Cook, Arthur B.
Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky
— Cambridge, 1914
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Schmutztitel
Titelblatt
Preface
IX
volumes by T. B. Emeric-David issued at Paris in 1833. In the
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inkling of prehistoric antecedents. In both directions pioneer work
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scholar but of any and every investigator in the classical field.
X
priests at Korykos, odd details of his rites at Iasos, a hymn sung in
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the quest at home. Year in, year out, the universities of Europe
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especially in the poets and the philosophers: it would be tedious to
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in Greek and Latin poetry are analysed by C. F. H. Bruchmann
XI
collected and considered in primis by J. Overbeck Griechische
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now reduced chaos to cosmos, not merely in the reproduction of
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(Theogonie und Goetter Berlin 1894) deals with Zeus in a clear
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benefit from the lucid chapters of Dr L. R. Farnell, who in his
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account of Zeus in its article on 'Jupiter' (vol. iii pp. 691—708 by
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The present volume is the first of two in which I have
XII
Chrysostomos in a memorable sentence declared Zeus to be 'the
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more ways than one. In the Classical Review for 1903 and 1904
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articles on 1 The European Sky-God,' which appeared in Folk-Lore
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in the friendliest fashion put a spoke in my wheel by convincing
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customs and myths without a real knowledge of the languages in
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of Zeus and marking out my province as explained in the previous
XIII
Be that as it may, in this instalment of my book I have traced
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the second half of it is, for the history of religion in general, the
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in mystic union be identified with their god, and thus in thousands
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an undue neglect of anthropological parallels. In defence I might
XIV
Mention must here be made of sundry minor points in method
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the Achaeans and Thessaly). Greek words and phrases cited in
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Volume I, the first dealing in detail with Persons, Places, and
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There remains the pleasant task of thanking those that have in
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more than once encouraged me to persist in my undertaking. I am
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this book has been perused, either in manuscript or in slip, by
XV
and from Mr F. M. Cornford, especially in connexion with Dionysiac
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and Indo-European Philology in the Manchester University. Prof.
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Babylonia, Syria and Asia Minor. In things Egyptian I have
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College. Semitic puzzles have been made plain to me, partly in
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In a book of this character, with its constant appeal to the
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and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum, has allowed me to
XVI
references for me in the Reading Room. In the Department of
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the British Museum, has sent me impressions of gems in the Gold
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Of the subjects represented in my first volume thirteen coins
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cluding the two coloured designs and the restorations attempted in
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though working against time ari*d not always in ideal conditions,
Contents of Volume I
XIX
(c) - Zeus identified with Aither (sometimes with Aer) in Philosophy
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(g) Zeus-like deities in wolf-skin garb...... 96
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(b) Dionysiac traits in the Cult of Zeus on Mount Olympos . 104
XX
§ 6. Zeus in relation to the Sun......186—730
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i. The Solar Wheel in Greece . . . . . . 197
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x. The Fire-drill in relation to Prometheus, the Kyklops,
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i. The Ram and the Sun in Egypt. Zeus Ammon . 346
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ii. The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia. Zeus Sabdzios . 390
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vi! The Golden Lamb in a folk-tale from Epeiros . . 412
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x. The Significance of the Ram in the Cults of Zeus . 428
XXI
i. The Bull and the Sun in Egypt . . . . . 430
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xi. The Bull and the , Sun in Crete . . . . . 467
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xviii. The Marriage of the Sun and the Moon in Crete . 521
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xxi. The Significance of the Bull in the Cults of Zeus . 633
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i. Talos in Crete . . . . . . . . . 719
XXII
§ 7. Zeus in relation to the Moon .
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§ 8. Zeus in relation to the Stars . . . . 740—775
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(c) Zeus in Astronomy and Astrology......754
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ii. The Dioskouroi as Stars in Hellenic Literature . . 763
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iv. The Dioskouroi identified with the Heavenly Twins in
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vi. The Dioskouroi identified with Saint Elmo's Fire in
List of Plates in Volume I
XXIV
XXIX Mosaic in the orchestra of the theatre at Athens : swastika-
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XXXI Bell-Crater in the Hope collection : Herakles in Olympos
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XXXV Bronze tympano7i from the Idaean Cave in Crete : Zeus
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XXXIX, 1 Bell-krate'r in the Hope collection : preparations for a
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reliefs is printed on a transparent overleaf]. in pocket at end
Abbreviations
XXVI
des Lebens der Griechen und R'6?ner in Religion, Kunst und Sitte i—iii Miinchen und
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Etruscan, in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum.
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Brit. Mus. Cat. Byz. Coins = W. Wroth Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in
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Thessaly to Aetolia 1883 by P. Gardner; Central Greece 1884 by B. V. Head;
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Brit. Mus. Cat. Gems—A. II. Smith A Catalogue of Engraved Gems in the British
XXVII
and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum London 1911.
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Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Coins— IL A. Grueber Coins of the Roman Republic in the
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Brit. Mus. Marbles — A Description of the Collection of Ancient Marbles in the British
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descriptio F. M. Avellinii in earn adnotationes. Lipsiae 1850.
XXX
Frazer Golden Bough2—J. G. Frazer The Golden Bough A Study in Magic and Religion.
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Part IV. Adonis Attis Osiris Studies in the History of Oriental Religion. Second
XXXI
antiker Bildwerke in historischer Folge erklart. Bausteine zur Geschichte der
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Bd. in. Abth.). Miinchen 1896.
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1905—1909, Serie in Text und Tafeln Miinchen 1910—
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P. Gardner Cat. Vases Oxford'= Museum Oxoniense. Catalogue of the Greek Vases in
XXXII
gegeben vom K. K. Militar-Geographischen Institute in Wien. 13 Sheets with
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Antiken Bildwerken. In drei Lieferungen. Miinchen, Stuttgart und Tubingen
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Gilbert Gr. Gbtterl. — Griechische Gotterlehre in ihren Grundziigen dargestellt von Otto
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Gruppe Cult. Myth, orient. Rel. = Die griechischen Cidte und Mythen in ihren Bezieh-
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Gruter Lnscr. ant. tot. orb. Rom. — Luscriptiones antiquae totius orbis Romani in absolut-
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Ellen Harrison with an Excursus on the Ritual Forms preserved in Greek Tragedy
XXXIII
in Rome by Wolfgang Helbig translated from the German by James F. and Findlay
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Wandmalereien in technischer Beziehung von Otto Donner. Leipzig 1868.
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Hunter Cat. Coins = Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection University of
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ii North Western Greece, Central Greece, Southern Greece, and Asia Minor.
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1. CI. xviii. Bd. in. Abth.) Miinchen 1890.
XXXV
Munzensammlung in Wien aus dem Illustrationsmatetial der Bande i—xi des
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Matz—Duhn Ant. Bildtv. in Lio)n—Antike Bildwerke in Ro?n mit Ausschhiss der
XXXVI
iii Das Delphinion in Milet von Georg Kawerau und Albert Rehm unter Mitwirkung
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In XII. Priorum Imperatorum Romanorum numismata aurea, argentea, & aerea,
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pon. max. in aedibns Vaticanis constituit monimenta linearis picturae exemplis
XXXVII
and Religion in Ancient Times. Elucidated by the Author's own Researches and
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iii Die Bildwerke in Stein und Thon bearbeitet von Georg Treu. Textband Tafel-
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Henzen. Accedunt Indices rerum ac notarum quae in tribus voluminibus inveniuntur.
XLI
Edidit Guilelmus Studemund. ii Procli commentariorum in Rempublicam Platonis
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Sitzungsber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wiss. in Wien Phih-hist. Classe = Sitzungsberichte der
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Smith... Revised throughout and in part rewritten by G. E. Marindin... London 1899.
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and imperial: commenced by the late Seth William Stevenson...revised, in part,
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preserved in the Municipal Collections ofRame. The Sculptures of the Museo Capitolino.
XLII
The Year's Work in Class. Stud. = The Year's Work in Classical Studies 1906—
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Tiryns = Kaiserlich deutsches archaeologisches Institut in Athen. Tiryns. Die Ergebnisse
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Verh. d. 40. Philologenversamml. in Gbrlitz = Verhandlungen der vierzigsten Versammhmg
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tmd Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien Wien 1871.
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 1: Zeus and the daylight
1
a whole series of related words in the various languages of the
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monly supposed the god of bright day-light. But the frequent use of the word dyaus in
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Jupiter,' though he still regards the oak-tree as the primary, not a secondary, element in
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than the tree of the sky-father, and that the latter acquired it in the first instance through
2
is raised that Zeus was at first conceived, not in anthropomorphic
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5. 13. 23, Eustath. in II. p. 145, 10 ff., cp. Polyb. 30. 10. 6, Plout. v. Aem. Paul. 28.
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now in the Akropolis Museum at Athens, has undeniably black hair, eyebrows, and
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erected a chryselephantine statue of Poseidon in the Isthmian temple (Paus. 2. 1. 7 f.).
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and round the eyes : this was either a protective coating (G. Treu in Olympia hi. 35 f.
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Lord Savile at Lanuvium and now in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge, came
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from Pompeii (listed in Helbig Wandgem. Camp. p. 30 ff., Sogliano Pitt. mur. Camp.
3
rather than literary. I shall begin by passing it in review.
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radiant sky credited with an impersonal life of its own. Dtos in
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enough remains to prove that the beard, like the body, was red-brown in colour shaded
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1 //. 1. 528 ff., cp. 8. 199 (of Hera). For a similar explanation of earthquakes in
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Stos in the sense 'bright' or 'glorious' of goddesses (but not gods, though in frag. h.
4
We note in passing that in north-eastern Phrygia Zeus was
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Another adjective endios occurs in epic verse with the meaning
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different dialects should be at different stages in the evolution of the meaning of a given
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two bunches of grapes; on the base, a plough of a kind still much used in Anatolia.
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Atos with Sir W. M. Ramsay Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Provinces
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4 //. 11. 726 with Eustath. in II. p. 881, 5 /caret [xearnxfipiav. schol. V. ad loc. says
5
siesta2,' 'to live in the open air3,' 'to grow up into the air4.' But
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vet. Kara rrjv /xea7]fj.^pLap and gloss M. deiXcpous (imitated by Antiphilos in Anth. Pal.
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e^opTL /cat epde\8LWK0Ta, which G. Kaibel in the Inscr. Gr. Sic. It. p. 174 renders
6
an inkling of the truth; for in discussing the words eiidios and
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to forget the former in the latter. We can hardly expect, therefore,
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The remark gains in point, if we may suppose that 'towards Zeus'
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/caXetrat <rxVP-a, Eustath. in II. p. 88 [, 9 'ivbioi. t'crws 8e /cat rrapd tov vypbv Ata, 0 iffTiv
7
compared certain others of more serious tone, in which the poet
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Hekabe in the tragedy that Euripides named after her speaks of
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In such passages it is difficult to determine whether Zeus is
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adding ot 8e "Atos" rod rfXiov, IrAarwi't/cws. Cp. Eustath. in II. p. 962, 64 f. Atos avy&s,
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cp. ib. 370 (pdvrjdi. The same title was borne by Apollon in Chios (Hesych. s.v. Qavaios),
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'the god of Phanai'; for Strab. 645 in describing Chios mentions ^d^at, Xi/at]v j3advs,
8
For fifteen hundred years and more, in fact till the decay of
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starry midnight ' Sky1.' In Hellenic times the two Spartan kings
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' sky5,' a title which in letter, though not in spirit, recalled the
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frag. 123 Abel Zeus irpQiTos yevero /c.r.A. : see O. Gruppe in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2260),
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London 1881 i. 106 n. 4, O. Gruppe in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2255 f.). On a relief at
9
The precise steps by which men advanced from a belief in
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consequence was nothing less than the rise of faith in a personal
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winging their way in ominous silence or talking secrets in an un-
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feelings2—and would go on to conciliate it by any means in their
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blank stretch in our knowledge of Zeus is Gruppe in his masterly handbook [Gr. Myth.
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und dem historischen Zeus liegen tiefe Kliifte, die wir in Gedanken zwar leicht iiber-
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Religion' in Folk-Lore 1900 xi. 168), W. Wundt Volkerpsychologie Leipzig 1906 ii. 1.
10
are not in the habit of erecting images, temples, or altars ; indeed,
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itself in the Latin language and literature2. To quote but a single
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There can be little doubt that in this expressive sentence the
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beliefs, in a very striking paper 1 Syncretism in Religion as illustrated in the History of
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at least possible that he heard in Persia a name for the sky-god which sounded so much
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(Auramazda) does not appear in Greek writers until another century has passed. In
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Auramazda appears in later Greek authors as Zeus jxeyiaTos (Xen. Cyr. 5. 1. 29, cp.
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2 I have collected the evidence in Folk-Lore 1905 xvi. 260 ff.
11
Italians in its transitional phase. Behind him is the divine Sky,
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god. It may even develop in the opposite direction. Xenophanes
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'equal on all sides2' Xenophanes, again in all probability following
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Like to mortals neither in form nor yet in thought4.
12
a sheer assertion of his own will-power expressed in the naive arts
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or even divine duties, in proportion as magic is slowly ousted by
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So Zeus, in a sense, copied Salmoneus. But it remains to ask
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schol. //. 15. 188 f., cp. Athen. 289 A, Eustath. in II. p. 436, riff.); (4) Zeus as life-
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already in mid air, clear the net. What is this but rudimentary magic?
13
Doubtless, said nascent reflexion, Zeus makes his thunder in
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or not, was a matter of imitation. In short, the transition from
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in which the feelings, the will, and the intellect played successively
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from the thing imitated and expressing heaven in terms of earth.
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was in some respects higher, because more true, than later anthropomorphism. After
14
(be it remembered) and provisional in character, has detected two
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with logical precision, though in such a matter logic was at best
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scarce in Homer and never associated with the Homeric Zeus.
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such expurgation has in point of fact failed precisely where failure might have been
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used thrice, in h. Ap. 344 and h. Hest. 5 of Zeus (so Hes. 0. d. 51, theog. 457, Moiro ap.
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Thirty-six times in the 77. and Od. he is described as vecpek-qyepeTa, a transparent
15
any particular tribe or town in Crete. That island was a meeting-
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free to contend that in some variety of Cretan Doric the word Zeus
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word ydvos. The face has in line 2 TTATIKpATGC fANOC altered into ttanKpATGC
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{Folk-Lore 1905 xvi. 261). Prof. G. Murray printed irayKpares ydvovs in his restored text
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whole think there is sufficient reason for altering the text.' He adds that in a letter
16
in the Tabula Edaliensis, a Cypriote inscription, which thrice uses
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this wras a grove sacred to Zeus in the territory of Aigion6. Hence,
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Athena Amarta, Aphrodite and all the gods7. And, when in
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1 W. Deecke 'Die griechisch-kyprischen Inschriften' in Collitz-Bechtel Gr. Dial.-
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on which the year starts again ' in the same' (evl aury) position as before, and that it was
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4 P. Foucart 'Fragment inedit d'un decret de la ligue acheenne' in the Rev. Arch.
17
on a tablet and set up beside an altar of Hestia in the A mar ion1.
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and Kaulonia, in avowed imitation of the Achaeans, erected a
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type an enthroned Zeus, who holds an eagle in his right hand
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2 Paus. 7. 24. 2 f. O. Jessen in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1741 would distinguish
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5 W. Wroth in the Num. Chron. Fourth Series 1902 ii. 324 ft. pi. 16, 4, G. F. Hill
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the early Arcadian coins.' Cp. infra ch. i § 3 (b)). The coin is now in the British
18
at most survived in a cult-title of dubious significance.
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Near the Carian town of Stratonikeia was a village called
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W. Wroth in the Num. Chron. Third Series 1900 xx. 286 f. pi. 14, 1.
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form of his name in the inscriptions (Hofer loc. cit. 1492, 1 ff.).
19
Imperial coins of Stratonikeia, both in silver and in bronze
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sceptre in one hand, a phidle in the other (fig. 6)7. And the radiate
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1 Zeus Uavrj/xepos is found in Bull. Corr. Hell. 1888 xii. 97 no. 12, ib. p. 98 no. 16,
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Zeus, occurs in Corp. inscr. Gr. ii no. 2'7i5a, Bull. Corr. Hell. 1887 xi. 29 no. 41, ib. p. 376,
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pi. 24, 5, pp. 156, 158 pi. 24, 10. I figure a specimen in my collection.
20
identical with the ' Entry of the horse' mentioned in a local in-
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the 0 short. Nilsson Gr. Feste p. 28 n. 1 cp. Zeus Kv/uuipcos at Bargylia in Karia (Bull.
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protection of Zeus Havdfiapos and Hekate (O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii.
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8 O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 1494.
21
or anabasis) of the god in this connexion3, MM. Deschamps and
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however, points out that the ' Ascent' is said to take place in
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Panamara culminated in the sanctuary on the mountain-top, where
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the god, presumably in the procession, was duly dedicated to him8.
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mentioned in 1891 xv. 186 no. 130 B, ufif., 188 no. 131, 13.
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4 Bull. Corr. Hell. 1891 xv. 178. So O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 1495.
22
gymnasiarchal duties, in particular the distribution of oil for the
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small image of their deity. Crowns of the sort are mentioned in
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Heraia at Panamara was a marriage-feast. Such was in all probability the character
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Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1898 xviii. 180 f. pi. 13, 21, G. F. Hill
23
of Zeus or outside it in the sacred precinct,
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not mentioned at all; that slaves were allowed to participate in
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Helbig Guide Class. Ant. Rome i. 151 f. no. 221= A. J. B. Wace in the Journ. Hell.
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3 The conjecture of Frazer Pausanias hi. 280 f. is, therefore, in part mistaken.
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in the Revue Coloniale Internationale 1886 iii. 225 ff., 1887 iv. 353 ff.
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I incline to think that we have in this custom the relics of a puberty-rite once
24
widespread throughout Greece, and that further proof of the practice may be found in the
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cutting ' ' tress' < *Kopcr-a. He refers me to F. Solmsen in the Zeitschrift fiir vergleich-
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KovpijTes were the young initiates of the tribe (see her cogent article in the Ann. Brit.
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believed in the fifth century B.C. that the KouprjTes got their name from their peculiar
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in II. p. 165, 8 ff.
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to Artemis (Hesych. s.v. Kovpewns) or the Kovpoi had their hair cut and were enrolled in
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Phot. lex. s.v. otVt[a]<7T?;pta, Eustath. in 11. p. 907, 19, Favorin. lex. p. 469, 20 f. ; cp.
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amount of monumental evidence available. In Minoan art youthful figures, both male
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which shows a man's head beardless and bald on top, but with bushy hair behind tied in
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on top, but long-haired behind (A. Furtwangler in the Arch. Zeit. 1884 p. 106 ff. pi. 8,
25
It is probable that the crowds which in Roman times thronged
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As a bright sky-god Zeus lived in the aither or * burning sky3.'
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The relation of Kcupos to this group of words is dealt with in Append. A.
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linguistic phenomenon, is that given in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1891 xv. 186 no. 130 A, 1
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It is probable that the crowds which in Roman times thronged
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As a bright sky-god Zeus lived in the aither or * burning sky3.'
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The relation of Kcupos to this group of words is dealt with in Append. A.
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linguistic phenomenon, is that given in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1891 xv. 186 no. 130 A, 1
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 2: Zeus and the burning sky
26
another he came near to flinging Hypnos ' from ait her' into the
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Again in his Chrysippos Euripides wrote an invocation of earth and
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and in another fragment described Perseus as—
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importance from the fact that it was a cult-title possibly in
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Aitherios1'1. Aristotle in his treatise On the Universe links with
27
was a cult-title at Priene in Karia. A small marble altar found
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evxrjv (in fulfilment of) a vow2.
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whole range of Greek literature. In particular, it has left its
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altar to Zeus: see Die Skulpturen des Pergamon-Museums in Photographien Berlin 1903
…
son of Oinoe by Aither (Pind. ap. Maxim. liolobol. in Syringem p. 112 b 15 f. Diibner,
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Marett by ' animatism '—the primitive view that things in general, including inanimates,
28
teaching was in a sense zoi'stic. It is therefore of interest to find
…
ird<rxov, 6 5e xpbvos iv $ ra yivbp.eva, Probus in Verg. eel. 6. 31 p. 355 Lion Pherecydes...
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Probably Zrivbs, for Aids, in order to suggest a connexion with tfjv, 'to live' (supra
29
found to a greater or less degree in all matter. This tension is
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famous invocation of Zeus, was in reality invoking the sky6: he
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quemquam, qui ita appellatur, in deorum habet numero (sc. Zeno), sed rebus inanimis
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= Zenon frag, in Pearson; Chrysippos ap. Philodem. irepl evo~e(Seias 12 = H. Diels
…
pretation is put upon the phrase by Macrob. Sat. 1. 18. 15, in somn. Scip. 1. 17. 14.
30
added that it was reasonable to invoke the aer and aither, since in
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in which he made mock of Zenon the Stoic6. When, therefore,
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suspect a travesty of Stoic teaching. The personage in question
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I'm here in Athens, at Patras, in Sicily,
…
4. 34 p. 91, 18 ff., Serv. in Verg. eel. 10. 27. Herakleitos, a late Stoic, in his quaest.
…
A last echo of Herakleitos the Ionian is audible in Lyd. de mens. 4. 21 p. 80, 4 top 8e
31
In the extant fragments of his poem On Evolution he clothes his
…
The same equation is found many centuries later in Tzetz. alleg. Od. 6. 132 irdvTa rd
…
Euseb. firaep. ev. 14. 14. 6, where the MSS. have aprjs. Herakleitos the Stoic in his
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Ata /j.ev yap \eyei tj)v £eo-t.v /cat tov aldepa cp. the erroneous derivation of Zet^s from fe'w in
…
4 //. 8. 133, Od. 5. 128, 131, 7. 249, 12. 387. Cp. dpywepawe of Zeus in //. 19. 121,
32
raiment worn by Helen1, and twice in a slightly different form of
…
Clasping the earth in close and soft embrace?
…
4 Prob. in Verg. cel. 6. 31 p. 351 Lion already connects Zeus apyrjs with "A/ryos. See
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Akad. iSjy Phil.-hist. Classe pp. 81 —125) was the first to deal in detail with the subject.
…
10 I called attention to this equation in the Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 82 n. 3, cp. ib. p. 75,
…
in Aristoph. ran. 892.
33
It is usual to suppose that in such passages Euripides was writing
…
and only identified with aither in the same sense as he is identified
…
What then was the source of Euripides' teaching in the matter?
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(d) Zeus as god of the Blue Sky in Hellenistic Art.
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1 See P. Uecharme ' Euripide et Anaxagore' in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1889 h. 234 ff.
…
7 Io. Diak. in Hes. theog. 950 = Orph. frag. 161 f. Abel.
34
In a painting from the Casa del naviglio (pi. i. and Frontispiece)1,
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nimbus". Wrapped about his knees is a mantle, which varies in
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behind it rises a pillar rectangular in section and yellowish grey in
…
morphic figure of the Olympian ruler deep in the meditations of
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1 Helbig Wandgem. Camp. p. 30 f. no. lor. Uncoloured drawings in the Real Museo
…
Wernicke op. cit. i. 48 f. objects that in the Pompeian painting the arm of Zeus is not
…
Wieseler Denkm. d. alt. Kunst i. 80 pi. 67, 362: list in Rasche Lex. Num. viii. 333—■
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4 Guida del Mus. Napoli^. 94f. no. 289, figured in the Real Museo Borbonico Napoli
35
city in Italy. Our only further clue is the presence of the pillar
…
say1, at Tarentum in south Italy. If it could be shown that
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Tarentum, made by Lysippos, forty cubits in height. It is note-
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Lucilius3 and Strabon4 mention that the statue in
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2 Plin. not. hist. 34. 40 talis et Tarenti factus a Lysippo, XL cubitorum. mirum in eo
…
shows Zeus leaning his left arm on a pillar and holding a phidle in his right hand. Upon
36
Strabon1 and Pliny2 speak in the next breath of another colossal
…
In short, the evidence that our painting and bas-relief presuppose
…
that of the Neapolitan relief. Thus a vase in the Louvre (fig. g)6
…
now in the British Museum (pi. hi.)7, has the same scene with
…
reproduced on an ivory casket (s. ix—x): see A. Furtwangler in the Sitzungsber. d. konigl.
…
4 Cp. what he says about the stag of Kanachos' Apollon in nat. hist. 34. 75.
…
Walters in a letter dated May 15, 1911 writes—'The following parts of the principal
37
further details and names. In the centre a four-sided pillar with
…
over which Oinomaos, faced by Pelops, is in act to pour his
…
Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 5 f. fig. 1 objects that in this case the word would have been written
…
Walters in Brit. Mus. Cat. Bronzes p. 361 no. 3008, followed by E. Michon in Daremberg-
…
Copper coins of Nikaia in Bithynia, struck under Domitian, show a flaming rect-
38
appropriately complete the group. On the wall in the background
…
from Apulia, likewise in the British Museum (pi. iv, i)3, again
…
wood: there is a door in the front of the altar and beneath it the word A IOC {Hunter
…
Early altars were often inscribed with the name of the deity in the genitive case
39
equivalent of Aphrodite and Eros in the last design1. It will be
…
wreath and a flower in his right hand, a spear in his left, while a
…
Dresden, Orestes stabs Aigisthos in the presence of Elektra (fig. 11)5.
…
3 J. B. Passeri Picturae Etruscorum in Vasculis Rome 1775 iii pi. 2826°., H. Moses
…
of Sir John Soane^s Mvtseum London 1876 p. 5 fig., T. Panofka in the Abh. d. berl.
…
5 G. Treu in the Jahrb. d. kais. detttsch. arch. Inst. 1890 v Arch. Anz. p. 90,
40
cult of Zeus as conceived in south
…
colour of the nimbus in accordance
…
as a dweller in the blue sky, and is
…
arcosolium in the Roman Catacombs
…
1 A milder type of pillar-Zeus, with phidle in right hand and sceptre in left, occurs on
…
altri esempj in un dipinto del Museo borbonico ed in un altro esistente nel cavedio della
…
On the meaning of gold, silver, red, green, and black nimbi in later art see Mrs H.
41
haired figure, standing in a blue robe trimmed with carmine and
…
at Rome, which was designed in the middle of the fifth century
…
The blue nimbus marked Zeus as a dweller in the blue sky.
…
On the blue nimbus in Christian art see further O. M. Dalton Byzantine Art and
42
This occurs in a painting from the Casa dei Dioscuri (pi. vi)1.
…
looking up to him in an attitude of attention. Behind hovers
…
An engraved chalcedony of imperial date, now in the Berlin
…
made for the temple dedicated by Q. Lutatius Catulus in 69 B.C.3
…
London 1884 ii pi. 10 (coloured). Uncoloured drawings in the Real Museo Borbonico
…
4 A. Michaelis in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1898 xiii. 192 ff.
43
almost all, these traits are to be found in an extant relief, the
…
doubtedly much in common. Both show a seated Zeus half-draped
…
3 The colossal statue of Nerva seated as Iupiter in the Rotunda of the Vatican
…
in the Berlin 'Trajan' (Ant. Skulpt. Berlin p. 144 no. 354), a seated emperor of the
44
Iupiter Capitolinus in the fall of its drapery between the knees
…
a fifth-century, head. They place the thunderbolt in his right
…
opponents in the eventful year 69 a.d.1 And we know that
…
Capitolinus in the temple which Vespasian began to build in
…
Between its central columns is seen a statue
…
3 Drawn from a specimen in my possession. See further T. L. Donaldson Architectura
…
copper coins of Ptolemais in Phoinike struck by Septimius Severus etc., which show Nike
45
flagration occurred in 80 A.D. and burnt it to the ground1. It was
…
ordinary issues of this emperor in silver6 and copper7 may have
…
in the god's right hand. A coin of Neapolis in Samaria, struck
…
He holds a globe in his right hand, a long sceptre in his left,
…
on a column behind Tyche, crowning her with a wreath in a tetrastyle temple {Brit.
46
a sceptre in his left hand, a globe in his right (fig. 15)1. It seems
…
chair with a globe in one hand and a sceptre in the other2, but
…
wings is seen in the background behind their throne (fig. 17)4.
…
human representative (fig. 18)5. Sometimes, as in the case of
…
The British Museum possesses a very similar specimen, but in poor preservation.
…
in my collection, tr pot xv cos 1 in and s c.
…
Probus in my collection, iovi conservat(w2') and vxxt.
47
of a sarcophagus-lid in the Villa Borghese. The central scene
…
interpreted as the youthful Apollon and Artemis5. They in turn
…
of Hadrian in my collection, dac • parthic[o' p • m • tr • p] • cos p p and s • c.
…
in C. Robert Sark.-Relfs. iii. 1. 40 fig. 33.
48
a replica in the Capitoline Museum (fig. 21)2, which exhibits Victory
…
p. 131 Atlas pi. 10, 23. A drawing by Eichler is given in Robert op. cit. iii. 1. 42.
49
century, found in one of the Roman catacombs (fig. 22)2, shows
…
in the background, who raises his hands to bless both Master and
50
on a large globe, occurs in church-mosaics of the fourth, fifth
…
and sixth centuries1. For example, the right lateral apse in the
…
1 J. Ciampinus Vetera Monimenta Romse 1747 i. 271ft. pi. 77 (S. Agatha'in Subura
51
type too in all probability derives from a pagan
…
globe in his extended right hand, while he sets
…
identified as the empress' son, who was born in
…
Ravenna, 547 a.d.), ii. 101 ff. pi. 28 (S. Laurentius in Agro Verano = 6". Lorenzo fnori
…
536 a, Eustath. in II. p. 570, 9f.). This, however, does not imply that Demetrios was
…
specimen in my possession.
…
of the specimen in the British Museum. *
52
Valentinianus I added a cross on the top of it3. In this form it
…
We have now passed in review the different conditions under
…
tig. The illustration is from a first brass of Antoninus Pius in my collection.
…
7 Ducange Gloss, med. et inf. Lat. ed. 1886 vi. in s.v. ' palla ' cites from Gotefridus
53
building. Now a ball resting on a pedestal or pillar occurs in
…
the Etruscan Iupiter (fig. 31)4. Are we then to infer that in the
…
—otherwise known as Iupiter Terminus—was already in possession
…
A. Koerte in the Ath. Mitth. 1899 xxiv. 6 ff. pi. 1, 1, A. Dieterich Mutter Erde Leipzig
…
2 Raoul Rochette op. cit. p. 4041". pi. 75 (a funeral urn in the museum at Volterra):
…
3 L. A. Milani in the Rendiconti delta Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Classe di Scienze
…
i. 60 f. fig. 227. Cp. J. Six ' Der Agyieus des Mys' in the Ath. Mitth. 1894 xix. 340 ff.
54
was that which Saturn was said to have swallowed in place of
…
2 In Roman art the stone of Kronos is figured as a half-egg on the top of a short
56
(fig. 32)1. Similar in pose and pretension is
…
the globe is coloured blue in the Pompeian
…
may perhaps be detected in the practice of giving him a blue or
…
Zeus with the blue nimbus had his knees enveloped in a
…
3 E.g. one from Pompeii now at Naples, and another from Sarsina now in the Villa
…
in my collection. The globe, with three stars above it, rests on an altar inscribed
57
with black ground from the Casa dei bronzi shows him clad in a
…
fair-haired Zeus found in the Casa dei Vettii similarly shows
…
Zeus as wearing a mantle of violet-blue. And this in all probability
…
Maiandros in the days of M. Antonius the triumvir, was clad in
…
4 So A. Sogliano in the Mon. d. Line. 1898 viii. 2631". fig. 11 ('le gambe coperte di
58
region of conjecture. In its origin perhaps the usage was pro-
…
sky3. Hence in both cases it came to be spangled with golden
…
triumphed in 201 B.C., was 'dressed according to ancestral custom
…
assumed that the god was clad in purple.
…
6 Anaxenor the kithara-playev of Magnesia as a token of high honour was painted in
59
in a purple garment with golden stars woven into it1'; and, as
…
In this connexion we may notice a representation of the sky,
…
40. 8, Iul. Capitol. Gordiani tres 4. 4, Vopisc. Probus 7. 7. 4 f., Serv. in Verg. eel. 10. 27.
…
Gesellsch. d. Wiss. 1849 p. 63 ff., Matz-Duhn Ant. Bildw. in Rom ii. 185 no. 2711, 429 f.
…
of Alexander the Great on the obverse of a gold medallion found in Egypt (ib. p. 9 f.
…
9 G. Wissowa in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. i2 76f.
60
another in the Villa Medici at Rome5. This conception too was
…
Saint . Paul (fig. 36)7. Another fourth-century sarcophagus in the
…
appearing to Isaac ' in the Loggia of the Vatican.
…
5 O. Jahn in the Ber. sacks. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. 1849 Phil.-hist. Classe pi. 4, Wien.
…
7 The sarcophagus stands now in the crypt of the Vatican and in such a position that
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 3: Zeus Lýkaios
63
On the summit of Mount Lykaion in Arkadia was a far-famed
…
and Lycians of Asia Minor3, while Berard argues for a Phoenician
…
2 P. Weizsacker in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2173.
…
0. Jahn 'Uber Lykoreus' in the Ber. sdchs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. 1847 Phil.-hist. Classe
…
and in his Mythologie der griechischen Stdmme Gottingen 1857—186[ ii. 78 ff.' Avkcuos,
…
Smith in The Encyclopedia Britannico? Edinburgh 1886 xxi. 136 s.v. 'Sacrifice,' Lectures
64
stantive lyke1. But there is in Greek no such word as *lyke, 'wolf ;
…
'day-break4,' and its compound arnphi-lyke is used in the Iliad of
…
1 Adjectives in -cuos naturally derive from a- stems. The only exceptions are words
…
58 ff., L. Preller in Pauly Real-Enc. iv. 589, P. Welzel De love et Pane dis Arcadicis
…
C. Albers De diis in locis editis cultis apud Graecos Zutphaniae 1901 p. 33 f.) argues that
…
T. 7rapct tt\v \vyrjp, 6 ecrrt (TKidp- nai Xv/c60a;s to /xera^i) ckotovs Kal 0wrds, and Eustath. in
65
numerous relatives in both Greek and Latin1. Indeed, our word
…
no certain clue to the nature of an ancient deity. Fortunately in
…
pides of the aither or ' burning sky' in connexion with Zeus4.
…
'light-circuit' : Fick in the Gbtt. Gel. Anz. 1894 clvi. 240 cp. Hesych. <x/3<r rpoxos),
…
W. H. Roscher in the Jahrb.f. class. Philol. 1892 xxxviii. 705 supposes that darepoiros
…
8 H. Usener Gotternamen p. 199. The myths are collected and analysed in Roscher
66
takes refuge in the precinct, the hunter will not break in along
…
man and its loss as fatal. This belief is still current in Greece.
…
and W. Baumlein in the Zeitschrift fur die Alterthtimswissenschaft 1839 vi. 1193, in-
…
eicrLov €k€i (sr. to the birth-place of Zeus on the mountain in Parrhasia) fiefxoXva/xevop
…
5 Plout. id. On shadowless ghosts see J. von Negelein in the Archiv f. Rel. 1902
67
shadowless precinct on Mount Lykaion lies in the connexion
…
some irrelevant cause. That is what in point of fact they did.
…
instance, to assert that some bodies when placed in light cast
…
cast no shadow because they were there ' placed in light6.' This
…
of human 'e\a<poi that I collected in the Joum. Hell. Stud. 1894 xiv. 133 ff- should be
68
Olympos as described in the Odyssey1, and was itself called
…
precinct, would be in thorough keeping with the character of Zeus
…
he holds a sceptre in one hand, and over the other flies an eagle
…
cp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 8. 352, Ylyg.fab. 225 p. 132f. Schmidt. Roscher {Jahrb.f. class.
…
3 W. H. Roscher 'Die Schattenlosigkeit des Zeus-abatons auf dem Lykaion' in the
…
7 Fig. 41 is from a specimen in the British Museum, fig. 42 from another in my
…
Imhoof-Blumer Choix de monn. gr. (1871) pi. 2, 76, id. in the Zeitschr. f. Num. 1876
…
9 Babelon Monn. gr. rom. ii. 1. 845 ff. pi. 38, 13 describes a specimen in the Luynes
69
the victory of Epameinondas at Leuktra in 371 B.C. the Arcadian
…
spread his cloak ; he is human except for his horns and holds in
…
rom. ii. i. 849 f. pi. 38, 18. F. Imhoof-Blumer publishes a similar specimen in his
…
Figs. 46—47 and fig. 48 are drawn from two specimens in the British Museum.
70
is indeed a persistent rumour of human sacrifice in connexion with
…
104th Olympiad celebrated by the Arcadians in 364 B.C. He interprets xapi of the
71
head of the Peripatetic school in 322 B.C., says — 'up to the
…
We have in fact three parallel accounts, which deserve to be studied
…
a particular pool in that
…
themselves in the desert
…
Parrhasium in sacrificio, quod Arcades Iovi Lycaeo humana etiatntum hostia faciebant,
72
even in his day making
…
a wolf; but that in the
…
In conclusion he has
…
and that in the tenth
…
Lykaios, and that in
…
Varro's sources. The sources in question are both satisfactory for
…
Jacoby in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 846.
73
in a passage already quoted—' he who tasted the one human
…
Antheus were given in sundry parts of the Greek world to mythical
…
8. i). Miiller further conjectures that in Plin. nat. hist. 8. 82 we should read itaque
…
2 H. W. Stoll in Roscher Lex: Myth. i. 369 f.
74
found at Halikarnassos3, managed the cult of Poseidon in that
…
in Arkadia likewise the descendants of Anthos were a priestly clan
…
in Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 30). Antheias, son of Eumelos, was killed by falling from the car
…
4 Paus. 2. 32. 8, Bull. Corr. Hell. 1893 xvii. 98 no. 18: see further O. Hofer in
…
5 See J. Topffer in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2358 ff.
75
eponym of Anthedon in Boiotia1, or more probably as a cult-title
…
' horns' may be those of a bull, not a ram. In that case he
…
fact that in Attike the hero Anthas stood in intimate relation to
…
Edonoi, who in order that his land might not remain barren was
…
Conjecture apart, there is good reason to think that in time of
…
5 O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. hi. 2491.
…
by horses with a like intent are cited in the Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 82, Folk-Lore 1904 xv.
76
was lost to sight in the wilderness beyond. What happened to
…
again in Pausanias' account of rain-magic on Mount Lykaion. It
…
p.eTaLTLos. The excerpt in Euseb. praep. ev. 4. 16. 10 agrees with this verbatim, but is
…
AvKaioLS are, I think, either a loose expression for ' in the rites of Zeus Lykaios^ or—less
…
described in the words /caret irepioSov k.t.X. On the other hand M. Mayer in Roscher
77
that even the Pythian priestess, in forbidding the Lacedaemonians
…
in connexion with this alleged ' kinship' between the worshippers
…
the Lycaean games. ' In my opinion,' he continues, ' Lycaon was
…
further P. Wagler Die Eiche in alter und neuer Zeit Wurzen 1891 i. 34 ff. Acorns figure
78
down among the Arcadians from antiquity, and probability is in
…
gods in those days, and are worshipped down to the present
…
are changed into gods no more, save in the hollow rhetoric which
…
human flesh, in the ninth year afterwards he changes back into
…
in II. p. 302, 18 f. Cp. Hes. frag. 136 Flach).
…
5 Serv. in Verg. Aen. 1. 731, Myth. Vat. 2. 60.
79
that the flood followed in consequence of the crime13.
…
in accordance with primitive custom15, must be put to death,
…
6 Zeus had come in the guise of a working-man (Apollod. 3. 8. 1, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al.
…
met. 1. 230 ff., Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. n. 128.
…
13 Apollod. 3. 8. 2, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 481, interp. Serv. in Verg. eel. 6. 41, Myth.
80
even, by a further relaxation, a stranger from afar in lieu of his
…
he must either be slain himself in return or else pay a sufficient
…
therefore, taken in this dilemma, sought to escape by the expedient
…
It would seem, then, that the myth of Lykaon has in effect
…
bloodguiltiness in his service and had to disappear. They might
…
This belief in were-wolves, which has from time immemorial
…
R. Campbell Thompson Semitic Magic London 1908 p. 57 n. 1), the Sei'ar in Hadramaut
81
nowhere else, so far as I am aware, did this superstition stand in
…
In 1903 Mr K. Kourouniotes trenched the altar and laid bare
…
tower, probably Turkish in origin. It is with Ae Lids that we are
…
Vampir u. Werwolf, in Geschichte tend Sage {Aberglaube alter Zeiten iii) Stuttgart
…
p. 240. On the were-wolf in modern Greece generally consult N. G. Polites irepl
…
4 K. Kourouniotes in the 'E0. 'Ap%. 1904 pp. 153—214. See also F. H. Marshall in
…
the illustrations in the 'E0. 'Apx- loc. cit.
82
The altar of Zeus forms the apex of Ae Lids. It is circular in
…
covered to a depth of 5 ft with a layer of ashes etc. In this layer
…
irregular intervals, lying singly or gathered together in small heaps.
…
in the sacrificial stratum, also two small kotyliskoi, sundry portions
…
of lamps, chips of roof-tiles—one inscribed qE) in lettering of the
…
Proof of the sanctity attaching to ashes has come to light at Orchomenos in Boiotia.
83
easily cross1. The earth here is blackish, but has no bones in it.
…
supply a less gruesome explanation. In the soil of the precinct
…
A little lower down than the eastern limit of the precinct
…
standing in Pausanias' day, but the gilded eagles had gone6.
84
right hand and extended left. In the former there was once a bolt,
…
four, statuettes of Hermes were found in or near the precinct requires explanation. Was
86
beard is pointed ; and his lips are drawn up in the usual archaic -
…
elbow, and both hands hold attributes. In the left is the lower
…
1 See the discussion by Miss C. A. Hutton in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1896—1897
…
Stradonitz and H. Winnefeld Bronzen aus Dodona in den kbniglichen Museen zu Berlin
…
4 'E0. 'Apx. 1904 p. 187 f. figs. 12—14, A. de Ridder in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1906 xix.
87
son of Hermes, led a colony from Pallantion in Arkadia into Italy,
…
exactly was the lituos ? In shape it differs but little from that
…
we have seen—took an oak-branch in hand, when he acted as rain-
…
Zeus Lykaios seated on a throne with a sceptre in his hand. In
…
2 E. Saglio in Daremberg-Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 639 ff. A black-figured amphora shows
…
at Olympia shows him holding in his left hand a broken object, which ends below in a
88
A fourth figure, more clumsy in style, gives us Zeus standing
…
have been found in Sicily, which is inscribed AlO^AVKA on one side, T^VTON
89
these two places; for more than once Arcadians were called in to
…
Plout. v. Philopoim. 1 (Ekdemos and Demophanes, or Megalophanes, of Megalopolis, in
90
Lykaios' near Kyrene1. This certainly implies a Cyrenaic cult
…
see the god enthroned towards the left with a sceptre in his right
…
before Zeus with a snake in its talons4, sometimes rests on the
…
specimen in the British Museum.
91
An eagle above and in contact with a transverse lituos is said to
…
bronze coins of Amaseia (fig. 6^)z. In view of the fact that the
…
In one detail the Zeus of these Cyrenaic coins differs from the
92
pose of Zeus in the Parthenon frieze (fig. 64)1. It is, therefore,
…
Zeus at Kyrene reclined on his throne in an attitude of unusual
…
F. Studniczka5 in dealing with the cults of Kyrene observed
…
comparison is in no way weakened by Mr J. P. Droop's discovery
…
2 Kedren. hist. comp. 323 c (i. 567 Bekker) avrov 8e wpbs yrjv rjp fiperas Aios in: XevKov
…
7 Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1907—1908 xiv. 2, 44 ff. See also R. M. Dawkins in the
93
and tightly swathed in an ornamental himdtion, is seated on his
…
3 W. Ridgeway in Anthropological Essays presented to Edward Burnett Tylor Oxford
95
merely put in to fill up the blank space and cannot pass muster as
…
are in the shapes of a tree and an
…
and in her right hand presents a
…
the reliefs in question. I conclude,
…
p. 23 fig. 18 (Apollon or Aristaios? or Battos ? ? and Kyrene) and in Roscher Lex. Myth.
