Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

350 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt

aspect as Zeus Amman1, They did not indeed represent him as a
ram or even give him a ram's head; for the whole trend of Greek
religious art was away from theriomorphisrn. But they hinted at
the animal-conception by adding to the divine head ram's ears and
downward-curving horns. The Naples bust (fig. 271)2, which goes
back to a fifth-century original of quasi-Pheidiac type3 perhaps
existent once at Kyrene4, shows how far they succeeded in com-
bining the infra-human with the supra-human, the ram with Zeus.

s

So Zeus through contact with Amen became Zeus Ammou.
Where the change first took place, we cannot with certainty
determine. It may have been at Thebes, the original nidus of
the Amen-cult; for Herodotos definitely states that the Ammonians
got their worship from that of Zeus Thebaietis*. On the other
hand, the fact that he calls the Theban god Zeus TJiebaieus rather
than Zeus Ammon makes it more probable that we should
look away from Thebes to the Ammdneion—the remote Oasis
of Siwah, where the Theban Pharaohs planted their favourite
religion6 in a spot destined to become famous throughout the
ancient world. Hence the cult radiated, perhaps southwards to
Meroe, where the oracular Ammon is known to have been wor-
shipped7, certainly northwards to Kyrene, where Zeus was honoured
under a variety of titles8 and Ammon came to be reckoned as
a patron-god9.

There is, further, some little uncertainty as to the date at which

1 On the various forms of this name see R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.
i. 1853 f.

2 Guida del Mus. Napoli p. 84 no. 267, E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1848 xx. 193
pi. H, Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 278 Atlas pi. 3, 3, Muller—Wieseler—Wernicke
Ant. Denkm. i. 37 pi. 3, 9 a herm of Greek marble—height o"43m.

3 A. Furtwangler ' Ueber Statuenkopieen im Alterthum' in the Abh. d. bayer. Akad.
i8gy Philos.-philol. Classe xx. 563—565.

4 F. Studniczka Kyrene Leipzig 1890 p. 83. 5 Hdt. 4. 181..

6 G. Maspero The Passing of the Empires London 1900 p. 552.

7 Infra p. 376 n. 3. Cp. Metrod. Perieget. ap. Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 3. 479
(text reconstituted by E. Maass in the [ahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1902 v. 213 f.)
Ammonis templum Iovis inter Aethiopes Endios (evdiovs, ' southern ')—sunt enim et qui
Pseudoaethiopae vocantur—et Libyas ultimos.

8 Zeus "EikLvtiixevos (supra p. 92), Avkcuos (supra p. 89 ff.), Iiarr/p (R. Murdoch Smith—
E. A. Porcher History of the Recent Discoveries at Cyrene London 1864 p. 11 3 inscr. no. r 1).
Euphemos too, a figure intimately connected with Kyrene, recalls the Zeus Eu^yuos of
Lesbos (Hesych. Ev^rj/xos' 6 Zet)s iv Aecrj3ii}, cp. Ev<pa/juos' 0 Zeds) and the Zeus <&7]fuos
of Erythrai (Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.'1 no. 600, 26 f. Ztjuos | [$r)]fiiov /ecu 'Adrjvas
Qr/fiias).

9 In Plat, polit. 257 b Theodoros of Kyrene (id. Theaet. 143 c—d) says ev .ye vr\ rov
t]jxhepov debv, w Scu/c/rares, rov"A/x/j-cova. See L. Malten Kyrene Berlin 1911 p. 118 n. 6.
R. Pietschmann in Pauly—-Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1856 cp. Synes. 4. 167, where Kyrenaike
is called 7?"Ajxfxwvos yrj.