a proof, that a practice of burning a deity, and especially Melcarth, in effigy or in the

602

roof above the stone of Zeus Kdsios at Seleukeia Pieria1. Finally, … by two grape-bunches5. Certain examples of this coinage (fig. 472) … 2 For the pyre of Zeus Strdtios as shown on coins of Amaseia see the Class. Rev. 1904 … p. 717. The attribution of these anepigraphic coins is doubtful. Most numismatists now … sign discussed by Sir Arthur Evans Scripta Minoa Oxford 1909 i. 215^ ('Catalogue of

603

The significance of the pyramid as a cult-object is uncertain. … tionalised form of a mountain2, … walls of Ivriz at the foot of … compound names of deities as Dio-Pan6, Zeno-Poseidon7, etc.s … Auravdav was a false reading for ~2dv8av due to dittography (AI = the AI of yvwplfcaOai).

604

essentially a god of fertility, was also in Hellenistic times con- … represents a sacred stone, perhaps that of Emesa4. Again, the … Dolichenus*, furnishes another example of a Hittite god surviving … the central scene of the rock-carvings near Boghaz-keui (fig. 4/6)10 … Paris 1903 p. 22 f. fig. 9. The bronze, inclusive of the base, is o'iom high. … pi. 29, 9—11, J. Garstang The Land of the Hitiites London 1910 p. 214 pi. 65 f. with

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(supposed to be a combination of the split oval or sign of divinity with the trident-fork … ' Ach-li-ib-sar, servant of the god Tishub'), W. H. Ward in the Am. Joum. Arch. 1899

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a leash. On another cylinder in the collection of J. Pierpont … from Doliche, a little town5 in the Syrian district of Kommagene, … bundle of weapons. In the field is a star (or sun) and the Egyptian crux ansata.

607

and freedmen—carried the cult of this obscure divinity far and … of such deities as Isis and Mithras5. Septimius Severus was much … A good selection of them is given by Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. nos. 4296—4324.

608

that under these emperors with their Syrian connexion the cult of … no dedications to the god of so late a date are recorded. It adjoined … In accordance with a behest of Iupiter Dolichenus, Best and Greatest, the … for the sake of an auspicious beginning: see Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. nos. 467, 4316. … 1466 f.) implies, not merely the ritual use of white clothing (T. Mommsen on Corp. inscr.

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of Tettia Pannuchia his daughter, of his household, of Aurelius Lampadius his … M. Aurelius Oenopio Onesimus {by the sign of Acacius) notary, and Septimius … Serapiacus, Antonius Marianus, M. Iulius Florentinus, chief persons^ of this … who fertilised the earth for the benefit of men, on the other hand, … 1 The word proscaenium is used of a facade or porch in front of the temple (De Vit … 3 principe(s) [ huius loci. Cp. the principes sacerdotum of the Jews (De Vit Lat. Lex.

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of Iupiter Dolichenus, not, as we should have expected, to Dolichenus … One of the inscriptions cited above associates Iupiter Dolichenus

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DolicJienus, Best and Greatest,' and of ' Iuno the Queen' respec- … ever, wears a Phrygian cap instead of a helmet. His raised right … was found in the harbour of Marseille, where it had sunk in some … statuette found at Szalan-kemen, probably the site of Acumincum … sua d. d. Since Iuno Regina had a temple of her own on the Aventine (H. Jordan— … that the new-comer Iupiter Dolichenus here claimed to be the consort of this ancient

612

horns of the bull. A third is indicated in relief on a short column, … aspect of a Dolichenus'-shrine, may be inferred from the finds made … like the walls, of rag-stone with inserted tiles. This pillar had … presumably the M. Aur. Apollinaris, a decurio of Mursella, who dedicated two altars,

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room with a tiled mosaic flooring. The walls of the lower chamber … of them (C) is here represented (fig.

615

his right hand uplifts a double-axe; his left holds the remains of a … of the bolt have thin silver-foil twisted round them (fig. 486)2. … formed back and front of the same dedication, or less probably were

616

To Iupiter DulcJienus- and flanked by busts of Hercules with his … 1 Kan op. cit. p. 43 f. no. 28, a. The best publication of this plate is that of Desjardins

617

to it, in a separate panel as before, are busts of the Sun with a … a thunderbolt. To the right of the altar stands a goddess, pre- … temple, to either side of which is a legionary standard surmounted … (? solar) disk. Both are standing behind the foreparts of two bulls … In the Archaeological Institute at Vienna is a pair of similar, … foreparts of two bulls, the horn of one being visible under his arm3. … 3 R. Munsterberg loc. cit. p. 230 f. fig. 102 well compares a small bronze statuette of

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like Venus than Iuno. Lowest of all came a handled label, … edges of the front-plate2, exhibits a crescent, containing a horned

619

A fragment of another bronze plate, similar in character to … middle is a tree with leaves and fruit. To the left of it stands … double-axe; his left grasps a thunderbolt consisting of six spirally- … the eyes4. The lowest register is filled with a motley assemblage of … of an ancient building along with ashes, charcoal, broken pottery and bricks. … in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1907 xxxi. 241 n. 7). A copper of Lappa in Crete shows … its horns made of gold and a large rosette between them plated with gold (Perrot—Chipiez

620

is an Isiac head-dress, composed apparently of a solar disk between … rest busts of the Moon and the Sun : the former wears a crescent; … section, which bisects the back of the plate3. With this monument … of a like monument. The upper division contains a bust of … that these triangular plates of bronze were intended to represent, … Jean Le dessin des Animaux en Grece Paris 1911 p. 23 fig. 12). Bronze coins of Neapolis … 2 Cp. e.g. the many varieties of Bronze-Age daggers, swords, spear-heads etc.