96
g6 Zeus-like deities in wolf-skin garb
…
in the National Museum at Athens reduces the whole scene of the
…
god stands erect holding a deep bowl or pot in his outstretched
…
2 J. P. Droop in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1908 xxviii. 176 ff. figs. 1 b—\.
99
Zeus-like deities in wolf-skin garb 99
…
the Gauls. Such figures regularly hold a bowl in one hand and
…
1 J. Overbeck in the fahrb. d. Vereins v. Alterthumsfreund. im Rheinl. 1851 xvii.
…
now in the Museum at Avignon (Reinach op. cit. p. 141 no. 146, Rep. Stat. ii. 21 no. 8).
…
8 Mon. d. Inst, ix pis. 15 and 15 a, W. Helbig in the Ann. d. Inst. 1870 xlii. 27,
…
wolf (Eratosth. ap. Harpokr. s.v. Se/cdfwi', alib.), arguing that in Greece as elsewhere
…
beardless head wearing a wolf-skin occurs on a copper coin of Sinope (H. Dressel in the
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 4: Zeus und Olympos
100
series of mountains in Greece and Asia Minor. Of the Arcadian
…
in Galatia9, unless we should identify it with the Mysian range,
…
explains the wolf-skin or dog-skin cap of Athena in the Villa Albani (Helbig Guide Class. 5a
…
Gorgon's head in a skin cap. For a late (s. xii?) relief of a man with a wolf's or dog's
…
may have been a Phrygian name. Id. Hattiden und Danubier in Griechenland Gottingen
…
3 Strab. 356, Eustath. in Dionys. per. 409, schol. Ap. Rhod. 1. 598.
…
7 R. M. Dawkins in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1902—1903 ix. 188 ff.
…
14 Strab. 682 f., Eustath. in II. p. 27, 40 f. 15 Diod. 5. 44.
101
that culminates in a peak still known as Elymbo1. Soaring to
…
back, we saw through an opening in the fog, a faint outline of vast
…
too thin to support human life7. In short, Olympos penetrated
…
mountains in Attike and Euboia (supra p. 100 nn. 4, 5).
…
4 H. Holland Travels in the Ionian Isles, Etc. Lon-
102
But that is a mistake. Maximus Tyrius informs us that 'in
…
17. 16, Arrian. 1. 11. 1, Ulp. in Dem. de fals. leg. p. 242, cp. Steph. Byz. s.v. Aiov, Dion
…
temple was pillaged by a band of Aetolians under Skopas in the reign of Philippos v
…
(Ptolem. 3. 13. 15, Plin. nat. hist. 4. 35); and coins struck there in imperial times show
…
thunderbolt and sceptre (id. ib. Suppl. ii. 606), standing in a distyle temple (id. ib. iii.
…
dyaXp^a of Mount Argaios on coins of Kaisareia in Kappadokia (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins
103
precisely as they had been left1. Every year victims were led in
…
Saint Dionysios in the ravine of Litokhoro. Their procession starts
…
Saint Elias. But his eagle still haunts the height, at least in the
…
1 Solin. 8. 6 ara est in cacumine Iovi dicata, cuius altaribus si qua de extis inferuntur,
…
manuscripts, insert litterae in cinere scriptae usque ad {ad usqtie P.) alteram anni ceri-
…
2 Plout.jfazf. 96 Diibner ap. Philop. in Aristot. met. 1 p. 82 ra yap v^prfKoTara ru>v 6pQv
…
imperf. 1. 14 in illo autem neque nubes concrescere asseruntur neque aliquid procellosum
…
part in the next year's procession, because the summit is cloudless and windless).
…
5 H. Holland Travels in the Ionian Isles, Etc. p. 303, L. Heuzey Le Mont Olympe et
104
104 Dionysiac traits in the cult of Zeus
…
A mirror, in his talon grasped, he holds on high exalted,
…
not wanting0, and it is permissible to suppose that in the far past
…
a sort of mirror (so Philolaos the Pythagorean in Stob. eel. phys. 1. 25. 3d Wachsmuth
…
Muses were on mountains or hills. O. Bie in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3239 ff. shows that
…
4 '0\u/U7rtd§es (//. 2. 491 and Zenodot. in //. 2. 484), 'QiXijx-Kia hwjxar e%owai (//. 2.
105
Dionysiac traits in the cult of Zeus 105
…
2 O. Bie in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3243 notes that in lies, theog. 79 Kalliope is
…
is late), though Eustath. in II. pp. 10, 9 f. and 161, 32 ff. cp. II. I. 604 oirl K<x\rj.
106
io6 Dionysiac traits in the cult of Zeus
…
too near to which she had ventured. The myth, as preserved for
…
3 Rutin, recognit. 10. 22 Thaliam Aetnam nympham mutatus in vulturem, ex qua
…
19. 17, 24, and Steph. Byz. s.v. IIaAi/07; and for Zeus ~ Aitne, Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb.
…
in Verg. Aen. 3. in).
107
Dionysiac traits in the cult of Zeus 107
…
'a mountain-peak,' and means the ' Peak '-men2. In Roman times,
…
where they lived in exile teaching the Etruscans to worship the
…
A. F. Pott in the Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschung 1858 vii. 241 ff. derived
…
3 Clem. Al.protr. 2. 19. 1—4 p. 15, iff. Stahlin. Cp. the abbreviated accounts in
…
see O. Jessen in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2033 f., Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 718 F.
108
io8 Dionysiac traits in the cult of Zeus
…
axe and a rhyton or drinking-horn. The rJiyton ends in the forepart
…
show the Kabeiros with a horn apparently planted in the ground
…
Agathos Daimon, Tyche, Sosipolis, etc., see K. Wernicke in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc.
…
Mamaea) in the British Museum.
109
Dionysiac traits in the cult of Zeus iog
…
axe or hammer inscribed with these three names reduced in each
…
imperial date from Hierapolis in Phrygia,
…
tracio' in the Memorie della R. Accademia dei Lincei. Classe di Scienze Morali, Sto-
…
amulet is inscribed casm (= Casmilus) and, in scattered letters, YPe|A {'Tyieia).
110
no Dionysiac traits in the cult of Zeus
…
seen in 1893 at Uzumlil, a village near Mag-
…
in the nude bearded god attacking a
…
is, in fact, beyond dispute ; and we are free to contend that in
…
4 Pergamon iii. 2. 20 f. fig. 1, 148 f., pi. 3, Die Skulpturen des Pergamon-Mttseums in
111
Dionysiac traits in the cult of Zeus 111
…
warring, lying in ambush, deceiving and confounding each other.
…
It is altogether a singular recital, but we can hardly be wrong in
…
quasi-Dionysiac elements appear in the cults of Olympos, and
…
1 L. Preller in Philologus 1846 i. 349 ff. argues that the reference is to Orphic rites in
…
further O. Gruppe in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 1082 f. L. Heuzey—H. Daumet Mission
…
4 Eustath. in Od. p. 1816, 4 ff. Xeyovrcu de, cpaai, /cat MoOcrat Aiopticrov rpocpoi, ui}p,<pai
…
Myth. Rel. p. 825 n. 4 : ' Die Hyaden sind Erzieherinnen des Bakchos...; in verschollenen
112
ii2 Dionysiac traits in the cult of Zeus
…
other. Near it were statues of the Muses and Mnemosyne (Paus. 8. 47. 3).
…
Polykleitos of Argos, represented Zeus in the guise of Dionysos : he was shod with
…
in the 'E0. 'Ap%. 1909 p. 244 ff. fig. 1, Svoronos Ath. Nationalnms. p. 493 ff. pis. 181 f.).
…
(Apollod. 1. i. 6, Zenob. 2. 48, Orph. frag. 109 Abel ap. Herm. in Plat. Phaedr. p. 148,
…
F. W. Hasluck Cyzicus Cambridge 1910 p. 221 in this connexion remarks that both
…
25 ff. Cp. the notion that Dionysos, a king of Asia, was the son of Kabeiros (Cic. de nat.
113
Development in the meaning of Olympos 113
…
important in the mysteries of Sabdzios4. Twelve
…
ancient procession to the altar of Zeus7, has in the name of its
…
Olympos, but in a later chapter, when we shall be taking a more
…
Olympos in a passage of surpassing beauty:
…
with Zeus standing between two snakes. The specimen figured is in the Leake collection
…
8 The evidence is collected and considered by Mackrodt in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii.
114
ii4 Development in the meaning of Olympos
…
L. Heuzey, writing in i860 of the villagers from the neighbour-
…
Others spoke to me of a huge circus in which the ancients held
…
mountain in //. 1. 532, 13. 243, Od. 20. 103.
115
Development in the meaning of Olympos 115
…
in his Antigone makes Kreon, when at Thebes, swear 'by yon
…
Both poets contrast Olympos in the sense of 'sky' with 'earth3.'
…
has his station above in a pure place, even that which we truly
…
The change in meaning from Olympos the ' mountain' to
…
belief there is abundant evidence15. It is even probable that in
…
mag. p. 623, 8 f., et. Gud. p. 426, 25 f., schol. D. //. 1. iS, Eustath. in II. pp. 38, 38, 694,
116
116 Development in the meaning of Olympos
…
foot of the Macedonian Mount Olympos6, at Pisa near the Elean
…
vocent, Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 3. 262 Olympi ardua. quod caelum dixere ideo, quia
…
occurs in //. 1. 497, 5. 750, 8. 394, 16. 364, 19. 128.
…
' Bergkult' in Hoops Keallex. p. 2551".
…
coin of Prousa ad Olympum (at Berlin), struck in the reign of Commodus, has for its
117
The mountain-cults of Zeus may be grouped roughly in chrono-
…
Argos and in gratitude for his escape built upon it an altar to Zeus
…
and a leafy precinct to Zeus Patrdios*. On Mount Helikon, near
…
where Hektor was wont to sacrifice8. Mount Arachnaion in Argolis
…
in the precinct of Artemidoros at Thera : see F. Hiller von Gaertringen Die Insel Thera
…
2 See the list given in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 840—847, cp. Farnell Cults of Gr.
…
The mountain-cults of Zeus may be grouped roughly in chrono-
…
Argos and in gratitude for his escape built upon it an altar to Zeus
…
and a leafy precinct to Zeus Patrdios*. On Mount Helikon, near
…
where Hektor was wont to sacrifice8. Mount Arachnaion in Argolis
…
in the precinct of Artemidoros at Thera : see F. Hiller von Gaertringen Die Insel Thera
…
2 See the list given in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 840—847, cp. Farnell Cults of Gr.
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 5: The mountain-cults of Zeus
118
cult of Zeus required an altar on the summit or as near it as
…
case in point is furnished by Pergamon. The Akropolis of that
…
K. Humann on behalf of the Prussian government in 1878, a fairly
…
Pergamon is still that contained in Baumeister Denkm. ii. 1206—1227 (history, topography,
…
pi. 36), which in turn utilised the drawing by R. Bohn in Die Ergebnisse der Atisgrab-
119
square by about 18 feet in height, was mounted by means of a
…
M. Frankel in Pergamon viii no. 69 supposes that the altar was that of Zeus and Athena
…
was first recognised by A. Heron de Villefosse in the Comptes rendus de PAcad, des inscr.
121
Like the altar of Zeus Olympios in the Altis at Olympia, it was
…
sculptural art at the time when the cult in question was founded.
…
near Orchomenos in Boiotia, had a precinct and a stone statue of
…
of Zeus Anchesmios on Mount Anchesmos near Athens10 had altars
…
2 Append. B Mysia. On altars made of ashes see E. Reisch in Pauly-Wissowa
122
in Messene ; but the statue of the god, made by the famous Argive
…
in the moonlight contrasted with the mysterious shadows of its
…
given him experience in such matters, entrusted him with the task. On receipt
…
me to fence in the Akropolis." The city granted him permission to fence it in
…
3 Polyain. 5. r. 1. See further Append. B Sicily. The site of the temple is shown in
123
in the second century of our era, says that the temple of Zeus
…
above Glisas in Boiotia, attaining a height of 2434 feet. ' From
…
by the descendants of the Dioskouroi on Mount Kasion in Egypt5,
…
Patrdios on the headland of Mount Kenaion : but Seneca in his
…
of Mount Kynthos in Delos included a small temple, the position
…
Dion in a spot named after a church of Saint Konstantinos he could trace the foundations
124
a sceptre in his right hand (fig. 90)1: in place of the rock, which
…
height. Similarly a coin of Ankyra in Galatia struck by Antoninus
…
struck in the first century B.C., have the head of Zeus as their
…
TOM^ITOYN) in my collection.
125
coppers of Olba in Kilikia, struck probably at the end of the first
…
Zeus seated or reclining on a mountain in the upper register of
…
the judgment of Paris (pi. xi)7. In the midst sits Paris himself,
…
G. F. Hill in the Num. Chron. Third Series 1899 xix. 189 f. no. 3 7 (no. 3 /3 has throne
…
3 J. T. Bent in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1891 xii. 220 ff., R. Heberdey and A. Wilhelm
…
In sarcophagus-reliefs etc. representing the judgment of Paris this seated Zeus is
126
already sent forward to whisper seductive words in the ear of the
…
Equally essential is the relation of Zeus to the main design in
…
no. 1807) figured in the Compte-rendu St. Pet. 1861 p. 33 ff. Atlas pi. 3 f., Wien. Vorlegebl.
127
his feet, a bracelet on his left arm, and an eagle-sceptre in his
…
in the art of agriculture and sending him forth on his mission of
…
St Petersburg [infra ch. i § 6 (d) i (/3)), which represents the same scene in a very similar
…
Stuttgart 1874 pp. 29—98 ' Der Mythus in der Dichtkunst').
128
a mountain near the Phrygian Kelainai, where Marsyas the flute-
…
skin flute-case lies behind on the ground. He holds the flutes in
…
listening to Apollon's strains, another is seated harp in hand
…
its food in the corner take thought for Marsyas' fate. Confining
…
1864 pi. 2, 3, and more accurately in the Arch. Zeit. 1869 xxvii pi. j 7, Overbeck Gr.
…
and Overbeck Gr. Kunst?nyth. Apollon pp. 431, 442 argue that Aphrodite, in whose cult
…
8 Overbeck op. cit. p. 441 holds that Zeus is present as witness of things in general
129
near Bovillae about 1650 A.D. and is now in the British Museum
…
In front of Homer's footstool lies another roll with a mouse at one
…
named Chronos, 'Time,' who is uplifting a roll in either hand. Since
…
authorities cited by A. H. Smith in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Sculpture iii. 253 f.
…
Xpovos and those of the later Ptolemies. F. Hauser in the /ahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst.
130
draw near with gestures of acclamation. The whole scene takes
…
a tripod in some poetical contest3 and has celebrated the event by
…
poet of ancient date been meant, his name—as in the case of 0MHP02—would have been
…
parallel, viz. an inscribed slab from Teos (middle of 2nd cent. B.C.), now in the Fitzwilliam
131
arranged in typical attitudes and furnished with conventional attri-
…
himdtion wrapped about his legs, a sceptre in his right hand, and
…
the oracles of Zeus. Nay more, in a sense he is Zeus. Enthroned
…
imagination. It was, as we shall see in due course, a religious
…
ficance. C. Watzinger, who follows W. Amelung in ascribing the
…
This identification, first proposed by G. Cuper in 1683, is now commonly accepted.
132
of the Rhodian school, was successful in a poetical contest, held
…
also on the akropolis of Rhodes, as was Apollon, in whose sanctuary
…
originated in Rhodes. The former is at most a probable guess ;
…
Muses. In short, the whole explanation is hypothetical. And
…
konios held in the* territory of Priene6. He naturally got a local
…
expense of topographical accuracy, Mount Helikon is merged in
…
8 A. H. Smith in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Sculpture iii. 248 : ' It has been generally
133
of the Archelaos relief to the Marsyas vase from Ruvo. In both
…
seated to play the kithdra or harp, a third standing with a roil in
…
head. The emperor in military costume and himself crowned by
…
, A. P. Oppe in the Journ. Hell. SUid. 1904 xxiv. 214 ff. has not said the last word on the
134
prove that it was struck in the year 167 A.D. and commemorates
…
storeyed building; and in the distance, perched upon rocks, appear
…
standing ritual practice. Those who in
…
a tooled specimen in the Hunter collection.
135
Mount Kokkygion, or the ' Cuckoo' Mount, near Hermione, on
…
Pythagoras made a pilgrimage to Crete, he entered the cave near
…
considered, is described in The Revelation of S. John the divine as
…
scattered up and down the mainland of Asia Minor, the islands of
136
at some unknown date—possibly by the Hittites in the fourteenth
…
Here in 1907 Prof. Sir W. M. Ramsay
…
in the left hand and a cup in the right".'
…
have been repeatedly seen in Phrygia by A. Korte7. The rock-cut
…
4 A. H. Sayce in the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology 1909 xxxi. 83 ff.
137
of these rock-cut thrones is, however, one on Mount Sipylos in
…
walls of rock, about 500 feet high; there is a magnificent echo in it.
…
projections of the rock. In this way you at last reach the foot of
…
1 Perrot-Chipiez Hist, de VArtv. 148. ff. figs. 102—-104, W. M. Ramsay in fount.
138
houses cut in the rock and rising one above the other like the
…
cutting in the rock, resembling the seat of a large armchair, with
139
the " throne of Pelops" mentioned by Pausanias in the present
…
C. Humann, who discovered this throne in the year 1880,
…
on the upper part of the peak belonged in reality to a colony
…
Midas to the throne at Delphoi2. Reichel holds that in all these
…
incarnate. And in the case before us there are good reasons for
…
is still to be seen in its niche on the mountain-side 300 feet above
…
'2 W. Reichel Uber vorhellenische Gbtterculte p. 32 f. For the throne of Danaos in the
…
chapter on the origin of the Olympic games by Mr F. M. Cornford in Miss J. E. Harrison's
140
these rock-cut thrones with Zeus. High up on the south-eastern
…
vertical back. In the angle made by this seat and its back another
…
in a second and higher horizontal surface. The whole arrangement
…
1 From O. Benndorf Forschtingen in Ephesos Wien 1906 p. 56 f. figs. 19, 20.
141
theless, in view of the fact that the coin of Antoninus Pius cited
…
smoothing or polish ; and on their front surface in late and rude
142
Hekate1. In Rhodes itself, not far from Lartos, there is a rock-
…
in letters not later than the third century B.C. ; the inscription is a
…
That doubt hardly arises in connexion with a remarkable series
…
8 Inscr. Gr. ins. iii no. 350 Zei>s ros /xe- near the figure of a small ladder and 'topes by the
…
(sc. |3aj/i6s). I prefer to supply Zetis, since Zeus Bopecos occurs in Kilikia (Denkschr.
143
T/ie'ro10. In this miscellaneous company
…
i.e. Zeus Stoichaios in the fifth century15,
…
F. Hiller von Gaertringen ad loc. notes that in the reign of Pheretime a tribe of QyjpaioL
144
lastly Melichios in the fourth1 and Zeus Melichios in the fourth
…
square, or irregularly shaped, and hardly more than a foot in
…
The principal deities worshipped at an early date in this ' agora
…
cult of Crete9. In this connexion a dedication of hair to the
…
of the epheboi11. It is likely too that the cult stood in some relation
…
evvTov see L. Ziehen in the Ath. Mitth. 1899 xxiv. 267 ff.
…
4 P. Wolters in the Ath. Mitth. 1896 xxi. 255.
…
9 H. Usener in F. Hiller von Gaertringen Die Inset Thera i. 149 n. 34 compared the
145
W. Reichel twice visited it in order to verify Milchhofer's report.
…
mountain-throne, to which in popular belief the story of Xerxes
…
3 W. Reichel ' Em angeblicher Thron des Xerxes' in the Festschrift fur Otto Benndorf
…
on the Akropolis at Athens (Dem. in Timocr. 129 with schol.) in the Parthenon (Harpokr.
147
niche in the Pnyx where Zeus Hypsistos was worshipped1. It seems
…
Fig. in.
…
are in proportion3.' But the most interesting feature of this throne,
…
3 R. Pashley Travels in Crete Cambridge and London 1837 ii. 64 fig. Cp. T. A. B.
148
1 L. Savignoni and G. de Sanctis in the Mon. d. Line. 1901 xi. 363 ff. figs. 60—61 ;
…
Recently A. Fick in the Zeitschrift fiir vergieichende Sprachforschung 1911 xliv. 341 ff.
149
in Crete,' his birth being located first in a cave of Mount Dikte3 (on
…
pi. 33, 10 a copper of Crete in genere struck by Titus (Paris and Vienna) with a nude
…
Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus pp. 107, 216 Munztaf. 1, 38, 3, 19, cp. Svoronos in the
…
M. Schmidt in the Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschung 1863 xii. 220), Marcus
…
Gentianus Hervetus in the Acta Sanctorum edd. Bolland. Februarius iii. 655 Erant
…
[infra ch. ii § 9 (g)). See further O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1422, W. Drexler
150
which he is said to have built a city1) and, later2, in a cave high up
…
yevecnv olvtov yevecrdai fivdoXoyovcnv • rjs eKXeupdeicrrjs iu tois varepov x/xWis diafxeveiv 'in
…
2 There is evidence that the cult of the Dictaean cave was in time superseded by that
…
of Zeus r<3 Bidardu on the frontier of Priansos: Lyttos and Priansos are so near to
…
reliefs: (1) the Caeretan type shows the infant Zeus in the arms of a female seated on a
151
Mount Messogis (figs. 119, 121)4 were in that respect rivals of Dikte
…
example is in the British Museum [Ant. Terrakotten pi. 25, cp. pi. 135 a variant of the
…
I figure two specimens of the second type: (a) fig. 116 (after O. Benndorf in the
…
the above-mentioned relief from Cervetri (?) acquired by the British Museum in 1891
…
et medailles Paris 1883 p. 181 fig., E. Babelon in the Rev. Num. 189: ix. 38 f. pi. 4, 4
152
tale was told of some mountain in the volcanic region known as
…
pi. 1, 5 coppers struck by Traianus Decius and Valerianus (Paris). In F. Wieseler's
…
p. 336, F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1888 iii. 290 pi. 9,
…
books, the new-born Zeus was entrusted to three Cretans to be reared in Phrygia (orac.
…
Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 337 Miinztaf. 5, 8 a copper struck by Caracalla (in the
153
to the Corycian Cave in Mount Korykos3. It is not, however,
…
the same childish figure seated in like manner on a princely seat
…
2 Mionnet Descr. de nied. ant. v. 260 no. 911, A. von Rauch in the Berliner Blatter
…
TTPOC • TH • [KAAYKAANfl]. For other specimens see W. Wroth in the Num.
…
An ivory relief in the Milan Museum (Arch. Zeit. 1846 iv. 217 ff. pi. 38, Ann. Brit.
…
1844 P- 348 pl- !04> J)> sa-id to be in the Vatican (but see F. Matz in the Ann. d. Inst.
154
have been born. Pergamon1 certainly, and possibly Mount Ide in
…
Rhea gave him instead of Zeus at Chaironeia in Boiotia, on a
…
Greeks to a variety of mountain-tops. The Iliad in a passage of
…
Vanquished by sleep and love, his wife in his arms13.
…
the line, and if Propertius is not guilty of confusing Mt Ide in the Troad with Mt Ide in
…
II Kallim. h. Zeus 4ff., Strab. 348, Paus. 8. 36. 3. Zeus was washed at his birth in
155
Others named Mount Oche in Euboia, Mount Kithairon in Boiotia,
…
in their turn were eclipsed by Zeus7. But Eurynome became by
…
is, therefore, practically certain that in Arkadia Zeus was paired
…
and culminates in Mount Taleton (7902 feet) above Sparta (pi. xiv).
…
7 Ap. Rhod. 1. 503 ff., Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 1191 ff., schol. Aristoph. nub. 247.
156
of its rise from the plain, (it) created in my mind a stronger im-
…
by Zeus and then, through fear of Hera, hidden away in the Earth
…
with a great mountain in north-western Africa10, was, according to
…
1 W. Mure Journal of a Tour in Greece Edinburgh and London 1842 ii. 221.
…
7 De-Vit Onoinasticon iii. 729 without citing his source. If this was the epigram in
…
12 Myth. Vat. 1. 204, cp. Rufin. recognit. 10. 21 and 23. In Hyg. fab. 155 Tantalus
…
recognit. 10. 21), or Plotis (Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 2. 436).
157
a mountain in Lesbos1 and whose town was situated on an almost
…
ripped up by a wild boar and buried in Crete,—an assertion which
…
3 My friend Dr J. Rendel Harris ' The Cretans always Liars' in the Expositor 1906
…
ecrai yap cu'et. Another explanation of the proverb is given in Athenodoros of Eretria
…
Porph. v. Pyth. 17, Arnob. adv. nat. 4. 14, 4. 25, Firm. Mat. 7. 6, Serv. in Verg. Aen.
158
inscription, which is variously recorded'2. In the first century of
…
grave of Zeus4. Buondelmonti, who visited Mount Juktas in 1415,
…
same tale to tell. When R. Pashley visited Crete in 1834, he
…
tov eirl rep rdcpu) beiKvv'ovai koXwvov. The passage is printed in Tzetzes' Allegoriae Iliadis
…
in saxo parvo ore est, cuius longitudo xlii, latitudo vero iv passuum, in cuius capite
…
nomine, in quo plura et ampla rura manent. Versus trionem, in radicibus montis
159
Zeus ;. but it was in vain that I inquired of my host...for any cave
…
tain with an inscription on it. When I had thus failed in obtaining
…
mountain is known to all the people in the neighbourhood, although
…
acquainted with the tomb of Zeus in tending his flock. A good
160
space is an aperture in the ground, which may perhaps once have
…
cavern, perhaps a metre in depth, has yielded terra cotta figures of
…
1 A. Taramelli in the Mon. d. Line. 1899 ix. 350 fig. 23.
…
Mt Juktas, a long narrow cleft, into which I have crawled and in which I have found
161
cutting. Mr Taramelli, who notes ' scanty traces of a building in
…
pale clay exactly resembling those which occur in votive deposits
162
of Aphendi Kristos [sic], or the Lord Christ, a name which in Crete
…
connexion with Zeus. A. Soutzo2, writing in 1829, states that
…
1 Sir Arthur Evans adds in a footnote: 'See Academy, June 20, 1896, p. 513. The
…
Lasethi is also known as Aphendi Christos. It is, perhaps, worth noting in this con-
…
1871 i. 27 thinks it possible that 'E^evTTj-povvo, the local name for a high peak in
…
of the same village in the eparchy Mylopotamo), Zou (in Siteia), Zrjvra (in Arkadia). The
…
Crete. There is, however, a Zutulana in Mylopotamo, the position of which is approxi-
…
On Mt Kentro in the eparchy Amario is a field called Zou Kafiiros (N. G. Polites
163
by A. Papadakes, who in 1879 reports that at Anogeia1 in Mylo-
…
feminine Di6nex. In that case we should obtain a Greek parallel
…
Apart from the tomb of Zeus in Crete, the surviving traces of
…
of Asia Minor5. This peak, known as DHos in ancient times6, now
…
used at Arachova on Mt Parnassos and elsewhere in the sense of ' Tell that to the
…
f^>m their neighbours in dress, customs, etc'
…
the name Zefo to survive in modern Greek as Atds. The acc. Ata would normally become
164
the " church of Zia," where a priest goes once a year in the summer
…
still to find the actual word [Zeus] existing, in this form.... The
…
nothing remarkable, save a spring of hot water, which in ancient
…
(me/a)6. It might, however, signify 'Clad in a sheep-skin \melote) ;
…
4 Zeus in the form of an eagle came from Crete to Naxos, where he was nurtured.
…
Inschr. iii. 1. 100 no. 3215). There was also a precinct Aids | 'O\vfnrl[ov] in Naxos (Corp.
165
Mount Pelion. Perhaps in the service for shepherds held once
…
the north coast of Crete, which has preserved its name in the forms
…
Lastly, a rock off the coast of Kephalonia is called Dias. In
…
Nereids and Charon are still familiar figures in the imagination of
…
decadence. I must not attempt such a task even in barest outline,
…
in the higher strata of society (a Thales here, a Kritias there) and
166
upheaval of the lower orders, which found expression in many an
…
Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, which in bewildering succession poured
…
Greece, and in an age of syncretism soon obtained recognition for
…
revolution from without, had alike ended in something of a com-
…
assured. There is a sound of coming triumph in the words
…
Revolution von inneriS That is in a sense true; and accordingly we find the nearest
167
were in some cases men mainly remarkable for their erudition. As
…
they were. Indeed, it is not too much to say that in the fourth
…
hotly disputed, and in the comparative dearth of contemporary
168
provided that these in their doings and sufferings bore some
…
deities. In these and other such ways the old order changed ;
…
were re-christened and re-consecrated in the service of the new
…
A few typical cases will be in point. At Byzantion the pagan
…
2 A general treatment of the subject will be found in F. Piper Mythologie und
…
T. R. Glover The Conflict of Religions in the Early Roman Empire^ London 1910,
169
might took refuge in a certain bay thickly covered with wildwood.
…
Constantine the Great saw this sanctuary, in fact he left home in
…
of it actually in the water4. Similarly at the entrance to the
…
2 Io. Malal. chron. 4 p. 78 f. Dindorf. E. Maass ' Boreas und Michael' in the
…
polilanis 62 b), who was in fact titular saint of four churches at Byzantion (C. d. F.
170
icon in its stern, with an ever-burning lamp in front of it, or a small
…
As in cult, so in legend pagan elements are still to be traced.
…
in classical mythology are said to have been saved from the sea by
…
minor variations in the case of Palaimon or Melikertes, Dionysios
…
2 T. A. B. Spratt Travels and Researches in Crete London 1865 i. 343 ff.,
171
in the person of Saint Dionysios, to whom his cult4 and myth5
…
' Good !' says St Elias, ' this is the place for me, here I abide.' He plants his oar in the
…
trace of the god Dionysos. When Chandler visited the place in 1766, its church was
…
p. 43 says: 'It is perhaps noteworthy too that in Athens the road which skirts the
…
5 Prof. C. Siegel of Hamburg at Kokkino in Boiotia in 1846 heard the following
…
he reached Naxia. Thereupon he found a bird's leg, stuck the plant in it, and went on.
172
ear-ache in Samos1, is described by Malalas in terms of Mercurius
…
proved no bar to such reformations. Saint Artemidos in Keos
…
When they drank deeper still, they resembled asses.' The tale is published in trans-
…
The ground-plan of the precinct at Lousoi in Arkadia published by W. Reichel and
…
Artemis, to whom in classical times were attached the epithets ira.i8oTpo(pos, KovpoTpocpos,
173
in the cult of Saint Demetrios1; Eileithyia in that of Saint
…
1 At Eleusis the cult of Demeter was hard to kill, as will be admitted in view of the
…
(E. D. Clarke Travels in various countries of Europe Asia and Africa^ London 1818
…
whose scruples were not removed till the. priest of Eleusis arrayed in his vestments
…
merchantman conveying it home from Smyrna, was wrecked and lost near Beachy
…
departure of the Goddess, their corn proved very abundant, and they were in constant
…
the inhabitants of Eleusis spoke of it as 'Ayia ArjfjLrjrpa and, in order to secure good
174
(Kvpa ^podirrj). One day as the girl was combing her hair, which was golden in
…
was a marvellous creature : it was black with fiery nostrils, and could in a single
…
vengeance, dared not tell what they knew. She questioned the Tree that grew in front
…
headman of the village, seen her by the road-side and taken her in. In return for
…
The aga transformed himself into a lion, a serpent, a bird of prey, a flame, and in
…
though he had hitherto respected her virginity. But in the night the Stork flew off,
…
the aid of the Panaghia, vowing that, if successful, he would become a monk in the
…
a monk in accordance with his vow. St Dhimitra with her daughter quitted the place,
175
in Albanian the diminutive Kolio), and the travels of Keleos' son Triptolemos, all
…
Lenormant op. cit. i. 402 n. supposes that a shift of sex has taken place in the legend
…
infamous desires. The cult of this saint originated near Jannina. J. G. Frazer Pausanias
…
But, whether this is a case of ecclesiastical policy or not, J. T. Bent is at least justified in
…
women in childbirth (eXevdepwvei reus yvvcunes, they say). The church stands on ground
…
K. Michel and A. Struck in the Ath. Mitth. 1906 xxxi. 3146°. In Crete too Eileithyia
…
F. C. Burkitt in The Journal oj Theological Studies 1910 xi. 61 ff. and E. Maas
176
in a thin disguise2.
…
fled from her bridal chamber in male costume to become the monk Pelagius. On account
…
the Romish church worships a St Reparata, a virgin of Kaisareia in Palestine, of whom it is
…
to kill himself; whereupon Pelagia, after refusing to marry his father, was done to death in
…
frag. 2, 3 Bergk4 7rop(pvpet] t 'AcppodLrr), interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 1. 720 Venus...
…
p. 73, 17 Stahlin rbv 1tixwva 'Epfirjv—so Meursius for MSS. rvcji&va, cp. Theognostos in
177
TrauKapiriau prjcpaXiov). His import was obviously agricultural, and his festival fell in the
…
in which St George carries 'wheat and barley, and grains of pearl,' and is asked to 'Give
…
Dr Rendel Harris can therefore urge similarity of name and similarity of function in
…
remarking that on the Latin side of the house the date in question is that of the Vinalia,
…
was Lydda or Diospolis—the ' city of Zeus '—in Samaria. Here he was born; here, after
…
helped her to fling it into the sea. Next day it was found lying in the mouth of the
…
Text Society London 1895 iii. 1 ff.), states that in a house at Diospolis there was a
178
Arachnaion, Mount Taleton, etc.) and in the archipelago (Mount
…
his hands to the marble column and his fingers stuck fast in it. He was released by-
…
over the dragon ; for as early as 346 a.d. an inscription from Ezr'a or Edhr'a in southern
…
London 1866 p. 15 n. 10, p. 28 n. 19): see the Rev. G. T. Stokes in Smith-Wace Did.
…
in the Westdeutsche Zeitschrift 1882 i. 36 ff., F. Hettner 'Juppitersaulen' ib. 1885 iv.
…
Sdulen Strassburg and Biihl 1894, A. Riese ' Tiber die sogen. Juppitersaulen' in the
…
1907 must be used with the greatest caution (see R. Wiinsch in the Archiv f Rel. 1911
…
St Elias is the successor of Helios (e.g. T. Trede Das Heidentum in der romischen Kirche
179
writing c. 430 A.D.1 Again, Christian art in the fourth century
…
driving his chariot up the sky (fig. 134)2. When in the course of
…
75 f. 2. 504 f. (a sarcophagus in St Peter's at Rome = G. Bottari Sculture epitture sagre
180
are still celebrated in honour of Saint Elias. On July 20—a day
…
kindled elsewhere in Greece, and indeed throughout Europe, on
…
The foregoing arguments may be held to prove that in the
…
that Saint Elias is worshipped on mountain-tops in virtue of his
…
possessing a definite tradition of Helios-cult is Mount Taleton in
…
fig. 97 (fourth century sarcophagus in the Lateran Museum at Rome), L. von Sybel
…
5 Append. B Lakonike. A text which appears to have escaped notice in this con-
181
other hand, a fair number of the heights in question, including
…
by this saint in particular2. Probably, in the first instance, the
…
testimonio sunt Lacedaemoni, qui in monte Taygeto equum ventis immolant, ibidemque
…
1911 p. 35) or, more exactly, a Cretan colony settled in south Italy by Idomeneusof
…
Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 12), vel quod equuleus, ut putant, loci eius suppositus Saturno
…
the high altar in the chapel is shown the grotto in which St Elias is said to have dwelt.
182
earthquake a fire ; but the Lord was not in the fire : and after the
…
a whirlwind into heaven12.' Such an one fitly shared in the glory
…
peasants to be lord of sunshine, rain, and thunder. In several
…
8 Od. 12, 62 ff. with scholl. ad loc. and Eustath. in Od. p. 1712, 35 ff., Moiro ap. Athen.
…
Heidentum in der romischen Kirche Gotha 1890 ii. 143), presumably refers to the chariot
183
of vicarious drenching. In the morning all the children throw
…
At Constantinople and in its vicinity people think that thunder
…
Epiphanios. Do they speak truly who declare that the prophet Elias is in
…
imagination, as also the story that Christ made sparrows out of clay in the
…
God that in time of drought he will give rain to the earth.... As to the fact that
…
Saint Elias has taken the place of the thunder-god not only in
…
2 Id. ib. p. 7 f. and earlier in his MeX^rr/ iirl rod ($Lov tQu NecoT^pcov 'EA\^w Athens
184
lightning, and a torrent of rain for forty days and nights1. In
…
of snow—by men styled hail—with which he scourges in summer
…
in a flaming car, and smites the clouds with the darts of the
…
the lightning. In the old Novgorod there used to be two churches,
185
To these a cross-bearing procession was made when a change in
…
of God Ilya" to send " thirty angels in golden array, with bows
…
touched by its venomous breath, sank dead upon the ground, so in
186
prayers (fig. 135)2. Even the Muhammadans, in praying that
…
with the sun is a priori probable enough. But in the domain of
…
Thales in the following epigram:
…
1 H. J. von Klaproth Reise in den Kaukasus etc. Halle und Berlin 1814 ii. 606, 601.
…
prayers (fig. 135)2. Even the Muhammadans, in praying that
…
with the sun is a priori probable enough. But in the domain of
…
Thales in the following epigram:
…
1 H. J. von Klaproth Reise in den Kaukasus etc. Halle und Berlin 1814 ii. 606, 601.
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (a): Direct identifications of Zeus with the Sun
187
oration in praise of The Sovereign Sun for the Saturnalia of
…
be the sun5. Ioannes Laurentius the Lydian in his work on
…
twelfth century, does the same in his iearned commentary on
…
7 Eustath. in II. pp. 40, 29, 128, 14ft., 728, 16, id., in Od. pp. 1387, 26, 1713, 14 f-,
…
interpreted in this sense by Macrob. Sat. 1. 23. if., somn. Scip. 2. 10. 10f., Eustath. in
…
13 Arnob. adv. nat. 3. 30, Macrob. Sat. \. 23. 5, Eustath. in Od. pp. 1713, 14 f-, 1726,
188
conclude that Zeus was a sun-god in his own right. It may be
…
1 In recent years there has been much discussion as to the origin of Sarapis (see e.g.
…
the ' Place of Apis,' near Memphis. This is held to explain not merely the compound
…
0i5os * fj dirb 21^71-775 7-77? HovTiKrjs, k.t.X.). So A. Bouche-Leclercq in the Revue de
…
sar apsi, *sar aps, *sar apis, *sar apis. Sarapis is first mentioned in connexion with
…
Haupt in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 338—364, cp. A. Dieterich Kleine Schriften Leipzig
…
them equated with the Babylonian god (evidence discussed in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 352 ff.).
…
Lat. sel. no. 4391 Lambaisa in Numidia (Iovis Plutonis Serapis sacer).
189
So Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. nos. 4395 Lutri in Crete (Iovi Soli optimo maximo Sarapidi),
…
iii nos. 4042 Ankyra in Galatia (Ad 'HXtw Sapd7rtSt), 4262 Sidyma in Lykia (Ad 'HXtw
190
The so-called Anastasy papyrus in the British Museum, a book
…
Iiepdiridt), Inscr. Gr. Sic. It. no. 2244 Auximum in Picenum (Iovi Soli Serapi Aa'HXty
…
extremely important Aryan god whose province came very near that of Dyaus was Mithra
…
content to regard Mithra as an Indo-Iranian god of light (' Beide Religionen erblicken in
…
next to the Hittites in the north of Mesopotamia, as far back as c. the fourteenth
191
and Genea, and dwelt in Phoinike. When a drought befell, they stretched their
…
'Lord of Heaven,' who was honoured not only in Phoinike and its
…
3 F. Cumont in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2839 f., W. W. Baudissin Adonis tmd
…
inscription in Aramaic and Greek from Palmyra, [}0]6? \^V]^ being rendered by
192
talons a snake coiled in a circle. The tail of the reptile, first seized
…
iavrov eadLovra ovpav, Macrob. Sat. \. 9. 12 hinc et Phoenices in sacris imaginem eius
…
etiam flammivomum, qui caudae suae ultima devorat, in dextra tenentem inducunt—
…
idea recurs in the magical papyri : G. Parthey Zwei griechisc'he Zauberpapyri Berlin 1866
…
Greek Papyri in the British Museum London 1893 i. 102 f. no. 121,
…
Many illustrations may be found in the Abraxas-gems published
…
3 Sir Cecil Smith ib. p. exxii n. 2. See, however, G. F. Hill in the Journ. Hell.
193
god Aumos1.' Thus a stone over the door of a cell in the monastery
…
Passing from Palestine to Asia Minor, we still find local sun-
…
we must read Atifxov (Lebas-Waddington op. cit. no. 2394, W. Drexler in Roscher Lex.
194
in character. At most they show
…
site of Arkesine, in Amorgos,
…
sidered in later sections.
…
1 f. pi.). Doubtful examples of a radiate Iupiter in wallpaintings are Helbig Wandgem.
…
distyle temple in which are two standing deities, Iupiter with sceptre and radiate head,
195
in Thera that we need rather the name of the dedicator in the
…
have been termed Aitktops in his character of Aitker, 'the Burning
…
glowring sky in general, but with more probability attaches to the
…
2 J. Delamarre in Inscr. Gr. ins. vii no. 87, citing ib. iii nos. 400ff.
…
Eur. frag. 896 Nauck2 ap. Athen. 465 B and ap. Eustath. in II. p. 883, 62 called one of
…
7 AeAr. 'Ap%. 1890 p. 140 f. in letters of the fourth century B.C. ATANTHPOS is a
…
in Thera that we need rather the name of the dedicator in the
…
have been termed Aitktops in his character of Aitker, 'the Burning
…
glowring sky in general, but with more probability attaches to the
…
2 J. Delamarre in Inscr. Gr. ins. vii no. 87, citing ib. iii nos. 400ff.
…
Eur. frag. 896 Nauck2 ap. Athen. 465 B and ap. Eustath. in II. p. 883, 62 called one of
…
7 AeAr. 'Ap%. 1890 p. 140 f. in letters of the fourth century B.C. ATANTHPOS is a
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (c): The sun as the eye of Zeus
196
and might therefore be called the eye of Zeus. Euripides in his
…
Zeus6.' The phrase seems to have been current in the jargon of
197
In a somewhat similar vein Nonnos of Panopolis in Egypt, a poet
…
i. The Solar Wheel in Greece.
…
185 ff., where Philologia addresses the sun-god in an equally syncretistic strain.
…
J. S. Stallybrass ii. 70 r f., iv. 1499 f., H. Gaidoz in the Rev. Arch. 1884 ii. 7ff., 136 ff.,
…
In a somewhat similar vein Nonnos of Panopolis in Egypt, a poet
…
i. The Solar Wheel in Greece.
…
185 ff., where Philologia addresses the sun-god in an equally syncretistic strain.
…
J. S. Stallybrass ii. 70 r f., iv. 1499 f., H. Gaidoz in the Rev. Arch. 1884 ii. 7ff., 136 ff.,
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / I: The solar wheel in Greece
198
198 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
in his comedy Daidalos seems to have shown the sun as a wheel
…
The conception of a solar wheel is, however, seldom expressed in
…
I begin with the myths—and in primis that of Ixion, a personage
…
his father-in-law, when he came to fetch the bridal gifts. He dug
…
learn whether the thing was true, made a cloud {iiephele) in the
…
wherefrom the rest of the Kentauroi are sprung. But Zeus in anger
…
1 Aristoph. thesm. 17. In Soph. Ant. 1065 rp6xovs a/JLiWrjTTjpas i)\iov all the MSS.
199
here in point. Since Theodor Panofka first discussed the matter
…
Moreover, Ixion's wheel as represented in Greek, Etruscan, and
…
in the British Museum, shows Ixion as a nude bearded figure,
…
likewise in our national collection. Its reverse design
…
1 T. Panofka ' Zufiuchtsgottheiten' in the Abh. d. berl. Akad. 1853 Phil.-hist. Classe
…
holds that the myth of Ixion is essentially akin to German folk-tales of elves appearing in
…
the vase as a whole is that propounded by Sir Cecil Smith in the Class. Rev. 1895 ix.
