Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

276 The Solar Wheel in Greece

goddess Diana Nemesis Augusta' came to light, dated in the
year 259 A.D.1 Similarly at Carnuntum (Petronell) in Upper
Pannonia the amphitheatre had attached to it a sanctuary of
Nemesis, the excavation of which in modern times has led to
some remarkable finds2. In the apse of the building, on an
inscribed base, stood the statue of Nemesis herself (fig. 203)3.
The goddess conforms to the late Roman type of Artemis or
Diana. She is dressed in a short chiton, which leaves the right
breast bare, and an outer garment worn like a girdle round the
upper part of her figure and falling over her left arm. On her head
is a crescent moon with a small disk above it. On her feet are
high hunting-boots. She has a winged griffin on one side, a
wheel on the other. Her right hand holds both a rudder and a
whip; her left hand, a sheathed sword4. Close to her and sheltered
by the same apse stood a second statue, that of Commodus, on a
base which was inscribed in the year 184 A.D. but was subse-
quently, owing to the official condemnation of the emperor's
memory, turned with its face to the wall. The statue seems to
have represented Commodus as Iupiter with an eagle at his feet5.
If he was king, Nemesis was queen ; for a neighbouring altar
erected in 199 A.D., was inscribed as 'Sacred to Nemesis the

1 Corp. inscr. Lat. hi Suppl. no. 10440 = Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. no. 3742.

2 Arch.-ep. Mitth. 1897 xx. 205 ff. (C. Tragau), 228 ff. (J. Zingerle), 236 ff. (E.
Bormann). 3 Ib, p. 210 fig. 19.

4 The nearest parallel to this statue with its complex symbolism is a relief dedicated
to Nemesis Regina found at Andautonia in Upper Pannonia and now in the Agram
Museum (ib. p. 229 f. fig. 35 a). Cp. also a sarcophagus from Teurnia in Noricum
{Philologies 1894 liii. 408).

5 Arch.-ep. Mitth. 1897 xx. 211, 2376°., 243 f. Coins of Commodus show not only
ivppiter conservator protecting the emperor (fig. 201), but also the emperor himself

Fig. 201. Fig. 202.

as Jupiter standing with thunderbolt in right hand, spear in left, and eagle at his feet
(fig. 202) inscribed iovi ivveni etc. (Rasche Lex. Num. iv. 885 f., cp. Gnecchi Medagl.
Rom. ii. 56 no. 43 pi. 8r, 3), or advancing with thunderbolt in right hand and spear in
left, surrounded by seven stars (Rasche ib. iv. 878 f. iovi defense' etc.), or seated with
branch in right hand, spear in left, or again with patera in right hand and eagle at his
feet (id. ib. iv. 882 f. iovi exsvp or exsvper etc. See Dion Cass. 18. 15, Lamprid.
v. Commod. 11. 8).