621

the half-worked barbs of the first Heddernheim plate, the raised … of this form but always2 a double-axe and a thunderbolt of normal … pyramid as a ritual object points to the cult of a mountain-deity3.

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of the Heddernheim plate1 raise a further question. What have … as a sign and symbol of fertility6. … flowers11.' On an Etruscan mirror figuring the birth of Dionysos … The Due de Luynes in the Nouv. Ann. 1836 i. 391 compared the Talleyrand Zeus of

623

thunderbolt in his left, and a wreath of lilies on his head1. The … found by Messrs Drosinos and Stamatakis in a complex of buildings … the Louvre {Arch. Zeit. 1875 xxxii pi. 9), whose diadem is composed of palmettes … pursuit of Minos by disappearing in a grove at Aigina and was thenceforth worshipped as

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was said to delight in the lily2. Her head on silver coins of Elis … Bianna and Aphaia were borne off to become queen of an underground king. … Coins ii. 135 no. 4, P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 137 f. pi. 8, 15, Bnnbury Sale … pi. 14, 1—3, 13, P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 159 pi. 8, 39, Head Hist, num.2 p. 423. … aarepcwv, which grew on the banks of the river Asterion near the Argive Heraion and … On the folk-lore of the Milky Way see further Mdusine 1884-85 ii. 151 ff. 'La Voie … georg. frag. 2, 28 ap. Athen. 683 d) ; and this flower grew from the head of a statue of

625

it as the flower of the planet Zeus. For example, Konstantinos … Kronos was somewhat dark and leaden of hue; … The globe of Aphrodite had the glint … Was planted there upon the face of heaven, … And flowers pied the flashing of the stars4. … of course, in modern poetry, e.g. H. W. Longfellow Evangeline 1.3' Silently one by one, … figured a terra-cotta disk, which represents the head of Helios emerging from the petals … are by the hand of a corrector. J. Bernays in the Arch. Zeit. 1875 xxxii. 99 cites Lobeck

626

These Byzantine attributions were not mere fancy-flights of … his edition (Lipsiae 1877) °f Maximus and Amnion prints certain anecdota astrologica, of

627

K. Zangemeister and E. Gerhard. Of these, three are in the Gold … petal of which terminates in a similar but smaller lily, the central … its inscription5 has a spear-head enclosed in a frame of lily-work.

628

gable of which are a crescent moon and two stars. The architrave … Berlin Museum. One of them so … wreath in his beak. The field of the … medallions depicting Cupid with a round shield and a lance: of … the plate with the help of Mr F. H. Marshall, I made out a few more letters, viz. (a) on

629

Iupiter Dolichenus was in some sense, then, a god of precious

630

seems needed to account for the constant association of an Aurelius … modus)2 and no less than sixteen other persons of the same gentile … god6 and to gold7, considered themselves bound by special ties of … est Valerii, Papirii. Quint, inst. or. 11. 2. 31 also alludes to the origin of the name. … p. 57 no. 60 (Pfiinz: a bronze tablet found near the camp of the first cohort of the

631

analogy of the word Staal for Staalwater1 and the discovery of … A clue to the meaning of the words is, I venture to think, … of interest, since the Homeric Catalogue describes the Halizones … Timotheos too at the court of Archelaos sang of 'earth-born

632

of the Hittite son-god1. Hence I conclude that the title'where … own double-axe2 and the making of the latter implied the birth of … the connexion of Iupiter Dolichenus with the precious metals. The … Oldest Civilization of Greece London 1901 p. 200 n. 1, apropos of the Sumerian name for … me that the meaning of An-Bar, which is taken to denote 'Divine Weight,' cannot be … On the other hand, the Egyptians believed that the tops of some mountains touched … with iron by the story of the metal-eating mice. Aristotle stated that in the island of … by nature in the iron-workings of the Chalybes; and in gold mines they are so fond of … Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 1954), it is possible that we should assume another island of the

633

The Significance of the Bull 633 … the last twenty sections of our subject will be glad to rest awhile … 5 Supra p. 435 n. 6. A bronze statuette of Apis from a Greek site in the Delta is in- … The Significance of the Bull 633 … the last twenty sections of our subject will be glad to rest awhile … 5 Supra p. 435 n. 6. A bronze statuette of Apis from a Greek site in the Delta is in-

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XXI: The significance of the bull in the cults of Zeus

634

634 The Significance of the Bull … supporter of the Hittite father-god ; but this deity, still mounted … deposed him from his place as lord of the forest. The bull was … without loss of probability. Beyond other beasts the bull was … 6 G. Murray Four Stages of Greek Religion New York 1912 p. 33. Cp. Harrison … (bulls). Very significant is the use of ravpos = rb aldoiov rod dvdpos (Souid. s.v. ravpos,

635