200
2 00 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
the upper, not the under, world. Here in the centre we see Ixion,
…
rim rays dart forth in all directions. On the right Hephaistos3
…
has obverse Helios in his quadriga (ib. i. 258). Munich 849 (ib. i. 258) has obverse
202
202 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
The figures composing it have been first drawn in accordance with
…
survey it, cap on head and hammer in hand. He is balanced by a
…
A wall-painting, which still adorns a dining-room in the house
…
grasp a spoke and set it in motion. His anvil, hammer and pincers
…
vases is Naples Santangelo 709 (id. i. 455), which has obverse a female head in a floral
…
by A. Kluegmann in the Ann. d. Inst. 1873 xlv. 93—98 pi. I—K (badly copied in
…
Wagner in Roscher Lex. Myth. hi. 182), Erinyes (P. Weizsacker ib. ii. 771), Nikai
…
A. Sogliano in the Mon. d. Line. 1898 viii. 2968". pi. 9 and G. Patroni in Arte Italiana
203
hardens her heart: the dread sentence will be duly carried out. In
…
one who has died ' (Mau). Wagner in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 182 argued that she must
204
204 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
essentially Lysippian in character. On this showing we may
…
winged wheel in the early 'running' attitude4, which here denotes
…
Finally, a Roman sarcophagus, found in a brick sepulchral
…
2 P. Gardner in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1903 xxiii. 128 ff., 1905 xxv. 240, 256. The
205
1 On the origin of the winged disk see S. Reinach ' Aetos Prometheus' in the Rev.
…
no. 12). Cp. also Stevenson 'The Feather and the Wing in Mythology' in Oriental
…
those of the falcon (falco peregrtnus), not the sparrow-hawk : see G. Benedite in the
206
206 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
sighted his foes, and started in pursuit. He took with him Nekhebet
…
The winged disk is found also, with slight modifications, in
…
temple d''Edfou Geneve 1870 pis. 12—19. It is translated into German by H. Brugsch in
…
see A. Erman in the Zeitschrift fur agyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 1882 xx. 8,
…
1894 lxvii) p. 89, Miss J. E. Harrison in the Transactions of the Third International
207
Without attempting to trace in detail the further fortunes of
…
informed writer in the main lines of his classification.
…
cites a description of this symbol given in a text of Sennacherib (Meissner—Rost
…
lends a strong presumption in favor of supposing him to have been some phase of the
208
2o8 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
holds a wreath in one hand, a lotus-flower in the
…
moon being inscribed in the ring (see G. Hiising ' Iranischer Mondkult' in the Archiv f.
209
the winged disk of Mesopotamia had its prototype in a sacred bird.
…
was demonstrably the case in
…
Assuming, then, that Ixion's wheel in some sense stood for
…
1 Sir G. Rawlinson The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World London
…
3 Fig. 155 contains five of the symbols collected by F. Lajard in the Mon. d. Inst, iv
…
4 G. Lafaye in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iv. 896 s.v. 'rota.'
210
2io The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
Similarly in the romance of Achilleus Tatios the ill-starred
…
in an equally sensational plight: 'I, as a condemned criminal,
…
matist Asklepiades in an allusion to Ixion6; and the emperor
…
Romans as a specially Greek institution8, is well known in connexion
…
succumbit igni. Plaut. cist. 206 ff. is probably based on a Greek original. And in Cic.
211
perhaps even ordinary flogging), originated in the service of religion,
…
Ixions, who in bygone ages were done to death as effete embodi-
…
is reserved for Demophon, son of Keleos and Metaneira. But in
…
in fire and so took off its covering of mortal flesh. Demophon—
…
3 In the h. Dem. 250 ff. (cp. Qv.fast. 4. 555 ff.) the child is not destroyed by the fire,
…
p. 365, E. E. Sikes on h. Dem. 239) and initiation (W. R. Halliday in the Class. Rev.
212
2 12 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
Raros10—names which point to the Rarian Plain near Eleusis. One
…
In this tangle of names Aristophanes found ample material for
…
I Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 2. 382. 2 Hyg. fab. 147.
…
II Interp. Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 19.
…
cer. iii. 97 ff. pis. 46—48, L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pdt. 1859 p. 82 ff., 1862
213
Vase-illustrations of the sixth century differ in some respects
…
seat. The seat is a more or less simple affair, and is arranged in
…
in the Fontana collection at Trieste, is now at Berlin.
…
sometimes surmounted by a small representation of Triptolemos holding corn-ears in
216
216 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
kdntharos. Only, in place of a vine he grasps a double axe, the
…
a mule escorted by a Satyr and two Maenads in Laborde Vases Lamberg i pi. 43
…
two-wheeled throne suggest comparison with a spring custom observed at Kostt in
217
with snakes. In the great majority of cases the scene represented
…
skins, wearing a mask and with bells round his neck, and in his hand a broom of the kind
…
each tries to make the king throw upon themselves the seed which he holds in his hands.
…
vos), and then resumes his usual dress' (R. M. Dawkins in the
…
rom. ii. 1. 1425 f. pi. 175, 1, W. Greenwell in the Num. Chron.
218
2i8 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
found in a tomb at Girgenti in 1841, has much the same scene
…
sacred drama performed at Eleusis, in which the protege of the
…
Thus uplifted into the air, Triptolemos both in ritual and in
…
2 R. Politi ' Cinque vasi di premio ' in the Sicilian journal La Concordia 1841 ii. 109 f.
219
no. 2913 pi. 25), on which Triptolemos appears in a chariot drawn by two winged snakes
…
fxiicpa ixvar-qpLCL were devised by the Athenians in order to provide for the initiation of
220
2 20 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
characterised by his ivy-wreath and his thyrsos. In the background,
…
in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 2185 f., Mommsen Feste d. Stadt Allien pp. 411 f., 415, and infra
221
sun-god in the sky—hovers Triptolemos on his winged car. A
…
wreaths and carry the mystic bdcchoi. In the background, over a
222
222 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
wheeled seat, which in three out of the four cases has become a
…
filling the phidle of Triptolemos, who richly clad in a stage costume
…
Pan with his syrinx leaning against a tree-trunk on the left. In the
…
a bird in its mouth is decidedly reminiscent of Egypt6.
…
7 F. Matz ' Goldschale von Pietraossa' in the Arch. Zeit. 1872 xxix. 136.
223
on his left arm, but a plough-pole and yoke in one hand, a plough-
…
paratively late, in fact that he first became a ploughman in the
…
who points out that in genuinely Egyptian sources Osiris is never
…
is now in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris. On it we see
…
3 Varro fragg. 77, 78 Funaioli ap. interp. Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 19, Ov. fast.
…
Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 19, Serv. hi Verg. georg. 1. 147, Prob. in Verg. georg. 1. 19,
…
6 O. Rubensohn 'Triptolemos als Pfluger' in the Ath. Mitth. 1899 xxiv. 59—71.
225
crossed the sea, voyaged in the solar cup lent him by Okeanos or
…
naturally took to be a two-wheeled seat seen in profile3. But I now
…
waidcov reKVihaei with the remarks of O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1215 ff.
…
passage in the Rig-veda i. 164, 2, which describes the solar chariot ' of the single wheel'
…
linch-pin at all, and was subsequently thrown out of Pelops' car into the sea near
…
In a parallel myth (Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 2 7of.) from Thrace Dryas, like Oinomaos, is
226
226 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
Triptolemos' seat3. In this again it followed the example of the
…
4 E. A. Gardner Cat. Vases Cambridge p. 52 no. 100 fig. The reproduction in
…
mon. dr. ii. 386 f. pi. 115. This vase has four unwinged in place of two winged horses.
…
8 L. Savignoni in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1899 xix. 265 ff. pi. 9.
227
Egyptian and Assyrian art1. Indeed, a late bas-relief in black stone
…
shall see, was solar in origin and, moreover, equipped with both
…
upon Triptolemos and Eumelos founded a city in common and called it Antheia
…
2 F. Lenormant ' Triptoleme en Syrie' with fig. in the Gaz. Arch. 1878 iv. 97—
…
1 M. Mayer in the Verhandlungen der XL Versammlung deutscher Philologen und
228
228 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
century B.C.3 It must, however, have been commonly accepted in
…
84). In the middle ages this cameo was thought to represent the triumph of Joseph in
229
she approached Eleusis1, and in this way she quitted it again2.
…
in 43 B.C.4, and not infrequently on late
…
1 Ov. met. 5. 642 ff., fast. 4. 497 f. In Orph. h. Dem. Eleus. 40. 14^ Demeter
…
represent ' Demeter or Triptolemos seated 1. in winged car drawn by two serpents, and
…
7 So on an imperial coin of Nikomedeia in Bithynia (Imhoof-Blumer Gr. Miinzen
…
Hadrianopolis in Thrace (Overbeck op. cit. p. 661), Kretia-Flaviopolis {Brit. Mus. Cat.
…
p. 16), Kyzikos {ib. Mysia p. 47 pi. 12, 12), Ankyra in Galatia (Overbeck op. cit. p. 661
230
230 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
of the vehicle in question4. For Greeks and Romans alike,
…
1 Overbeck op. cit. p. 612 f. Atlas pi. 17, 1, 3 = R. Foerster in the Ann. d. Inst. 1873
…
Hades' chariot-wheel [Ann. d. Inst. loc. cit. pi. EF 1—it is not clearly seen in Overbeck
…
in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3041, A. Jeremias ib. iii. 255.
231
'the house of the sun3,' and—be it noted—the sun was in Leo
…
Other deities too on occasion appear in a like conveyance.
…
pyxis of fine style at Copenhagen, as drawn in a chariot by yoked
…
2 Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 1. 720 = Myth. Vat. 2. 19, Tertull. adv. Marc. 1. 13,
…
3 Ail. de nat. an. 12. 7, Macrob. Sat. 1. 21. 16, Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 33.
…
suggests that Helios was often associated in cult with Demeter. But of this I find no
…
ad loc), and the word Sp&Kaiva used of Athena in Orph. h. Ath. 32. 11.
…
pi. 2, Head Hist, num.2 p. 6), and a barbarised copy of it—both found at Morella in Spain
…
supported by 1 une rouelle,' as on Panathenaic amphoras found in Kyrenaike (id. p. 203 ; but
232
232 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
head in three-quarter position (not dou-
…
a winged and wheeled seat: the wing is archaic in type and rises
…
that it was the triliteral form of the divine name Jehovah; and in
…
C. D. Ginsburg in the Palestine Exploration Fund. Quarterly Statement for 1881
233
Jehu's reign2. There can, in fact, be little doubt that we have
…
in 168 B.C. Antiochus iv Epiphanes transformed the temple at
…
Further, the winged wheel is, as we have seen, solar in its origin.
…
usually taken by Jehovah's name in magical texts of the Hellenistic
…
in 1888, includes among other magical formulae the following prose
…
5 Mrs H. Jenner Christian Symbolism London 1910 p. 67 states that in the convent
…
the final form of the Babylonian god Ea (see C. F. Lehmann-Haupt in Roscher Lex.
234
234 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
In winter Hades, Zeus when spring begins,
…
Greek Papyri in the British Museum London 1893 i. 80 no. 46, 469 ff.
…
'EX\r)piKQi> deGiv in Buresch op. cit. p. 97 f. ; Lact. div. inst. 1. 7). The two oracles are
…
auctoritas fundatur oraculo Apollinis Clarii, in quo aliud quoque nomen soli adicitur, qui
…
ad loc. yet more ingeniously afipbv"laKxov. Baudissin op. cit. i. 215 quotes in support of
…
surmises that the gem should be read IAC0 IAH ABPAZAE H I GO etc. ; in which case
…
In fact it seems possible to trace the steps by which the transition was effected. On the
…
of the new comparison occurs in the age of Tiberius (Val. Max. 1. 3. 3 Cn. Cornelius
…
symp. 4. 6. 2), Liber pater (Tac. hist. 5. 5), Dionysos (Lyd. de mens. 4. 53 p. in, 7ft0.
235
somewhat similar pieces, to Gaza Minoa in southern Palestine3. If
…
304 f. = Kenyon ib. i. 74 no. 46, 300 f.) : see H. van Herwerden in Mnemosyne N.S. 1888
…
It shows Zeus enthroned with a sceptre (?) in his hand amid a
…
Babylonian and Greek ideas were freely blended in an omni-
236
236 The Solar Wheel in Greece
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the 'Wheel'-man6; and Trochilos in turn was the son of Kallithea7,
…
(supra p. 232 n. 1) that this is the promontory near Tripolis called to tov Qeov irpoawirov
…
3 Steph. Byz. s. vv. Tdfa, 'loviov, Eustath. in Dionys. per. 92. On imperial coins of
237
in Syria1—better known as Antiocheia on the Orontes2—, and
…
Bekker), Souid. s.v. Tu>, Exc. Salmasii in Cramer anecd. Paris, ii. 387, 22 ff. The
…
king of the west, sent and carried off Io, by whom he became the father of Libye. Io, in
…
Iopolis. They are in fact still called Ionitai by the Syrians of the district. And to this
…
In this, as in other Levantine stories of Io, we may suppose that the Argive heroine
…
Others told how Inachos sent out Kyrnos (not Triptolemos), who founded Kyrnos in
238
238 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
believed to have returned thither in the same equipage2. O. Gruppe
…
car. Apollonios of Rhodes had in fact described how Helios'once
…
Kirke riding in the solar chariot is a much older conception.
…
In a Pompeian wall-painting Kirke's head is surrounded by a
…
that Dagon the chief god of the Philistines is described as Zeus Arotrios in Philon Bybl.
…
supposed influence of the Medeia-myth on the Kirke-myth see further K. Seeliger in
…
6 Schol. Ap. Rhod. 3. 311 —Hes. frag. 195 Flach. K. Seeliger in Roscher Lex.
239
That Kirke was in some sense solar is further shown by the
…
divine queen and so becomes its king. On the other hand, in such
…
in safety. Intermediate between the two groups is The Voyage of
…
in the story of Laegaire mac Crimthainn she bears the appropriate
…
3 In Folk-Lore 1906 xvii. 141—173. The latest writer on the Celtic island-Elysium is
…
ii. 186 ft. In another Greek folk-tale, translated by E. M. Geldart Folk-Lore of Modern
…
6 For Indian parallels see G. Gerland Altgriechische Mdrchen in der Odysee Magde-
240
240 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
Greek myth were of Eastern origin. The sheykh tells Bedr Basim that the
…
This " saweek," which he is to give to the queen in place of her own magic
…
her to become a dappled mule. He then puts a bridle in her mouth and
…
only in Vedic mythology is Surya, the sun, sometimes conceived as
…
1 J. E. Harrison op. cit. p. 86 f. 2 K. Seeliger in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1195 f.
241
certainly found an echo in Greek literature6; and they may serve
…
ornithomorphic state may perhaps be traced in the curious Homeric
…
12 Porph. de abst. 3. 5, Eustath. in II. p. 1014, 22.
…
Kalypso (Od. 12. 449), who in various respects is the doublet of Kirke (O. Immisch in
…
15 K. Seeliger in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1202, 22 ff. collects the evidence. TIikoXoos,
242
2\2 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
casual notices of it found in ancient authors2. But the same word
…
more appropriate as a symbol of the sun. Still, in view of the
…
Ail. de nat. an. 4. 5, 4. 58 distinguishes the KipKrj from the Kipnos, as does Eustath. in
…
n. 1. See also L. Hopf Thierorakel und Orakelthiere in alter und neuer Zeit Stuttgart
…
8 Since this paragraph was written A. Fick has discussed the word dpKos in the
…
semicircular path described by Eos and Helios in the course of the year. She is in-
…
1873 pp. 28 ff., 67 ff. So too R. Brown The Myth of Kirke" (reviewed by H. Bradley in
243
more ways than one in which a circle might be fittingly attributed
…
other stand in intimate relation to the hawky. Thus Arthur's
…
'White Hawk,' or Gwalch-hevin, the 'Summer Hawk7.' Now in
…
Italian Kirke seems to have dwelt on a circular island. In the ter-
…
a sorceress, who is seated in the middle of a circular base, holding her wand and present-
…
5 J. Rhys Studies in the Arthurian Legend Oxford 1891 pp. 116, 302 f., 325, 392,
244
244 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
as a solar hawk, that originally and in Greece she had nothing to
…
when she fled from Kolchis with the Argonauts, put in to Iolkos
…
the air in a car drawn by serpents and seeking the world over for
…
'Walnut,' J. Rhys op. cit. p. 13 n. 1, and A. Nutt in Folk-Lore 1910 xxi. 233 n. 3. The
…
2 K. Seeliger in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1201 f., C. Hulsen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-
…
5 Near Luna in northern Etruria was an aKpov ^eXrjurjs (Ptol. 3. i. 4). W. H. Roscher
245
caused the alleged serpents to appear in visible form. The king,
…
nauts, who were lying in wait outside .the city. They at once
…
in Lydia, struck under Commodus, which shows Artemis with a
…
on one of the islands in the Adriatic, whither Iason had sailed vid the river Istros !
…
4 Ov. met. 7. 350 f. quod nisi pennatis serpentibus isset in auras | non exempla foret
…
5 These are collected and discussed by K. Seeliger in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2492 ff.
246
246 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
come and reign over them. Iason was king in virtue of his wife's
247
near akin to Zeus, or perhaps even as successive incarnations of
…
represented on a bronze mirror, found at Corinth and now in the
…
in general that it passed into the proverb 'Korinthos son of Zeus '
…
son of Zeus a king of Corinth5.' Again, Marathon in his turn was
…
Korinthos) stood in a relation of peculiar intimacy to Zeus. What
…
i. 237 Midler), Liban. ep. 565, Theodoros Hyrtakenos in Boissonade anecd. ii. 433, 2 f.,
248
248 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
escape to Athens in the car of Helios—a device somewhat unfairly
…
drjXop in tov Kal t7)v"Hpai> Kara, tlpcls <xvtu) £irip.avrivai,—cited by K. Seeliger in Roscher
…
toijtov (pevyovaa k.t.X., Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 175 (p. 83 Scheer) ecj> appiaros SpaKovTuv
…
In Sen. Med. 1031 ff. squamosa gemini colla serpentes iugo j submissa praebent.
249
In art, as in literature, Medeia escapes from Corinth on a serpent-
…
In her right hand she grasps a short
…
there are two varieties. In the first,
…
on the tradition of earlier paintings. In fact, almost identical
…
pis. 62—65. See also K. Seeliger in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2508—2511.
…
4 Id. ib. ii. 2£3f. pi. 64 no. 200, formerly at Rome in possession of an engineer
250
250 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
sword; the other, dead also, is with Medeia in the car; the back of
…
vengeance exacted by the slighted queen is shown in the most
…
1 Heydemann Vasensamml. Neapel p. 506 ff. no. 3221, O. Jahn in the Arch. Zeit. 1867
…
4 Robert op. cit. ii. 205, cp. K. Seeliger in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2511.
251
and it is in all probability a post-Euripidean play that is illustrated
…
who in her despite contracted wedlock with king Kreon's daughter
…
poisoned crown4. The casket in which it came stands open on the
…
in which its design differs from the subject as conceived by Euripides are to be regarded
…
161—166 pi. 90 (which supersedes all previous reproductions). The vase was found in a
…
no. 3). In Euripides she is nameless.
252
2$2 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
is about to run him through with a sword, in spite of the fact that
…
of his vengeance. In it stands her charioteer, a sinister-looking
…
and the whole tragic scene before him is a kingly figure draped in
…
by the rock. Finally, in the background by way of contrast with
…
to the altar in order to slay him there. That is certainly a possible interpretation.
…
See e.g. K. Wernicke in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1898 s.v. Ate, 'Personification der
253
to a magic wheel. Pindar describes the incident in a noteworthy
…
event that befell them in this locality is susceptible of a solar
…
w pvp.j3oi.cri fxaaTL^as e^e", Eustath. in Od. p. 1387, 42 ff. rpoyiaKov drjXoi tov /cat p6p./3ou
254
254 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
mimic sun. We have in fact definite evidence that on the shores
…
{mesembria) sun4. Again, coins of Kalchedon in Bithynia c. 480-
…
I figure a specimen in my collection.
255
wheel-types in the coinage of Greece and Italy1. The toothed or
…
after F. Poulsen and C. Dugas in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1911 xxxv. 371 fig. 29.
256
256 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
analogue of the eastern 'praying-wheel,' whose essential relation to
…
1 E. Saglio in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iv. 863 f.
257
can and does twist its head round in a most surprising fashion:
…
wry-neck breeds in the hole of a tree and, if disturbed, utters
…
snake-bird in Sussex, Hampshire, and Somerset, Natterwendel in
…
was Peitho5. Kallimachos in his work On Birds made lynx a
…
the nine Muses in dance and song. A contest was arranged on
…
tium similem in magnam longitudinem porrigit.
…
Nem. 4. 56, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 310, Nikephoros Gregoras in Synes. irepl evvirvluv p. 360
258
258 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
But the earlier unsophisticated view saw in the wry-neck merely
…
might reasonably expect to find it in the entottrage of Apollon.
…
golden songstresses which the poet Pindar mentions in speaking of
…
Here, it seems to me, Pindar merely imitated the Sirens in Homer6.'
…
' quasi eju/ator' in both cases.
…
tvy!-, schol. Theokr. 2. 17, schol. Aristeid. iii. 307 Dindorf, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 310, et.
…
3 E. Saglio op. cit. iv. 864, R. Engelmann in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 772 f.
…
6 Paus. 10. 5. 12 trans. J. G. Frazer. The fragment of Pindar is here cited in the
259
Now Monsieur S. Reinach in an ingenious and penetrating article
…
excellence, bound and fastened to a post in either pediment: the
…
chariot wheels6. But, although in heroic days the wheels of a
…
following form : xPv(T€aL 5' e£ vweperov (or viraperov) aeiSov K.rj\7)ixoves. But Galen, in
…
rpo<pQv 81a rrjv rj8ovr)v &<pavabecrdai. The passage from Athenaeus in turn is alluded to
…
Robert Gr. Myth. i. 805 n. 1. In the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 176 I adopted this explana-
260
260 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
Petersburg!. 215 ff. no. 422 and in the Compte-rendu St. Pet. 1863 p. 267 n. 4, Mon. d. Inst.
…
body (Ann. d. Inst. 1866 xxxviii. 246), a chariot is apparently suspended in the back-
…
in the exergue of a Syracusan coin signed by Euainetos (Brit. A/us. Cat. Coins Sicily
261
prophylactic sort, in a word as tynges. However that may be, the
…
her. Bildw. p. 746 f. pi. 30, 15, P. Weizsacker in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 176, and above
…
3 Cp. the scene of the tragedy as depicted on an Apulian a7nphora in the Jatta
262
262 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
influence. A silver disk forming part of a hoard unearthed in 1836
…
Philostratos, who in his Life of Apollonios spoke of the golden
…
judgment; and iynges of gold are hung from the roof, four in
…
Philostratos' account in the light of a stone tablet found by the
…
6 T. G. Pinches in the Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archeology 1885 viii.
263
'Tablet sculptured with a scene representing the worship of the Sun-god in the
…
the planet Venus. The roof of the shrine is supported by a column in the form
…
Nabu-pal-idinna in the ninth century before Christ, but he probably copied the
264
264 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
not talking at random, but was describing an actual chamber in the
…
iynges. They—we argued—were wheels on or in the pediments of
…
rites 'and by moving a certain iynx in the correct manner caused a
…
4 L. Hopf Thierorakel und Orakelthiere in alter und neuer Zeit Stuttgart 1888 p. 144.
…
^aicriwp tt)v 'Attlktjv rfkevdeptoaev. Cp. Proklos in Plat. Crat. p. 33, 14 f. Pasquali
…
7 Yet L. Hopf loc. cit. notes that near Radolfszell on the Bodensee wry-necks are
265
same consideration disposes of an allusion to the iynx in a supposi-
…
that the wry-neck was a sacred bird in Babylonia and Persia. At
…
other temple-wheels. Aristotle in his treatise on Mechanics alludes
…
from it a passage in which mention is made of '.the wheel that turns
…
hidden significance and this change of position in like manner
…
wheels in question. 'In the sanctuaries of the Egyptians,' he says,
266
266 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
p which is thin, solid, and vertical. In
…
disk revolving on an iron pin in such
…
ian in origin or imported into Egypt
…
aries in the time of Asoka must have found their way to the valley
…
3 A. Erman ' Kupferringe an Tempelthoren' in the Zeitschrift fur dgyptische SpracAe
267
None of these authors call in question Plutarch's statement that the
…
—a common sight in mediaeval churches, where it was made of
…
1 W. Simpson 'The Buddhist Praying Wheel'in The Journal of the Royal Asiatic
…
liturgiques de l'ancienne Egypte' in the Bulletins de P Acade'mie Royale des Sciences, des
268
268 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
Elagabalos shows Fortuna with a rudder in her right hand, a
…
holding a rod in her right hand (fig. 194)6.
…
Diisseldorf 1871 ii. 424 no. 1978 cited in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1506). Fortuna, with
…
ii. 137). Fortuna standing with rudder and cornu copiae in her hands and a wheel at her
…
female standing with left foot raised on a six-spoked wheel and body inclined in the act
…
lichen Miinzensammlung in Wien Wien 1909 p. 8 no. 71 pi. 5, Gnecchi Medagl. Rom.
…
5 Cohen op. cit.2 v. 31 no. 98. Ld. id. no. 96 (the same type in gold) is well figured
…
is standing with a rudder in her right hand, a cornu copiae in her left, and a wheel at her
269
alluded to in literature1, is
…
Well-winged, immortal, dwelling in
…
Wrought me in stone and duly paid [ ^^^S&tSff&^SI^^
…
2 O. Rossbach in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 144 f., 156 m, and in greater detail
270
270 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
a pair of griffins in a two-wheeled car. The
…
3163, 3193, H. Posnansky op. cit. pp. 61—67, O. Rossbach in Roscher Lex. Mylh.
…
and Zeus, according to one version, wooed her in the form of a snake (schol. Clem. Al.
271
prase at Berlin the goddess with a wreath or branch in her left
…
wheel2. A billon statuette found in France and
…
head-dress. A snake in her right hand is feeding out of a phidle in
…
that Nemesis in turn borrowed it from Fortuna6. These borrowings
…
Fowler in his admirable book on The Roman Festivals hinted that
…
regards the children, but also of the good luck of the mother in
…
of this gem is given by W. Drexler in the Zeitschr.f. Num. 1887 xiv. 127 f.
…
(Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1530 ff., 1549 ff, ii. 545 f.). Cp. P. Perdrizet in the Bull. Corr.
…
7 Preller—Jordan Rom. AIyth.s ii. 179 ff., R. Peter in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1503 ff,
272
2J2 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
2 J. B. Carter 'The Cognomina of the Goddess "Fortuna"' in the Transactions and
…
8 lb. 1519 f., W. Otto in Philologus 1905 lxiv. 193 ff.
…
(possibly Dionysius [sic] or Sardanapalus), which, by a mistake in the gender, was called
…
14 Clem. Al. protr. 4. 51. 1 p. 39, 15 ff. Stahlin. D. Vaglieri has recently found in
…
18 H. Posnansky op. cit. p. iff., O. Rossbach in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 117 ff.,
273
connecting the name with nemo, T assign1.' In so doing he revived
…
was comparatively early. Thus at Rhamnous it was flourishing in
…
will not mean 'wroth,' but 'wrath.' In short, we are once more
…
6 On Nemetona see M. Ihm in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 166 f., A. Holder Alt-celtischer
…
sanctuary,' the Old Frankish nimid, 'sacred place in the wood,' and other related words
274
274 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
entrance of her temple2. On the other hand, Grattius in his poem
…
their wonted adornment; and in the midmost part of the glade
…
played an important part in the ritual of
…
branch in her right hand, a bowl of apples
…
Nemesis—an identification justified in one
…
in her own right could have apple-branch and stag. Pausanias'
…
4 I have discussed the matter further in Folk-lore 1906 xvii. 445 f. Note that a votive
275
account of Nemesis at Rhamnous enables us to decide in favour
…
to find that Nemesis was in Roman times identified with Artemis
…
Adjoining the amphitheatre at Aquincum (Alt-Ofen) in Lower
…
infra p. 281. See further O. Rossbach in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. [47—155 with fig. 2.
…
coins of Smyrna show a somewhat similar figure lifting her drapery in one hand and
…
see further A. v. Premerstein in Philologus 1894 liii. 409). So on occasion was Nemesis
…
7 Mel. 2. 3. 46 Rhamnus parva, inlustris tamen, quod in ea fanum est Amphiarai et
276
276 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
Diana. She is dressed in a short chiton, which leaves the right
…
base which was inscribed in the year 184 A.D. but was subse-
…
erected in 199 A.D., was inscribed as 'Sacred to Nemesis the
…
to Nemesis Regina found at Andautonia in Upper Pannonia and now in the Agram
…
as Jupiter standing with thunderbolt in right hand, spear in left, and eagle at his feet
278
278 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
copper coin of Akmoneia in Phrygia (fig. 204)2
…
Alexander, son of Philip, in consequence of a vision which he had
…
So they willingly removed, and they now believe in two Nemeses
279
handling of her veil2. The goddess, in
…
embraces. Cp. Eustath. in II. p. 1321, 38 f. Xeyoju 81a rod Troirjo-avros rd Ki!nrpia on
…
Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 88, Sdcreaiu cj. Bekker) evpbvra tlpcl Troipieva ArjSa Koixiaavra bovvai,
…
dorf in Hermes 1883 xviii. 262 n. 1, R. Kekule Festschrift zur Feier des fiiufzigjcihrigen
…
as. an eagle. Nemesis was secured in the form of a goose (Apollod. 3. 10. 7, Tzetz. in
…
on an altar in the precinct of a pillar-Zeus (stipra p. 40 n. 1), where Leda—originally a
281
Nemesis standing as its reverse type. In the former J. P. Six
…
griffin, her favourite animal. In her lowered left hand she holds
…
The final proof that Nemesis was near akin to Diana Nemorensis
…
Nemesis' in the Num. Chron. Third Series 1882 ii. 89—102 pi. 5 (enlarged photograph),
…
3 G. F. Hill id. p. 43 'a branch (of apple).' J. P. Six in the Num. Chron. Third
…
1 psos sacerdotes colitis in uano timentes.
282
282 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
tioned in the following notes.
…
quem esse Virbium, antiquissimum Regem Nemorensem ac sacerdotem Dianae in nemore
283
fifth century by Maximus, bishop of Turin, who in one of his
…
his stick. 'Nearly all dowsers assert that when the rod moves in their hands...they
…
totum versatur in scelere. cum cellam ingressus fueris, reperies in ea pallentes cespites
…
litate astruere pietatem. quam misericors in alienos deos ille qui in suos est pontifices
284
284 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
if Homeric or post-Homeric in date, marked 'the goddess who
…
each is born1.' I agree with this able scholar in thinking that
285
sprung from the same parent stem, but in point of usage they
…
It is a wheel of cast lead from the Millingen collection in the British
…
Sunday in June, which would correspond approximately with
…
2 M. Breal in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1908 xxi. 113 ff. argues that the use of irpeiret., ' il
…
4 R. Peter in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1501.
286
286 The Solar Wheel in Greece
…
a whole series of customs observed by the peasants of central
…
to the meaning of these rites is furnished by G. Durandus in his
…
'At this festival three special rites are performed. For in some districts on
…
derive this practice from the heathen. For in ancient days dragons, stirred
…
animals, as it says in the psalm "Praise the Lord from the earth, Ye dragons,"
…
eat the oldest of the old, and when the new comes in ye shall cast out the old."
…
1 H. Gaidoz in the Rev. Arch. 1884 ii. 32 ff. These wicker giants may he descended
…
This important book was first printed at Mentz in 1459.
287
the world." As it is said in John vi, He is a burning light, shining before the
…
stand of their nativity in the mother, that is to say, of the time when each was
…
recording in detail a large number of examples, concludes as
…
imitation of the sun's course in the sky, and the imitation is
…
is probably also a piece of imitative magic. In these, as in so
…
Summa Dillingen 1572 cap. 137 fol. 256, agrees substantially, in part even verbally, with
…
Sir H. Ellis London 1849 *• 29& n- 1 anc^ more fully by J. M. Kemble The Saxons in
288
wheel in such ceremonies stands for the
…
2 H. Gaidoz in the Rev. Arch. 1884 ii. 7 ff. figs. 1—5.
…
0(ptimo) M{aximo) \ et n(umini) Aug{usti). See further A. Heron de Villefosse in the
…
wheel in such ceremonies stands for the
…
2 H. Gaidoz in the Rev. Arch. 1884 ii. 7 ff. figs. 1—5.
…
0(ptimo) M{aximo) \ et n(umini) Aug{usti). See further A. Heron de Villefosse in the
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / II: Zeus and the solar wheel
289
thunderbolts, etc., are not uncommon in the
…
A colossal stone statue found in 1876 at Seguret (Vaucluse)
…
1 A bronze statuette (height '14 m.) found in 1774 at Le
…
An altar from Vaison shows Iuno with patera and peacock, Iupiter in military costume
…
standing on a fish: he holds a six-spoked wheel in his uplifted left hand, a basket of fruit
…
a many-spoked wheel, which is apparently turned by a beardless male figure in a horned
290
Isaac Tzetzes in his twelfth-century commentary on Lykophron's
…
passage an early cult of a solar Zeus in Chios. Lykophron, writing
…
ovens (iirvbs): see O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 2853, Gruppe Gr. Myth.
…
Oinopion, recovered his eyesight by walking eastwards through the sea in such a way as to
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / III: Zeus and the solar disk
291
opolis in Makedonia4 (fig.
…
Leipzig 1909 ii. 475 ff. N. Gordon Munro in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society
…
etc. p. 133 f., Head Hist, num.2 p. 206. I figure a fine specimen in the McClean collection
292
found at Corinth and is now in the Berlin Museum. It is decorated
…
pole and consequently were circular or nearly circular in form7.
…
seven and a half feet in diameter. Its interior is strengthened with
…
the battle of Tanagra (457 B.C.)9. In other cases too the disk of
…
2 /ahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1900 xv Arch. Anz. p. 157 no. ill, E. Saglio in
…
7 O. Benndorf ' Uber den Ursprung der Giebelakroterien' in the fahresh. d. oest.
…
pi. 4, R. Borrmann in Olympia ii. 190 ff. col. pi. 115, cp. ib. pis. 84 f. and 129, A. Mar-
293
two Doric temples of a late date near the monastery of Kourno on
…
sun may be inferred from the fact that in Roman times they were
…
circular shield so frequently found in representations of classical
…
relief of Zeus Sabdzios in his shrine {infra p. 392 n. 1).
296
Whether the disks or shields suspended in temples3 and palaces4
…
and long-haired figure in the attitude of Knielauf*
…
that this practice originated in the representation of a solar disk with a snake on either
…
Fig- 215 is from an Apulian krate'r in the British Museum {Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iv.
…
Fig- 217 is from another Apulian kraUr in the British Museum {Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases
…
In numismatic art too a similar sequence of types could be made out: a good collection
…
6 E. Schmidt ' Der Knielauf und die Darstellung des Laufens und Fliegens in der
…
by the central dot.
297
analogue occurs on silver coins of Mallos in Kilikia c. 425—385 B.C.
…
along with a round stone in either hand5. And the Minotaur,
…
by Imhoof-Blumer to Mallos (Monn. gr. p. 356 f.), but now to Aphrodisias in Kilikia
…
etc. (Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de VArt vi. 833 f. figs. 416—-418, E. Pernice in the Alh. Mitth.
…
fig. 49, p. 145 ff. figs. 69 f., id. in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 623^ figs. 16 f.) and Griffin
…
which add O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 385, H. R. Hall in the Journ. Hell. Stud.
298
head, holding a disk which is not stellate1. A stater in the Hunter
…
Minotaur. F. Imhoof-Blumer would see in him Kronos5, whose
…
Svoronos9 that Mallos in Kilikia was a colony of Malla in Crete,
…
6 F. Imhoof-Blumer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1572 cp. 1553 figs. 4 f., id. Kleinas.
…
M.owltlu. Coins of Malla in the third or second century B.C. have obv. head of Zeus
299
beach, will be parched by ' the ray of Seirios' and hidden in the
…
means Zeus, who was so called in memory of the diskos or stone
…
disk. It consists of a central ring or circle, from which radiates a
…
by Welcker Gr. Gotierl. ii. 197 as an epithet of Zeus in the Dog-days, cp. C. von Holzinger
…
beach, will be parched by ' the ray of Seirios' and hidden in the
…
means Zeus, who was so called in memory of the diskos or stone
…
disk. It consists of a central ring or circle, from which radiates a
…
by Welcker Gr. Gotierl. ii. 197 as an epithet of Zeus in the Dog-days, cp. C. von Holzinger
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / IV: The Lycian symbol
300
sometimes four2 (fig. 225), occasionally two3 (fig. 226), and in a
…
in the Paris collection5 (fig. 228) has the ring with three radiating
…
animal forms are introduced. One branch may end in the head of
…
silver coin of Arpi in Apulia (Garrucci Mon. It. ant. p. 112 pi. 93, 8, Brit. Mus. Cat.
301
ducks1 (fig. 232). On occasion an owl occupies the central ring2
…
been frequently debated. Monsieur Babelon, after passing in
…
cludes in favour of the solar explanation advanced by L. Mliller
…
representations of the sun. Mr Thomas sums up in the following
…
understood and accepted in the crude astronomy of the ancients6.'
…
5 E. Thomas ' The Indian Swastika and its western Counterparts ' in the Num. Chron.
302
the symbol of a national god of light, who perhaps originated in
…
How are we to bridge the distance from Magna Graecia in the west
…
that his readers in the fifth century B.C. knew of certain Kyklopes,
…
there are three kinds of Kyklopes, those in the Odyssey, who are
…
in n. 3 immediately continues Ku/cXw7ra;j/ yap yevi) Tpia' KvicXcoTres ol ttjv Mvktivtjp,
…
the symbol of a national god of light, who perhaps originated in
…
How are we to bridge the distance from Magna Graecia in the west
…
that his readers in the fifth century B.C. knew of certain Kyklopes,
…
there are three kinds of Kyklopes, those in the Odyssey, who are
…
in n. 3 immediately continues Ku/cXw7ra;j/ yap yevi) Tpia' KvicXcoTres ol ttjv Mvktivtjp,
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / V: The Lycian symbol and the Kyklops
303
must bear in mind Pindar's mysterious statement that the souls of
…
and also the names applied by the Pythagoreans to the central
…
in ancient times8, of being master-builders. We still speak of
…
eyed giant of Sicily from the solar wheel of Lycia in point of actual
…
of lines9. The central circle had dwindled to a dot, from which
…
1lTep6irr]s,"Apyr]s, which Zenon may have found in Hes. theog. 140.
…
Atos dpbvov, ws aXAot <paaiv, Prokl. in Plat. Tim. ii. 106, 21 ff. Diehl (cp. i. 199, 2 ff.) kuI
304
in Kilikia1 (fig. 234) ; at Thebe
…
were carried further in neighbouring lands. Thus the silver coins of
…
M. Antonius Polemo, high-priest, c. 17—36 a.d. G. F. Hill in Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins
…
three curves radiating from a common centre are inscribed in a circle.
…
rayed star'), on silver coins c. 185—168 b.c.: in the centre of a round Macedonian shield
…
coins of the fourth century b.c. : five or three crescents radiating from a central dot and
305
Adada3 in Pisidia ; at Hierapytna4 in Crete ; in Melos5, at Athens6,
…
Solonian silver coinage it is inscribed in a circle.
…
proconsul in Sicily in 48 B.C., struck a denarius, which shows Trinacrus, son of Neptunus,
…
14 From the specimen in the McClean collection at Cambridge: obv. pomegranate ;
…
J. P. Six in the Num. Chron. Third Series 1888 viii. 97 regard the coin as proof of an
306
tendency transformed the central disk into a face5. That was the
…
with wings attached to the feet and a Gorgon's head in the middle7
…
pi. 44, 6—9, Head Hist, num.1* p. 202. I figure the specimen in the McClean collection
…
5 At Istros in Lower Moesia occurs the strange type of two young male heads in
…
show a four-spoked wheel (Append. D), I would rather conjecture that the two heads in
…
triskelds, the central dot of which is marked like a face: the coin is of Sicilian mintage.
307
Floras in 20 B.C. to commemorate the Sicilian exploits of M'. Aquil-
…
in Sicily by L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus and C.Claudius
…
in describing this 'contamination' of the triskeles with
…
However that may be, it is practically certain that the central face
…
dating from about the time of Iuba, which was found in 1823 near
…
6 P. Hartwig in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1891 xii. 341 n. 1 writes: 'The triskeles is
308
Vacca (Bedja) or Sicca Venerea {Kef) in Tunis and is now in the
…
and token of Baal himself, the sky-god or sun-god, and cited in
…
2 Cp. G. Maspero The Struggle of the Nations London 1896 p. 155, E. Meyer in
309
the Turduli in Hispania Baetica1 (figs. 247—248); for the district,
…
the Kyklopes in Greek mythology. Let us distinguish the Kyklopes
…
The eastern Kyklopes were called also Cheirogdstores2, or Gas-
…
3 Eustath. in II. p. 286, 30 f., apparently quoting Strabon either from memory or in
…
4 Strab. 372 and ap. Eustath. in Od. p. 1622, 53 f.
…
the Turduli in Hispania Baetica1 (figs. 247—248); for the district,
…
the Kyklopes in Greek mythology. Let us distinguish the Kyklopes
…
The eastern Kyklopes were called also Cheirogdstores2, or Gas-
…
3 Eustath. in II. p. 286, 30 f., apparently quoting Strabon either from memory or in
…
4 Strab. 372 and ap. Eustath. in Od. p. 1622, 53 f.
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / VI: The Kyklops of the east and the Kyklops of the west
310
is, 'Bellies-in-arms ' or ' Arms-in-bellies,' in connexion with Thessaly,
…
A distant echo of this mythopoeic stage may be heard in
…
' Our nature long ago was not what it is now, but otherwise. In the first
…
The name of this third sex still survives, though it has-itself become extinct. In
…
resembled their parents. So it came to pass that in point of power and strength
…
in Hermes 1902 xxxvii. 292 ff., Gruppe Myth. Lit. 1908 p. 441 f.
…
his body was cylindrical, being circular in horizontal section. The words can hardly be
311
they were terrible ; and in their pride they attacked the gods. Indeed, what
…
and punished their pride by cutting them in halves like so many
…
compounded of the other two, he has in mind the ' whole-natured
…
In the western Mediterranean anthropomorphism went a step
…
4 Orph. frag. 62 Abel ap. Prokl. in Plat. Tim. i. 429, 28 ff. Diehl (cp. ib. i. 450,
312
in the middle of the forehead1 (fig. 249)1 This is throughout the
…
about that Servius in the fourth century A.D. can write : ' Many say
…
Virgil, in the passage on which Servius was commenting, adheres
…
Anth. Pal. 14. 132. 2, 7, Ov. met. 13. 772 f. The Homeric Kyklopes in general had one
…
5 Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 636, Myth. Vat. 2. 174.
313
Phoebean' must be either the moon or the sun2. Parmenides in
…
of the Kyklops with the sun. Ovid does so expressly in the
…
Kyklops' eye stands for the sun in heaven. But we have seen
…
we are on the right track in investigating the story of the Kyklops
…
2 Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 637.
…
eating ogre (or ogress), who lives in a cave and is a famous builder, must be regarded as a
…
eyes on flame.' I follow W. Grimm 'Die Sage von Polyphem' in the Abh. d. berl.
314
corresponds fairly well with a difference indicated in Hesiod's
…
They verily in all else were like the gods,
…
Power, violence, and guile were in their deeds. '
…
Nor need we be surprised to find the sun conceived in two
…
addresses 'Nut, in whose head appear two eyes3'—presumably the
…
in 77. 1. 402, Eustath. in II. p. 123, 42. Gyas is centimanus in Hor. od. 2. 17. 14, 3. 4.
