Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

Sequence of the Mountain-cults 123

in the second century of our era, says that the temple of Zeus
Larisaws had no roof and that his statue, made of wood, was no
longer standing on its base1. This implies that the temple was
then a ruin ; but when it was first founded is not known. Mount
Sagmatas, the ancient Mount Hypatos, is a bold, rocky eminence
above Glisas in Boiotia, attaining a height of 2434 feet. ' From
the summit/ says Dr Frazer, ' the view is extensive and fine,
embracing the great expanse of the Copaic plain (a lake no longer),
the dark blue water of the deep lake of Hylica environed by barren
and rugged mountains, the Euboean sea, and on the horizon the
peaks of Parnassus, Helicon, and Cithaeron2.' Upon the flat top
of this mountain Pausanias found a cult-statue and temple of Zeus
Hypatos*; but again we cannot tell the date of its foundation. The
same is true of the temple of Zeus Akraios on the Pindos range
between Thessalia and Epeiros4, of the temple of Zeus Kdsios built
by the descendants of the Dioskouroi on Mount Kasion in Egypt5,
and of the temple dedicated to Zeus Kdsios at Kasiope in Korkyra6.
Probably they were all comparatively recent. The temple of Zeus
Solymeus on Mount Solymos in Pisidia does not appear to have
been a very ancient structure7. And in several cases it is clear
that the primitive altar of Zeus received the additional glory of
a temple at a much later date. Althaimenes, we saw, set up a
simple altar to Zeus Atabyrios on the Rhodian Mount Atabyrion :
but Mr C. Torr notes that the temple-walls and precinct-wall of
Zeus are still to be seen on the mountain 4070 feet above the sea8.
Herakles, we said, dedicated altars and a leafy precinct to Zeus
Patrdios on the headland of Mount Kenaion : but Seneca in his
tragedy Herakles on Oite writes—

Here on a soaring rock no cloud may strike
Shines the old temple of Kenaian Zeus9.

The precinct of Zeus Kynthios and Athena Kynthia on the top
of Mount Kynthos in Delos included a small temple, the position
of which can still be traced; but this is expressly said by M. Lebegue
to be of late date10.

1 Append. B Argolis. 2 J. G. Frazer on Paus. 9. 19. 3 (v. 61 f.).

3 Append. B Boiotia. 4 lb. Thessalia. 5 lb. Aigyptos.

6 lb. Korkyra. 7 lb. Pisidia. 8 lb. Rhodes.

9 lb. Boiotia. Sen. Here. Oet. 786 f. hie rupe celsa nulla quam nubes ferit | annosa
fulgent templa Cenaei Iovis. Mr G. A. Papabasileiou, who most courteously travelled
from Chalkis to the Kenaion promontory on my behalf, reports (Oct. 17, 1911) that at
Dion in a spot named after a church of Saint Konstantinos he could trace the foundations
of a temple and fair-sized precinct with a circular base of three steps at the east end.
These remains he took to be those of a temple and altar of Zeus built in historic times on
the site consecrated by Herakles. 10 Append. B Delos.