315
a hymn written in the time of the twentieth or twenty-first dynasty
…
ing it in curiously incongruous ways. For example, Amen-hetep iv
…
home was near Annu or Heliopolis. 'Aten,' says Dr Wallis
316
of Aten are made to terminate in human hands (fig. 250)1,
…
Such solar symbols are, indeed, deep-seated in human nature,
…
simultaneously ideas that in their origin were incompatible. For,
…
p. 26, after G. Rawlinson The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World*
317
opens his Sunset in the City with the lines—
…
Low in the west its fiery axle burning1—
…
while elsewhere in the same little volume he prefers to speak of
…
But, to return to the Greeks, we have next to enquire in what
…
And the Platonic Aristophanes in his whimsical narrative tells
…
such premises. At most it may be said in quite general terms
…
3 Id. ib. p. 18. Mr Owen Seaman in The Battle of the Bays London 1896 p. 39 has
…
opens his Sunset in the City with the lines—
…
Low in the west its fiery axle burning1—
…
while elsewhere in the same little volume he prefers to speak of
…
But, to return to the Greeks, we have next to enquire in what
…
And the Platonic Aristophanes in his whimsical narrative tells
…
such premises. At most it may be said in quite general terms
…
3 Id. ib. p. 18. Mr Owen Seaman in The Battle of the Bays London 1896 p. 39 has
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / VII: The Kyklops and Zeus
319
W. H. Roscher2 follows A. Furtwangler in regarding this type as
…
and they had in the end to listen to Minos' demand of seven youths
…
1 A. Conze ' Griechische Kohlenbecken' in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. airh. Inst. 1890
…
3 A. Furtwangler ' Die Kopfe der griechischen Kohlenbecken' in the Jahrb. d. kais.
320
one with the three-eyed Zeus of Argos, who in turn is strictly
…
incurring Zeus' enmity9. But nowhere in Greek literature do we
…
weapon the thunderbolt. He was, in fact, analogous to, but not
…
2 W. Grimm 'Die Sage von Polyphem' in the Abh. d. berl. A had. 1857 Phil.-hist.
…
4 M. Mayer Die Giganten tend Titanen in der antiken Sage und Kunst Berlin 1887
…
Kyklopengedicht der Odysee' in Hermes 1903 xxxviii. 431 ff. draws attention to the similar
321
to be met with in Celtic2 and Germanic3 mythology—a fact which
…
the gods has in one respect been substantiated. For Zeus, as we
…
repeated in a variety of slightly differing forms: we hear of a sharp
…
traces of the Kyklopes {supra p. 319 f., Istros ap. schol. //. 10. 439). Maass in Hermes
…
Kyklopes are located in the Chalcidian colonies Naxos and Leontinoi (Strab. 20, Eustath.
…
to be met with in Celtic2 and Germanic3 mythology—a fact which
…
the gods has in one respect been substantiated. For Zeus, as we
…
repeated in a variety of slightly differing forms: we hear of a sharp
…
traces of the Kyklopes {supra p. 319 f., Istros ap. schol. //. 10. 439). Maass in Hermes
…
Kyklopes are located in the Chalcidian colonies Naxos and Leontinoi (Strab. 20, Eustath.
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / VIII: The blinding of the Kyklops’ eye
322
(Erice), of a red-hot knife (Oghuzians), of a stabbing in the eye
…
Kyklops-myth of the Odyssey, which in its present shape must be
…
been the primitive Kyklops-poem2. In this the episode of the
…
And took and turned it in the blazing fire.
…
I heartened, lest in terror they should fail me.
…
And full in his eyeball plunged it. I uplifted
…
And twirled it in his eye: the blood flowed round
…
2 D. Muelder 'Das Kyklopengedicht der Odysee' in Hermes 1903 xxxviii. 414—455.
323
Till even its roots were crackling in the fire.
…
And we in a panic fled, while he from his eye
…
coming—since even in the Odyssey the incident has been already
…
that of Prometheus. He is said to have stolen fire from Zeus 'in a
…
blown out4.' As to the manner in which Prometheus obtained the
…
in ferulam coniecto, etc., fad. 144 Prometheus in ferula detulit in terras, interp. Serv. in
…
4 J. T. Bent The Cyclades London 1885 p. 365. Id. id. : ' In Lesbos this reed is still
…
down fire from heaven.' The same custom is found in Kypros, according to Sittl on Hes.
…
Till even its roots were crackling in the fire.
…
And we in a panic fled, while he from his eye
…
coming—since even in the Odyssey the incident has been already
…
that of Prometheus. He is said to have stolen fire from Zeus 'in a
…
blown out4.' As to the manner in which Prometheus obtained the
…
in ferulam coniecto, etc., fad. 144 Prometheus in ferula detulit in terras, interp. Serv. in
…
4 J. T. Bent The Cyclades London 1885 p. 365. Id. id. : ' In Lesbos this reed is still
…
down fire from heaven.' The same custom is found in Kypros, according to Sittl on Hes.
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / IX: Prometheus’ theft of fire
324
stolen fire, different accounts were current in antiquity. Aischylos
…
tioned in J. Brassicanus' commentary on Petronius4, expands this
…
know at all what good things there were in heaven, but asked whether it was
…
Magic Art ii. 260, who notes that Bent is mistaken in calling the i>dpdrj£ or 'giant fennel'
…
Cp. Hellanikos frag. 112 {Frag. hist. Gr. i. 60 Midler) ap. Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 227. On
…
3 Serv. in Verg. eel. 6. 42 Prometheus, [Iapeti et Clymenes nlius,] post factos a se
…
also in Myth. Vat. 2. 63 Phoebiacis rotis applicans faculam, can be traced back to Fulgent.
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / X: The fire-drill in relation to Prometheus, the Kyklops, and Zeus
325
x. The Fire-drill in relation to Prometheus,
…
fire from the gods and given it to men; but in truth he was the inventor of the
…
fire-drill may be seen any day in South Africa :
…
his palms, pressing it slightly downwards, and in a short time he works a small
…
obtained for me from a Mutoro of Central Africa by my brother-in-
326
' It consists in drilling one piece of ararii-wood into another by pulling a string
…
spindle with a heavy disk: the former may be seen in a Dacotah
…
reports that the fire-boards of the Chuckchees in the north-east
…
2 J. Romilly Allen 'Need-Fire' in The Illustrated Archaeologist 1894—1895 ii. 77 f.
…
3 E. B. Tylor op. cit? p. 242 fig. 25 from an example in the Edinburgh Industrial
327
' are roughly carved in human form and personified, almost deified, as the super-
…
Now, if uncivilised people can regard the fire-stick in its hole as
…
originated in a primitive story concerning the discovery of the same
…
3 K. Bapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3034.
328
Ithakesios or Ithakos4-. In short, I suspect that behind Odysseus the
…
rb yfros, u)kovv tt]v KecpaXrjviav. k.t.X. Cp. Eustath. in II. p. 307, 8, in Od. p. 1815, 44 ff.,
…
4 Steph. Byz. s.v. 'Ida,Kr]'..!'IdaKos 'Odvacrevs bp.o<p(bvws ry oiKLcrrrj, Eustath. in II. p. 307,
…
Eustath. in Od. p. 1861, 36 ff. F. F. Zielinski in Philologus 1891 1. 146 ff. argues that
…
I figure a specimen in my collection. See also Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 680.
329
wear fashioned out of his chains, in which was set a stone from Mt. Kaukasos (interp.
…
ch. ii § 9 (h) ii (17)); and K. Bapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3041 acutely compares
…
Giitersloh 1886 p. 18, A. F. Pott in the Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschung i860
…
als Grundzeichen des westsemitischen Alphabets' in Memnon 1909 iii. 175 ff- This in-
…
who is mentioned in the Bhagavata Purana. My friend Prof. E. J. Rapson writes to
330
Lykophron mentions him in juxtaposition with Zeus Aithiops
…
examples from south-west Africa (the Herero) and north-east Asia
…
with Vesta in Italian religion4. It is not, therefore, difficult to
…
K. Bapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3034 f., following Gerhard Gr. Myth. p. 97,
…
of the root that appears in Sanskrit as math or 7?ianth, 'to stir or whirl about' (Sir M.
…
twirler (' Gertenschwinger'') to be Rhadamanthys as judge of the dead. Certainly in that
…
pd^dov (see her Proleg. Gk. Eel.2 p. 45). Yet the second element in Rhadamanthys'
…
Lykophron mentions him in juxtaposition with Zeus Aithiops
…
examples from south-west Africa (the Herero) and north-east Asia
…
with Vesta in Italian religion4. It is not, therefore, difficult to
…
K. Bapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3034 f., following Gerhard Gr. Myth. p. 97,
…
of the root that appears in Sanskrit as math or 7?ianth, 'to stir or whirl about' (Sir M.
…
twirler (' Gertenschwinger'') to be Rhadamanthys as judge of the dead. Certainly in that
…
pd^dov (see her Proleg. Gk. Eel.2 p. 45). Yet the second element in Rhadamanthys'
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / XI: The solar wheel combined with animals
331
are in the form of a wheel with four, six, seven, eight, or nine spokes,
…
asses (?)5 also occur. In one case (fig. 261)6 the wheel has become
332
animals placed upon the solar wheel are in some sense devoted to
…
in the north-east corner of Spain. It was founded, according to
…
covered dozens of swans or ducks associated with the solar wheel in the art of the bronze
333
festival (776 B.C.). In its neighbourhood therefore we might look
…
similar wheel, the whole being some 20 cm. in height. Column
…
animal on the solar wheel, or rather in between a pair of solar
…
That belief meets us in the mythologies of various Indo-Europaean
…
ideas and henceforward to believe in the driver of a celestial
…
2 J. Cabre ' Gbjetos ibericos de Calaceite' in the Boletin de la Real Academia de
…
A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1998^, A. A. Macdonell Vedic Mythology Strassburg
…
5 A. Kuhn op. cit.2 p. 51 ff., A. Rapp loc. cit., J. Dechelette in the Rev. Arch. 1909 i.
…
p. 1999), but hails from Asia Minor (Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 381 n. 13 and p. 1532
…
festival (776 B.C.). In its neighbourhood therefore we might look
…
similar wheel, the whole being some 20 cm. in height. Column
…
animal on the solar wheel, or rather in between a pair of solar
…
That belief meets us in the mythologies of various Indo-Europaean
…
ideas and henceforward to believe in the driver of a celestial
…
2 J. Cabre ' Gbjetos ibericos de Calaceite' in the Boletin de la Real Academia de
…
A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1998^, A. A. Macdonell Vedic Mythology Strassburg
…
5 A. Kuhn op. cit.2 p. 51 ff., A. Rapp loc. cit., J. Dechelette in the Rev. Arch. 1909 i.
…
p. 1999), but hails from Asia Minor (Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 381 n. 13 and p. 1532
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / XII: The solar chariot
334
Evidence of the combination has been found here and there in
…
in Syros {Syra) shows a horse with a collar, a solar disk, and a
…
the numerous representations of a solar rider whose type is discussed by R. Dussaud in
…
Smith in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London 1903 6—13 figs. 5—7).
335
case may be, recall in effect the back-to-back arrangement of the
…
5 On a red-figured hydria in the Vatican (Mon. d. Inst, i pi. 46, Ann. d. Inst. 1832
336
in the solar disk. A fine example is furnished by a silver-gilt
…
surface and its divergent lines suggests the on-coming sun in a
…
found in another tomb at Elis along with a whole series of phdlara
…
Indeed, they have it still. My brother-in-law Mr C. H. C. Visick,
…
in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1892—3 xiii. 257f. pi. 8), Eleutherai {id. ib. p. 255 pi. 9, 2),
…
1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Jewellery p. 239 no. 2108 pi. 40, F. H. Marshall in the Journ.
337
the scene as that of Phaethon in his father's chariot struck by the
…
represents the four points of the compass in motion. The four points seem to influence
…
'2 Panofka loc. cit. p. 305 f. cp. a vase from Apulia of like design and style then in the
338
his chariot, in the Greek area at least2, is regularly connected with
…
modern Greeks. Parties go to picnic in plains and meadows,
…
are burnt5. I figure (pi. xxv) a wreath of the sort, which I obtained in
…
1 First in //. 8. 438 ff. Zei)s 5e warrip "15-qOev etirpoxov apfxa /cat t7r7roi>s | OvXvp.irov
…
immediately in front of Xerxes himself (cp. Longin. de sublim. 3. 2 ret tov Aeovrivov Yopyiov
…
(Hdt. 7. 40, cp. 7. 55, 8. 115). When Kyros the elder went in procession from his
…
altar; and lastly Kyros himself in his chariot (Xen. Cyr. 8. 3. 11 ff.). In the time of
…
4 A copper coin of Alexandreia struck by Trajan has for reverse type Zeus Amnion in
…
his chariot, in the Greek area at least2, is regularly connected with
…
modern Greeks. Parties go to picnic in plains and meadows,
…
are burnt5. I figure (pi. xxv) a wreath of the sort, which I obtained in
…
1 First in //. 8. 438 ff. Zei)s 5e warrip "15-qOev etirpoxov apfxa /cat t7r7roi>s | OvXvp.irov
…
immediately in front of Xerxes himself (cp. Longin. de sublim. 3. 2 ret tov Aeovrivov Yopyiov
…
(Hdt. 7. 40, cp. 7. 55, 8. 115). When Kyros the elder went in procession from his
…
altar; and lastly Kyros himself in his chariot (Xen. Cyr. 8. 3. 11 ff.). In the time of
…
4 A copper coin of Alexandreia struck by Trajan has for reverse type Zeus Amnion in
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / XIII: The solar wreath
339
seen that Saint John's bonfire was in all probability a sun-charm1.
…
Here in Cambridge the children are out early on the first of May
…
in use are a single hoop of flowers or coloured tags with crossed
…
garland once stood for the sun3, the doll in the flowery hoop being
…
5 Boetticher Baumkultus pp. 393—-397, S. Reinach in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant.
341
In Egypt the sky-god Horos was early confused with the
…
to be regarded as the symbol of Ra6, or in other words was trans-
…
winged solar disk10. Now Aischylos in his Suppliants, a play
…
4 G. Benedite in the Mon. Piot. 1909 xvii. 5 ff.
…
7 So in the Veda the eagle is connected primarily with Indra the thunder-god (A. A.
…
la division de Vannee p. 49 f., A. Wiedemann ' Die Phonixsage im alten Agypten ' in the
…
In Egypt the sky-god Horos was early confused with the
…
to be regarded as the symbol of Ra6, or in other words was trans-
…
winged solar disk10. Now Aischylos in his Suppliants, a play
…
4 G. Benedite in the Mon. Piot. 1909 xvii. 5 ff.
…
7 So in the Veda the eagle is connected primarily with Indra the thunder-god (A. A.
…
la division de Vannee p. 49 f., A. Wiedemann ' Die Phonixsage im alten Agypten ' in the
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (e): The sun as the bird of Zeus
342
The Danai'des do so in the words—
…
deliberate Egyptism on Aischylos' part, and must not in itself be
…
belief in a solar hawk10. Ovid tells how Daidalion, grieving for the
…
parallels occur in various versions of the Daidalos-myth. Accord-
343
partridge lay the old conception of the solar bird. Again, in
…
thos, in which B. Schmidt recognised certain traits of the Ikaros-
…
enemy then took him prisoner, bound him, shut him up in a fortress, and gave
…
last to be flung in, he fell on the top of his companions and escaped death.
…
in der Sonnennahe verschwindende Orion' (Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 946) or perhaps, like
…
n. 2 cp. a tale from Syra in J. G. von Hahn Griechische und aldanesische Mdrchen Leipzig
344
marry him. Now the sea in which the dolphin lived was of such a sort that no
…
the daughter of Pterelaos, in love with the hostile chief, plucked or
…
with the point Skyllaion near Hermione7. This recurrence of a
…
2 Apollod. 2. 4. 7, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 932, Dion Chrys. or. 64 p. 341 Reiske, Ov.
…
4 O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3266 conjectures that Pterelaos was changed
345
cliff. Wings of all sorts and birds were attached to him in order
…
Strab. 452, cp. id. 461, Eustath. in Od. p. 1964, 52. This Ikarios is called Ikaros by
…
Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 279, Turpilius (Com. Rom. frag. p. ii3ff. Ribbeck) ap. Serv. loc.
…
(Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 279).
…
Danubier in Griechenland Gottingen 1909 p. 43. Fick ascribes this cult of the sun-bird
346
346 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
i. The Ram and the Sun in Egypt. Zeus Ammon.
…
Another animal that came to be associated with the sun in
…
has a quiver and holds a bow in his lowered left hand, a torch in his extended right
…
1 Lanzone Dizion. di Mitol. Egiz. p. 956 ff. pi. 336 f., W. Drexler in Roscher Lex.
…
A coin of the Hypselite nome, struck under Hadrian, shows Isis holding in her hand a
…
5 Id. id. ii. 58 ff., Drexler loc. cit. i. 1848 ff. and ii. 1252, R. Pietschmann in Pauly—
…
ydp (pyaL p.edepp:r]vev6p,evov elvai Tdv"0<ripiv (Hermaios in Frag. hist. Gr. iv. 427 Muller).
…
346 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
i. The Ram and the Sun in Egypt. Zeus Ammon.
…
Another animal that came to be associated with the sun in
…
has a quiver and holds a bow in his lowered left hand, a torch in his extended right
…
1 Lanzone Dizion. di Mitol. Egiz. p. 956 ff. pi. 336 f., W. Drexler in Roscher Lex.
…
A coin of the Hypselite nome, struck under Hadrian, shows Isis holding in her hand a
…
5 Id. id. ii. 58 ff., Drexler loc. cit. i. 1848 ff. and ii. 1252, R. Pietschmann in Pauly—
…
ydp (pyaL p.edepp:r]vev6p,evov elvai Tdv"0<ripiv (Hermaios in Frag. hist. Gr. iv. 427 Muller).
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (f): The sun and the ram
347
are reminded by the 'ammonites' of our geologists. In the time
…
explain that this custom of theirs arose in the following way. Herakles was
…
2 Lanzone Dizion. di Mitol. Egiz. p. 29 ff. pi. i8ff., E. Meyer in Roscher Lex. Myth.
…
5 K. Sethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 2350. Cp. Euseb. praep. ev. 3. 12. 1
…
6 R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1855, A. Wiedemann op. cit.
348
348 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
both languages. In my opinion, the Ammonians took their name too from the
…
beat themselves in mourning for the ram and then bury it in a sacred
…
Amen-Ra in the Oasis of El-Charge even identifies that god with
…
when Lucian in the second century of our era makes Momos, the
…
On the connexion between Amnion and Herakles see Arrian. 3. 3. r, Eustath. in
…
references I am indebted to Roeder in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 571.
…
6 H. Brugsch Reise nach der grossen Oase El Khargeh in der Libyschen Wiiste
349
in earlier days and with simpler folk it was not so. The Greeks in
…
meet a familiar face in a strange country, even if the garb was out-
…
In fact, they would be glad to worship him under his new-found
…
blue, probably because that was the colour of the heavens in which he ruled as Sun god '
…
a water-god or Nile-god (supra p. 347 n. 5, K. Sethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii.
350
350 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
existent once at Kyrene4, shows how far they succeeded in com-
…
religion6 in a spot destined to become famous throughout the
…
1 On the various forms of this name see R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.
…
3 A. Furtwangler ' Ueber Statuenkopieen im Alterthum' in the Abh. d. bayer. Akad.
…
7 Infra p. 376 n. 3. Cp. Metrod. Perieget. ap. Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 3. 479
…
9 In Plat, polit. 257 b Theodoros of Kyrene (id. Theaet. 143 c—d) says ev .ye vr\ rov
351
Passava, the ancient Las, near Gythion shows
…
Poseidon Gaiadchos1'. Ammon was here in
…
3 B. Schroder in the Ath. Mitth. 1904 xxix. 21—24 fig. 1. Height "57 in. The
…
7 S. Wide in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 961 ff. and O. Hofer ib. 964 ff. Hesych. s.vv. nap-...
…
no. 1446) was worshipped before the return of the Herakleidai, having a shrine in the
352
352 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
' From the earliest times the oracle in Libye is known to have been consulted
…
Aphytaeans are not a whit behind the Ammonian Libyans in their respect for
…
oracle of Ammon in the Oasis, hoping to obtain its support for
…
acquittal the Libyans withdrew, protesting that, when, in accord-
…
sent a hymn in honour of Amnion to the Ammonians in Libye. This hymn
…
1 Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 1558 n. 5, citing J. Zingerle in the Ath. Mitth. 1896
353
as O. Gruppe supposes2, a belief that Thebes in Boiotia was con-
…
allegiance of Europe, Asia, and Africa. No other god united in
…
In the last paragraph I described Zeus Ammon as at once
…
This appears in pinmis from the fact that, whereas Greek
…
3 See the list of cult-centres in G. Parthey ' Das Orakel und die Oase des Ammon ' in
…
quarry near Syene) I. o. m. Hammoni Chnubidi, | Iunoni Reginae, quor. sub | tutela hie
354
354 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
the Stone Pillars4/ In any case the name not unnaturally modi-
…
are the central ornament of a silver band, probably once a priestly
…
an inscription from Mauretania Caesariensis, in which Tanit, there
…
Religionsgeschichte Berlin 1888 p. 27 f., Wolf—Baudissin in J. J. Herzog Realencyklopddie
…
4 So P. Berger in the Gaz. Arch. 1879 v- 14°? E. Meyer in Roscher Lex. Myth. i.
…
5 P. Berger ' La Trinite Carthaginoise' in the Gaz. Arch. 1879 v- I33ff-» 222 1880
…
9 E. Meyer in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 291 and 2871.
355
Thunderer...Iuppiter Hammon1.' Ba'al-hamman was in fact com-
…
shoulders, proceeding mechanically in
…
chant in accordance with traditional
…
work of Kallisthenes, Aristotle's kinsman, who himself took part in
…
nearly resembling an omphalos. Meltzer would see in it the
…
4 H. Meltzer ' Der Fetisch im Heiligtum des Zeus Ammon' in Philologus 1904 Ixiii.
356
356 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
Cypriote Aphrodite was likewise ' worshipped in the form of an
…
Zeus Amnion, it will—in view of the rarity of such objects—
…
of Babylon once sent to Egypt as a gift an emerald four cubits in length and
…
obelisks5 of the sort were to be seen there in
357
Amen-Ra in the tomb of Seti i was himself coloured green1, it
…
In the second place, the method of divination practised at the
…
Zeus-like Apollon7 indicated the divine will in the selfsame manner.
…
Plin. nat. hist. 37. 74 et fuisse apud eos in Iovis delubro obeliscum e quattuor smaragdis
…
are extant (Furtwangler op. cit. iii. 388, W. Drexler in Roscher
…
Zeus {id. id. p. 111 no. 2356, T. Panofka in the Abh. d. berl.
358
358 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
Egyptians believed that the sun-god, after travelling all day in his
…
dedicated in the temple of Amen-Ra at Thebes a boat of cedar
…
Amman was said to have transformed himself into a snake in
…
There are but few certain traces of the solar barque in Greek literature or art. The
…
krater from Basilicata, now in the Louvre, shows Helios and Selene in a four-horse
…
Classe p. 383 ff.), Welcker Alt. Denkm. iii. 67—71 pi. 10, r, A. M. Migliarini in the Ann.
…
l'oasis de Jupiter Ammon' in the Comptes rendus de PA cad. des inscr. et belles-lettres 1906
…
shield in the immediate context (see Stephanus Thes. Gr. ling. v. 2002 c—d).
360
360 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
But snakes undoubtedly played a large part in Egyptian
…
human-headed uraeus-snakes or asps7. Sarapis alone appears in
…
missing. The body is that of a scaly asp, adorned in front with
…
7 W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 536 ff. fig., H. P. Weitz ib. iv. 378
…
9 P. Kabbadias in the 'B0. 'A-px- 1893 p. 187 ff". pi. 12,
361
four inlaid eyes and ending in a bearded snake's-head. The
…
B.C. and probably in the Oasis of Siwah coalesced into the sun-god
…
6 Cp. the cult of ZeiV'HXios Scuttj/j (g. Plaumann Ptolemais in Oberdgypten (Leipz.
…
7 On the controversy, to which this hypothesis gave rise, see H. Meltzer in Philologus
362
362 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
Greece and on the wide popularity that in course of time he
…
rites at Athens in 333 B.C.6? In view of these circumstances it is
…
in the reign of Merenptah c. 1250 B.C. Egypt was invaded by
…
1 In Souid. s.v." Afxfxwv ovofxa 8eov"K\\f]VLKov Kiister would read Aij3vKov (cp. Dionys.
…
2 G. Parthey ' Das Orakel und die Oase des Amnion' in the Abh. d. berl. Akad. 1862
363
have planted in the Oasis a cult of their sky-god Zeus, who at
…
'The oracular usage of Thebes in Egypt and the oracular usage of Dodona
…
2 W. M. Flinders Petrie in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1890 xi. 271—277. The sherds of
364
364 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
them of the evidence on which this definite statement was based, they said in
…
at Dodona. Two black doves started to fly from Thebes in Egypt. One came
…
occurs in later writers. Thus Silius Italicus in the first century of
…
To settle in mid Thebes. Whereof the one
365
He makes the doves start from Thebes in Greece, not from Thebes
…
and modern mention several species of oak as growing in north
…
shores of the Syrtis6; and various writers attest the existence in
…
2 Interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 466 Iuppiter quondam Hebae {leg. Thebae) filiae
366
366 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
If Zeus had an oak-cult of immemorial antiquity in the
…
Amnion9, declares that in the beginning men sprang from Mother
…
3 This important piece of evidence was clearly pointed out by E. H. Toelken in his
…
5 Ap. Rhod. 4. 1483 ff. with schol. adloc, Eustath. in Dionys. per. 209, Hyg.y^. 14
…
to Schneidewin's cj. 'IdpfiavTa. But T. Zielinski in the Archiv f. Rel. 1906 ix. 42 n. 1
367
After naming in true Pindaric fashion various possible claimants
…
May we not venture to see in these lines another confirmation of
…
But, as we have already seen, the sister oracle in the Oasis was
…
in the Oasis nowadays5.
…
recently begun to feed his flock in that district. Shepherds go by the name of
…
Kallisthenes ap. Plout. v. Alex. 27, Strab. 814; Diod. 17. 49, Curt. 4. 7. 15, Eustath. in
…
vTTOfj.ovrjs (iinfMovTjs cod. Barnes.) top [x&vtlv irpoayet. stands in need of emendation.
368
368 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
win the credit of having invented something himself. In return for thispresent
…
in it, but kindles such as are put out and brought near to it. It always fails at
…
but that as the day declines it gains in warmth becoming tepid at
…
2 Paus. 4. 23. 10. So in Byzantine times Eudok. viol. 75, Eustath. in Dionys.
…
in the text do not suffice to prove it.
…
Aug. de civ. Dei 21. 5, Eustath. in Dionys. per. 211. Cp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 4. 196
369
In short, it appears that the whole apparatus of the oracle at
…
nexion between his cult and water comes out clearly in Diodoros'
…
temple of Ammon shaded by many large trees. Near this temple is a fountain,
…
The same association of the desert-god with water occurs in a
…
/cat dvavevaewv = Eustath. in Dionys. per. 211. See also Hdt. 2. 58 cited supra p. 363.
…
a spring at Teuthrone in Lakonike (Paus. 3. 25. 4). Other cognates are vdeo, vdfxa,
…
p. 401, 6 fT. Eyssenhardt, Amp. 2, Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 3. 476, Serv. in Verg. Aen.
370
370 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
rather than Dione5^ I would point to the fact that in the Libyan
…
1 The ram was presumably Zeus himself in animal form. Another late aetiological
…
with Hera at Thebes in Egypt see supra p. 348 n. 1.
…
head has no stephdne and is rather Dionysiac in character (Overbeck op. cit. Zeus p. 301
371
point is that the cult of Zeus in the Oasis was, as Herodotos
…
from a specimen in the McClean collection, fig. 282 from another in the Leake collection,
…
All these heads have in front a curious set of upstanding curls (?), perhaps derived
372
372 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
was worshipped as Zeus in Arkadia7 and bears a name which
…
illustrated (fig. 286) is in the British Museum and shows a ram's ear as well as a ram's
…
7 Interp. Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 14 huic opinioni Pindarus [frag. 251 {Poet. lyr. Gr.
…
/cat' Air6X\wva Trpocrrjyopevov. F. Hiller von Gaertringen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.
373
L. Muller in his great work on the coinage of north Africa was
…
tomb-painting, which shows Aristaios with a ram on his back, a pedum in his hand,
…
5 K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 55 f.
…
11 L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pit. 1862 p. 76 ff.
374
374 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
Libyan Triton8. Exceptional is a double bust in the Vatican,
…
probably a portrait in the guise of Ammon11. Another isolated
…
E. Braun in Ann. d. Inst. 1848 xx. 186 ff. pi. I, Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 285 f.
…
5 Mon. d. Inst., Ann. d. Inst., Overbeck locc. citt. In Antichila di Ercolano, Roux—
…
7 So e.g. J. de Witte in Ann. d. Inst. 1858 xxx. 82, L. Stephani loc. cit. p. 78.
375
bay-branch in his left hand. Fie is conversing with a matronly
…
in the background, by the incense-burner visible between the
…
(Stephani Vasensamml. St. Petersburg \\. 28 f. no. n 19, though F. Wieseler in the
…
second woman leaning on a pillar, which is yellow in part. She wears a chiton, a small
376
376 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
In view of the foregoing evidence it would, I think, be unsafe
…
The last glimpse that we get of the Ammoneion in classical
377
in Arabic geographers1. The Arabs obtained possession of Egypt
…
released him by blowing in his face2. Another king Ssa, son of
…
losses3. In 943—944 A.D. the king of the Oases was Abdelmelik
…
Nubiensis, says that in his day (s. xii) the small Oases had no in-
…
(Santariah) in the form of a square of white stone. In each wall there was
…
the dome on every side figures were suspended, which whistled and spoke in
…
in F. C. Hornemann Voyages dans Piritirieur de FAfrique Paris 1802 Appendice no. 2,
378
378 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
equality with their betters." This rule was an education in itself. The wife
…
Emir saw in the country of the Oases an orange-tree, which every
…
then in Egypt, joined a large company of pilgrims returning from
…
4 Langles op. cit. ii. 354, Parthey op. cit. p. 173. Wansleben, who visited Egypt in
…
Kdnigreichs Fessan in Afrika in den Jahren 1797 und 1798, aus der deutschen Handschrift
…
7 Parthey op. cit. p. 177. Boutin took with him a portable boat, in which to navigate
379
their best to rob and murder the explorer—a fate that ultimately overtook him in the
…
2 H. von Minutoli Reise zum Tempel des Jupiter Amnion in der libyschen Wiiste und
…
4 Bayle St. John Adventures in the Libyan Desert and the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon
…
7 L. Robecchi-Bricchetti (1886) ' Notizie sull' oasi di Siuwah' in the Archivio per
…
H. Burchardt (1893) 'Uber den Besuch der Oase Siwah im Februar d. J.' in the
…
C. von Griinau (1898) ' Bericht, uber meine Reise nach Siwah' in the Zeitschrift der
…
der Oase Siwe und nach Nubien unternommenen Reisen' in the Ber. sdchs. Gesellsch. d.
380
380 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
of an arm of the sea4. Similarly Eratosthenes in his Geography
…
it was an accessible coast-towm6! In point of fact the Oasis is
…
1 G. Rohlfs Drei Monate in der libyschen Wiiste p. 185 gives the position as deter-
381
white salt: it was dug up in large crystals, packed in palm-baskets,
…
tained from a running ditch near Siwah a number of small fish,
…
Gr. ii. 92 Muller) ap. Athen. 67 A—B, Eustath. in Od. p. 1500, 2. On sal Hammoniacus
…
3 G. Rohlfs Drei Monate in der libyschen Wiiste p. 187 n. 1.
382
382 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
children bathing in it. I may add that
…
'J^^^^-^^^l^^ * Oasis at least in this modified and un-
383
(1792) saw five of its roofing stones yet in position and one on
…
rounded by a wall, of which the great corner-stones were in situ.
…
uncertain. In the middle of the precinct rose a mass of limestone
…
extant portion of the pronaos-wa\l was not quite 9^ ft in length,
384
384 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
earthquake in 18085. The whole temple was covered, inside and
…
Near the main entry was a ruined vault, which, Minutoli thought,
…
5 Cailliaud dates the earthquake in 1811.
385
G. Rohlfs1 in 1869 found nothing of the precinct-wall left save
…
were 14 and 10 ft long respectively, and were roofed in by three
386
386 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
above them were symbolic designs, between which in many places
…
sacrificial scenes in which the ruler of the Oasis also took part.
…
the ritual text are reliefs in three registers. The highest tier shows
…
1 G. Rohlfs id.2 ii. 105 f. R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1858
387
solar disk and uraeus on his head. In his right hand he holds
…
notes that Un-Amon appears to have built this temple in the reign
…
in one of which lives the sheikh, the richest man of the whole Oasis.
…
plete. He also found near by an ancient well some 50 ft deep. A
…
5 This identification was first made by the French consul-general Drovetty in 1820.
388
388 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt
…
This measures 24 ft long by 18 ft broad and is 18 ft in height. In
390
3go The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia
…
this remote spot was brought back in triumph to the Berlin
…
to the Roman imperial age, yet in most cases they imply an older
…
3 Eisele in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 242 ff.
391
The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 391
…
a few bronze statuettes, which portray him in similar attitudes
…
2 E.g. ib. p. 377 no. 3216 AICABAZI CO on a specimen from Asia Minor.
…
4 Eisele loc. cit. p. 248 (especially the bronze from Amiens published in the Rev.
392
3 9 2 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia
…
animals figure in his myth, which has come down to us with
…
attributes etc., including the thunderbolt and eagle of Zeus. All these are placed in a
…
irpoy]^epilov /cat KLTTO<f>bpos (KiaTO(p6pos, a variant in Harpokr. s.v. KiTTo<pbpos and in schol.
393
The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 393
…
inquiuntj cum in Cererem {inicere codd. : inire Scaliger) suam matrem libidinibus
…
animum atque audaciam celans in securam et nesciam repentina immittitur vi furens, agit
…
tamquam ipse sententia condemnasset se sua, in gremium proiicit et facit [tacit codd.)
…
coniugatione misceri, in draconis terribilem formam migrat, ingentibus spiris pavefactam
…
Sebadiis nomen est, testimonio esse poterunt veritati, in quibus aureus coluber in sinum
…
et arietis proles pro poena atque ultione suscepit. hoc iterum video communibus in
394
394 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia
…
In this crude, not to say repulsive, tale we have beyond a doubt
…
E.g. the deposition of the genitalia in the 'chambers' of Rhea Lobrine (schol. Nik.
…
Cambridge 1910 p. 219. Apparently the relics were buried in the ground and stelai,
395
The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 395
…
parallel from the legend of Ahalya in the Rdmdyanam : ' It is said in this passage that
…
and not on rams, in funeral oblations.' Indras is himself called a ram in a Vedic hymn
…
6pyid£wo~l tQ 6e<£, Eustath. in Od. p. 1431, 45 f. r\ 'Pea. fj (pao-iv 6 tcaTexop^evos fj /cat
396
396 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia
…
out1, the culminating rite of Sabdzios was a sacred marriage in
…
bride of the god. We have, then, in this difficult and complex
…
this I should prefer—we must assume that in course of time,
…
been a ram-god. But in later times it was the snake not the ram
…
considered verdict of Dr Farnell, who insists that in Demeter and
…
analogen Brauchen gerade auch in jener spaten Zeit die Gnostiker deutlich aussprechen.
397
The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 397
…
4 Dr F. B. Jevons in his able book An Introduction to the History of Religion London
…
argued ib. p. 239 that rites appropriate to Kore were celebrated in the spring, rites
…
before their breathing images were wrought in bronze and marble by the master hands of
…
in classical times they continued annually to fashion their Corn-mothers (Demeters) and
…
to a human figure in a cloak, with arms outstretched____In some of them the neck is
398
398 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia
…
and the earth-mother was from the first a sharer in their cult is a
…
to him Phersephone, a horned child with four eyes, two in their
…
Nonnos in Orphic vein describes him as a horned infant, who
…
a lion, a horse, a horned snake, a tiger, and a bull; in which final
…
menagerie was simultaneous, not successive, in the case of the Orphic Phanes, who com-
399
The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 399
…
not here concerned. But in passing we note one point of import-
…
assumption that both alike were rooted in the religion of the old
…
already found evidence in north-eastern Phrygia of a very primitive
…
3 Farnell Cults of Gk States v. 185, Eisele in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 261 f.
…
ui's." Similarly Arrian. frag. 30 {Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 592 Miiller) ap. Eustath. in II.
…
etc.: see F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2180, H. Hepding Attis seine
…
In the Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 79 I drew attention to these equations, and suggested
400
400 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia
…
inscription from Nikopolis in Moesia records a dedication to ' Zeus
…
Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache Gottingen 1896 p. 81 ' von *baga,
…
2ct/bs benannt sein,' id. Hattiden und Danubier in Griechenland Gottingen 1909 p. 46 f.
…
3 Eustath. in Dionys. per. 1069 rjcrav 5e /cat idvos QpatciKOv Hdfioi, oirep tovs Bdxxovs
…
5 P. Perdrizet in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1896 xx. 101 holds that Sabdzios as a sun-god
…
7 Macrob. Sat. 1. 18. 1 item in Thracia eundem haberi solem atque Liberum
401
The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 401
…
Libyans were near akin to the Thraco-Phrygians, and that both
…
Arthur Evans in a clay sealing
…
eo universa patefiunt. Perhaps we may compare the story of Perdikkas in Hdt. 8. 137 f.
…
5 The evidence is persuasively marshalled by Sir Arthur Evans in the Journ. Hell.
…
At Gortyna there appears to have been an annual festival (Ti(rvpoi), in which Zeus as
402
4-02 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia
…
mother of Zagreus. J. N. Svoronos would see in her Hygieia6.
…
maior qui gregem anteire consuevit: sicut etiam in comoediis invenitur. And Gruppe
…
3 F. Lenormant in the Gaz. Arch. 1879 v. 24.
…
8 The examples of a 'Minoan' snake-goddess are listed by H. Prinz in the Ath. Mitth.
403
The Golden or Purple Ram in Italy 403
…
latter type introduces Zeus with thunderbolt and eagle in place of
…
welcome in Magna Graecia. It was their old, though not their
…
descendants and becomes more flourishing in them8.' Hence
…
a specimen in my collection.
404
404 The Golden or Purple Ram in Italy
…
But in the meadows of himself the ram
…
In the folk-tale of Cupid and Psyche the second task imposed
…
rest in her misfortunes by hurling herself from the cliff over the stream. But
…
madly and savagely, bringing death to mortals in their fury, with their sharp
…
in practice the instruction she had received through her hearing, and of which
405
to the tree-stems near the big plane-tree will—I suspect—prove
…
lamb was born to him, he repented of his vow and kept the lamb shut up in a
…
in that way, and asserted in the hearing of the multitude that the man who had
…
compact, and the sun set in the east. Wherefore, inasmuch as heaven had
…
Or. 995 ff.) or Pan (Eur. El. 700 ff.); or was found in the flocks of Atreus through the
…
or was simply born in the flocks of Atreus (schol. Eur. Or. 812 Fl. 33. A, schol. //. 2.
…
it in a box (Apollod. epit. 2. 10 f., Apollonios ap. Tzetz. chil. 1. 436 ff.) ; another
406
Safely it grazes in a place apart,
…
a silver bowl or cup enriched with a gold lamb in the centre of it3.
…
in his left hand and extending his right towards a king, whose
…
<j>i6\r), Eustath. in 77. p. 868, 49 f. <pid\Lov, ib. p. 1319, 47 f. iror-qpLov. For royal gold
407
sceptre ends in a ram's head (fig. 302)1. This may be interpreted
…
to a very ancient stratum of Greek religion. And in view of the
…
in connexion with the family. Pausanias, when describing the
…
in the plural. At Olympia the annual magistrates used to slay a
…
(Od. 10. 516 ff., 11. 23 ff.) : Polygnotos in the Cnidian Ldsche at Delphi represented the
…
oracle of Kalchas on a hill called Drion in Daunia sacrificed to him a black ram and slept
…
de dea Syr. 55 on a similar practice at Hierapolis, and Hieron. comm. in Pes. 65 (xxiv. 657
408
represented on a vase from Ruvo (fig. 303)\ Pelops in Phrygian
…
victory. A fine polychrome vase from S. Agata de' Goti, now in
…
Artemis. The goddess carries in either hand a bow and a phidle;
…
chlamys. In the upper register Myrtilos, wearing a wreath and
…
Poseidon and Athena, the remaining corner being filled in by a
409
or statue in the central position to be that of Zeus2; and this agrees
…
In the myth of Atreus possession of the golden lamb and
…
In Homeric times the Sun-god was looked upon as the owner
…
Eur. frag. 861 Nauck2 ap. Achill. Stat. isag. in Arat. phaen. 123 E, Polyb. ap. Strab.
410
shepherding the sheep with a silver staff in her hand, while Lam-
…
the 350 (= 7 x 50) sheep in like manner denote the corresponding
…
observe that, even in historical times, actual flocks and herds were
…
Lastly, at Apollonia in Illyria the Sun-god had flocks about
…
3 Aristot. frag. 167 Rose ap. schol. Od. 12. 129, Eustath. in Od. p. 1717, 32 ff. So
…
Helios as a parallel to that of Herakles with the cattle of Geryoneus see C. Robert in
…
12 Hdt. 9. 93 f. and ap. Eustath. in Od. p. 1717, 45 f. Konon the mythographer, who
411
lonia and enters the sea near the harbour of Orikos. But by night they are
…
in depriving of his eyesight Euenios, the guardian of the sacred sheep, for that
…
citizens, who acted in the following way. When Euenios was sitting on his
…
thought to possess the two finest plots in Apollonia—and in addition a house,
…
in accordance with oracles that they have received." At this he was much put
…
that time onwards he had prophetic powers implanted in him, so that his fame
412
412 The Golden Lamb in Epeiros
…
similar custom in the heroic age. The luck of the Pelopidai
…
merry life, year in year out, squandering and scattering their father's treasures
…
daughter in it, and sent heralds throughout the world to announce that, who-
…
came to essay the adventure. But all their efforts were in vain : they could not
…
a herdsman and begged him to hide him in a sheep-skin with a golden fleece
413
The Golden Lamb in Epeiros 413
…
seeing that he was so handsome, fell in love with him and asked : "Why did
…
king; I will either find her or lose my head." So saying, he went in front of
…
so, and the door opened. They went in, and the king bit his moustache for
…
a wife, and he lived with her in grandeur and in happiness.'
…
Cambridge 1910 p. 98. The same word Tdprapa survives in Rhodes as a name for
414
instructive to summarise the two in parallel columns :—
…
daughter Danae shut up in an up in an underground chamber of
…
visited her in a shower of gold, and man visited her in the fleece of a
…
in a chest, and flung them into the
…
the latter. In particular, the whole episode of Danae and Perseus
…
myth in question has come down to us through a large number
…
2 '0 Micros adpcoTTos, ' The Half-man': text in J. Pio NEOEAAHNIKA IIAPAMT0IA
…
3 The evidence, literary and monumental, is put together by J. Escher-Biirkli in
415
accessible in its entirety is that of Sophokles, who told the tale
…
of their danger. They fled with the ram. Helle, in crossing the
…
golden-fleeced, to Ares or to Hermes. Phrixos settled in these
…
name Top-y&Tris (Hippias frag. 12 (Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 62 Muller)) see E. Wilisch in Roscher
…
4 Apollod. 1. 9. 1 f. An almost identical account is given by Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 22,
416
gave its skin to Aietes: he nailed it round an oak-tree in a grove of Ares.
…
by wild beasts. So he travelled through much country, till he fell in with
…
centres of Zeus Laphystios, one at Halos in Thessaly1, the other
…
cult-centre brought into connexion with the same myth was in the
…
is offered in sacrifice5. Tacitus adds that the neighbouring tribes
417
appears and carries him in safety through the air to a land in the
…
carried off the intended victim in a cloud to be her own priestess
…
phystios. This accounts for the belief, current in the vicinity of
…
Zeus,' and adds that the hero ' fastened the skin in the temple10,'
…
told by Apollonios that Aietes would not have received Phrixos in
…
4 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 183, cp. schol. Aristoph. Lys. 645.
…
9 Apollod. 1. 9. 1, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 22, Ap. Rhod. 2. 1150 with schol., 4. 119,
…
10 Hyg. poet. astr. 2. 20. 11 Tiirk in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2462.
…
an oak in the grove of Ares (Apollod. 1.9. 1, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 22, Val. Flacc. 5. 228 ff.,
418
the ram itself? In ancient times this question called forth an
…
and seek to understand it in comparison with other analogous
…
consorted with her in animal form (Hyg. fab. 188) : he also rescued and had intercourse
…
1 Dionysios of Mytilene, an Alexandrine grammarian of the second century B.C., in
…
was captured by the Kolchoi, Krios was sacrificed to the gods, and his skin, in
…
choice samples may be found in Eudok. viol. 262 : the golden fleece was a treatise on
…
2 Strab. 499, cited by Eustath. in Dionys. per. 689. My friend and colleague Prof.
419
and rescued by the miraculous ram1. In fact, the golden, or sub-
…
disposed to see in the golden ram of Athamas, as in the golden lamb
…
Zeus in animal form.
…
experiment in rejuvenation10.
…
auream, in qua Iuppiter in caelum ascendit.
…
the army of Liber, when perishing of thirst in Africa, to the spring of Iupiter Mammon.
…
10 Supra p. 245. In Folk-Lore 1905 xvi. 325 n. 1 I have compared this incident with
420
for further evidence of him as a ram-god in the actual rites of the
…
careful to select only those that were in the prime of life. They
…
suggest that those who took part in the procession were originally
…
Ganneau Recneil archeologie orientale Paris 1898 ii. 74 f., 1901 iv. 250 sees in this
…
used to support the conclusions of Mr F. M. Cornford, who detects in the Pelops-myth
…
wears a black sheep-skin mask. Mr Wace (ib. p. 251) holds that this character 'is in all
…
3 Gilbert Gr. Golterl. p. 148 thinks that the fleeces were worn on the mountain in
…
a fleece in the modified rain-charm (?) of Judges 6. 36—40. But Gilbert's whole ex-
421
right in holding further that the golden ram came to symbolise the
…
of Zeus Akraios from ceremonies observed in Attike on Mouni-
…
shining in the morning5, moon-set being, so to speak, caught up by
…
5 Souid. s.vv. ap.cj)LcpG)VTes, <xvolo~t<itoi, Pausanias ap. Eustath. in II. p. 1165, 12.
…
dides in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1905—1906 xii. 20 ff. fig. 6 describes and illustrates the
422
before the goddess and in that capacity wore saffron robes1. For
…
Men clad in new fleeces honour Zeus Girls clad in saffron robes honour
…
It seems possible that in both cases the colour of the ritual-garb
…
in various purificatory rites. Individuals, who wished to be puri-
…
6 So P. Stengel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1084 (relying on Eustath. in Od.
423
skin, though used in a variety of ceremonies, was in every case the
…
to us in Greek vase-paintings and Roman reliefs. A red-figured
…
nothing whatever to do with Zeus, but are rather to be referred to the root that appears in
…
Zeus' {supra p. 3 n. 3). I would explain in the same way the Ata of Teos (Michel
…
4 Cic. top. 64, Serv. in Verg. eel. 4. 4.3, georg. 3. 387.
…
7 F. Lenormant in the Contemporary Review 1880 ii. 137.
424
for libations in the Eleusinian ritual1); before him are two others
…
his right knee and seems about to catch a mouse in the presence
…
1 C. Michel in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iv. 509^ fig. 5708.
425
mysteries as a pair of pendant panels4. In one we have the assem-
…
O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 231 and especially Eisele ib. iv. 263 f.): hence
…
(Isa. 66. 17) was a heathen practice introduced into Jewish worship, in the days of
…
5 F. Hauser in the Rom. Mitth. 1910 xxv. 288 n. 1 cp. h. Dem. 195 f. irp'iv y ore §17
…
8 I figure the example in the Louvre no. 4154 after G. P. Campana Antiche opere in
426
He sits on a stone seat spread with a skin, which in the most
…
foot-stool3. The hero holds a torch in his left hand. Above his
…
Demeter-Kora pp. 510, 564, 579 Atlas pi. 16, 10 and F. Lenormant in Daremberg—Saglio
…
4 Here again the best specimen in terra-cotta, that of the Museo delle Terme no. 4357
…
of a sarcophagus-front, which was published in reverse by G. Winckelmann Monumenti
…
pi. 4—-5, 2 (see Von Rohden—Winnefeld op. cit. iv. 1. 8 n. 1 bis, G. E. Rizzo in the
427
Greek marble found in 1878 near the Porta Maggiore at Rome and
…
Rom. Mitth. 1910 xxv. 103 ff. figs. 5 f., and J. N. Svoronos in the 'E0. 'Ap%. 1911 p. 44
…
7 J. N. Svoronos in the 'E(f>. 'Ap%. tgn pp. 39—-52.
428
soil. Sir Arthur Evans in his remarkable account of a pillar-shrine
…
keep sheepskins here, and the worshippers wrap themselves in these
…
in the cults of Zeus Meilichios, Zeus Ktesios, etc. fit on to and
…
was replaced in Naxos by Dionysos Meilichios"'.
…
of Athens, are cases in point. Secondly, it would seem that in the
…
conviv. 1. 1. 3, non posse suav. vivi sec. Epic. 22, Eustath. in Od. p. 1964, 18 f.,
429
and to beget a son in his own likeness—a god commonly known
…
2 Zeus was already identified with Amen-Ra in the sixth century B.C. {supra p. 350f.).
…
skin was used in a love charm (Plin. nat. hist. 30. 141); ram's wool, as an aid in
…
wide-spread use of the ram as a decoration of tombs in general (Frazer Pausanias iii. 187).
…
E. Gerhard 'Widdergottheiten' in the Arch. Zeit. 1850 viii. 149—160 pi. 15, 1—7,
…
Conclusive is the fact that the phallos itself is sometimes made to terminate in a ram's
…
no. 562, W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 1257).
430
43 o The Bull and the Sun in Egypt
…
of frequent occurrence in mythology. And the myths, though
…
i. The Bull and the Sun in Egypt.
…
religious beliefs in closely analogous forms, of which many similar
…
428) is likewise appropriate to a fertilising god [supra p. 396 n. 1). S. Reinach in the
…
is a broken limestone pillar, found at the village of is ra $i'x#ia near Mykenai, round
…
43 o The Bull and the Sun in Egypt
…
of frequent occurrence in mythology. And the myths, though
…
i. The Bull and the Sun in Egypt.
…
religious beliefs in closely analogous forms, of which many similar
…
428) is likewise appropriate to a fertilising god [supra p. 396 n. 1). S. Reinach in the
…
is a broken limestone pillar, found at the village of is ra $i'x#ia near Mykenai, round
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / I: The bull and the sun in Egypt
431
The Bull and the Sun in Egypt 431
…
Evidence of their divinity is forthcoming even in the predynastic
…
in a wild bull to fight with Mnevis. Both bellowed, and the wild
…
6 Corp. inscr. Gr. iii. 304. See further W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3081 f.
432
432 The Bull and the Sun in Egypt
…
in his tail8. Various marks brought him into connexion with the
…
states that in the reign of this Bokchoris a monstrous lamb with two heads, four horns,
…
2 Drawn from a bronze statuette in the possession of Mr F. W. Green. Total height
…
9 Macrob. Sat. 1. 21. 20 bos Apis in civitate Memphi solis instar excipitur is a partial
…
11 Porphyrios ap. Eus. praep. ev. 3. 13. 2, Kyrillos in Oseam 5. 8f.
433
The Bull and the Sun in Egypt 433
…
upon the lucky man in whose herd he had been born. Sacred
…
and prophets, in a barge yearly adorned for this purpose, to
…
tained in the lap of luxury9. His stall had a window in it, through
…
latter had a dromos or ' approach,' in which stood a colossus made
…
in Hdt. 2. 153.
434
434 The Bull and the Sun in Egypt
…
same day2. During one week in the year Apis' birthday was cele-
…
his allotted span, the priests drowned him in their sacred spring,
…
5 Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 3. 478 motu corporis sui, cp. Claud, de quart, cons. Hon.
…
11 Plout. de Is. et Os. 56. See, however, R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.
…
Le Se'rapeum de Memphis Paris 1857 rev. by G. Maspero 1882 or the brief accounts in
435
The Bull and the Sun in Egypt 435
…
Osiris his soul passed into Apis and was re-incarnated in the
…
9 Tertull. ad nat. 2. 8. 10 C. Soherer in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1803 f.
…
13 E. Meyer and W. H. Roscher in Lex. Myth. i. 420: ' Daher hat auch Apis (wie
436
436 The Bull and the Sun in Egypt
…
that in Egypt the sun was represented by a bull, continues : ' At
…
The expression (ib. 21) imago so/is in adversam nmndi partem nitentis is rightly explained
…
4 E. A. Wallis Budge op. cit. ii. 352 f. W. Spiegelberg, however, in the Archiv fur
…
"ifeveovripi. -waarocpopov \ rod deov fwou Bovxw {sic). Hence in Macrob. loc. cit. he cj. Bucin.
437
At Momemphis, in the Delta, there was a cult of Aphrodite
…
Many other Egyptian towns, both in the Delta and outside it, kept
…
Orphic and Bacchic rites were in reality Egyptian and Pytha-
…
1 Lanzone Dizion. di Mitol. Egiz. p. 201 f. pi. 70, 4, cp. K. Sethe in Pauly—Wissowa
…
5 R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2793.
…
in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1909 xxix. 87 f. and the more hazardous speculations of Miss
…
At Momemphis, in the Delta, there was a cult of Aphrodite
…
Many other Egyptian towns, both in the Delta and outside it, kept
…
Orphic and Bacchic rites were in reality Egyptian and Pytha-
…
1 Lanzone Dizion. di Mitol. Egiz. p. 201 f. pi. 70, 4, cp. K. Sethe in Pauly—Wissowa
…
5 R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2793.
…
in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1909 xxix. 87 f. and the more hazardous speculations of Miss
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / II: Zeus, Io, and Epaphos
438
the obscure and presumably non-Greek1 name Bdkchos was in fact
…
The story is summarised by Aischylos in the earliest of his extant
…
Choms. 'Tis said that in this Arg'ive land erewhile
…
Is't said that Zeus to mortal maid came near?
…
9 See J. Escher-Burkli in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 2708 f.
…
(b.C.M. i.), aivb yap rrjs rod Atos eTrcuprjs irpbs 'Itb' J^iracpos eyiveTO (Gu.), Tzetz. in Lyk. Al.
439
King. What other child of hers hast thou in mind ?
…
King. In truth ye seem to me to be of kin
…
of Aischylos and is well expressed in the rapid exchange of his
…
mainly interested in recovering the original form of the story.
440
doros1, who in his great 'Library' of Greek myths has preserved,
…
guardian. Argos bound the cow to the olive-tree4 that was in the
…
4 Plin. nat. hist. 16. 239 Argis olea etiamnum durare dicitur, ad quam Io in tauram
…
Kunstmylh. Zeus p. 474, T. Panofka 'Argos Panoptes' in
…
279 f.), a green jasper of which a replica in paste was in the
…
formed him into a peacock (schol. Aristoph. av. 102, anon, miscell. 6 in Myth. Graec. ed.
…
Boetticher Baumkultus fig. 35 and the peacocks kept in the temple of Hera at Samos
441
significance of the bull and the cow in regard to each.
…
Gordon of Cairness in 1831 found there the tail of a peacock in white marble. Id. ib. ii.
…
5 The evidence is cited by Rohde Psyche2 p. 15 n. 3 and more fully by O. Kern in
…
significance of the bull and the cow in regard to each.
…
Gordon of Cairness in 1831 found there the tail of a peacock in white marble. Id. ib. ii.
…
5 The evidence is cited by Rohde Psyche2 p. 15 n. 3 and more fully by O. Kern in
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / III: Priests and priestesses with animal names
442
has recently come to light in Thasos3. A Laconian inscription
…
and the Syrian goddess8. The girls who, clad in saffron robes,
…
their god was originally worshipped. They are found occasionally in other cults too,
…
interpreted by R. Scholl Satura philologa in hon. H. Sauppii p. 177 and A. Dieterich
…
3 T. Macridy ' Un hieron d'Artemis IIwXu> a Thasos' in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch.
…
6 See G. A. Gerhard in the Archivf. Rel. 1904 vii. 520—523.
443
esseness, a title that properly denotes ' king bees4.' Aischylos in
…
Leipzig 1911 p. 138 ff., and in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3062, who cites much additional
…
2 Hdt. 2. 55—57, Strab. 7 frag. 1 p. 73 Kramer, Eustath. in Od. p. 1760, 43 f.,
…
tions in the British Museum iii. 2. 85 Oxford 1890 nos. 447, 448, 451, 457, 467, 578 c.
444
that the deity worshipped was originally believed to appear in
…
already in Homeric days come to be used as a complimentary
…
occupies the second half of the hexameter line, and is in fact a tag
…
minstrel from a distant past,'when it was used in the sense of
…
quoting from a commentary on Pindar written by Didymos, who lived in the second half
…
:i //. 18. 4o'AAt77 re j3ounris the Nereid. In the late Homeric hymn 31. 2 the mother
…
4 I/. 3. 144 Klymene, 7. 10 Phylomedousa. On Polottls in the sense of 'large-eyed5
…
that the deity worshipped was originally believed to appear in
…
already in Homeric days come to be used as a complimentary
…
occupies the second half of the hexameter line, and is in fact a tag
…
minstrel from a distant past,'when it was used in the sense of
…
quoting from a commentary on Pindar written by Didymos, who lived in the second half
…
:i //. 18. 4o'AAt77 re j3ounris the Nereid. In the late Homeric hymn 31. 2 the mother
…
4 I/. 3. 144 Klymene, 7. 10 Phylomedousa. On Polottls in the sense of 'large-eyed5
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / IV: Hera and the cow
445
post with a pair of cow's horns attached near the top of it. Hera,
…
situated at the foot of a mountain (1744 ft in height), which in
…
on the summit10,' were two cult-titles of Hera in the Argolid, and
…
2 W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 513 fF- 3 Supra p. 370 n. 1.
…
7 Paus. 2. 17. 1. On Prosymna see further A. Frickenhaus in Tiryns i. 118—120.
446
suggests that Euboia, 'She who is rich in oxen,' was a third. Nemea,
…
in the form of a cow, Hera boopisz; but more critical investigators
…
observed, shows markings indicative of a sacrificial fillet5. In
…
Falls, who never in her life
…
near Corinth, and also on the Bosporos, see G. Wentzel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i.
…
6 Sen. Ag. 364 ff. In Kos a choice heifer was sacrificed to Hera 'Apyeia, 'EAet'a,
…
that the prizes were not bronze in the mass, but tripods, cauldrons, shields, and bowls.
…
when the Argives were arming; he offered a fresh weapon to each citizen, receiving in
447
on, their mother had to be drawn in a car to the temple. But the
…
were put to sleep in the temple itself and never woke again. The
…
Herodotos' account is supplemented in some points by that of
…
story of Harpalyke). The festival is called 'E/caTOyUjSaia in the Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 1715,
…
5 Anth. Pal. 3. 18. 2 with arg., Souid. s.v. Kpoiaos, Philarg. in Verg. georg. 3. 532
…
(51), Eudok. viol. 435c, Souid. s.v. Kpolcros, Cic. Tusc. 1. 113, Serv. and Philarg. in
…
on, their mother had to be drawn in a car to the temple. But the
…
were put to sleep in the temple itself and never woke again. The
…
Herodotos' account is supplemented in some points by that of
…
story of Harpalyke). The festival is called 'E/caTOyUjSaia in the Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 1715,
…
5 Anth. Pal. 3. 18. 2 with arg., Souid. s.v. Kpoiaos, Philarg. in Verg. georg. 3. 532
…
(51), Eudok. viol. 435c, Souid. s.v. Kpolcros, Cic. Tusc. 1. 113, Serv. and Philarg. in
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / V: Kleobis and Biton
448
mother8 before going to sleep. In another version they bring the
…
A second tale of Biton's prowess was told in verse by Lykeas,
…
a stone relief of Kleobis and Biton in the act of drawing their
…
3 Hyg. fab. 254. Cp. Tert. ad nat. 2. 9 ne in sacris piaculum committeret.
449
also at Berlin (fig. 316)2, differs from it in several points. The
…
carved on a sarcophagus in the library of S. Marco at Venice
…
human and animal figures. In the centre stands the temple with
…
5 H. Dlitschke ' Kleobis und Biton ' in the Arch.-ep. Mitth. 1883 vii. 15.3—167 pi. 2.
450
mother in heaven1.
…
first feasted, not to say fattened, in a temple, afterwards put to
…
with wrought stones to be a minstrels' theme for ever7. Taken in
…
enough, placed themselves in the Yoke, and drew their Mother.'
…
in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 720).
…
mother in heaven1.
…
first feasted, not to say fattened, in a temple, afterwards put to
…
with wrought stones to be a minstrels' theme for ever7. Taken in
…
enough, placed themselves in the Yoke, and drew their Mother.'
…
in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 720).
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VI: Trophonios and Agamedes
451
is rich in oxen5/ her sacred herd at Nemea6, her numerous votive
…
support for my conjecture12 that in Io, the priestess changed by the
…
Confirmation of this view may be sought in the myth of the
…
logographer of Argos in Boiotia, who lived in the second half of
…
of the priestess? The schol. Bernens. in Verg. georg. 3. 532, who drew from the stores
…
14 A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3001 ff.
…
is rich in oxen5/ her sacred herd at Nemea6, her numerous votive
…
support for my conjecture12 that in Io, the priestess changed by the
…
Confirmation of this view may be sought in the myth of the
…
logographer of Argos in Boiotia, who lived in the second half of
…
of the priestess? The schol. Bernens. in Verg. georg. 3. 532, who drew from the stores
…
14 A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3001 ff.
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VII: The Proitides
452
on mythology resembling that of Akousilaos but ampler in scope2,
…
He received in marriag'e Iphianassa, obtaining her as the reward0 of his cure.'
…
entered her temple in a solemn service and preferred themselves to
…
8 Serv. in Verg. eel. 6. 48, Myth. Vat. 1. 85.
453
the Argive Hera being called 'cows.' In 1894 I ventured on the
…
1 Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 2. 220 says: furore immisso a Venere.
…
6 So Miss J. E. Harrison in the Class. Rev. 1893 vii. 76, Farnell Cults of Gk. States
…
the Argive Hera being called 'cows.' In 1894 I ventured on the
…
1 Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 2. 220 says: furore immisso a Venere.
…
6 So Miss J. E. Harrison in the Class. Rev. 1893 vii. 76, Farnell Cults of Gk. States
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VIII: Hera and Io
454
described in all our sources as the priestess of Hera, never as a
…
her boopis, as though she were Hera1. And she was in Alexandrine
…
was embodied in the ministrant.
…
in the Argive dialect denoted the 'moon8'—an assertion of very
…
name appears also in Synkell. chron. 149 D (i. 283 Dindorf), Hieron. chron. ami. Abr.
…
18, alib. See W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 439 ff., supra p. 237 n. 1 (where the
…
in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 437 ff.
455
In modern times various arguments have been adduced to
…
in the seventh century B.C. oriental influence transformed the
…
in Dionys. per. 92, Chron. Paschale i. 74 Dindorf, Kedren. hist. comp. (i. 37 Bekker),
…
1 L. Ross Italiker unci Graken p. 84, cited by R. Engelmann in Roscher Lex. Myth.
…
Tavpunris...'M.r)i'7), Lyd. de mens. 3. 10 p. 44, 9 Wiinsch, where ~Lekr}VT) is described in an
…
Plac. in Stat. Theb. 1. 720 Luna vero, quia propius taurum coercet adducitque, ideo
456
or riding on a steer1, or at least drawn in a chariot by white steers
…
we can put together the following indications. The Argives in
…
Epimenides, in a passage quoted by Aelian, wrote :
…
1 Ach. Tat. 1. 4 eidov eyw wot' iiri ratipip yeypafx/xeurjv ^eXrjvijv, Lact. Plac. in Stat.
…
subsequently modified his opinion in his Indogermanischer Volksglaube Berlin 1885 p. 209
…
phon) painted a picture in which lS.ep.ea 7)v Kadrj^PT) Kai i-nrl raw yovarwv avrrjs 'A\ia[3ia5r]s
457
discovered the mysteries5. Now in the Dionysiac mysteries, as
…
Plout. de facie in orbe lunae 24, Steph. Byz. s.v. 'Airecras, Nigidius ap. schol. Caes. Germ.
…
Serv. in Verg. Aen. 8. 295 Lunae Alius et invulnerabilis dictus est, cp. Sen. Here. fur.
…
5 Diod. 3. 74. In Cic. de nat. deor. 3. 58 (Dionysum) quartum love et Luna, cui sacra
…
Saturnio et Semela. In Euseb.praep. ev. 3. 13. 18 t'ls yap r/ tovtov (sc. Alovvvov) yevv-qaaaa,
…
discovered the mysteries5. Now in the Dionysiac mysteries, as
…
Plout. de facie in orbe lunae 24, Steph. Byz. s.v. 'Airecras, Nigidius ap. schol. Caes. Germ.
…
Serv. in Verg. Aen. 8. 295 Lunae Alius et invulnerabilis dictus est, cp. Sen. Here. fur.
…
5 Diod. 3. 74. In Cic. de nat. deor. 3. 58 (Dionysum) quartum love et Luna, cui sacra
…
Saturnio et Semela. In Euseb.praep. ev. 3. 13. 18 t'ls yap r/ tovtov (sc. Alovvvov) yevv-qaaaa,
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / IX: Zeus and Argos
458
that may be, we are, I think, justified in inferring, from the analogy
…
menes6. He resembled Zeus in nature as well as in name. Zeus,
…
2 See S. Wide in the Ath. Mitth. 1894 xix. 249, Svoronos Ath. Natioualmus.
…
there is much to be said in favour of this view. But was i'c6 merely an exclamation, or
…
and founded a sanctuary of Demeter Mfivaaa at a spot called Charadra in Argos (Polemon
…
after which Triptolemos was the first to plough and sow (Tzetz. in Hes. o.d. 32). Apis
…
(avdea) of Hera (et. mag. p. 409, 28 ff.). In the reign of Argos, son of Apis, Greece
459
Rhodios in his account of the Argonauts tells how—
…
And Hyginus describes the same hero as ' an Argive clad in a
…
wiser, therefore, to suppose that he wore the bull-skin in order to
…
repeatedly in the poets as a title of Zeus7, a fact which supports
…
3 Miss J. E. Harrison in the Class. Ken. 1893 vii. 76, after H. D. Midler Mythologie
…
hold your position that Argos was a celebrant—only I go much further in thinking, not
…
Jatta collection, Argos is clad in a bull's hide (fig. 318 from Mon. d. Inst, ii pi. 59,
…
The Jatta krater shows a well-marked tendency to duplicate its figures. In the lower
…
Hera similarly corresponds with Argos seated on the mountain near to Io. The latter
461
my contention that Argos was akin to Zeus. Hesychios, in one of
…
of greyish limestone inscribed in lettering of the third century—
…
Since the commentator in question has just been discoursing on
…
2 W. Vollgraff in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1909 xxxiii. 445 f.
…
in Aristoph. Ach. 435 cS Zev dLoirra Kai KaTOirra iravTaxov. See Trag. Gr. frag. p. 847
462
that he interprets the title of Zeus Panoptes in a solar sense.
…
whose abnormal eye not improbably denoted the sun4. In this
…
refer to the brilliant sky-god, but as manifested in the burning
…
sented Argos as four-eyed in a line borrowed by an Orphic writer
…
white cow12, it was perhaps because ' in Euboia almost all the cattle
463
struck by Septimius Severus10. At Histiaia ' rich in grape-clusters11'
…
1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Central Greece p. 94 ff. pi. 17 ff., Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 42 ff.
…
3 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Central Greece p. 95 f. pi. 17, 5—8, Hunter Cat. Coins
…
9 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Central Greece pp. lx f., 112 f. pi. 20, 15, p. 115 f. pi. 21,
464
stone (fig. 321)1 has come to light inscribed in late characters—
…
and Epaphos in Pasiphae and the
…
Minos, staying in Crete, married Pasiphae, daughter of Helios by
…
might be sent up from the deep, promising that he would offer it in sacrifice
…
round about his handiwork, placed it in the meadow where the bull was wont
…
1 Drawn from a photograph of the stone kindly taken for me in the Museum at
…
5 A wall-painting in a room of the Casa dei Vettii at Pompeii (Herrmann Denkm
…
stone (fig. 321)1 has come to light inscribed in late characters—
…
and Epaphos in Pasiphae and the
…
Minos, staying in Crete, married Pasiphae, daughter of Helios by
…
might be sent up from the deep, promising that he would offer it in sacrifice
…
round about his handiwork, placed it in the meadow where the bull was wont
…
1 Drawn from a photograph of the stone kindly taken for me in the Museum at
…
5 A wall-painting in a room of the Casa dei Vettii at Pompeii (Herrmann Denkm
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / X: The myth of Pasiphae
465
the painting of Ixion already figured (supra p. 203). The scene is laid in Daidalos'
…
a younger maid. The painting is further discussed by A. Mau in the Rom. Mitth. 1896
…
no. 1066) published by F. Lenormant in the Gaz. Arch. 1879 v. 33—37 pis. 3—5 as
…
accepted at least in part by De Ridder loc. cit., must rest upon the assumed connexion
466
the remaining parts were those of a man. Minos in accordance with certain
…
between (a) and (b). But Sir Cecil Smith in the Joum. Hell. Stud. 1890 xi. 349 justly
…
hydria under discussion] he is represented as an ordinary human child.' In common,
467
The Bull and the Sun in Crete 467
…
' Minos, the son of Zeus and Europe, once drew near to the altars to sacri-
…
lost in admiration of it, forgot his vow and chose rather
…
to discuss in detail its several parts, but rather to call attention to
…
xi. The Bull and the Sun in Crete.
…
1 Myth. Vat. i. 47. The same version is found in Myth. Vat. 2. 120, Lact. Plac. in
…
(O. Benndorf 'Stiertorso der Akropolis' in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1898 i. 191 ff.),
…
The Bull and the Sun in Crete 467
…
' Minos, the son of Zeus and Europe, once drew near to the altars to sacri-
…
lost in admiration of it, forgot his vow and chose rather
…
to discuss in detail its several parts, but rather to call attention to
…
xi. The Bull and the Sun in Crete.
…
1 Myth. Vat. i. 47. The same version is found in Myth. Vat. 2. 120, Lact. Plac. in
…
(O. Benndorf 'Stiertorso der Akropolis' in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1898 i. 191 ff.),
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XI: The bull and the sun in Crete
468
468 The Bull and the Sun in Crete
…
As in Egypt4, so in Crete, the fertilising bull was in the long run
…
changed the site of his city, he led the way in the likeness of a
…
as his prize fifty boys and fifty girls. The king, in accordance
…
to mean 'Cow-herd30') was feeding his cattle in Mysia, Apollon
…
8 Xwayioyr] Xe^ewv xPWWwp k.t.X. in Bekker anecd. i. 344, 10 ff. 'Adiovvios ravpos'
…
9 Apollod. 3. T2. 3, Tzetz. in Lyk. A I. 29.
469
The Cow and the Moon in Crete 469
…
1 Arj<r<j7)s 6 Aa/x\paKi]v6s ap. schol. vet. and ap. Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 29 "Attjs d7r' aKpwv
…
capite sanxerint, siquis occidisset. qua in re testis Attice, testis Peloponnesos. nam ab
…
4 Cp. the /3ov(p6via at Athens (infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii), the sacrifice of a calf dressed in
…
6 Apollod. 3. 3. 1, cp. Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 811, Aristeid. or. 46. 307 (ii. 398 Dindorf)
…
The first part of the story implies the custom of preserving the dead in honey
…
The Cow and the Moon in Crete 469
…
1 Arj<r<j7)s 6 Aa/x\paKi]v6s ap. schol. vet. and ap. Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 29 "Attjs d7r' aKpwv
…
capite sanxerint, siquis occidisset. qua in re testis Attice, testis Peloponnesos. nam ab
…
4 Cp. the /3ov(p6via at Athens (infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii), the sacrifice of a calf dressed in
…
6 Apollod. 3. 3. 1, cp. Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 811, Aristeid. or. 46. 307 (ii. 398 Dindorf)
…
The first part of the story implies the custom of preserving the dead in honey
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XII: The cow and the moon in Crete
470
47o The Cow and the Moon in Crete
…
said that a calf had been born, which thrice in the day, once every four hours,
…
bramble-bush or a mulberry-tree, but in aspect or colour they
…
1 Apollod. 3. 3. 1 rpLxpunaTov...fiovv, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 811 i) rplxpu^os rod Wlvwos
…
4 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 811 eri 8e /ecu ava<tt7)<reiv avrbv 6s 6171-17 t'lvi 6p,oia iariv 77 rpixpup-os
471
A ' Caeretan' Jiydria in the Louvre (fig. 327)2 represents Zeus
…
for the Gortynians was Kartemnidesz, which in all probability
…
2me Serie Paris 1901 p. 65, id. in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1892 xvi. 254, Mon. d. Inst.
…
founder Kaprvv = Y6pTvv. I. Voss Catull. p. 203 would correct Kprj/j-via in Steph. Byz.
…
I would rather suppose a connexion with ra Kapraiiroda, which occurs in the laws of
…
Trdao-ra ^\ixy]v c3 /c' § to Kaprcuiros k.t.X.) and, in an all but identical form, was used by
…
Sanctis in the Mon.d. Line. 1907 xviii. 346 f.) and at Pluti near Gortyna (R. C. Bosanquet
…
A ' Caeretan' Jiydria in the Louvre (fig. 327)2 represents Zeus
…
for the Gortynians was Kartemnidesz, which in all probability
…
2me Serie Paris 1901 p. 65, id. in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1892 xvi. 254, Mon. d. Inst.
…
founder Kaprvv = Y6pTvv. I. Voss Catull. p. 203 would correct Kprj/j-via in Steph. Byz.
…
I would rather suppose a connexion with ra Kapraiiroda, which occurs in the laws of
…
Trdao-ra ^\ixy]v c3 /c' § to Kaprcuiros k.t.X.) and, in an all but identical form, was used by
…
Sanctis in the Mon.d. Line. 1907 xviii. 346 f.) and at Pluti near Gortyna (R. C. Bosanquet
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIII: The sacred cattle of Gortyna
472
back (fig. 328)5: in both cases a surrounding circle
…
Amenemhat III (circa 2200 B.C.), immediately in front of his
…
collection a similar coin of Knossos, struck in alliance with Gortyna (cp. J. N. Svoronos
…
10 H. R. Hall 'The Two Labyrinths' in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1905 xxv. 328.
…
pp. 4—8 pi. 25 map of neighbourhood with conjectural ground-plan). In 1911 he was
…
who seems to have been the principal deity of the precinct; he also found in the debris
…
between goddesses holding fish, and another in which he is kneeling in a boat and opening
…
Prof. J. L. Myres in Ann. Arch. Anthr. 1910 iii. 134—136 has a restoration of the
…
back (fig. 328)5: in both cases a surrounding circle
…
Amenemhat III (circa 2200 B.C.), immediately in front of his
…
collection a similar coin of Knossos, struck in alliance with Gortyna (cp. J. N. Svoronos
…
10 H. R. Hall 'The Two Labyrinths' in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1905 xxv. 328.
…
pp. 4—8 pi. 25 map of neighbourhood with conjectural ground-plan). In 1911 he was
…
who seems to have been the principal deity of the precinct; he also found in the debris
…
between goddesses holding fish, and another in which he is kneeling in a boat and opening
…
Prof. J. L. Myres in Ann. Arch. Anthr. 1910 iii. 134—136 has a restoration of the
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIV: The labyrinth of Knossos
474
Arthur Evans was justified in identifying it with the complex
…
character. The red-figured vases in every case show to the right
…
interior is reproduced in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1881 ii. 57 pi. 10, Harrison Myth. Mon.
…
of which a small illustration is given by E. Strong in the Burlington Fine Arts Club.
…
by E. Bethe in the Ant. Denkm. ii pi. 1, cp. Furtwangler—Reichhold—Hauser Gr.
475
1 E. Braun in the Bull. d. Inst. 1846 p. 106. G. W. Elderkin ' Maeander or
…
Labyrinth, greeted by Athena in the presence of three other figures: the inscription
476
pose a primitive composition, in which the action portrayed was
…
by some derivative of the swastika^. The pattern develops in two
…
2 W. Deecke in the Ann. d. Inst. 1881 liii. 160—168 pi. L—M, W. Helbig in the
477
square (fig. 335), and its central star (sun?) is replaced by a human
…
Bronze Age. In one of the corridors of the second palace at
…
Nnmismatiqite de la Crete ancienne Macon 1890 i. 65 ff. pis. 46°. and in the 'B0. 'Apx-
…
bibliography P. Gauckler in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 2101 notes 17 and 18
478
is something like a consensus in favour of the view that it was a
…
xxii. 88 no. 133 pi. 10]. A still earlier example of the same class occurred in a magazine
…
1 Supra p. 149. See now G. F. Hill Some Palestinian Cults in the Graeco-Roman
…
2 Infra ch. ii § 9 (g). The old ground-plan came near to being retained, when the
…
5 This suggestion was first made by Sir Arthur Evans in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath.
…
Evolution in Art London 1895 p. 282 ff., A. Bertrand La Religion des Gaulois Paris 1897
479
sun's movements in the sky.
…
it was the paved rectangular space near the north-west corner
…
have been set out more or less as in the foregoing ground-plan3.
…
pavements of the basilicas in the Roman Forum.'
480
was needed in the one3, a rope-dance (kordax) was executed in the
…
in 1194 A.D., tells his old friend the prior of Hildesheim how
…
3 Diels in Pallat De fabula Ariadnaea Berolini 1891 interprets the clew as a rope-
…
4 I have discussed a 'Minoan' precursor of the Kop5a£ in Journ. Hell. Stud. 1894
481
out by a thrice-familiar passage in the Iliad. Daidalos, we read,
…
Knossos6,' and that old-fashioned folk in his own day, sailors
…
The Labyrinth-dance was not confined to Crete. Plutarch in
…
1 D. Comparetti Vergil in the Middle Ages trans. E. F. M. Benecke London 1895
…
5 Eustath. in II. p. 1166, 17 ff. 6 Soph. At. 700.
…
ixbvTwv k.t.X. and in more general terms by Kallim. h. Del. 312 f. -woTvia, abv irepi
482
from the left side. They state also that he instituted a contest in Delos and
…
Ergotimos, Attic work of c. 600—550 b.c., Theseus, lyre in hand, is leading the dance,
…
crane recurs in the Celtic area. On an altar found at Paris in 1710, beneath the apse
…
Religions Paris 1905 i. 233 ff. figs. 1—4). On another altar found near Treves in 1895
…
op. cit. p. 352 f. fig. 51, Reinach op. cit. i. 234 ff. figs. 5 f.). H. Steuding in Roscher Lex.
…
together on the solar disk (N. Gordon Munro in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society
…
* L'autel des cornes a Delos' in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1884 viii. 417 ff. pis. 17 ff., Durm
…
which is the forepart of a kneeling bull. Lastly, there is an inner va6s, oblong in shape,
483
former existence of a labyrinthine dance in Asia Minor. It may,
…
Miss Harrison in a letter to me dated June 14, 1912 makes the interesting suggestion
…
9 I figure a copper in my collection.
…
Prof. R. C Bosanquet draws my attention to the fact that in the temple of Apollon
…
(T. Wiegand 'Sechster vorlaufiger Bericht iiber Ausgrabungen in Milet und Didyma' in
…
12 The Labyrinths of the Kyklopes in the caves near Nauplia (Strab. 369 i(pe^i}s 5£
484
In Italy they gained a firm footing, as we may infer not only
…
foe in a labyrinthine frame2.
…
ECCLESIA repeated in a complicated form3.
…
of gold and pearls, in which was a Minotaur of emerald holding a
…
3 F. Prevost in the Rev. Arch. 1847—1848 ii. 664, 800 ff. pi. 78.
…
no. 41): De diarodino imperatoris et laberintho aureo facto in eo. Unde diarodino utitur
485
now in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge, represents an un-
…
designer's meaning. Similar examples are, or were, in the church
…
uncommon in continental churches3. A fine specimen, composed
…
rinths' in The Archaeological Journal 1858 xv. 216—235.
…
2 J. Durand in Didron Annales Archeologiques Paris 1857 xvii. 124^ with pi. The
…
3 W. Meyer ' Ein Labyrinth mit Versen' in the Sitzungsber. d. kais. bayr. Akad. d.
486
Chartres cathedral (fig. 350)1. It measures 30 feet in diameter,
…
Jerusalem until they reached the central space, often termed le ciel.
…
served a penitential purpose. One at Alkborough in Lincolnshire,
…
3 The best collection of facts is contained in a paper by the Rev. F. G. Walker on
…
have been originally cut in Roman times.
487
the civil wars there were many mazes in England, and that the
…
'At the maze (called there mazles) at Comberton, in Cambridgeshire, it has
…
was almost identical in type with one at Wing in Rutlandshire4.
…
was in danger of extinction ; but I have repeatedly seen the school-
…
in bygone days, to be recut every three years at Easter time, when the men who cut it
488
Roman lineage of these turf-mazes; for in England they are
…
Europe. In Norway and Sweden they are constructed- of stones
…
on a coin of Knossos (supra .p. 477 fig. 343)7. In Finland and
…
1 E. Trollope loc. cit. p. 222 ff. Welsh shepherds, in commemoration of their Trojan
…
5 On Hallands Vadero, an island in the Kattegat, a maze of stones is called
…
along a trade-route (cp. the map in R. Forrer Keltische Numismatik der Rhein- mid
489
and drawn by E. von Baer in 1838, when he was weather-bound at
…
It would seem then that in Great Britain, Scandinavia, the north-
…
fact was Dr E. Krause. In a very noteworthy monograph devoted
…
names : ' In den Kirchspielen Kemi und Jio, unweit von Torneo, werden die Stein-
…
Nunnantarha (Nonnenhage) genannt, in dem schwedischen Archipel von Abo und am
…
myth, in which the solar heroine (Freya, Brunhild, etc.) was freed from the prison of
490
of Daidalos with the paltry representations of it to be seen in
…
Another point to be noticed is this. In Italy and France, where
…
In conclusion, it is clear that the Labyrinth, once the orchestra
…
will be admitted that in the chain connecting them hardly a link
…
two conclusions. On the one hand, in Cretan myth the sun was
…
In view of these results it would seem highly probable that the
…
of Daidalos with the paltry representations of it to be seen in
…
Another point to be noticed is this. In Italy and France, where
…
In conclusion, it is clear that the Labyrinth, once the orchestra
…
will be admitted that in the chain connecting them hardly a link
…
two conclusions. On the one hand, in Cretan myth the sun was
…
In view of these results it would seem highly probable that the
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XV: The Minotaur
491
dancer imitating the sun masqueraded in the Labyrinth as a bull.
…
maidens at Knossos in connexion with Labyrinths old and new,
…
'A dance or game which has thus spread over Europe and survived in
…
whether Ariadne's Dance or the Game of Troy may not have had its origin in
…
imitation of the sun's course in the sky ? and may not its intention have been,
…
p. cxxvii). This view I supported and sought to strengthen in the Jonm. Hell. Stud.
…
mask, and that this ritual costume gave rise to the legend of the Minotaur. In Folk-Lore
492
the Minotaur, like the Chilcotin Indians walking in a circle and
…
from the ' Theseus-flower8.' The wreath in question, whether his
…
hero in the dark maze: it was afterwards placed by Dionysos
493
Starry.' A red-figured amphora from Nola, now in the Vatican
…
1 Apollod. 3. 1. 4, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 653, 1299, 1301, cp. Nonn. Dion. 13. 222 ff.,
…
4 So Schirmer in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 657, K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-
494
Douris, found at Vulci and now in the British Museum, sprinkles
…
Baumeister Denkm. iii. 1789 fig. 1873, A. S. Murray Designs from Greek Vases in the
495
the early sixth century B.C., which was found at Pente Skouphia in
…
moon3 as well as to the stars, so that we should be justified in ex-
…
J. N. Svoronos in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1894 xviii. 115 connects the star, often found
…
no. 730), E. Pernice in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1897 xii. 29 fig. 21.
496
tional. A black-figured hydria in the British Museum, on which
…
Athens, which represents Theseus slaying the Minotaur in the
…
both arrayed themselves in fine style and struck superstitious
…
in the Me~moires de la diUgation en Perse viii. 10 f. fig. 21.
…
Frazer {Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 410 n. 3). Mr A. Lang in Folk-Lore 1910 xxi. 145 dis-
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVI: The “minoan “ bullfights
497
female, played an important part in the life of their people. The
…
originated in Crete, and distinguishes three stages in its evolution.
…
of bull-baiting is found in the Thessalian taurokathdpsia4-. The
…
Koumasa near Gortyna (A. Mosso The Palaces of Crete and Their Builders London 1907
…
With these may be compared the capture of the big bull by a posse of men in Lanzone
…
in the Rhein. Mus. 1883 xxxviii. 297 ff., M. Mayer in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch.
…
galloping horse (fig. 360 from a specimen in
…
town shows obv. a mounted Thessalian galloping, and rev. a bull in full flight (Brit.
498
the Thessalian sport, in which the hunter is mounted and the bull
…
Reichel further suggests that in 'Minoan' times this bull-grappling
…
universally1—regarded as a rite in the cult of Poseidon2. But so
…
in some relation to the Cretan bull-god,
…
In an inscription from Larissa (Inscr. Gr. sept, ii no. 528) a bull-fight takes place for
499
find it. A banded agate in Sir Arthur Evans' collection (fig. 361)1
…
In short, it depicts the Labyrinth as the scene of the action2.
…
horn or locked with him in a deadly wrestling-bout is a figure
…
beside him still clinging to his horn (cp. fig. 414), in effect reverts
…
In any case it seems probable that the religious value of the
…
3 K. Seeliger in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 798"., H. Heydemann Iason in Kolchis
500
bulls or bull-like figures. The vessels carried in the hands of these
…
in the act of drawing his bow. Of the women one places her left
…
raised to grasp the fertilising horn, the left lowered in a gesture
…
in Cretan mythology and ritual. To begin with, Monsieur
…
1 Joum. Hell. Stud. 1894 xiv. 120 fig. 14 after O. Rossbach in the Ann. d. Inst.
…
Edinburgh 1903 p. 354 f., and especially I. Scheftelowitz 'Das Hbrnermotiv in den
…
discovery and for suggesting that it may furnish a prototype of the rites in question.
…
7 See the facts collected by I. Scheftelowitz in the Archiv f. Rel. 1912 xv. 483 ff.
501
used in these ceremonial games1. ' Minoan' seal-stones show
…
which resided in the horn of the latter should be found in the horn
…
is usually described in literature as the horn of the goat, which
…
4 See K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1721.
502
dainties contained in the cornu copiae of Zeus. Pherekydes, the
…
The same religious idea finds expression in the cult of Dionysos.
…
a thyrsos in his right hand and a bunch of grapes
…
Neapel p. 280 f. no. 2408, A. Michaelis in the Ann. d. Inst. 1869 p. 201 ff. pi. GH,
…
Amaltheia's horn as ransom for his own (Zenob. 2. 48, schol. //. 21. 194, Tzetz. in Lyk.
…
6 Mithras in the great Mithraic myth rides the bull, grasping it by the horns, to
503
in contact with the bull by methods resembling those of the
…
Again, near Nysa in Lydia was a village called Acharaka,
…
vase formerly in the Hamilton collection (Tischbein Hamilton Vases v pi. 22, Reinach
…
2 Strab. 649, cp. 579, Eustath. in Dionys. per. 1153. A. Bouche-Leclercq Histoire
…
; 4 Other examples of the title are collected by O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. ]\Iyth. iii.
504
bull of gigantic size. In front of them
…
ing a fillet. Thus all who took part in the
…
shared by other cities in the valley of the Maiandros6. I am
…
types in fact give the beginning and the
…
Flg' red-figured vase formerly in the Hamilton
…
UXovrodoTTi k.t.X. See O. Hofer in the Jahrb.f. Philol. u. Pcidag. 1894 cxlix. 262 and
…
6 So Dr B. V. Head in Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lydia p. lxxxiii.
506
are in any case the successors of the ' Minoan' bull-grapplers.
…
gestures beckon her on towards their home in Crete.
…
the ritual horns, which in ' Minoan' cult-scenes are set in various
…
2 Stephani Vasensamml. St. Petersburg i. 385 f. no. 884 and in the Compte-rendic
…
3 A. J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 135 ff.
…
are in any case the successors of the ' Minoan' bull-grapplers.
…
gestures beckon her on towards their home in Crete.
…
the ritual horns, which in ' Minoan' cult-scenes are set in various
…
2 Stephani Vasensamml. St. Petersburg i. 385 f. no. 884 and in the Compte-rendic
…
3 A. J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 135 ff.
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVII: Ritual horns
507
the late bronze age and early iron age found in the pile-dwellings
…
2 R. Paribeni 'Corni di consecrazione nella prima eta del ferro europea' in the
…
Fig- 37°' a is a crescent of red sandstone (in part restored) from a station on the
508
near Almeria in the south of Spain. Here Monsieur L. Siret in
…
not only in Crete, but also in various countries to the east, north,
…
back a specimen (fig. 373), which though only three inches in length
…
1 M. j. Lagrange La Crete ancienne Paris 1908 p. 83 fig. 62 (about ■§■) a votive altar in
509
Dr C. G. Seligmann in letters dated March 15 and March 22,
…
1 See now his article in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh
510
who with his followers lived near the Alliab boundary at a place called Unedol.
…
of a bullock. In front of this end of the mound there is one of the pickets to
…
blood collected in a pot, cooked over the fire, poured into gourds and eaten
…
Shrines of this kind (buor) are found in all the Tain and at least in some of
…
young sapling 6 or 8 feet tall is thrust into the ground near the horns and
…
me, as a resting-place for his spirit (atiep) ; and in one case he has seen a mat
…
evolution lies behind the use of horned altars in the Mediterranean
511
area. Of course in classical times, though the term ' horned altar'
…
fiwfibv tol Kepaovxov edeL/xaro rdvde 'SeXevKos. There may be a special point in the epithet
…
E. Saglio in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 351 n. 65 cites also Nonn. Dion. 44. 97 ff.
…
2 Part of relief on a steatite pyxis from Knossos (A. J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud.
512
writes: ' The temptation is strong to see in the table and triangle a horned altar, but the
…
Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst in Europa Wien 1898 p. 443 fig. 137, p. 501 f.
…
2 Detail of black-figured pyxis-lid or kylix-hd found at Cuma in 1908 (E. Gabrici in
…
p. 517 f. no. 3223, Mon. d. Inst, ii pi. 43, E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1837 ix. 198 ff.,
513
(fig. 385)5; and these volutes in turn were combined with a simple
…
in the ground beside him11 or fixed on a base resembling an altar1-.
…
5 From a red-figured kdlpis formerly in the Canino collection (Gerhard Auserl.
…
Cp. the great altar of Demeter at Pergamon (W. Dorpfeld in the Ath. Mitth.
…
Cp. the single horns of stone found in a neolithic pillar-precinct at Terlizzi in Apulia
514
sought, not in any artistic modification of the horned altar, but in
…
' Iobas king of the Libyans states that bees must be made in a wooden coffer;
…
months old, is confined in a narrow chamber measuring ten cubits
…
The buried bull or bull-shrine, if we may so describe it, was in
515
remarkable scene depicted in
…
here represented5. The divine cow buried in the earth, but yet
…
vasa quis dubitet? Cp. interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 4. 219. Varro's etymology is of
…
Thes. Ling. Lat. ii. 386, 7 ff. 3 E. Saglio in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 351.
…
of Biblical Archceology 1905 xxvii. 179) has explained the pyramidal tomb-chapel in the
516
1 Figs- 389 and 390 are the front and back of a Mithraic altar-piece found in 1826 in
…
the cave are the twelve signs of the zodiac, from Aries to Pisces, (c) In the spandrels
517
wearing Phrygian cap and kneeling in front ot rock, (d) Higher up an oblong space
…
in his chariot (horses and rocks restored) extends his hand to Mithras, who is about to
…
seasons: on the left above, Spring with rose-wreaths in hair and round neck; on the
518
his cave. Reluctantly he went in pursuit and caught the bull just
…
with wine. In vain did the emissaries of darkness, the scorpion,
…
protector of all flocks and herds. In short, the death of the bull
…
to be distinguished from the divinity dwelling in it—was at one
…
out a big bunch of grapes to Mithras, who raises his hand in admiration. Between
…
This relief was originally so mounted as to turn about in its three-sided frame on two
…
1 F. Cumont Texies et monuments etc. i. 159 ff., in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3050 ff.,
519
W. Robertson Smith1 long since pointed out that in the Semitic
…
dedicatory inscriptions, nine of which, ranging in date from c. 70
…
4 H. C. Butler in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1900 iv. 434 b, W. K. Prentice ib. 1902 vi.
…
7 So too G. Hoffmann in the Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie xi. 246, E. Littmann ap.
…
8 So too E. Littmann ap. W. K. Prentice toe. cit. p. 118, M. Lidzbarski in the
520
temple, built in the time of the Antonines ; and a few paces to the
…
a hewn slab or pillar of stone, e.g. at Sikyon, in Arkadia, at
…
TTvkQiva avearrjaav irovs | airo eVoi/dou /xeidov Ztovs Ba, Topirtaiov (W. K. Prentice in
…
of natural stones, probably meteorites, with Zeus : e.g. the stone near Gythion called
…
at Tarentum in very early times (infra ch. ii § 3 (a) ii (5)). Cp. also an Apulian bell-
…
Zeus 2,Topiraos (A. S. Arvanitopoullos in the 'E0. 'Apx- 1906 p. 63 f. fig., K. A.
521
Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 521
…
xviii. The Marriage of the Sun and the Moon in Crete.
…
inscribed ZEY£|| □ O £ E I | A A N || A A M [A] | T H P in lettering of the first
…
1 E. Reisch in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1642. An instructive case is that of
…
(L. Stephani Parerga archaeologica St Petersburg 1851—1876 no. 18, F. Wieseler in the
…
4 E.g. supra p. 38 f. pi. iv, r, p. 39 n. 2 pi. iv, 2 (Apulian vase in British Museum),
…
Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 521
…
xviii. The Marriage of the Sun and the Moon in Crete.
…
inscribed ZEY£|| □ O £ E I | A A N || A A M [A] | T H P in lettering of the first
…
1 E. Reisch in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1642. An instructive case is that of
…
(L. Stephani Parerga archaeologica St Petersburg 1851—1876 no. 18, F. Wieseler in the
…
4 E.g. supra p. 38 f. pi. iv, r, p. 39 n. 2 pi. iv, 2 (Apulian vase in British Museum),
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVIII: The marriage of the sun and the moon in Crete
522
522 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete
…
' Two bronze statues stand there in the open air, one of them a statue of
…
This is in all probability the truth of the matter. The statues of
…
performance, in which the Cnossian queen actually placed within
…
8 This view, which I put forward in the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 412, was adopted in
523
Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 523
…
That a queen should submit to being enclosed in a wooden cow
…
dynasty, when his daughter, an only child, died, buried her in
…
rosette between them, found in the fourth shaft-grave at Mykenai,
…
5 B. Staes Hepl ttjs xPV(Te0JS MvKrjvaiKUP rivwv koctfx-q/j.6,tuv in the 'E0. 'A/3%. 1907
524
524 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete
…
heaving billows from the far eastern land of Phoenicia, borne or pursued by her
…
drawn up in a fisherman's net may well be, as some have thought, the explanation
…
in this connexion must be further investigated.
…
vegetation from her home in the ground8. Strong support for this
…
7 This was seen by J. Escher-Burkli in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 1287 f.; but
525
Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 525
…
festival in Crete, the Hellotia, at which a garland of myrtle, twenty
…
inside it3. Now we have already seen that in Greece such garlands
…
carried in procession, and suggests that originally a puppet or xdanon called Hellotis was
…
goddess, dies, for we hear of the funeral rites of Europa in the Corinthian festival of
…
The only other references to a definite cult of Europe in Crete are Dictys Cretensis
…
K. Tiimpel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2261).
526
526 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete
…
bull2, clinging with one hand to his fertilising horn and holding in
…
Kotyto, a Thracian Artemis (A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1399 m whose cult
…
1 Of many possible illustrations (listed by L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pet.
…
4—6, 22 f., J. Escher-Biirkli in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 1296—1298) I figure but
…
(Paus. 2. 30. 3) was performed. O. Jahn published it in colour {Die Entfiihrung der
…
Miinchen 7906 Text p. 498 f. fig. 406, F. Hauser in Gr. Vasenmalerei ii. 2836". pi. 114, 1).
…
2 H. Prinz in the Ath. Mitth. 1910 xxv. 169 n. 2 hints that the key to the myth of
…
around and a worshipper kneeling on either side of her (W. H. Ward in the Am. Journ.
…
specimen of the evergreen plane is still growing in a village near Gortyna.
527
Marriage of the Sim and Moon in Crete 527
…
platanus esse, quae folia hieme non amittat, itemque in Cypro, ut Theophrastus ait, una,
…
in Cypro. This last passage is quite misconceived by J. Escher-Biirkli in Pauly—
…
1 So e.g. W. Wroth in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Crete etc. pp. xxxiv, 37 ff.,
…
Coins London 1899 p. 163 says cautiously 'the.Cretan goddess seated in her tree.'
…
Minos, taking upon him the form of an eagle, wooed and won his oak-nymph in a Cretan
…
Mr Svoronos' view is attractive. In the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 404 f. I accepted it
…
with places remote from Gortyna and was never consummated in a marriage-union at all.
528
528 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete
…
regarded the tree as an ancient willow. In such a matter the opinion of an experienced
529
Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 529
…
grow in damp marshy soil1 and probably flourished side by side at
…
their names to Olenos in Aulis, Aiga in Haimonia, and Helike
530
530 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete
…
'QXev-q, abridged by Eustath. in II. p. 292, 10 ff.
…
Ralston in the Contemporary Review 1878 i. 525, Mrs J. H. Philpot The Sacred Tree
…
tung.' In addition to the amphora at St Petersburg and
…
Valerian with the same type had been sold at Berlin in 1845.
…
in 1. a vase, r. hand on breast; on L, approaching her out of the water, forepart of a bull;
…
The wicker basket on coins of Kibyra in Phrygia (Brit. Mus.
…
!g- 4°4- Ttj7ros (B. V. Head in the Num. Chron. New Series 1873 x*n- XI7>
531
Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 531
…
St Petersburg (Stephani Vasensamml. St. Petersburg ii. 241 f. no. 1637 and in the
…
' Verfinsterten': (3), as a Greek compound of evpvs and oir, 'eye,' equivalent in meaning
532
532 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete
…
but small enough not to scare Europe, who is once more sunk in a
…
Fig. 392 is from a specimen in my collection.
…
6 From a specimen in the McClean collection at Cambridge.
…
be conjectured that the famous olcrrpos (Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 266) was but Zeus in the
…
12 Ants, bees, butterflies etc. were often regarded as the soul in insect form (Gruppe
533
Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 533
…
Many wild oaks and willows in a row
…
Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 800 ff.). If Zeus became an ant in Thessaly (Clem. Al. protr. 2. 39.
…
ry 'AxeAwou, pt.vpp.7ji; yevbp.euos, e£ rjs MyppLibibv, Arnob. adv. nat. 4. 26 versus.-..in
…
iii. 346 f., W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3301 ff.). On Zeus 'Xttoplvlos see infra
…
2 H. von Fritze in W. Ddrpfeld Troja und Ilion Athens 1902 ii. 491 pi. 63, 68 f.,
534
534 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete
…
But our evidence for such a town is of the flimsiest2. Besides, in
…
Kouretes clashed their weapons round the tree in which the cradle
…
aiirbXov tlvos. There was a Mt. Tityros near Kydonia (Strab. 479 tt)s p-evToi KucWtas
…
the matter thus: 'In addition to the use of the genitive and the adjective, there is a rare
…
('Kdrjvalwv 6 8yjp.os) is an undoubted instance of the use of the nominative in place of the
…
According to F. Solmsen in the Indogermanische Forschungen 1912 xxx. 31 ff.,
…
5 ties. frag. 129 Flach ap. Strab. 471. See also Prokl. in Hes. o.d. 89.
535
Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 535
…
Antiope, who was wooed by Zeus in the form of a Satyr1.
…
smooth Doric pillar, on the top of which stands another goddess in
…
trunk down towards the phidle resting on the lap of Epzktesis. In
…
348 pi. 36, 8) at Tralleis attached to 'scenes in certain religious mysteries connected with
…
1 Infra ch. i § 7 (d). Another version made Zeus consort with Antiope in the form
…
p. 542 n. 1) : see F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Intern, a"Arch. Num. 1908
536
536 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete
…
latter stands for the female element in the cult—a koure of
537
Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 537
…
earth-goddess worshipped at Gortyna in a sacred tree. For all
…
cp. Viminalis. But see now Bolte in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 1.
…
Hyg. fab. 6, 178, 179, cp. Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 2. 289 where L. reads Agriopes.
…
10 W. H. Roscher Uber Selene und Verwandtes Leipzig 1890 pp. 95, 128ft and in the
…
11 Phrynichos frag. 16 Nauck2 ap. Eustath. in Od. p. 1430, 63 ft /cat ravpos
538
538 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete
…
portant piece of evidence is a passage in the treatise On the Syrian
…
zu meiner Schrift iiber Selene und Verzvandtes Leipzig 1895 p. 32 f., and in the Lex.
…
Verzvandtes Leipzig 1895 p. 42 with fig. on p. 37, id. in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3137
…
5 From, a copper of Amphipolis, struck by Tiberius, in my collection :
…
Coins i. 278 ff., Head Hist, num? p. 2i6f. See further K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa
539
Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 539
…
Coppers of Sidon from c. 174 B.C. onwards exhibit the type in
…
after winning a sea-fight, captured it in the evening. He
…
Again, Phoenician and lunar elements are discernible in the
…
her father in quest of her. Having failed to find her, he repaired to Delphoi to
…
of a copper, struck by Elagabalos, in my collection : A P | SI DON | COLMET -
…
Europe as a lunar trait. But see L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pit. 1866 p. 125 f.
…
5 On the connexion of Europe with Kadmos see O. Crusius in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii.
540
54-0 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete
…
whom he sent. Kadmos in anger killed the snake and, at Athena's suggestion,
…
to wife Harmonia, the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite, but first bade him in
…
The whole story gains immensely in coherence and significance,
…
In hand, fare forth through Phlegyai and Phokis
…
2 Paus. 9. 12. 1. Two Egyptising altars of Roman date, formerly in the Towneley
…
A relief in a tomb of the Roman period at Kom el Chougafa shows the Pharaoh offering
541
Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 541
…
"ZvpLGTi XeyeraL 7? j3ous, cp. et. mag. p. 450, 41 f. A 'cow' is in Syriac torethd, Aramaic
…
6 See K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1371, O. Jessen ib. v. 587.
542
542 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete
…
p. 384, F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Intern, d'Arch. Nu?n. 1908 xi. 142 ff. pi. 9, 8.
…
3 K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 13706°., K. Tiimpel ib. iii. 880 f.,
…
y\vK6. Kprjres repeated in Favorin. lex. p. 391, 11 ; Steph. Byz. s.v. Tafa' ...rds irapdevovs
…
t) "KprepLLS. In Delos the festival of Britomartis followed immediately upon that of
543
Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth 543
…
In the last section we considered the myth of Pasiphae at
…
2 Farnell Cults of Gk. States ii. 457—461, K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.
…
(cp. H. Usener in the Rhein. Mus. 1868 xxiii. 342 and in his Gbtternamen Bonn 1896
…
Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth 543
…
In the last section we considered the myth of Pasiphae at
…
2 Farnell Cults of Gk. States ii. 457—461, K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.
…
(cp. H. Usener in the Rhein. Mus. 1868 xxiii. 342 and in his Gbtternamen Bonn 1896
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIX: Zeus and the Bovine figures of cretan mythology
544
544 Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth
…
ancient authority, either classical or post-classical, can be cited in
…
sent by Zeus6, is usually described as the god himself in animal
…
Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 4. 796, cp. schol. Lyk. Al. 401, Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 73,
…
Pyth. arg. p. 297 Boeckh) or changed Leto into a quail (Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 72).
…
(6) 'AarepLs, the island near lthake, was later known as 'Acrrepia (Pauly—Wissowa Real-
…
3 This view I rashly advanced in the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 410, cp. Folk-Lore 1904
…
Caes. Germ. Araleap. 395, 24 ff. Eyssenhardt. See further L. Stephani in the Compte-
…
p. 529 fig. 400) on coppers of Gortyna is possibly solar (cp. J. N. Svoronos in the Bull.
545
Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth 545
…
Atos davbvios Tovde, \ 6 Mivus k.t.X., in Lyk. Al. 1301 ouros 8e 6 AvKocppwv tov 'AaTepiov
546
546 Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth
…
Cnossian Minotaur, who in some sense represented the sun-god2,
547
Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth 547
…
ably Asterion or Asterios. He advances to greet her sceptre in
…
by recrudescence of the early belief in the essential divinity of
…
with a thunderbolt in one hand, a sceptre in the other, surrounded
…
3 Tzetz. chil. 1. 473, in Lyk. Al. 1301 (supra p. 545 n. 5).
…
pi. 32, 21 on which Zeus wears a himdtion and an eagle is added in the field.
548
548 Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth
…
elephants (fig. 418)3, in each case encircled by the same seven stars.
…
formerly5 left them nameless, now6 follows J. N. Svoronos7 in
…
nurse of Zeus9. Popular fancy may have traced in it some
…
4 Head Hist. num.x p. 384 'perhaps in the character of Zeus Kretagenes.'
…
7 J. N. Svoronos in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1894 xviii. 115 f.
549
The Bull and the Sun in Syria 549
…
However that may be, his worship, widely spread in Palestine and
…
5 W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1987 ff., ii. 1179 ff., A. Jeremias id. iv. 19 ff.,
…
The Bull and the Sun in Syria 549
…
However that may be, his worship, widely spread in Palestine and
…
5 W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1987 ff., ii. 1179 ff., A. Jeremias id. iv. 19 ff.,
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XX: The bull and the sun in Syria
550
550 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
and was so far Hellenised as to acquiesce in a dedication ' to Zeus
…
Antilibanos, the Syrian god was so far solar that, when in the age
…
name, which survived an influx of Roman colonists probably in the
…
7 A. Hauvette-Besnault in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1882 vi. 487.
…
c. 400 a.d. in the 'Exploits of Mar Rabbula' p. 196, last line {infra p. 555), and even
…
things, even now, in Baalbeck; the ancient injurious excesses and corrupting paths of vice,
…
in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv. 552.
551
to Rome. In the grove of Furrina on the east side of the Ianiculum
…
Helios. Indeed, the Romans in general spoke of him as Iupiter
…
tanits travelled far afield. He is mentioned, for example, in
…
1 A Phoenician dedication ' to the Baal of Libanon, his Lord' has been found in
552
552 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
HelioupolUes as they call him, with important rites in the city of Heliopolis.
…
from saying, since it has nothing to do with the matter in hand. But that this
…
this god, sending documents folded and sealed: he replies in order to the
553
a blank sheet to the god. He then wrote and sealed another letter, in which he
…
slanting downwards, which shows that the force of the sky consists in the
…
1 That is, the centurion's vine showed that Trajan would die in the course of the
…
2 Clearly Zeus Helioupolites is meant: see W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1987,
…
which properly denote ' the Beloved One.' R. Dussaud in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii.
554
554 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
glimpses. In 297 A.D. Gelasinos the mime2 was suddenly con-
…
Christian church in its stead, and abolished by law the ancient
…
A. von Domaszewski in the Westdeutsche Zeitschrift 1897 xvi Korrespondenzblatt p. 172
…
v. s. s. 1. m., P. Perdrizet in the Comptes rendus de FAcad, des inscr. et belles-lettres 1901
…
...............sac(erdotibus)...... See now R. Dussaud in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. viii. 54.
…
3 Chron. Pasch. p. 513 Dindorf. See further the Rev. G. T. Stokes in Smith—Wace
…
this custom consult E. S. Hartland ' Concerning the rite at the temple of Mylitta' in the
555
Heathenism was for a while triumphant1. But in 379 a.d. Theo-
…
went with his friend Eusebios to Bttalbek 'in order to obtain the
…
enthusiasts only succeeded in getting themselves thrown down the
…
and loop-holes, in a wonderful state of preservation6.
…
2 It had been already overthrown by earthquakes (O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais.
…
(see the note by J. Markland in Dindorf's ed. of the Chronicon Paschale ii. 394 ff.,
…
we have here the Greek fiaXavetov, which appears in Syriac as balana (cp. S. A. Cook
…
mythologie syrienne Paris 1903 Add. and in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 51.
556
556 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
in many respects final exploration of the site (1900-1904) by
…
Septimius, an imperial freedman, in gratitude for the safety of
…
1 W. B. Donne in Smith Diet. Geogr. i. 1037.
…
3 O. Puchstein in the /ahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1901 xvi. 133—160 with
…
4 O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 88 f., id. Fiihrer
…
O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1901 xvi. 154 n. 11. Id. ib. 1902
…
6 O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1901 xvi. 139 f., id. Fiihrer
558
558 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
tree seen through the central gate-way of the Propylaion5. If that
…
1 It was, perhaps in the fourth century A.D., transformed into a Christian church and
…
a cedar. A cypress is the central object on other coppers of Heliopolis, which show two
…
Nemea stood in a cypress-grove (Paus. 2. 15. 2) and the shrines used by the mystics of
559
corn-ears in his hand. Is it possible that his fore-court contained
…
red Egyptian granite—monoliths 7*08 metres in height and finely
…
souterrain. In the middle of the court was the great altar of burnt
…
the officer Velius Rufus), all dedicated by colonists in Heliopolis.
…
viewed as an agricultural god (R. Dussaud in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 56).
…
3 The basilica was in all probability the church built by Theodosios (supra p. 555).
560
560 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
in width by 8775 metres in length. Round it stood a single row of
561
pseudodipteral, i.e. that in lieu of an inner row of columns it had
…
in perspective on coins of Septimius Severus, his wife Iulia Domna,
562
562 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
1 O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 91 ff., id. Fuhre?
…
2 Fig. 428 is reproduced from a drawing by D. Krencker in the fahrb. d. kais. deutsch.
563
architect dreamed of employing an even vaster block; for in the
…
1 O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii pi. 6.
…
Rom? p. 9 f. figs. 4 f. states that it measures 2i-35m in length, 4"33m and 4'40m in height
564
564 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
now standing in a far better state of preservation. Approached by
…
which was divided by half-columns into a central sanctuary and
…
2 O. Puchstein in the Jakrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 94 ff., id. Fiihrer
…
3 R. Wood The ruins of Balbek, otherwise Heliopolis in Coelosyria London 1757
565
gates of Baitokaike (Hosn Suleiman)2, is in all probability an
…
steps had reliefs, which can still be in part at least made out. On
…
Baitokaike near Apameia on the Orontes. The property and privileges granted to his
…
ol k&toxoi ('tenants'?) ayiov Ovpaviov Atos (ib.). See further F. Cumont in Pauly—
566
566 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
Between the steps and the temple is an altar, and near by stands a
…
still being decorated in the reign of Caracalla (211-217 A.D.)4, it is
…
recent building-operations6, whilst others struck in the names of
…
2 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Galatia, etc. p. 293 no. 18 (vase in precinct, caduceus in
…
6 Another possible explanation of the type would be to say that the die-sinker, in
567
closely associated in worship with Zeus himself5.
…
with bulls. But copies of his cult-image, recognised in recent
…
tanus^. Moreover, the figure, though defaced, bears out in the
…
W. Wroth in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Galatia, etc. p. 293 is content to regard it as
…
in the Ann. d. Inst. 1866 xxxviii. 134 ff., of G. Wolff in the Arch. Zeit. 1867 xxv. 55, and
…
7 For a full list see R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. 1903 i. 347 ff., ii. 91 ff., 1905 i.
…
du Jupiter Heliopolitanus ' in the Comptes rendus de I'Acad.des iuscr. et belles-lettres 1901
569
appears to be covered with scales. The lower part is encased in a
…
in 1752 in the basin of the
…
of four and six petals each: one of these flowers is seen in profile
…
Macrobius (so Dussaud locc. citt.: Ronzevalle saw in it a fir-cone partially sunk in an
…
solvit {supra p. 552 n. 2) in letters belonging to the end of the second century. Cp. the
…
3 Height of stile o-9om. F. Lenormant in the Gaz. Arch. 1876 ii. 78 ff. pi. 21
570
570 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
of Bctalbek and published by O. Puchstein in 1902 (fig. 437)1,
…
to light at Marseille in 1838 and is now in the Musee Calvet at
…
1 O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 102 f. fig., id.
…
2 Several little lead figures found by the peasants in this locality likewise represent
…
that the neck-ornament is not composed of two dolphins (so Bondurand in the Comptes
571
composed of the solar disk with two uraeus-snakes. In the centre
…
have been called Kvpios Tevvaios, Gennaeus Dominus (F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa
…
1 On djinn > Tewahs see R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. 1903 i. 374 n. 4, 381 n. 2 = id.
…
Malakbel (R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. 1903 i. 374 = id. Notes de mythologie syrienne
…
logie syrienne Paris 1905 pp. 85 f., 91 f.), and G. F. Hill in
…
brow on early electrum coins struck in the time of Alyattes?, 610 —
…
specimen in my collection. Fig. 439.
572
572 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
bronze statuettes in particular add Egyptising details, which
…
A bronze in the Joanneum at Graz (fig. 440)3 has the kdlathos
…
2 Supra p. 550 n. 10 P. Perdrizet in the Rev. Arch. 1903
573
The sheath is figured in front with three busts, Kronos1 above,
…
syrienne Paris 1903 p. 39 ff. fig. 15 raises needless doubts (P. Perdrizet in the Rev. Arch.
574
574 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
The finest examples of this type are two bronzes in the de
…
1 Published as ' The Ephesian Artemis ' in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Bronzes p. 183
…
Very similar is a bronze statuette from Kefr Djezzin near Byblos, which formerly
576
576 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
are leaves or possibly rays in low relief. The breast has a single
…
rest of the sheathing is covered with disks that have a central boss.
…
Iupiter of Heliopolis. In the Babylonian and Assyrian religion
…
2 This was the view of W. Gurlitt loc. cit. p. 125 n. 9 and of F. Studniczka in the
…
4 On the admitted identity of Adad and Ramman see e.g. A. Jeremias in Roscher
…
in Babylonia and Assyria New York and London 1911 p. iijff.,G. Maspero The Dawn
…
5 The bull is sometimes winged, as in the rock-cut relief at Maltai (Roscher Lex.
…
I figure a cylinder of sapphirine chalcedony from the ruins of Babylon, now in the
577
attributs, et les monuments figure's de Vhtus Paris 1849 4' I1> W. H. Ward in the
…
6 I. Scheftelowitz 'Das Hornermotiv in den Religionen' in the Archiv f. Ret. 1912
578
578 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
in point of fact by no means incompatible3. 'In many mythologies,'
…
Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria New York and London 1911 p. 83.
…
rays caught in the clouds (Aristot. meteor. 2. 9. 369 b 12 f.) : see E. Zeller A Histof-y of
579
lord of justice,"—an attribute peculiar to the sun-god ; but in
…
atmosphere, and the phenomena which are daily displayed in it—
…
together, causing them to burst in torrents of rain or hail; he let
…
bull is described in the text as follows : 'The great bull, the noble
…
constellation Taurus5. But in any case it is invoked as a bringer
…
in the Beitrdge zur Assyrialogie Leipzig 1894 ii. 416 f. See also A. Jeremias Die baby-
580
580 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
Created in the mountains, lord of the grain fields !
…
In this double capacity En-lil was conceived as a mighty ox or
…
designates Enlil4. In a fragment of a hymn, Enlil is described
…
id. Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria New York and
…
3 M. Jastrow Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria New
…
5 H. C. Rawlinson A Selection from the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Western Asia
581
seen both in the colossal bulls which form a feature of Assyrian art
…
statue of Adad, has been found near his temple at Ashur5. And
…
in the magical papyrus at Paris :
…
ceremony in the cult of Zeus Pandmaros™, whose consort might
…
5 W. Andrae Der Anu-Adad-Tempel in Assur Leipzig 1909 p. 77 f. pi. 34.
…
again in the Gnostic Pistis Sophia p. 375 Schwartze xptvwdep depw^ptv co^idep spoken by
…
11 E. Riess in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i.. 1726.
582
582 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
From Heliopolis in Koile Syria we pass northwards to Hierapolis
…
pseudo-Lucian in an Ionic treatise On the Syrian goddess. The
…
precinct, faced the north and were some two hundred yards in
…
contents in detail11:
…
1 Mr S. A. Cook, Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and Lecturer in
…
abbreviation of Atargatis, the Syrian 'Atar'ata (F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.
583
looks like Zeus in every respect, head, clothing, and throne : you could not,
…
—Athena, Aphrodite, Selene, Rhea, Artemis, Nemesis, and the Moirai. In one
…
golden imag'e {xoanon) in no way resembling the rest. It has no shape of
…
2 Not, of course, the true emerald, which is found only in America, but the green
…
3 On this stone see further E. Babelon loc. cit. p. 1465. It was found in the Indian
…
4 The story of the mythical, as distinct from the historical, Semiramis is first found in
…
tale told to explain her double form was as follows. She had fallen in love with a hand-
584
584 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
comes out clearly in connexion with their oracular practices. The
…
A related myth is the following. Certain fish found a great egg in the river Euphrates.
…
in question were really Venus and Cupido, who, scared by the sudden appearance of
…
C. F. Lehmann-Haupt in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 694 conjectures that doves were
…
Deukalion built altars and a temple of Hera over it, and introduced a custom kept up in
…
2 Imperial bronze coins of Hierapolis show Atargatis in three attitudes : (1) wearing
…
3 S. Reinach in the Rev. Arch. 1902 i. 31 argues that we must not press the text of
585
goes on to say that in the main body of the temple, on the left
…
'When he is minded to deliver an oracle, he first stirs in his seat, and the
…
This image of Apollon in the nave must be carefully dis-
…
ing from above : the other two statues of women enclosed in their circle signify
…
sprung from the head of Iupiter, in other words, to have arisen in the topmost
586
586 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
gabled structure, in which is an object resembling
…
ander with the legend 1 gods of Syria' and a lion in place of the
…
flanked by two recumbent bulls (F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1898 xviii.
587
(koryphc) is the word applied in late Greek to the apex of a
…
it seems probable that a royal sceptre or standard, enclosed in a
…
sceptre or standard of a divine king figured prominently in the
…
those represented in the Hittite sculptures of Fraktin and Yarre : ib. fig. 4, id. The Land
…
6 Ib. pp. liv, 138 pi. 17,8 (struck in the time of Antoninus Pius).
588
588 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
may be traced all round, and cannot be less than three miles in compass.
…
on it, in basso relievo. They were two syrens, which, twining their fishy tails
…
of about one hundred yards diameter. It was low, and had no water in it, and
…
R. Pococke in 1745 gives a more detailed account of his visit
…
was designed in order to behold with greater conveniency some religious cere-
…
I conjectured it to be about two hundred feet in front. It is probable that this
…
city is irregular in this part, as if some ground had been taken in after the build-
…
1 The mediaeval variants are collected by E. B. James in Smith Diet. Geogr. i. 106$.
589
In 1850 Lieut.-Col. Chesney1 included 'Munbedj or Bambuche'
…
disappeared. Dr D. G. Hogarth and Mr R. Norton in 1908 were
…
Indeed the only obvious pre-Islamic structures in situ are firstly, the walls of the
…
pool, some three acres in area, in the centre of the western half of the site3____
…
confirmatory indications are visible. The whole eastern half of the site right up
…
4 Dr Hogarth notes further a much defaced limestone lion near the south-east angle
590
Heliopolis and Hierapolis were not the only towns in which the
…
silver tetradrachm of Antiochos xii, now in the Dresden cabinet,
…
1 The deity represented on coins of Neapolis in Samaria (F. de Saulcy Nimismatique
…
1837 pi. 3 b, 3 and 4), Eleutheropolis (id. ib. p. 243 no. 2) and Nikopolis in Iudaea
…
A€IHN](jON I CEH (in the year 268 of the Pompeian era = 204 a.d.), Brit. Mas.
…
4 F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1898 xviii. 170 n. 9, citing A. L. Millin
…
Paris 1890 p. clxxiii fig. 39, W. Wroth in the Num. Chrou. Third Series 1890 x. 327 f.,
591
step-son [Antiochos i Soter]. Stratonike was bidden by Hera in a dream to raise to her
…
'even'—said he—lrjv yvvaiKi d/ma evpa^/icu.' Kombabos finished the temple and in
…
In this myth Kombabos is obviously a Syrian parallel to Attis, who, according to one
…
In this Propylaia stand two <pa\\oL, dedicated by Dionysos to his step-mother Hera,
…
gods, invoking their blessing upon the whole of Syria, and that the gods, since he is near
592
592 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
and 28 f.). [In the Jakrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1912 xxvii Arch. Anz. pp. 13—16
…
by the Turks to be (paXXoi used in the cult of the Syrian goddess. On the beaten gong
…
as a bird, Semiramis again, Kombabos, Stratonike, Alexander, Sardanapallos. In the
…
Near the temple is a lake containing sacred fish of various kinds. The large ones have
…
in the courtyard. On these they hang live goats, sheep, etc. together with birds,
…
deities and images of the same. On certain specified days the crowd assembles in the
593
was a god worshipped since Hittite times in Kilikia and the
…
a sword ; for there are swords in plenty placed there on purpose. With this he mutilates
…
A dead eunuch is buried in a peculiar fashion. His comrades carry him out to the
…
accept his present sacrifice and promises a greater one in future. After that he wreathes
…
to mount upon a bed till he has reached his home again. In Hierapolis he is received by
…
since they explain the rites to their guests. They do not offer sacrifice in the sanctuary
…
down hence, but not as they do the beasts : they put them in a sack and lower them
…
they cut the hair and, placing it in vessels of silver or often of gold, nail it to the temple-
594
594 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
id. ib. Berlin 1906 pp. 4—7 (cp. a second relief near Ibriz, which appears to be an exact
595
scene in graphic language:
…
The treatment of these sculptures is all in relief. In composition there are
…
holds, and the King-priest, an heroic figure eight feet in height, facing towards
…
found in the horns which decorate the helmet, of which four pairs are visible.
…
There are three short inscriptions accompanying these figures. In that
…
his tiara, the grape-bunches and corn-ears in his hands, the plough (?)
…
97, O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 330 f. fig. 2, J. Garstang The Land of the
596
596 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
the same deity enthroned with a lotos-sceptre and grouped in various
…
3 Id. ib. ii. 2. 445 ff. pi. in, 14—20, pi. 112, 1—8.
597
struck by the generals of Alexander, e.g. by Seleukos in 321-316
…
In the third century B.C. he was known at Tarsos as Zeus
…
in my collection.
…
Map/cos o-TaTwp I evxv* X&PLV)- High up in an almost in- \ o^^iT^pf j
…
And the debs Karaift&rrjs is coupled with Persephone in an inscription on the ' tomb of
598
598 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
express the popular conception of Sandas, whose prototype in the
…
in my collection (fig. 460): obv. [KAISAPEHN rp ?] I ANAZAPBH head of
…
See further A. von Domaszewski 'Zeus '0\u/3pios' in the Num. Zeitschr.ign pp. 10—12.
…
of the Italian Lokroi enthroned with a sceptre in his left
…
'Uber das Relief mit der Inschrift C. I. L. vi. 426 ' in the Sitzungsber. d. Akad. d. IViss,
…
no. 3 pi. 120), and a stone statuette from Frangissa in Kypros showing Ba'al-hamman
…
corn-ears at Heliopolis {stipra pp. 552, 558 f., 569, 572), grapes and a plough in Phrygia
599
On the right stands Datames himself in chiton and himdtion raising
…
1 I have to thank my friend Mr N. McLean, Lecturer in Aramaic to the University
…
2 This word is placed either in the narrow space at the back of Herakles' knee
…
2. 413 ff., G. F. Hill in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycaonia, etc. p. lxxx, Head Hist.
…
6 In the rock-carvings of Iasily Kaya near Boghaz-Keui the Hittite son-god stands on
600
6oo The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
stretches forth his right hand in what is clearly a characteristic
…
normally represented with his head full-face, not in profile : see E. Pottier ' Histoire
…
toes, and a conical fluted hat. He grasps a staff in his outstretched right hand and a
…
5 I take this gesture to be expressive of power. In the Old Testament a ' stretched
…
the pyre' etc.). Mr G. F. Hill in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycaonia, etc.
601
so in an address to the inhabitants of Tarsos1:
…
of Melcarth, the god was burned in effigy on his own pyre-.'
…
Mr G. Macdonald in the Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 548 apparently rejects the identification
…
to a proof, that a practice of burning a deity, and especially Melcarth, in effigy or in the
…
5 Ib. p. 221 pi. 37, 9, Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 555 pi. 60, 18. I figure a specimen in
602
bo2 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
on Greek or Roman money2, but both in form and in decoration so
…
(•figs. 469—474)4, in which appears a pyramid flanked by two birds or
…
the careful note of Mr G. F. Hill in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycaonia, etc. p. cxix.
603
might be suitably represented in
…
1 M. Jastrow Aspects of Religiotts Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria, New
…
5 Hieron. chron. ami. Abr. 509 Hercules cognomento Desanaus in Phoenice' clarus
…
chron. vers. Armen. (ii. 28 Scheme) Hercules in Phoenice cognoscebatur Desandas appel-
…
F. C. Movers Die Phonizier Berlin 1841 i. 460 suggested that in Synkell. loc. cit.
…
7 Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 278, and especially W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii.
604
604 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
shall see—he bears some resemblance to the Hittite son-god also. In
…
n. 1) have held that Sandas was from the first a sun-god (see O. Hdfer in Roscher Lex.
…
3 R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. 1903 i. 141 f. fig. 9 = id. Notes de mythologie syrienne
…
Cult' in the Sitzungsber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wiss. in Wien Phil.-hist. Classe 1854 xii.
…
bibliography ib. p. 396. The central scene appears to represent the union of the Hittite
…
toes. He carries a mace in his right hand and an emblem of uncertain significance
605
that symbolises lightning) in his left. The handle of a short sword is seen at his waist;
…
et en Occident Paris 1847 pi. 35, 2, H. Winckler in the Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen
606
606 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
Europe2. Finally, on another Hittite cylinder in the British
…
outside the limits of Asia. The said exception (fig. 478)7 is a
…
bundle of weapons. In the field is a star (or sun) and the Egyptian crux ansata.
…
6 K. Humann and O. Puchstein Reiscn in Kleinasien mid Nordsyrien Berlin 1890
607
the time of Hadrian to the time of Gallienus3. They are most in
…
their son, himself visited Syria in 215 A.D. Alexander Severus
…
1 Kan op. cit. p. 11 ft'., F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1276 f.
…
3 Kan op. cit. pp. 16—19, F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1276—1278.
608
608 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
other on the Aventine. A couple of marble tablets, found 'in 1734
…
a Dolocenum, which was still standing in the fourth century3, though
…
In accordance with a behest of Iupiter Dolichenus, Best and Greatest, the
…
stantisso (sic) exhibitori invicto, etc. On the epithet aeterni see F. Cumont in the Rev.
609
a solar power that he ordered the erection of a statue of Apollo in
…
1 The word proscaenium is used of a facade or porch in front of the temple (De Vit
…
2 An inscription on a statue of Apollo, now at Charlottenhof near Potsdam but doubt-
…
pater in both inscriptions means pater sacerdotuvi.
…
4 lecticari dei. This implies that the image of the god was sometimes paraded in a
610
6io The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
a curious third-century relief found at Rome near the Scala santa
…
priest beside the young sun-god with the moon and two stars in
…
1 F. Cumont in the Rev. Philol. N.S. 1902 xxvi. 8 n. 5 remarks! 'Le syncretisme
…
3 O. Marucchi in the Bull. Comm. Arch. Comun. di Roma 1886 p. 136 ff. pi. 5,
…
sace[rd(os)] | Iovis Dolich[eni] | v. s. 1. 1. [m.]. The inscription was found in the Castra
611
tively1. Two more, from Caerleon-on-Usk in Monmouthshire2 and
…
the god as a Roman soldier in full armour. He commonly, how-
…
This type occurs sometimes in the round5. For example, about
…
a Roman station in Lower Pannonia, and purchased for the Vienna
…
2 Corp. inscr. Lat. vii no. 98 = Kan op. cit: p. 90 no. 112 (on an altar found in
612
612 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
in 1891 by J. Dell at Petronell, the ancient Carnuntum in Upper
…
3 J. Dell in the Arch.-ep. Mitth. 1893 xvi. 176—187 with figs. 14—24 and pi. 1.
614
614 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
big square tiles. Three overturned altars (B, C, D in fig. 482) bore
…
in red letters with a dedication to
616
616 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
plate (fig. 487)1 represents a bearded Iupiter Dolichenus in his
…
Budapest 1873 p. 11 f. pi. 5, whence it is reproduced by A. von Domaszewski in the
…
Wieseler—Wernicke Ant. Denkm.xx. 1. 56f. pi. 5, 8, A. Jeremias in Roscher Lex. Myth.
617
to it, in a separate panel as before, are busts of the Sun with a
…
bolt in his left over a lighted altar. He stands in a small distyle
…
a palm-branch in her left hand. But the statement appears to be a
…
ing a Phrygian cap, who holds a spear in his right hand, a quartered
…
Iupiter, and in a lower register beneath this figure a goddess more
…
G. Loeschcke 'Bemerkungen zu den Weihgeschenken an Juppiter Dolichenus' in the
619
A fragment of another bronze plate, similar in character to
…
At Heddernheim in Hesse-Nassau two triangular plates of cast
…
hangs his sword in its scabbard. His right hand brandishes a
…
excellent plate given by G. Loeschcke in the Bonner Jahrbiicher 1901 cvii pi. 8. The
…
tails a rosette and a disk with curved rays respectively (R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch.
…
Hist, de VArt vi. 820 ff. fig. 398). A ' Minoan' krate"r from Arpera in Kypros belonging
620
620 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
flowers with a central spike, probably lilies. And on their helmets
…
blance to a weapon2 is strengthened by a raised rib, triangular in
…
may have stood in relation to a figure of Iupiter Dolichenus, now
…
in Campania have for their reverse type the forepart of a man-headed bull, on the
…
pp. 222—342, O. Montelius Die dlteren Kultuiperioden im Orient tind in Europa i Die
622
622 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
the Egyptian vignette in which the divine cow looks out from the
…
This belief, probably indigenous in the Mediterranean area,
…
in one hand, a thunderbolt in the other,* and on its head wore
…
a thunderbolt in his right hand and ' crowned as it were with
…
7 Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de r Art vi. 783 pi. 19, 5, Sir A. J. Evans in the Ann. Brit.
…
10 Paus. 5. 22. 5. The manuscripts in general read eTrlneiTai bk avrco /cat eVt rfj
…
The Due de Luynes in the Nouv. Ann. 1836 i. 391 compared the Talleyrand Zeus of
623
Zeus {Tinid) has an eagle-sceptre in his right hand, a winged
…
In Hellenistic times the same conception made its way into
…
found by Messrs Drosinos and Stamatakis in a complex of buildings
…
alternating with half-open lotus-buds. In view of the fact that the lily was the Greek
…
ii. 41 pap. 5 col. \\a, 26 ybvos "Afxfxwvos, KpLvdvdefxov, R. Pietschmann in Pauly—
…
pi. 2, 20, ii. 9f., Sir A.J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 107 f. fig. 4 (en-
…
pursuit of Minos by disappearing in a grove at Aigina and was thenceforth worshipped as
624
624 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
Gruppe op. cit. p. 1125 n. 3, S. Eitrem in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 398 ff.
…
The coins of Elis mentioned in notes 3 and 4 must be studied in connexion with the
…
Miinztaf. 2, 6 ff. and 14 ff., id. Gr. Tlastik4 i. 509 ff., P. Gardner in the Num. Chron.
…
species of lily. This, however, is very doubtful. A. Frickenhaus in Tiryns i. 121—125
…
(1 518—1594 a.d.) now in the National Gallery (no. 1313 : S. Reinach Rep. Peintures
…
Alexander the Great in Kos (Nik. ap. Athen. 684 e)—doubtless an allusion to his
625
Manasses, who in the middle of the twelfth century composed a
…
Its surface, as do flowers in the fields1.
…
Hermes shot rays, a blossom steeped in red;
…
Another Byzantine scholar drew up in prose a list of the seven
…
1 I do not remember to have met with this conceit in classical literature. It occurs,
…
5 Piccolomini in the Rivista di Filologia ii. 159 published the following among other
…
are by the hand of a corrector. J. Bernays in the Arch. Zeit. 1875 xxxii. 99 cites Lobeck
626
626 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
the customs and cults of the Roman Empire. In particular, there
…
'A^poSirr; xa^K°s (CP- Prokl. in Plat. Tim. i. 43, 5 ff. Diehl with schol. ad toe. i. 460,
…
avT&v (cp. Eustath. in II. p. 25, 2 ff., p. 1154, 48 ft".). A. Ludwich as an appendix to
627
K. Zangemeister and E. Gerhard. Of these, three are in the Gold
…
its inscription5 has a spear-head enclosed in a frame of lily-work.
628
628 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
raised central ribs. To the right of
…
in a distyle temple, the capitals and
…
wreath in his beak. The field of the
…
3 E. Gerhard ' Juppiter Dolichenus' in the Jahrb. d. Vereins v. Alterthumsfreund. im
629
Iupiter Dolichenus was in some sense, then, a god of precious
…
name Aurelius in his votive inscriptions1. Doubtless the imperial
630
630 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
usually interpreted of iron-mines in the neighbourhood of Doliche.
…
oriundam a Sole dictam putant, quod ei publice a populo Romano datus sit locus, in
…
(Ital. *ausoni) to the root *aues-, ' to shine,' seen in aurora etc. (Walde op. cit. p. 57).
…
p. 57 no. 60 (Pfiinz: a bronze tablet found near the camp of the first cohort of the
…
p. 26 ff. (found in 1840 A.D. at Apulum in Dacia) numini et virtutibu[s Iovis optimi
631
an effigy of the god in the baths at Carnuntum2. F. Cumont
…
them near Pharnakia, states that in his time they were called
…
silver9.' On the whole it seems clear that in Pontos, where, as
…
3 F. Cumont in the Rev. Philol. N.S. 1902 xxvi. 7 and in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.
…
5 W. Ruge in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Euc. iii. 2099 f.
…
Eustath. in II. p. 363, 12 ff., and A. Ludwich ad loc.
632
632 The Bull and the Sun in Syria
…
In any case the same geographical clue will enable us to trace
…
3 Terrestrial iron perhaps stood in some relation to celestial iron. H. R. Hall The
…
considered certain. And L. de Launay in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. ii. 1076 gives
…
ing the rare examples of iron in early Egypt and the possible sources of supply.
…
ovpavbv with Eustath. in II. p. 576, 33 ff., in Od. p. 1783, 18 ff.
…
with iron by the story of the metal-eating mice. Aristotle stated that in the island of
…
Herond. 3. 75 f., Sen. apocol. 7. 1. Since there is no iron ore in Gyaros (Pauly—
633
xxi. The Significance of the Bull in the cults of Zeus.
…
sively Egypt, Crete, Syria, and Asia Minor. Everywhere we have
…
was affiliated to Zeus6. In Crete the bull was identified with the
…
altar from Carvoran {supra p. 552 n. 3), used as a trough in a stable at Thirl wall, perhaps
…
5 Supra p. 435 n. 6. A bronze statuette of Apis from a Greek site in the Delta is in-
…
xxi. The Significance of the Bull in the cults of Zeus.
…
sively Egypt, Crete, Syria, and Asia Minor. Everywhere we have
…
was affiliated to Zeus6. In Crete the bull was identified with the
…
altar from Carvoran {supra p. 552 n. 3), used as a trough in a stable at Thirl wall, perhaps
…
5 Supra p. 435 n. 6. A bronze statuette of Apis from a Greek site in the Delta is in-
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XXI: The significance of the bull in the cults of Zeus
634
is his significance in ancient religion ? Prof. Gilbert Murray in a
…
seu medicus 10 (xiv. 706 Kiihn), Eustath. in II. pp. 259, 3 f., 527, 43 ff., 906, 60, id. in
…
Amulets combine the bull's head with the phallos in several ways (O. Jahn in the
…
barkeit in der Natur wird nun aber nach griechischer Anschauung hervorgebracht
635
shine and storm1. In Egypt it is of course the solar aspect of the
…
i.e. User-Maat-Ra (Rameses ii)12, in which the Hittite deities were
…
Wassers, bald das Feuer, das Licht und die Warme, ohne die in der ganzen Natur kein
…
12 W. Max Miiller ' Der Btindnisvertrag Ramses' II. und des Chetiterkonigs' in the
…
Ancient History of the Near East London 1913 p. 363 ff., cp. p. 333.
636
on his haunch8. In Roman times Apis travelled yet further afield.
…
plan on p. 247 and pi. 72, H. R. Hall The Ancient History of the Near East London
637
His effigy is found e.g. on coins of Amastris1 and Germanikopolis2 in
…
erection like a pediment, sometimes with a pellet or disk in it
…
in my collection. My friend Prof. E. J. Rapson kindly refers me to his Catalogue of the
638
the Hallstatt period from the famous Bycfskala Cave in Moravia
…
lost. It is a statuette of cast bronze about 100 millimeters in
…
a bridle, as in the case of Egyptian bulls. Small triangular plates
…
col. Frontisp. ( = id. in the Mittheilungen der Anthrop. Gesellschaft in Wien 1877
…
von Woldrich mit Apis in Zusammenhang gebracht worden ist,' ib. p. 130, 'welche auf
639
Moravia in the early iron age and Egypt. But it is possible that
…
of bronze and stone found mostly in eastern Gaul2.
…
lightning-god and sun-god, who in one or more of the Hittite
…
Religions Paris 1905 i. 66, 243 ff., and on the Celtic cult of bulls in general G. Dottin
…
3 A. Jeremias in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 53 f., J. Garstang op. cit. p. 291 pi. 77, 1,
…
seen by V. Plenry in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1892 v. 289 ff. Other views in Roscher Lex.
640
of them is a commonplace' in Greek mythology2. For instance,
…
this tale (C. Robert in the Winckelmannsfest-Progr. Berlin 1, 90 ff. with figs.). Cp. also
…
4 Relief on building-stone at Malatia, near the confluence of the Tochma Su with the
…
of dotted lines, D. G. Hogarth in the Ann. Arch. Anthr. 1909 ii. 180 f. pi. 41, 4).
…
is forward..., and on his feet are tip-tilted shoes. In his right hand, which is drawn
641
bronze bull, acquired by Monsieur Sorlin-Dorigny somewhere in
…
Probably we should be right in assuming at various Hittite centres
…
near Neokaisareia {Niksar) in Pontos. The find-spot was one of
…
Phanaroia, and beyond with its white peaks the hig'h mountain-chain of Asia
…
already noted near Ebimi at the sanctuary of Zeus Stratios and elsewhere too^
…
a hollow socket, and two holes pierced in the metal show that this head must
…
back, there is a triangular bow, and in his outstretched left hand he seems to hold up a
…
5 Eid. ib. p. 271 fig. The original, o*o6m in length, is now in the Musde du
642
pine-cone in his hand1, we may conclude with some assurance that this great
…
with the view that the Hittite bull-god was there first. Men in
…
no intermediary. Prof. Fick in his study of pre-Greek place-names5
…
p. 687, W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2718 f.
…
I figure a copper of Antiocheia in Pisidia, struck by
…
Mithra Bruxelles 1896 i. 233 n. 1, W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2690, 2752,
643
argues that Mount Atdbyron or Atdbyris in Rhodes and Mount
…
4. 1. 8, v. Fl. Ioseph. 37. So also in the LXX. version of Hos. 5. 1.
…
5 Yet the myth of Katreus, Althaimenes, and Apemosyne, in which ox-hides and ox-
…
disk came from the south-west coastlands of Asia Minor—'This would not exclude an
644
she supports in either hand a flowery kirtle (fig. 503)2, certainly
…
(fig. 504)3 may be compared with Hellotis in her big wreath4.
…
- W. H. Ward in M. Jastrow Bildermappe zur Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens
Plate 35
in the Idaean Cave.
645
early cult-objects in Crete1. Conspicuous among these is a bronze
…
but as a young man in the prime of life, the ' greatest Lad of
…
Zeus was a prince ripped up by a wild boar and buried in their
…
in the temenos of a primitive sanctuary11, apparently a sanctuary of
…
2 A. L. Frothingham in the Am. Jottrn. Arch. 1888 iv. 434 ff. ('the period between
…
4 F. Halbherr—P. Orsi Antichita dell' Antro di Zeus Ideo in Creta (= Museo Italiano
…
W. H. Ward in M. Jastrow Bildermappe zur Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens Giessen
…
A. Jeremias in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 786, 793, 822.
…
12 Sir Arthur Evans in the Jourri. Hell. Stud. 1912 xxxii. 279 f. : ' Some of the most
646
extant in Greek literature. We must consider their bearing on
…
will be remembered that various coins of Asia Minor showed the
…
Goddess, and in one case actually seem to have a glimpse of the "tomb" within its
647
and sat there grasping the thunderbolt, that in his efforts to escape
…
On fragrant Dikton, near the Idaean Mount,
…
eis ovpavbv; Prokl. in Plat. Crat. p. 55, 5 ff. Pasquali /cat 6 Aibvvcros < 6 > reXevraios 6eQv
…
/3acrt\?7a ri6r]p,i" [Orph. frag. 190 Abel] Xe7et irpbs rovs veovs deovs b Zeijs, id. in Plat.
648
we a right to use the term Zagreus of Zeus redivivus in Crete?
…
Lo, I am here in thy behoof
…
With bull-bound glue in its joints exact.
…
Hallowed alike in heart and hand,
…
In birth and burial have no share,
…
in line 1 I print Eupc67ras (so most MSS., Evpu>Trr]s Nauck with cod. Mon. 461), in line 2
649
in the iron age a certain sanctity still attached. The planks so
…
pis. 153, 154, and Index s.v. 'Cypress,' and F. Olck in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv.
…
'in koX vvv deiKWTCLL #e/xe\ia 'Peas oiKoireda /cat KvwapiTTuv a\<ros e/c 7ra\atou XP^V0V
…
On a lenticular gem of rock crystal actually found in the Idaean Cave ' a female
…
Nevertheless such a substance may well have had a religious value in a shrine where the
…
helpful accumulation of anthropological parallels in her Proleg. Gk. Rel.2 p. 478 ff.,
650
was slain in the form of a bull, they could devour a bull's flesh
…
the young men of the community, in whom Miss Harrison has rightly recognised the
…
the ' bull-roarer' is to my ear-—and I have heard Mr Cornford swing it in the darkness
…
(p^perai (SapvTap(3r]s strongly supports the view advanced in the text—that the sound of
…
Koptifiavres rjvpov • | /c.r.X., Eustath. in II. p. 771, 54 ff., Hesych. and Zonar. lex. s.v.
…
3 On the Kouretes as sons of Rhea see O. Immisch in Roscher lex. Myth. ii. 1597 f.,
651
the Assyrian influences manifest in our shield. From Crete it
…
ripped up by a wild boar4. The Cretan god, in fact, so closely
…
Dr Frazer after examining the traces of Adonis-worship in
…
periodically or occasionally, in their divine character____As time went on, the
…
belief in impregnation by means of fire. The use of torches in bridal processions may
…
1 This rather obvious derivation was first, I think, noted by Miss G. Davis in The
…
mighty hunter"—which Euripides may have had in mind in his phrase in the Bakchai
652
Was there anything analogous to this in the cult of the Cretan
…
to Zeus5. The statement was made in his Nostoi and, I should
…
an unpublished variety in my collection (fig. 505): the legend is NO^T MVA ?
653
connected with his home-coming. Idomeneus, caught in a storm,
…
Nostoi. In any case it chimes with the statement already quoted
…
lonian in his first book On Kyzikos remarks—" It is fabled that the birth of
…
their regular sacrifice before marriage." Neanthes of Kyzikos in his second
…
lentia,] a civibus pulsus [est] regno, etc., id. in Verg. Aen. 11. 264 Idomeneus rex
…
retur, in tempestate devovit, se sacrificaturum de re, quae ei primum occurrisset. contigit
…
2 E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 758 f. ('Aus diesem Grande ist er ins
…
Miiller)], Eustath. in II. p. 773, 14 ff. 7/ de rod Atos us dXXotws exet...Tepareverac yap els
654
in part eaten at a common feast2. Are we to suppose that in
…
may venture to press the analogy of Orphism in Thrace4. A
…
' We see a group of three principal figures. The central one is a bearded man
…
of the figure is well brought out, in spite of the general sketchiness of the
…
TLfxcicrdaL 'H-yrjaavdpos 6 Ae\<pbs Aia Wihainvao~t'f)v re /cat ljir\a'yxvOT°lJLOVi Eustath. in Od.
…
5 Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iii. 188 no. E 246, Sir Cecil Smith in the [ourn. Hell. Stud.
655
surprise at the sight of the central scene by the gesture of his left hand ; his
…
On the right a bearded personage, attired in the same way as the central
…
The dress which distinguishes the two right-hand figures is that which in
…
the like. The fact is that the word Titan, as F. Solmsen in one of
…
2 F. Solmsen in the Indogermanische Forschungen 1912 xxx. 35 n. 1 med.\ 'Tit&p
…
gefallener Athener 'Epexdrjidos I G. I 433 iii 53 heisst, in demselben Verhaltnis wie
…
A. Dieterich in the Rhein. Mus. 1893 xlviii. 280 and Miss Harrison Proleg. Gk. Rel?
656
royalty in general. It would seem, then, that the Titans who
…
If the rite thus evidenced for Thrace once existed in Crete also,
…
L. Weniger in the Archiv f. Rel. 1906 ix. 241 ff.). No ancient author connects TtraVes
…
that Romulus disappeared in a thunderstorm, mentions the "very obscure tale" that
657
such cases in mind.
…
passage in the Odyssey describes Minos as a sort of ogre2.
…
such sacrifices in time of war were not unknown (see the context in Plout. v. Felop. 21).
658
But in the Berlin fragment of Euripides' Cretans Pasiphae says
…
be the Cnossian crown-prince masquerading in a solar dance2. He
…
its rise in a grim reality and then, as civilisation increased, passed through the successive
659
phagus (?)-relief in the Villa Albani (fig. 506)1 shows portions of
…
in general and cannibalistic omophagy in particular was a half-
…
of Men," and, when it has brought forth, they tend it like a woman in child-bed.
…
In this singular rite the calf dressed in buskins was obviously the
…
in the Gaz. Arch. 1879 v. 28 f. fig., Reinach Rep. Reliefs hi. 136 no. 3.
…
proved that we have in the Albani relief merely a genre-scene, it would still remain
…
Religion' in the Journ. Rom. Stud. 1912 i. 34 ff. for the Roman.
…
rently based on the ritual of Dionysos 'tip-ddios in the same island (supra p. 656). The verb
660
case, and that in Tenedos Dionysos was worshipped in the form of
…
Dionysos or Zagreus done to death in bovine shape, we can hardly
…
elvai TroXixviov Upaaov, ottov to tov AiKrcdov Aids iepbv. See R. S. Conway in the Ann.
…
ib. 1904—1905 xi. 304 f., R. M. Burrows The Discoveries in Crete London 1907 p. 151 ff.
…
4 E. Babelon in the Rev. Num. iii Serie 1885 hi. 16J pi. 8, 8 (Paris), J. N. Svoronos
661
in the sacred tree2. Not unnaturally, therefore, when in the service
…
a systematic account with full details, that you may realise how in these profane
…
royal rewards and gifts, and next stationed her minions called Titans in the
…
tree-stump (?) with a caduceus in his right hand and a petasos hanging from his shoulders.
662
after torturing them in various ways. Indeed, to avenge his son, he had
…
of his son moulded in gypsum, and placed the boy's heart, by means of which
…
the basket in which the sister had concealed and hidden the heart. With the
…
apotheosised kings in no small measure upon Cretan tradition1.
…
pillar covered with records in a script resembling Egyptian hiero-
…
1 In the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 406 and in Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 304 I suggested that
663
Euhemerism apart, we note three points in Firmicus' account
…
for every year one might see the Cretans ' performing in order
…
thou livest, and standest ; for in thee we live and move, and have our being2.'
…
sed per insaniam crederetur: praefertur cista, in qua cor soror latenter absconderat,
…
their enemies, and the Athenians retreated from them in defeat; then a certain Daimon
…
Of the Unknown and Hidden God: wishing, in fact, to say this, that though there is a
…
11 In Him we live and move and have our being: and, as certain also of your own sages have
…
son of Zeus, made a panegyric over his father, and in it he said:
…
For in thee we live and move and have our being.
664
point and purpose of the Cretan cult. In early days the child that
…
whom they worshipped. Such a belief, though primitive in its
…
markets, and seas, and havens are filled with His name; and also in every place, all men
…
yaarepes dpyai, cited by Paul in Tit. 1. 12, came from the prooimion of Epimenides'
…
restore the original text in some such form as the following: croi fxev ereKT-qvavro rdcpou,
665
born as a babe in Crete.
…
goats in like manner5. And such was the type of Maenad idealised
…
goes on to describe the birth and rearing of Zeus in Crete.
…
3 Supra pp. 112 n. 3, 150, 529 n. 4. See further G. Wentzel in Pauly—Wissowa
666
were the Lenaia in Gamelion (January to February) and the City
…
corresponding with Gamelion in the calendar of all the other Ionic
…
mittemus immania {inania codd.) quibus nomen Omophagiis Graecum est, in quibus
…
1 Overbeck Schriftquellen p. 223 ff. no. 1162, G. Treu in the Melanges Perrot Paris
…
4 This is the fact which {pace Prof. U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff in Hermes 1886
…
A. Frickenhaus in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1912 xxvii. 82 f.
667
theatre was built1. The said contests doubtless took place in the
…
somewhere in the valley between the Areios Pagos and the Pnyx, near to the spot where
…
3 O. Ribbeck Anftinge ttnd Entwickelung des Dionysoscidtus in Attika Kiel 1869
…
k.t.X. , G. Hirschfeld The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Musetim
…
A-^at r/ Bd/c%at. A-qva is found twice as a woman's name on early funeral stelai in the
…
Sic. It. no. 2414, 39 on a tessera in the British Museum, no. 2447 on a marble stile
668
lends led the populace in ancient times, as it has led the learned in
…
it shall come to the festival and any women dwelling in Mykonos that have
…
'EttlXtivcuos (W. Judeich in the Altertiimer von Hierapolis {Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch.
…
p. 564, 4 and et. Gud. p. 368, 12 Xrjvis, o"r)/j.aivei rr\v ^clkxvv' f.r.X., Eustath. in II. p. 629,
669
At Mykonos, then, in the first century B.C. the full Lenaean festival
…
were perhaps worn by them as by Pythagoras in the Idaean Cave5.
…
and Dionysos, figure in the Athenian Lenaia. The old scholiast
…
2 Inscr. Gr. ins. vii no. 76 (Arkesine in Amorgos, s. iv B.C.) Arj/jLrjrpi Kopyi j Ad
670
What happened in answer to this evocation, we are not told. But
…
the child has a cornii copiae in his left hand3. How the cave or
…
Hermes of Kephisodotos the Hermes of Praxiteles was near akin.
…
2 Cp. O. Jessen in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 668: 'naher liegt die Annahme, die
…
She says {Themis p. 418 f.): 'We have a great mound of earth artificially covered in
…
I see no tortoise or grave-mound or omphalds, nothing in fact but a would-be cavern.
671
It would seem, in fact, that the Lenaean festival made important
…
still consists of Maenads3. In one case the pillar is not decked
…
pillar decked, and his table spread8. In the absence of a definite
…
pp. 1—40 with figs, in text and 5 pis.
…
6 M. Mayer in the Ath. Mitth. 1892 xvii. 265—270 and 4461".
…
wie sie Aristophanes in den Acharnern schildert, konnen nichts mit unseren Vasen zu tun
…
Within the last few months E. Petersen ' Lenaen oder Anthesterien' in the Rhein. Mus.
672
long since maintained that in the table, which on the same vases
…
rhetorical passage in which Clement of Alexandreia3 contrasts the
…
beyond measure in their Bacchic rite, and along with. their Satyrs, their mad
…
dressed-up pillar in the old Dionysion ev M^vcus. But the arguments adduced in support
673
annotating the verb lena'isontas and in his very next sentence
…
And the whole context in Clement leads us to conclude that this
…
who took part in this sacrament thereby renewed their own vitality.
…
the 'Bull-eater' {Taurophdgosy. I submit that in early days the
…
7 Paus. 8. 54. 5 a sanctuary of Dionysos Mvot^s in the oak-clad district of Korytheis
674
statement of Hesychios that in Lakonike Dionysos was worshipped
…
to Ino and Athamas, that they might rear it as a girl. Hera in anger
…
Apollodoros. And this tale in particular, though not written down
…
and the site of the new, city. Not improbably kids were killed in the cult of the
…
4 Apollod. 3. 4. 3, schol. Pind. Isthm. argum. 1 and 3, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 229. Cp.
…
6 At Brasiai in the territory of the Eleutherolakones Ino nursed Dionysos in a cave
675
and embedded in this context of archaic rites, the statement of
…
Recent research is in fact tending towards the conclusion that he
…
In the tale told by Apollodoros we detected certain remnants
…
actually pretended to be seethed like him in a caldron. This may
…
some trace of the fact in Orphic formularies. Now A. Dieterich9
…
4 See the careful and critical summary in Gruppe Myth. Lit. 1908 pp. 171 —185.
676
hexameters, in which the Orphic votary claims a happy entrance
…
or ErzpJiios and explained as a solemn pass-word, in which the
…
in milk, but often abstain from the luxury because they fancy that
677
boiled him in milk with a view to his being born again. The
…
Feste d. Stadt At hen p. 449 refers the TaXa^ta to Elaphebolion on the ground that in the
…
cave in the Palatine Hill, and sacrificed goats (Plout. v. Rom. 21, Ov. fast. 2. 445 cp.
…
2. 2. 9, interp. Serv. in \rerg. Aen. 8. 343, Nikol. Damask, frag. 101, 21 {Frag. hist. Gr.
…
(Paul, ex Fest. p. 48 Muller, p. 42 Lindsay, Isid. orig. 12. 1. 15 : see S. Bugge in the
…
wipe off the blood, applying wool steeped in milk. After this wiping the young men are
678
us how kings used to be inaugurated in Tirconnell, now the county
…
in itself may be related by pure lips in decent words. There is, then, in the
…
being immediately killed, and cut in pieces and boiled, a bath is prepared for
…
Experience of the Roman People London 1911 p. 478 ff., J. A. Hild in Daremberg—Saglio
679
dealt with the same theme in his Xantriai*, as did Euripides in his
…
passion would be told of others beside Pentheus, who in this or
…
Palaimon, once boiled in a caldron by Leukothea and later
…
3 A. G. Bather 'The Problem of the Bacchae' in the Jotirn. Hell. Stud. 1894 xiv.
…
14 F. M. Cornford in J. E. Harrison Themis Cambridge 1912 p. 243 ff.
680
easy to suffering heroes in general—Hippolytos dragged to death
…
similar, or at least analogous, conclusion. In a lucid and closely-
…
a theophdneia or ' epiphany in glory.' Following a clue put into
…
this, I think, he has succeeded in proving.
…
2 Printed as an excursus in Miss Harrison's Themis Cambridge 1912 pp. 341—363.
…
4 Prof. Murray writes to me (July 6, 1913): 'I want to put in a word of explanation
…
called Vegetation Spirits or Year-Daemons. Tragedy, while in official cult specially be-
681
I should have found myself in complete accordance with his view.
…
began on Elaphebolion 9 and in the fifth century was over by
…
1 J. Girard in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. ii. 243, O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa
…
4 AiOvpa^os has a suffix found in other words denoting dance and song—tafxfios,
…
to yevos and tt)s QpaKiKrjs 'Id/m/Hqs, cp. Proklos in R. Westphal Metrici scriptores Graeei
…
p. 274, 45 ff., schol. Ap. Rhod. 4. 1131, alib.), the last the name of a dance used in his
…
that in the same region *Aeldvpos denoted ' Zeus the Begetter' (dopos, dopr], dbpvvixai,
682
of their child Dionysos1. His life-history, in which I would re-
…
be cured till, both privately and publicly, they made phalloi in his
…
Finally, I shquld surmise that in dpiafi(3os we have the weakest grade of the same
…
Further evidence tending to show that the City Dionysia culminated in the union of
…
anderen Schauspieltage als die der Lenaen, denen mithin samtliche in Athen zur
…
City Dionysia as his festival took place in the sixth century and were the work of
…
no. 72 A 11 ff. (in a decree concerning the colony of Brea, not much earlier than 443/2 b.c.)
683
may be found in a curious but little-noticed fact2. At the Lenaia
…
Corp. inscr. Att. ii. i no. 321 b, 7 (in a decree of 278/7 B.C., which apparently refers to a
…
3 See the law of Euegoros cited by Dem. in Mid. 10 ~Evr)yopos elirev orav 77 ivofj.ivrj
…
ot Kw/xcpdol /cat ot rpaywdoi, k.t.X. Comedies precede tragedies also in the official lists of
…
spoken of in order of performance, rather than in order of relative importance.' But since
…
inscribed records, in which e.g. the name of Magnes precedes the name of Aischylos on
…
dies were performed after the tragedies.' But, noting that this passage stands near the
…
and therefore able to fly off home, get his bit of dinner, and be back in time for the next
684
of the Anthesteria as ' the older Dionysia1,' presumably in com-
…
terion 123, the one day in the year on which 'the oldest and holiest
…
for forming a reasonable guess. Beside the altar in the sanctuary
…
ventured to touch ' the holy things9.' In view of the ascertained
…
performance of a phallic rite11. This conjecture is in general agree-
…
4 Dem. c. Neaer. 76. The temple in question was probably identical with the small
…
polis accords well with the account given by Thouk. 2. 15 of the temple in the Marshes.
…
8 The evidence is collected by P. Stengel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 1232 f.
…
hair looped up with fillet, leans forward to r., holding in her 1. a rectangular box; with
686
with man; and I perform in Dionysos' honour the Theognia and the Iobakcheia
…
in Anthesterion, since at Astypalaia this month was called Iobak-
…
with the Lenaia6. In any case we are left with the curious problem
…
by A. Mommsen Heortologie Leipzig 1864 p. 359 n. 2 and by E. Petersen in the Rhein.
…
4 S. Wide in die Ath. Mitth. 1894 xix. 248 ff., especially p. 280.
…
It is possible that this torch-light procession stood in some relation to the marriage of
…
in question the date usually assigned to the marriage, and has even {ib. n. r) been
687
right in my contention that Dionysos as yet was not. Let us
…
panspermia boiled in a pot (ckytros), which gave its name to the
…
as held on that concluding day7. The contests in question were
…
KupydoL are ' those who sing in the /cw^os' (L. Meyer Handb. d. gr. Etyni. ii. 345,
688
compete in the theatre on the day of the Chytroi and that the
…
brilliant shows of the City Dionysia, but restored in the fourth
…
' The story goes that he rebuked the Athenians for the way in which they
…
of Dionysos and so furnished the original core of tragedy. In
…
that Dikaiopolis, who in Aristophanes' Acharnians conducts a
689
his play in 425 B.C. comedy had already invaded not only the
…
this festival2. Secondly, I would point out that in Aristophanes'
…
It may even be that in Xanthias attacked by the Acharnians, the
…
1 The 'AcrKcoXiaa/xos, in which the competitors balanced themselves on an inflated
…
5 Dr L. R. Farnell in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1909 xxix p. xlvii and in his Cults of Gk.
…
Dionysos) presupposes ' an old Thrako-Greek mummers' play in which a divine figure
690
may be conveniently set forth in tabular form. It appears that
…
mysteries of Dionysos3, who in many places had trieteric rites4.
…
covered figure in the phallophoria [Athen. 622 d] appears to have been comic, and this
…
Dionysien' see O. Kern in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1021 f.
…
4 Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 956, W. Quandt De Baccho ab Alexandri aetate in Asia
…
land-cultivation which is frequent, in early society owing to the backwardness of the
…
5 I cannot share the odd view advanced by A. Fick Hatliden und Danubier in
692
the passion of the god1. Presumably, then, in Attike, where
…
Once in every period of eight years the intercalary month was
…
trieteric rites) in successive months. The date of the City Dionysia
…
Dr Frazer in his Golden Bough*: The Dying God pp. 58—92 and by me in the Class.
…
6 Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 54 n. 11 ff., p. 1167 f., p. 1435 n. 2, E. Pottier in
693
he was recognised at least as an adventitious deity in the mystic
…
and finally that at the Haloia in Poseideon Zeus himself gave birth
…
festivals in Italy4. But it will be more in point to observe that
…
Apolline!), in a consistent Dionysiac Jahreskreis. It is a pity that a scholar who has
…
4 We must not here be drawn into a discussion of the Roman calendar. But in
…
and in many parts of Italy, including Rome, Liber was served with phallic rites pro
…
The Saturnalia too stood in obvious relation to semina. In view of the fact that our
…
It is usually supposed that the gap was filled up by Hermolaus Barbarus in the fifteenth
694
the suggested origin of tragedy in the Lenaean rite1 is borne out
…
R. M. Dawkins3, J. C. Lawson4, and A. J. B. Wace5, mostly occur in
…
year, the same idea is present in all. In every instance there is a death and
…
somewhat as follows. The old woman first appears nursing her baby in her
…
paralleled by the satyric drama that followed a trilogy. Also, in view of the
…
3 R. M. Dawkins 'The modern Carnival in Thrace and the Cult of Dionysus' in the
…
5 A. J. B. Wace ' North Greek Festivals and the Worship of Dionysos' in the Ann.
695
elements that we detected in the Zagreus-cult of the Cretans1,
…
from place to place. In Crete, where this religion appears as a
…
a child actually dismembered and eaten'. In Crete the human
…
The Athenians of the fourth century, sitting on cushions in their
…
dyvd (Orph. h. Sem. 44. 9). In Hesych. Se^AT?* Tpdirefa. irapd dk Qpvvlxv eopT-q
697
in the British Museum (c. 440—400 B.C.) gives the name Silenos
…
with volutes in the Jatta collection has again a figure with equine
…
p. 4 ff. pi. 55, Kretschmer op. cit. p. 132, C Frankel op. cit. pp. 72, 98 f., A. Legrand in
…
i. 122, E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1844 xvi. 200 ff., Mon. d. Inst, iv pi. 10, Kretschmer
…
p. 3 ff. with pi., L. Deubner in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 21171". fig. 8, F. Hauser in
…
' Zur Herkunft des Wortes Silen' in the Sertum Philologicum Carolo Ferdinando
…
Hengste,' and *<rl\dvos. He finds a nearly related word in icfjkwv, 'a stallion' (used of
…
T<7L\nroijpd(.(riiia. But P. Kretschmer in Glotta 1910 ii. 398, ib. 1913 iv. 351 ff. prefers to
…
even the noneolae of a goat. It is wearing both a head-band and an ivy-wreath. In
698
gr. dipint. Bologna p. 216 no. 491, E. Brizio in the Bull. d. Inst. 1872 p. 112 no. 86,
…
• (5) Fragment of a red-figured skyphos of c. 450 B.C. now in the possession of
…
(6) Red-figured askSs of c. 450 B.C. in the British Museum {Brit. Mus. Cat. leases
…
(7) Red-figured jug of c. 450 B.C. now in the possession of Commendatore Galeozzo
…
(8) Red-figured krater of c. 440 B.C. in the Albertinum at Dresden (P. Herrmann in
…
(9) Red-figured skyphos of c. 440 B.C. in the Albertinum at Dresden (P. Hartwig
…
(10) Red-figured skyphos of c. 450 B.C. from Vico Equense in the Bourguignon
…
(11) Red-figured krater of c. 450 B.C. from Falerii, now at Berlin (L. Bloch in
…
(12) Red-figured krater of c. 450 B.C. from Altemura in the British Museum
699
Now these situations recall certain scenes in the carnival-plays
…
Scene in: she hands over her child to Hermes, who acts as its
…
which is attached an erect phallos and a goat's tail, and shoes (?) in the form of goat's
…
(Mon. d. Inst, iv pi. 34, E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1846 xviii. 2388"., Lenormant—
…
(14) Red-figured krater found at Chiusi in 1854 [Arch. Zeit. 1855 xiii. Anz. p. 6*)
…
(15) Black-figured kyHx from Tanagra, not earlier than c. 450 B.C., now in the
700
in the goatish figures of the vases we should recognise the Satyrs
…
in the British Museum (pi. xxxviii)1, which shows a goat-chorus
…
2 Pratinas of Phlious, who irpwros eypa^e Sarupous (Souid. s.v. Uparbas), in a
…
chips in the rim. The shape is early, the body being broad and heavy, the base taper-
…
stool-like platform on which stands a silen in the attitude known as the oklasma. He
…
ably, a choregos A. B. O] dressed in a long, sleeved chiton and himation above. He is
…
The vase, now in the Hope Collection and hitherto unpublished, would date from
…
drame satyrique ?'), M. Bieber in the Ath. Mitth. 1911 xxxvi. 269 ff. pis. 13, if.,
701
representing preparations for a Satyr-play1. In this group the
…
4 Heydemann Vasensamml. Neapel p. 546 ff. no. 3240, J. de Witte in the Ann. d.
…
deep black and rather metallic in appearance. The shape shows the middle development
…
loin-cloths, into which are fixed large phalloi. The actor on the right being in profile,
…
attitude. The other two stand in easy attitudes, holding their masks in their hand. On
…
In style it is considerably under Attic influence and is descended directly from the class
…
in the Hope Collection.
702
in most cases wearing a shaggy skin, presumably a goat-skin, round
…
6 UpofXTjOevs " 77x270s yeveiov apa irevdrjaeis <rv ye;" Eustath. in II. p. 415, 6 ff . /cat to
…
first might be explained as a case of abbreviated comparison (see P. Shorey in Class.
…
3 G. Korte in E. Bethe Prolegomena zur Geschichte des Theaters im Alterthum
…
6 E. Reisch ' Zur Vorgeschichte der attischen Tragodie' in the Festschrift Theodor
…
no. 690, p. 495 ff. no. 3218, cp. H. Schrader in the Ath. Mitth. 1896 xxi. 275 ff.).
703
in south Europe. On August 12, 1908, Monsieur P. Bourrinet
…
as goats—chamois, to judge from their horns,—and engaged in
…
in the skins of goats (figs. 513, 515, 516)4. I pointed out then
…
de commandement' etc. in the Revue de VEcole d' Anthropologic de Paris 1909 xix. 62—79
…
3 For parallels see in priniis E. Cartailhac et l'abbe H. Breuil La Caverne cfAlta-
…
Fig. 513 is a lenticular seal .of serpentine from Crete in the Pauvert de la Chapelle
704
I suggested that the ritual thus found in the cult of Dionysos
…
or the like3. Further, if in a certain district the said power was
…
Fig. 516 is a lenticular seal of green porphyry from Crete now in the British Museum
…
combined with the forepart of a goat and the forepart of a bull; two pellets in the field.
…
2 Fig. 514 is a lenticular seal of green porphyry in the Story Maskelyne collection
…
mostly found in central Greece (the Theban Kabeirion, Tanagra, Ilalai, etc.), which
705
have in point of fact found the Satyrs or goatish dancers of the
…
round a trdgos*. These facts suggest that the tragic chorus in
…
primitive goat-dances that had subsisted in south Europe from
…
Museum at Athens (F. Hiller von Gaertringen and H. Lattermann in the Abh. d. berl.
706
A fragmentary kylix of red-figured technique, painted in the
…
god Azizos (O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1531, Sir W. M. Ramsay The Cities
…
conceived as morning- and evening-star (F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. ii.
…
5 First published in the Jahi-b. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1891 vi. 43 pi. 1 by
707
denoting a sacred grove. Foremost in the procession marches
…
publish the principal group in its reconstituted form and so to anticipate the final
…
iv. 218 pi. 2, B. Graef in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1891 vi. 46 f. with fig.,
…
a folding-stool beside a pillar, with a spray of ivy in her left hand, a stephdne on her
…
importance of this vase as a link in my argument.
708
restoration of the missing parts in accordance with what I hold
…
1 F. Matz in the Ann. d. Inst. 1870 xlii. 97—106, Mon. d. Inst, ix pi. 16 (careless),
…
4 So e.g. on two reliefs in the Louvre ((1) Clarac Mus. de Sculpt, pi. 200 fig. 26,
709
into Attike. He stands, a comely youth dressed in chiton,
…
bunch in the other. The old Attic hero is attended by his hound
…
draped in a Doric peplos, who pulls forward an ample veil with
…
1 F. Matz loc. <:it., followed in the main by J. R. Wheeler toe. cit., held that the
…
came from a thymele erected in the orchestra of the theatre, for the performance of such
…
in spite of Svoronos' long and learned advocacy, is still highly problematic.
710
exceptional beauty, to be set up again in some rich man's house.
…
sceptre in her right hand, while the latter with crossed legs held
…
see Dionysos finally installed in his own theatre. He sits in an
…
Theseus, the embodiment of the Athenian people assembled in
711
are reminiscent of half-forgotten sanctities. In short, the whole
…
statement of Gellius7 that in his temple between the Arx and
…
Dionysos Anthroporrhaistes, to whom a calf dressed in buskins
…
7 Gell. 5. 12. 11 f. simulacrum igitur dei Vediovis, quod est in aede.de qua supra
…
goddess, concealed the maiden in the temple and sacrificed a she-goat dressed in her
712
numismatists in general. It is called in question by H. Jordan in the Commentationes
…
176, Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 200, A. Kliigmann loc. cit., H. Montagu in the
…
38, 8. The reverse has Minerva in a galloping quadriga.
713
however, put much faith in the accuracy of the die-sinker; for he
…
Indeed few facts in the religious history
…
a tree and is adorned with festoons and an eagle in relief. A coin
…
men, now in my collection, of the Laconian tetradrachm with
…
Munztaf. 1, 14—16, K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-
…
2 To the examples collected by L. Stephani in the Compte-renolu St. Pet. 1863
…
Cohen Monn. emp. rom!1 v. 381 no. 380. Other coins of Gallienus in base silver show
714
of these designs, a fond hope that the prince in question would
…
infant (who?) is seen between the forelegs of the same goat: in front, an eagle; above,
…
nos. 26—28, 29 fig., 30—32. I figure a specimen in my collection.
…
iv. 138 ('in via Appia, non procul ab Hippodromo castrensi') bonae»spei | avg«vot |
…
5 Cp. also a coin of Gallienus in base silver, which shows the infant seated on a goat
…
dargestellt in den Kunstdenkmalern des Alterthums Berlin 1808 pis. 7, 8, 9, 10 and the
715
child's head wreathed in vine-leaves and grapes (fig. 532) are
…
bust of him carried in procession at the ludi Circenses, and his
…
a droite voile et couronne de roseaux. (Annius Verus?).' I figure a specimen in my
…
4 Ant. Skulpt. Berlin p. 61 no. 134 fig., E. Gerhard in the Arch. Zeit. 1851 ix.
…
6 The bull-connexion had in fact never been wholly dropped (F. T. Welcker in the
…
ii. i no. 468, 11 f. 94/93 B.C.). At the Dionysia in the Peiraieus too in 334/3 B.C. oxen
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XXII: Animals sacrificed to Zeus
717
which, at least in classical times, partly determined the choice4.
…
reason why both ram and bull were associated with sky-gods in
…
22. 334 ff., Hes. theog. 535 ff-, Dem. in Mid. 53, Cougny Anth. Pal. Append. 6. 214.
…
(Meineke cj. Qrjfia'iKois)), as L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pe~t. 1869 p. 116
718
essential feature of the personification in the RV. is in fact his paternity. In a few
…
with the following translation of, and commentary on, the passages in question :—■
…
From the speckled cow and from the bull l'ich in seed
…
Do thou the bull, with bulls in thy chariot, O fair-lipped one,
…
in chariots with strong wheels, O ye Maruts,
…
it has or has not the further specific idea of "bull." It is applied to gods, in this
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (h): The sun as a bronze man
719
i. Talos in Crete.
…
to put in there, Talos observed them and flung stones at them9.
…
I cannot find any other passages in which Dyaus is likened to a bull. I should have
…
2 Spenser in The Faery Queen naturally makes Sir Artegall's Talus an ' iron man'
…
6 Schol. Od. 20. 302, Eustath. in Od. p. 1893, 9, Ap. Rhod. 4. 1641.
…
8 Apollod. 1. 9. 26, Zenob. 5. 85. Plat. Minos 320 C, in a rationalising passage,
720
Talos in Crete
…
Silver coins of Phaistos, struck in the fourth century B.C.,
…
(fig. 536)5 is noticeable: the stones in either case may represent
…
pi. 23, 40. The legend at the feet of Talos in the specimen figured is T A A fl(N).
…
p. 64 pi. 16, 6, Hunter Cat. Coins ii. [94. Fig. 535 is from a specimen in my collection.
…
the stars. The hound he caused to guard the holy place (to lepov) in Crete. Pandareos,
…
by W. H. Roscher in his Lex. Myth. iii. 15026°. See also P. Perdrizet in the Bull.
721
Talos in Sardinia
…
A magnificent krater with volute-handles, found in the nekro-
…
shrinking back in alarm from the central scene, springs up the
…
falls backwards in a swoon. The nymph Krete flees in terror
…
to his breast, and slew them gaping8. Both versions agree in
…
1 See W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2751 n., and cp. supra pp. 493 ff., 524.
722
Talos in Sardinia
…
the Phoenicians in general and the Carthaginians in particular
…
bronze furnace. In the embrace of this statue the child perished
…
Minotaur8 suggests that in process of time he had become bull-
…
in Od. p. 1893, 15 ff., Zenob. 5. 85, schol. Plat. rep. 337 A, cp. Tzetz. ad Hes. o.d. 59
…
5 M. Mayer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1504^
723
Excavations now in progress beneath the ancient church of
…
bull worship, as there is a ponderous statue in basalt of a male
…
It is tempting to explain certain traits in the myth of Talos
…
recalls the cire peirdue method of hollow-casting in bronze, a pro-
…
op. fit. p. 78 f. ' Doctissimi Pauli Fagij verba de Moloch, in Chaldseam paraphrasin
…
saltabant interim quo pueri (leg. puer) in idolo succenso igne cremabatur, percutientes
…
urbem Hierosolymorum, quemadmodum idola alia, sed extra urbem. Imago fuit in
…
for casting, just as they were abandoned...in the transition period between the ages of
…
und R'dmem Leipzig 1887 iv. 2856°., 325 ft"., id. in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 607 ff.,
724
satisfied him in every detail. The whole was next covered with
…
left in the exterior. Bronze rods half an inch square in section
…
with minute accuracy. In this technical process the hollow from
…
various advances in the mechanical arts. It was he who invented
…
Uaremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 1019 n. 17, Forrer Reallex. p. 115, H. B. Walters in the
…
Graeco-Phoenician stdmnos from Tamassos {c. s. ix B.C.) in the British Museum {Brit.
…
3 Diod. 4. 76, Ov. met. 8. 247 ff., Hyg. fab. 274, Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 143, Serv.
…
It is mentioned first in //. 18. 600 f.
725
consisting in a rotatory disk was naturally attributed to one who,
…
the Athenian Talos stood in some relation to the snake. For
…
2 Interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 6. 14 ah illo et usum serrae de osse interiore piscis et
…
Babylonian art likewise shows the sun-god with saw in hand (I. Low in Or. Lit. 1912
…
1. 492 f., Ov. met. 8. 250 f., Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 143) is more precise. Hyg. fab. 39
726
folk-etymology of some sort. Now in northern India a snake is,
…
Talos was in any sense a snake, he might be euphemistically
…
to the ground, the youth was in mid air changed by Athena
…
Greeks as early as the fifth century B.C.; for it occurs in a play
…
a partridge was probably popular in Periclean Athens. For a
…
p. 21 into KdAw aocpias irepi a-ywvL^bjj.evov and by O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii.
…
;i So Hyg. fab. 39, 244, 274, Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 143, Serv. in Verg. Aen. 6. 14,
…
Talos is Perdix in Apollod. 3. 15. 9 (R. Wagner, after Heyne, brackets the name as a
…
avaipeOfrra Hepdiica dvai rouvofia. In the Sophoclean verse S. Mekler cj. KXeivoiai
…
8 See O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 1950, W. Judeich Topographie von Athen
…
!l L. Mercklin ' Die Talos-Sage und das sardonische Lachen' in the Memoires de
727
discouraged by this accident, Athena appeared to him in a dream
…
in a dream and prescribed the herb perdicium, the ' partridge-
…
bird-metamorphoses in general I have elsewhere said my say4.
…
(Plin. nat. hist. 34. 81) : on existing copies see M. Mayer in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch.
…
Daidalos burying his son Ikaros. In 237 garrula ramosa prospexit ab ilice perdix (so the
…
5 Aristot. in the passages cited by H. Bonitz Index Arislotelicus Berolini 1870
…
Selene : see W. H. Roscher Uber Selene und Vertvandtes Leipzig 1890 p. 97 ff. and in
728
Latin mvthographers-. Perdix, the inventor of the saw, fell in
…
nificance in the fact that her lover bore the name of a bird,
…
Talos the 'Sun'!) was in Crete identified with Zeus. A
…
3 Fulgent, myth. 3. 2 Fenestella in Archaicis and Myth. Vat. 2. 130 Fenestella
729
in Crete1.' And that this gloss is trustworthy appears from
…
Olous was set up3, as was also a decree in honour of a certain
…
a sceptre in his left (fig. S37Y- Perhaps the same deity was
…
Inschr. iii. 2. 239 ff. no. 4952 A 14 ff. The inscription was found in 1854 011 a
…
second half of the second century B.C., was found at Delos (T. Homolle in the Bull.
730
As in Crete, so in Lakonia, Talos the sun-god came to be
…
§ 7. Zeus in relation to the Moon.
…
sky stood in any special relation to the second of the celestial
…
7 F. Dummler in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2616 ff.
…
Aquileia in 1830 Au 0ctX^ | Tt TouXios | Mafxeprcvos | dveOrjKep). For the interchange
…
dialectes doj-iens Paris 1891 p. 92, who adds av\Tiv for avdis in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.-
…
conception survived in the Phrygian moon-god Mrjv (on whom see W. Drexler's
…
As in Crete, so in Lakonia, Talos the sun-god came to be
…
§ 7. Zeus in relation to the Moon.
…
sky stood in any special relation to the second of the celestial
…
7 F. Dummler in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2616 ff.
…
Aquileia in 1830 Au 0ctX^ | Tt TouXios | Mafxeprcvos | dveOrjKep). For the interchange
…
dialectes doj-iens Paris 1891 p. 92, who adds av\Tiv for avdis in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.-
…
conception survived in the Phrygian moon-god Mrjv (on whom see W. Drexler's
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 7: Zeus in relation to the moon
731
sceptre in his left hand, an eight-rayed star, possibly meant for
…
grave in Crete ; his epithets Yiavbirr-qs, 'Aarepios, Xpv&awp, "EittS^los, \vKaios ; his con-
732
When Zeus appears in conjunction with the god Men, as in
…
With her once Kronos' son in love lay locked,
…
Coins iii. 99 f. pi. 69, 18 f., Head Hist, num.2 p. 770. Fig. 538 is from a specimen in
…
symp. 3. to. 3, quaestt. not. 24, de fac. in orb. lun. 25, cp. Macrob. Sat. 7. 16. 31,
…
9 W. H. Roscher Tiber Selene und Verzvandtes Leipzig 1890 p. 100 and in his Lex.
733
love-tales told about him and already in part discussed by us.
…
2 E. Cahen loc. cit. Another extension of Ata is to be seen in Atdcria : the simple
…
offering was made At Noo-c'y, i.e. Norty, cp. Zeus 'TeVios (A. Rehm in Milet iii. 162 ff.,
…
Selene und Verwandtes Leipzig 1890 pp. 8 f., 100 f. and in his Lex. Myth. ii. 3172 f.
734
In the Homeric Nekyia™ Odysseus interviews the shades of
…
Asopos' daughter, who in truth did boast
…
In Euripides' Antiope Amphion says to his mother:
…
3 W. H. Roscher Uber Selene und Verwandtes Leipzig 1890 pp. 132, 138 f. and in
…
12 Od. 11. 260 ft. The passage is paraphrased and expanded in Ap. Rhod. 1. 735—741.
735
The story was localised in Boiotia2 and took on a Dionysiac
…
in II. p. 265, 5, Herodian. i. 300 Lentz, Steph. Byz. s.v. 'TpLa). Her father Nykteus
…
Dion. 7. 123, 16- 242 f., Myth. Vat. i. 204, Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 9. 423, schol. Ap.
…
two only have been rightly so interpreted, viz. an Etruscan mirror of late style in the
736
suggests rather that he courted Antiope in the shape of an ordi-
…
in the oracles of Bakis :
…
The tomb of Phokos comes in as something of a surprise. We
…
son of Ornytion, son of Sisyphos, fell in with her, healed and married her.
…
the right. Finally it may be noted that a painting by Correggio in the Louvre (no. 1118)
…
3 Paus. 9. 17. 6. At a place in Daulis called Tronis there was a shrine of the hero
737
At Sikyon the story of Antiope was told in a different way3.
…
Thereupon the Thebans sallied out to fight him. In the fight
…
3 Paus. 2. 6. 1 ff. Variants in Apollod. 3. 5. 5, schol. Ap. Rhod. 4. 1090, Hyg. fab.
…
7 J. Escher-Biirkli in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 245.
…
The god-like, having met in wedlock's bond
738
in the sign of Taurus1. Her partner at Sikyon was Epopeus,
…
4 Eumel. frag. 2 Kinkel ap. schol. Pind. 01. 13. 74, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 174, schol.
…
9 W. H. Roscher Uber Selene und Verwandtes Leipzig 1890 p. 146 ff. and in his
…
Schrifi uber Selene und Verwaitdtes Leipzig 1895 p. 21, id. in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii.
…
12 Supra p. 65. S. Eitrem 'Die gottlichen Zwillinge bei den Griechen' in the
739
may have stood in some relation to stars. And, if so, we obtain
…
by half a dozen different names in Greece, is by no means sur-'
…
Nor was there, except perhaps with Antiope and Europe in
…
It occurs in Crete and in the eastern half of central Greece, but
…
There is in them a decided tendency towards representing Zeus
740
Zeus was the bull that had connexion with Pasiphae in her
…
§ 8. Zeus in relation to the Stars.
…
brightness did not often find definite expression in cult, literature,
…
but in the Hellenistic age would doubtless be understood as ' god
…
3 If I am right in my surmise stipra p. 539 ff.
…
6 Supra p. 545 ff. K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal-Enc. ii. 1786 argues from
…
Zeus was the bull that had connexion with Pasiphae in her
…
§ 8. Zeus in relation to the Stars.
…
brightness did not often find definite expression in cult, literature,
…
but in the Hellenistic age would doubtless be understood as ' god
…
3 If I am right in my surmise stipra p. 539 ff.
…
6 Supra p. 545 ff. K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal-Enc. ii. 1786 argues from
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 8: Zeus in relation to the stars
741
as their reverse Zeus standing with corn-ears in his
…
Finally, stars played an important part in the cult of Zeus Oro-
…
1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Cyprus p. lxxxi. I figure a specimen in my collection.
…
Moulton in his Early Religious Poetry of Persia Cambridge 1911 p. 7311. writes:
…
spiritual sense, Zarathushtra proclaimed his own conceptions in their stead. One
…
p. 57 f. : 'The elements of the combination Ahura Mazdah in the Gathas are declined as
…
preserves in a Grecised form the cult-title Mazdah.
742
Tauros in the region of the upper Euphrates. Here in 1881 the
…
Antiochos i of Kommagene (69—38 B.C. or later), who in his
…
Imhoof-Blumer Gr. Miinzen p. 226 no. 746 pi. 13, 6, cp. no. 747 (Ankyra in Galatia) ;
…
Silberfund'Berlin 1901 pi. 5, Reinach Rip. Reliefs i. 159, 2, W. Drexler in Roscher Lex.
…
3 K. Humann and O. Puchstein Reisen in Kleinasien tmd Nordsyrien Berlin 189a
…
Yorke in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1898 xviii. 312 f. no. 14, 1 ff. Samosata ( = Dittenberger
…
QcXeWrjua, and the slight variant in Humann—Puchstein op. cit. p. 311 i ff. ( = Ditten-
…
Since a dedication 6e£ Aucaty Midpa has come to light at Kilissi Hissar, i.e. Tyana in
744
king's chamber have been made in modern times and have failed'2.
…
the end that here the body of my outward form, having lived till old age in
…
immortal mind which has many a time been seen to manifest itself in my support
…
guardians with a set of snow-men4. The central statue, somewhat
…
Zoroastrianism London 1913 p. 107 f. detects in these last clauses a clear reference to the
745
or barsom1, in his left hand and a high tiara on his head : this
…
wreath on her head, a horn of plenty in
…
tamarisk, the gathering of which Ormuzd describes to Zarathustra in the nineteenth
…
note to no. 48.) It was the constant accompaniment of almost every ritual act, and in his
…
ing that this was at one time the case—The bundle of rods seems to be shown in the
…
held by the deity in the Sassanian rock sculpture, fig. 42, has some resemblance to a
…
3 Kommagene is the one figure whose head, though not quite in the original position,
746
a beardless effigy of Antiochos, in pose and costume closely re-
…
long bases or walls, north and south of the terrace, in which stelai
…
by Mithras and by Hermes (F. Cumont in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3055, Dittenberger
…
observed by P. de Lagarde in the Nachr. d. kon. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. Gottingen Phil.-hist.
…
represented as Herakles in Mithraic art (F. Cumont Textes et monuments figure's relatifs
…
as festivals in honour of his divine guardians ; that the corresponding days, viz. the 16th
748
by Artagnes Herakles Ares, the horoscope of Antiochos in the
…
claws. He holds a sceptre in his left hand. His tiara has a pearled
…
figures relatifs aux mysteres de Mithra Bruxelles 1896 ii. 187 f. fig. 11 and in Roscher
…
a Turk in 1884 and brought by him to F. von Luschan is now at
750
stars set in a kind of network or trellis. Clearly the king wished
…
Mercury, and Iupiter in the sign of the Lion. Now apart from
…
or that the king's horoscope was cast in accordance with his choice
…
mann, which pointed to July 17, 98 B.C., as the day most in accord-
…
i'75m in height, 2 '40™ in breadth, o"47m in thickness. It is inscribed: llvpoeis' HpaK\[eovs],
…
6 U. Wilcken in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2487 f.
751
In any case it is obvious that astrology played no small part in
…
with the stars in ancient literature and art.
…
Joins in the dance4.
…
or no support in actual cult.
…
With regard to the inner ceiling in the temple of Zeus at Olympia W. Dbrpfeld in
752
type are found. Thus a magnificent copper coin of Nikaia in
…
more ambitious is a copper coin of Perinthos in Thrace, struck by
…
single star, painted probably in gold against a blue ground, and hence called ovpavos, or
…
■'' Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Thrace etc. p. 157 fig. ( = my fig. 552), J. N. Svoronos in the
753
Eckhel1, had Zeus with Nike in his hand enthroned amid the signs
…
Antoninus Pius in 145 A.D.4, play further
…
senting the days of the week—and gives as the central figure Sarapis
…
in Dionys./<?r. 322), eXovra UcMpXayoviav, /cat e/c rod Ti/xav top Ata Tiov irpocrayopevcrcu.
…
appears to have travelled westwards; for at Adzilare near Philippopolis a certain
…
4 See G. Dattari in the Rivista Italiana di Numismatica 1901 xiv. 157—183.
754
754 Zeus in Astronomy and Astrology
…
(c) Zeus in Astronomy and Astrology.
…
in Greece long before the age of Alexander the Great—astro-
…
In the course of the third and following centuries B.C. the
…
and was, more often than not, said to have been placed in the
…
in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 1952. Supra p. 516 fig. 389.
…
4 E. Riess in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. i8iof.
755
Zeus in Astronomy and Astrology 755
…
and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria New York and London 1911 p. 217 ff., id. Die
756
756 Zeus in Astronomy and Astrology
…
disk shone so steadily and was visible for so long in the sky3. The
…
5 Id. ib. p. 117 f., id. Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and
…
k.t.X., Eustath. in Dionys. per. 1005 BtjXos 8e r)v &acri\evs BafivXQvos, vibs Aids, d<p' ov /cat
…
See further K. Tumpel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 259 ff.
757
Zeus in Astronomy and Astrology 757
…
Thee, Iupiter, in my star-sounding song,
…
Is wont to wheel again in order due
…
So the hard Earth soft-wrapped in circling Air
…
Who in thy love dost clasp the stars together,
758
758 Zeus in Astronomy and Astrology
…
were regarded as matters of moment by a public that believed in
…
no further. They belong to the history of sidereal divination in
…
5 E. Riess in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1802 ff.
…
passim. A great mass of fresh material is listed and in part published in the Catalogus
…
deutsch. Lit. xxxi) Leipzig and Berlin 1913. On recent astrological research in general
759
Zeus in Astronomy and Astrology 759
…
character in physical terms : he emphasises the essentially temperate nature of
…
inherited these attributes from Marduk. In the fourth tablet of the Chaldean
…
such a deity6. In the winds "that fertilise" we have the isolated relic of a once
…
5 The astrological Jupiter is ykvuewv vddroov x°PVybs (Anon., In Tetrab., p. 70) and
…
According to Proclus (in Anal. Sacr., v, 2, p. 176 Pitra), Boreas produced males, Notus
760
in the Iliad, which tells how Zeus sent Athena like a meteorite
…
This may be no more than a simile. But in the Hymn to the
…
in Cancer.
…
3 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 88 <ev> aXAots 8e tl<tlv edpov icrTopiKois on 6 Zeds aarpip (aartpi
761
In the battle of Salamis (480 B.C.) the ^Eginetans distinguished
…
temple three golden stars on a bronze mast2. H. Pomtow in his
…
know that they were specially worshipped in Aigina. But an
…
statues, which in time became covered with a patina of exquisite
…
towards the elucidation of divine twins in general and the Dioskouroi in particular (The
…
6 T. Homolle in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1894 xviii. 186, ib. 1897 xxi. 284—288, ib.
762
in all probability attached to the heads of the twin-deities3. Cicero
…
A. Trendelenburg Die Anfangsstrecke der heiligen Strasse in Delphi Berlin 1908,
…
3 H. Pomtow in the Ath. Mitth. 1906 xxxi. 563. A bronze statuette of one of the
…
no. 591, in f. = Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.-Inschr. ii. 652 ff. no. 2502, 111 f. to[0
…
5 My friend Dr W. H. D. Rouse in his Greek Votive Offerings Cambridge 1902
763
ii. The Dioskouroi as Stars in Hellenic Literature.
…
the voyager. In the Helene (412 B.C.) Teukros says of them :
…
bei Griechen itnd Romern und ihr Fortleben in christlichen Legenden Tubingen 1907
…
4 On the contention of S. Reinach in the Rev. Arch. 1901 ii. 35—$o = id. Cultes,
…
5 E. Bethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1109.
764
Ye who dwell in the halls of the Heavenly Home,
…
Similarly in Euripides' Elektra (413 B.C.) the women of Argos
…
In the glittering heavens mid stars who stand,
…
In the Orestes (408 B.C.) Helene shares their prerogative :
…
by a couple of stars, though common enough in Hellenistic times
…
Arolsen 1862 nos. 173, 174) is drawn from casts in the Cambridge collection. The
…
5 The type dates from the third century B.C. (A. Furtwangler in Roscher Lex.
…
Lacedaemonians by appearing suddenly in the guise of the Dioskouroi, mounted on white
766
whose credit was none of the best3. But in any case the concep-
…
where dominant in Greek religion, could have led to no other
…
between them. Each is clad in Phrygian cap, short chiton, and
…
2 L. Bloch in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2530 f., E. Bethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.
…
4 The older notion lingers in Kallim. lavacr. Pall. 24 f. ota irap' Evpwra rol AaKeSai-
…
tG)v de&v oiKeiov eivai rod avaOrj^aros to kolvov rat ddiaiperov, cp. Eustath. in II. p. 1125,
768
retained and perhaps accepted in lieu of the missing arms.
…
forms of the gateway which in the wall-paintings of Pompeii turns a tree into a temple
…
etc. (E. A. Gardner in the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1888 ix. 210—215, G. F. Hill in the Brit.
…
toran or portal of many an Indian tope (J. Fergusson History of Indian and Eastern
…
these types is a theme deserving of serious investigation, but not one to be undertaken in
…
in honour of chaste wives, filial children, and others. The former is simple in style,
770
but still retains the side-posts of the ddkana in the form of cippi
…
in Hellenistic Literature.
…
1 A lotus-bud is the central ornament of the doicava as figured on a Spartan relief in
…
6 Hyg.poet. astr. 2. 22, cp. Qv.fast. 5. 693 ff., Serv. in Verg. Aen. 6. \2\.
771
and seeks support for his view in the fact that Assyrian mythology
…
greater antiquity than the zodiac : ' we are at an earlier date in
…
pairs of twins found in other Indo-Europaean mythologies, argued
…
definite pair of stars, but any stars that shone out through a rift in
…
vi. The Dioskouroi identified with Saint Elmo's Fire in
…
8 E. Bethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1096.
…
F. T. Bullen's article on 'St Elmo's Fires' in Marvels of the Universe, published by
772
' In a big storm stars as it were are wont to appear sitting on the sail. Men
…
like Diodoros4, seems to have spoken of the Kabeiroi in this con-
…
change seems to have come over classical beliefs in this respect.
…
1913) that one night in stormy weather he saw St Elmo's fires glimmering on the topmost
…
Martin ' La foudre et le feu Saint-Elme' in the Revue archtologique 1866 N.S. xiii. 168 ff.
773
and Castor as favourable signs, but describe the star of Helena in
…
makes a hole in the mast, that it bores through the ship's bottom,
…
in his Oneirokritika he observes :
…
6 Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 7. 792. The distinction is made by Statius himself
…
and of Etruscan art {supra p. 763). R. Basset in Melusinc 1884—85 ii. 189 writes :
…
on appelait cet objet Es sari (le voyageur de nuit), dans la mer de Chine Ed douli.' In
774
involved in any of these alarms they speedily deliver. For the gods are
…
discharge fire-arms, pull the tails of pigs, in short do anything and
…
2 Porphyr. in Hor. od. 1. 3. 2 : see, however, F. Hauthal ad loc.
…
7 N. G. Polites in Melusine 1884—85 ii. 117. For ancient apotropaeics see Solin. 1.
…
9 These are collected in Melusine 1884—85 ii. 112 f. (cp. id. 112 ff., 138 ff., 189, 255 f.,
775
explained in more ways than one. Apart from the inevitable
…
succeeded in citing the intermediate forms Santeramo, Santeremo,
…
when we have succeeded in connecting their stars with the fire of
…
1 Frazer Pausanias iii. 13 f. 'In the middle ages and in modern times such lights have
…
5 So first in the Acta Sanctorum ed. Bolland. Iunius i. 218 f. (1695). See also D. H.
…
7 J. Rendel Harris in the Transactions op the Third International Congress for the
…
9 K. Jaisle op. cit. p. 59 f. In Old French the fires were ascribed to Sainte Claire.
Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 9: General conclusions with regard to Zeus as god of the bright sky
776
Having advanced thus far in our main enquiry we must pause
…
ceived in zoTstic fashion as the bright sky itself—a conception that
…
attempt to express heaven in terms of earth. The divine sky, as
…
As god of the bright or burning sky, Zeus dwelt in aither,
…
as in a peculiar sense the abode of Zeus8. His mountain-cults can
…
decessors10. Mythology associated Zeus with the mountain in a
777
with his partner, the mountain-goddess1. There, in one famous
…
Apart from the luminous dome of heaven, there are in normal
…
stand in relations of peculiar intimacy towards these special exhi-
…
the rapprochement, which from a very early period in the history of
…
an important role in their astronomy and astrology17. They also
…
In short, Zeus was brought into close connexion with any and
…
1907 p. 20. In abnormal circumstances (storms etc.) lightning is another manifestation
778
worshipped in the Oasis with rites similar to those of Zeus Ndios
…
the same remote original might be seen scattered up and down in
…
in turn was essentially a Grecised (and subsequently Egyptised)
779
Hierapolitan gods were near relatives ; and kindred deities flanked
…
certain analogy subsisting between the ram and the bull in Levan-
…
they were associated in primis with the fertilising sky-god6; and I
…
the mass of detail considered in this book. Zeus as sky-father is
…
7 Yet in Crete [supra pp. 401, 501) and in Karia etc. [supra p. 717 n. 3) Zeus was
Addenda
781
in his recent and masterly work Early Zoroastrianisin London 1913 p. 391 n. 3. I quote
…
zamar• xsis, "qui regnat in terra." (Since the cognate Thracian had the required X
…
Hochaltar des Zeus in Olympia' in the Neue Jahrb.f. klass. Altertum 1913 xxxi. 241—
…
Page 45: on Iupiter Capitolinus with globe in right hand, sceptre in left. In the
782
Page 48 fig. 21 sarcophagus-relief in the Capitoline Museum. See now Reinach Rep.
…
resembling that in the Louvre {supra p. 93 fig. 65). On a recent visit to Taranto he
…
in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1913 xvii. 367 propose a new derivation of these names:
…
Page 147 f.: on the pillar-throne at Phalasarna. In the Comptes rendus de VAcad,
…
Page 216 fig. 159 red-figured kylix at Berlin. L. Malten in the Jahrb. d. kais.
…
Page 223 : on Triptolemos with the plough. In the Roman villa at Brading, Isle
783
Page 232 ft". : on a coin of Gaza (?). Mr G. F. Hill in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins
…
emblem of the emperor Julian as sun-god (R. Dussaud in the Mission dans les regions
…
Page 241 : on the hawk as sacred to solar deities in Egypt. See now T. Hopfner
…
Page 259 note 3 : on {ynx-wheels in temples. The vase cited as illustrating the
…
Page 296 fig. 219 a Thraco-Macedonian coin. J. N. Svoronos in the Journ. Intern,
…
dieu de ce peuple, le Soleil. Celui-ci avait son culte central sur le sommet du Pangee
…
Page 310 f.: on Aristophanes' speech in Platon's Symposium. K. Ziegler 'Menschen-
…
Page 338 note 2 : on the Persian chariot of Zeus. Cp. the Zoroastrian account in
784
Page 360 : on snakes in Egyptian religion. See now T. Hopfner Der Tierkult der
…
add now J. C. Evvald Falls Siwah, Die Oase des Sonnengottes in der libyschen Wiiste
…
Page 396 note 1: on the snake as phallic. See now E. Kuster Die Schlange in der
…
Page 430 ff.: on the bull and the sun in Egypt. See now T. Hopfner Der Tierkult
…
apKTOL Dianae, /36es Bacchi,' etc. But in Inscr. Gr. ins. iii Suppl. no. 418 F. Hiller von
…
Delos' in the Melanges Holleatix Paris 1913 pp. 59—68 would identify this altar with the
…
Page 501 f. : on a bell-krater representing Herakles in Olympos. This vase should
…
listed by Rasche Lex. Num. v. 1641 f. and by K. Regling in W. v. Diest Nysa ad
…
W. H. Ward The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia Washington 1910 pp. 307—310.
785
Page 585 : on the snake-entwined statues at Hierapolis. P. Gauckler in the Comptes
…
story in question. But fig. 507 is described by E. Babelon as ' Taureau' (sic), by J. N.
…
Page 676 f.: on the Orphic formula 2pL<pos es yaX 'iiveTov. Dr L. R. Farnell in The
…
Kid," milk being in Orphic-Pythagorean myth the object of desire which lured souls into
…
C. Picard in the Btdl. Corr. Hell. 1913 xxxvii. 97 ff. publish a quadrangular altar of
…
e/c t&v I IS'iwv avedy]Kav. \ evTvx&s. The precise nature of the cult in question is doubtful.
…
Mr Cornford has also kindly brought to my notice a valuable article by E. Maass in the
Index I: Persons – Places – Festivals
787
In the Genealogies f. — father, m. = mother, s. =son, d.=daughter, b. = brother,
…
Aalen See Aquileia in Upper Germania
…
Achaeans in Crete 15 invade Egypt 362
…
in Dekapolis 572x 590 Eleuthero-
…
In relation to Ramman 5764 Samas
788
Associated with Aphrodite 3454 645 Cult: Salamis in Kypros 6594
…
In relation to Zeus 1573 4688 5302 Agrigentum
…
Aetes, ghost of 252 See also Aietes Aiga, in Achaia 5294
790
Cults: Oasis of Siwah 389 Thebes in
…
of Siwah 386 f. Thebes in Egypt
…
365 Thebes in Boiotia 3624
…
Ankyra in Galatia
791
Anthas, eponym of Anthedon in Boiotia
…
Anthedon, eponym of Anthedon in Boiotia
…
Anthes, eponym of Anthedon in Boiotia
…
Anthios, eponym of Anthedon in Boiotia
…
Antiocheia in Pisidia
…
Apameia in Phrygia
…
Aphrodisias in Kilikia (?), coins of~297.>
…
Heliopolis in Svria 554 Knidos
792
In relation to Atargatis 583
…
433 Nikaia in Bithynia 637 Niko-
…
351 Hermonthis 436 Hierapolis in
793
In relation to Zeus 373 373x 4093
…
Apollonia in Illyria
…
Apollonis in Lydia
…
Aquileia in Upper Germania
…
Thebes in Boiotia 540
…
In relation to Apollon (?) 585
…
Cult: Kaisareia in Kappadokia 102r,
794
In relation to Io 459 Zeus 457 ff.
…
In relation to Zeus 372
…
- were-wolves in 80 f.
…
Arkesine in Amorgos
…
island in Adriatic 2453 Karthaia
795
In relation to Atagartis 583 Brito-
…
Asia, North-east 330
…
In relation to Zeus 6464
…
Asteria, island near Ithake 5440
…
Asterion, river near Argos 445 6244
…
Atabyrion, Mt, in Galilee See Tabor, Mt
…
See also Atabyrion, Mt, in Rhodes
796
-temple of, at Hierapolis in Syria
…
Cult: Heliopolis in Egypt 315
…
in Boiotia 540 Thera 143
…
Perikles in dream 727 Argo 755
…
faced 444- in snake-drawn chariot
…
In relation to Atargatis 583
797
taken in procession by epheboi 715q
…
commemorated in Lenaean ode
…
Cults: Amphipolis 104 f. Ankyra in
…
In relation to Mithras 754
…
Ba'albek See Heliopolis in Syria
798
In relation to Zeus 353 ft.
…
Bambyke 582 See also Hierapolis in Syria
…
Biennos, town in Crete See Biannos
799
Myth : Ino nurses Dionysos in cave
…
Cults : Chersonesos (?) in Crete 542
…
Myths : disappears in grove at Aigina
…
In relation to Artemis 527i Dikte
800
Chalkis in Euboia
…
Charadra in Argos
…
Chersonesos in Crete
…
Claudius in guise of Triptolemos 228
802
Kronos swallows stone in place of
…
in Galatia 2298 Antheia 228x Apol-
…
Mykonos 668 f. Nikaia in Bithynia
…
herm 5210 in snake-drawn chariot
803
Cults: Askalon 5834 Hierapolis in Europe to 155 Zeus reared for a
…
polis in Syria 584! 59I3 standard 5422 ovpeia 5415 5422 irah 5422
…
Dia, festival in Teos 4232 733 Genealogy : d. of Leto 5422
…
Functions: beasts 273 f. huntress 274 In relation to Britomartis 5274 542
…
Identified with Britomartis 5423 Ne- Cult: Salamis in Kypros 6594
…
. Associated with Nemesis 276 ff. Sil- Dion, promontory in Crete 165
…
Dido Dion in Euboia 1239
804
6674 Heliopolis in Syria 564 ff. 687 marriage with BaaiXiwa 6720
…
705 Lesbos 656 Magnesia in Ionia (?) Xanthias attacked by Acharnians (?)
…
373 f. Naxos 428 Nysa in Lydia 6833 sacrifices 399<> sacrifice of calf
…
659(; Tenos 373 f. Thebes in Boio- sacrifice of yearling 668 cnrapayixbs
…
arris 657 657i 'Sl/xrjrris (?) 657i wpios 451 Bhea (?) 375 f. slain in bovine
…
Festivals: Anthesteria 67I9 683ff. City standard at Hierapolis in Syria
…
Rites : aiylfriv 665.5 annual drama in Eirene (?) 6702 s. of Kabeiros 112^
…
taken in procession by epheboi 7156 Isis 3465 457s by Kore 695 by
805
Types: arrival in Attike 709 ff. bearded
…
thronement in theatre 710 f. herm
…
In relation to Zeus 373 ff. 401 428
…
of 672 688 f. survivals of, in
…
Thebes in Boiotia 739
…
victory in sea-fight 761 f. presage
…
766 ff. driving in chariot drawn
…
764 ff. two young male heads in
806
Associated with Selene 449 Zeus 356 Dorians in Crete 15
…
In relation to Kabeiroi 765 f. 772 Doumatenoi
…
Diospolis, name of Laodikeia in Phrygia Apollon Ae\<pLi>io$ 7292 Apollon
…
Genealogy: w. of Lykos 736 Drion, Mt in Daunia
808
In relation to Ninib 580
…
Myths: Antiope 7373 born in Euboia
…
In relation to Apis 438 633
…
In relation to St Elmo (?) 775
…
Praxiteles 7103 on ram 354 in
…
Eteo-Cretans in Crete 15 at Phaistos 660
809
Euphrates, egg found in 5840
…
imitated in the Christus Pattens
…
Phoinike 5387 Talos 719 Thebes in
…
In relation to Nemesis 271o
810
In relation to Ouranos 84 Zeus 81
…
Cults: Berytos 5712 Heliopolis in
…
Geraistos, eponym of Geraistos in Eu-
812
In relation to St Elmo (?) 775
…
Helike, in Achaia 5294
…
Heliopolis in Egypt 3418 4784 (?) claims
…
189i Ankyra in Galatia 1892 Apol-
813
5702 lion 2407 lizard 2407 in quad-
…
two young male heads in juxta-
…
238 chariot of, enclosed in solar
…
Type : in quadriga 200c
…
In relation to Prometheus 324 328
…
Stratonikeia 20 ff. Thebes in Boio-
814
refuge in Egypt 445 hung up by
…
451 Polykleitos 134 f. in quadriga
…
In relation to Atargatis 583 Herakles
…
crosses sea in solar cup 225 Eurys-
…
sees Zeus in ram-skin 347 f. solar
…
499 feasting in Olympos 501 f. 784
…
In relation to Hera 4573 467
…
polis in Syria 565 Mt Ide in Crete
815
Functions: conducts procession of Cults: in the Amdrion 16 f. Athens
…
Attributes: barsom 746 caduceus 4227 Hierapolis in Phrygia 5884
…
4697 herm with kdlathos 570 f. lead 4074 sea-water poured out in tem-
…
In relation to St Elmo(?) 775 Hierax 440
…
Hesperides 2752 and Hierapolis (?) in Syria 584
817
Ikaria in Attike, now called Dionyso i7i4
…
Ikonion, rock-cut throne near 136
…
In relation to ram 3952
…
In relation to Argos 459 Hera 453 ff.
818
Rite: gilded cow wrapped in black
…
In relation to Semiramis 5840
…
190o 630g Aquileia in Upper Ger-
…
matia(?) 191o Dion in Dekapolis
…
Caesariensis 354 f. Neapolis in Sa-
819
of life 757 god dwelling in aether
…
on globe with wreath in his beak
…
5202 radiate 194i in Roman military
820
Cults: Etruria 107 f. Hierapolis in
…
In relation to Dioskouroi 765 f. 772
…
Kaisareia in Kappadokia
…
Cult: Mt Drion in Daunia 4074
822
Zeus and Hera 522 f. queen in
…
Rites: dead men wrapped in ox-hides
…
Types: in feminine attire 5912 femi-
…
kesine in Amorgos 6692 Delos 669.>
823
Korykos, Mt, Zeus born in Corycian Cave
…
in 6246
…
in Crete 645 Pluti 4714 Mt- Sol-
…
Leto 6493 reigning in Crete 3764
824
1810 swallows stone in place of
…
In relation to Minotaur 298 the
…
48312 Naxos in Sicily 32^ Odyssey
…
In relation to Zeus 317 ff.
825
used in 3234 folk-tale from 3434
…
In relation to Arkadia 89
…
635 in Lemnos (?) 48312 near Nau-
…
Laphystion, Mt, in Boiotia
…
Larissa in Thessaly
…
Lartos, rock-cut throne near 142
…
- Labyrinth in 48312(?)
826
Cults: Heliopolis in Egypt (?) 5712
…
- fennel-stalk used in 3234
…
Myth: boils Palaimon in caldron 674
…
Luna, the town in Etruria
…
620 horned bust in crescent 618
828
Cults: Ameria 642 Antiocheia in
…
641 f. Nysa in Lydia 6424 Phrygia
…
drawn in car by two bulls 642j
…
Myth: in Crete 5455
…
Heliopolis in Syria 554 Netherby
829
Messalina, in guise of Demeter 228
…
Rites : barley boiled in milk 676 re-
…
- in folk-lore 6244 in modern art
…
Types: bust 616 thoughtful 343 in
…
masquerading in solar dance (?)
830
In relation to Auramazda 754
…
In relation to Osiris 431
…
Functions ; central fire 3036 earth 553
…
Nasamones, chalcedony found in land of
831
- Labyrinths near 483i2
…
- folk-tale of St Dionysios in 171s
…
Neapolis in Campania, coins of 6200
…
Diana 276 in snake-drawn car 270 f.
…
In relation to Atargatis 583 Fortuna
832
Neokaisareia in Pontos
…
Nikaia in Bithynia
…
Nikopolis in Iudaea
…
Nikopolis in Moesia
…
In relation to En-lil 580
…
Nysa in Lydia
833
in modern times 378 ff. 784 de-
…
Rites: 6fx<pa\6s carried in golden boat
…
Olene or Olenos in Achaia 5294
…
development in meaning of 113 ff.
…
- in Mysia 100 1025 1168 124
…
On See Heliopolis in Egypt
…
Orchomenos in Arkadia 16
834
Orchomenos in Boiotia 82x
…
Types: in Catacombs 1664 leaning
…
Myth: slain in bovine form 660
…
Ortygia, near Ephesos
…
In relation to Apis 633 Mneuis 431
…
Myth : boiled in caldron by Leukothea
…
Pallantion in Arkadia 87
839
In relation to Hephaistos 328 the
…
Prosymna, district near Argos
…
Prousa in Bithynia
…
In relation to Apis 4356 633
…
Cult: Thebes in Egypt 346
…
In relation to Bacis, Bacchis, or
840
In relation to Adad 5764 Samas Myths: Althaimenes 117 Korybantes
…
In relation to St Erasrao 775 ("Adados) 590
…
648i 650 Myths: disappears in thunderstorm
…
In relation to Atargatis 583 Rites : golden adder 392 mystic 395
841
Salamis in Kypros
…
In relation to Adad 577 ff. Eamman
…
- Labyrinth in 48312
…
In relation to Zeus 603
…
753 Ankyra in Galatia 1892 Apu-
…
Tripolis in Lydia 1884
842
Cults: Heliopolis in Syria (?) 553 f.
…
In relation to Zeus 740
…
Cult: Koryphe near Aleppo 519
…
Selenaion, Mt, in Argolis 4573
…
Types: in biga 449 (?) bovine 455
843
200g nimbus 250 quadriga in boat
…
In relation to Atargatis 583 bull 5182
…
in Syria 583 Zeus "A^wv 367
845
Cults : Hierapolis in Syria 582 ff. 591.3
…
In relation to Kronos 298
…
Genealogy: near akin to Zeus 116 s.
846
Cult: Heliopolis in Egypt 315
…
Rite : sacrifice of calf in buskins 659
…
See also Gaia, Ge, and in Index II
…
Thebe, town in Mysia 304
847
-connected with Thebes in Egypt (?)
…
Thebes in Egypt
…
- connected with Thebes in Boio-
…
- rock-cut inscriptions in 117i
…
- carnival-plays in 694
…
- carnival plays in 694 Orphic
848
Myth: danced round tree in which
…
Tityros, town in Crete (?) 534
…
Tripolis in Lydia
…
Tripolis in Phoinike
…
Myths: in Apollodoros 211 in Hymn
…
213 ff. corn-ears in hair 222 plough
849
- chariot of 740 211 ff. in a folk-
…
Types: in guise of Io 2363 veiled and
…
In relation to Nemesis 2716
850
5516 Heliopolis in Syria 554
…
In relation to Iuno 617 f.
…
Vienna, town in Gaul 623e
…
slain in bovine form 398 647 650
…
In relation to Kronos 398 Zeus 398 f.
…
in Galatia 124 189i Apameia in
851
Arkadia in Crete 4020 Arkesine in
…
sonesos (?) in Crete 542 Chios 76 (?)
…
Mt Dikte 161 652 Dion in Dekapolis
…
Hermonthis, Thebes in Egypt) Eleu-
…
Mt Helikon 117 132 Heliopolis in
…
5202 Koryphe near Aleppo 519 Kos
…
Taleton) Laodikeia in Phrygia
…
Neapolis in Samaria 572L 590i
…
Olympos in Makedonia 101 ff. 116
852
Mt Thaumasion 154 Thebes in
…
Tralleis 1514 Tripolis in Lydia
…
Qwj3cuos 3477 'law 2337 'Idaios in
853
363 ff. 367 3684 369 Heliopolis in
…
votive limbs dedicated in the Idaean
…
Priestesses: at Dodona lllo 364 in the
854
cradle on a tree in Crete 5300 cp.
…
693 Bootes 755 born in Crete 6502
…
up in thigh of Zeus 6742 Elektra
…
on Mt Arkton 112 by Nymphs in
855
and buried in Crete io7 645 652
…
himself in ram-skin to Herakles
…
Tethys 329q washed in the Lousios
Index II: Subjects – Authorities
860
5633 at Hierapolis in Syria 582 ff.
…
Aither in relation to aer 101 776
…
in Greece 511 ff. ' Minoan' 506 ff. 511
…
in Bithynia 380 at Olympia 37x 121 on
…
117 of Zeus Idatos in Crete 118 of
…
Ant in Mithraic myth 518 worshipped
861
Astrology in Babylonia 754 ff. in Egypt
…
in Crete 648 f. worshipped (?) 632 659 f.
…
in milk at Galaxia 676
…
in Dionysiac procession 565 707 cp.
…
Bears kept at Hierapolis in Syria 5920
862
Birds hung on trees 5920 in Babylonian
…
Bones burnt 286 of Europe in wreath 525
…
Bran in rites of Sabazios 3924
863
Bull in Assyria 581 645 Crete 401 464 ff.
…
kept at Hierapolis in Syria 5920
…
779 in relation to river-cult 48310 pre-
…
Hittites 636 639 ff. 784 in India 637
…
497 Orchomenos in Boiotia (?) 497
…
Bulls, humped, at Hierapolis in Syria
…
Bull's hide in Bhodian myth 6435 made
…
Burial beneath altar 519 in ' Dipylon'
…
Buskins, calf in 659
…
Caduceus at Heliopolis in Syria 564 ff.
…
Pelops 41910 679 in rites of Leukothea
…
Carpet in Dionysiac procession 565
864
Cave at Anazarbos 5974 in Boiotia 524 at
…
Chest, golden lamb in 405
…
Clay in rites of Sabazios 3924 in rites of
…
Cloud in semblance of Hera 198
…
used in fertility-magic (?) 5634
…
pides called 442 priest or priestess in
866
- in pediment 259 292 ff.
…
Ba'al-bek 357 552 f. at Hierapolis in
…
of Zeus in Oasis of Siwah 364 f.
…
Hierapolis in Syria 583 f. 586 f. on
…
723j worshipped in Syria 5834 5840
…
in Crete (?) 534 f. in north Greece (?)
…
689 at Panathenaia (?) 6889 in Crete
867
on globe 628 in pediment 259 on
…
Eagles kept at Hierapolis in Syria 5920
…
Elephants draw Augustus in chariot 548
…
Fawn-skin in rites of Sabazios 3924 worn
…
323 in rites of Sabazios 3924
…
of Zeus 7026 in rite of purification or
…
Fire-bearers at Hierapolis in Syria 592(>
…
Flood at Hierapolis in Syria 584j 5913
868
Thebes in Boiotia 469 539 ff.
…
Goat as sacred animal in Crete 401 501
…
luperci 6774 in clothes of maiden 7119
869
Gold in relation to Helios 625 f. 6260 cp.
…
Hair, hero's life in 344 hero's strength in
…
Hawk in Argive mvthology 440
870
Heart of Liber in image of gypsum 662
…
harden corn 5023 in earthenware 51312
…
Hierapolis in Syria 5920 solar 333 ff.
871
Inauguration of kings in Tirconnell 678
…
fire (?) 2II3 in rites of Sabazios 3924
…
terrestrial in relation to celestial 6323
…
Ivy-wreath in rites of Dionysos 374 671,,
872
put to death in time of drought etc.
…
Krater in rites of Sabazios 3924
…
emperors 484 as mosaic in basilica at
…
wheel 285 in relation to Hermes, the
873
184 in relation to the sun 578 f. 5783
…
Liknon in rites of Demeter and Persephone
…
Lions kept at Hierapolis in Syria 5920
…
11 f. in relation to personality 124 not
…
Mare, sacrifice of white, in Tirconnell
874
shipper 394 ff. of Sky and Earth in
…
Masks in Carnival-plays 694 at Eural
…
Mice eat gold 6325 eat iron 6325 in rites
…
Milk of Hera confers immortality 624 in
875
Months, intercalary, in oktaeterls 692
…
Moon called by many names in France,
…
Moon, man in the 470
…
Mysteries at Agra 219 ff. in Crete 402
…
sinian mysteries 609 to performers in
876
Oak-tree in Circaean Plain 533 in Crete
…
Olive-tree in Oasis (?) 365 at Tyre 5302
…
Omphalos in Ammoneion 355 ff. 5210 at
…
Otherworld-visit, the, in Celtic tales 239
…
in 296 wheels suspended in 2594 296
877
with bull's head 6347 ending in ram's
…
Pig eaten sacramentally in Crete (?) 6644
…
34 f. of Zeus in Pompeian painting 34
…
Poplar, fruitful, in Idaean Cave 529
878
Predynastic remains in Egypt 6I94
…
472 at Kaisareia in Kappadokia (?)
…
Quail in myths of Asteria or Asterie 5440
…
6720 686 709 f. of Egypt buried in
…
gelded by Zeus 394 in ' Minoan' art
…
Ram in Armenia 4072 in Crete 401 4020
…
646 (?) in Macedonian pillar-cult 428
…
the procession in ram-skins up Mt
879
of the dead in vegetation (?) 687 6424 6424 7204 7276 732 73310 734 738 f.
…
Robert, C. 472 473 482 494 605 643 2499 Saints worshipped in place of gods and
…
Roberts, D. G. 7255 Salt in Oasis of Siwah 380 f.
881
cubation 4074 428 cp. 646 used in
…
sacred (?) 5120 6460 in pediment 2962
…
stellar worship 543 in relation to
…
onic (?) 7033 feminine 3964 in trees on
…
Spring, miraculous, at Dodona 368 in
…
Lykaion 76 f. at Nemausus 569 in
…
Standards of Ashur 207 at Hierapolis in
…
Dioskouroi 766 ff. in pediment 391i
…
Salamis 761 771g in relation to Zeus
882
Storm-god, in relation to sun-god 578 ff.
…
Sun in relation to lightning 578 f. 5783
…
Hermes, the planet 6260 in myth of
…
in Syria 585
…
Thdlamos at Hierapolis in Syria 582 ff.
…
stage of Phaidros in Athenian 708 ff.
…
Thorn-bush in the moon 470
The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos 417
of Hiberi and Albani regarded themselves as descended from
Iason and his Thessalians1.
But, without attempting to determine the ethnology of this
myth, for which task the data available are hardly sufficient, we may
at least note that the golden ram has something to do with Zeus.
Athamas is about to sacrifice Phrixos to Zeus, when the ram
appears and carries him in safety through the air to a land in the
far north-east2. Much the same thing happened to Iphigeneia,
when she was on the point of being sacrificed to Artemis at
Aulis3: the goddess suddenly substituted for her a stag, according
to the usual tradition, or a bear4, or a bull5, or an old woman6, and
carried off the intended victim in a cloud to be her own priestess
among the Tauroi. Now these animals, the stag, the bear, the
bull, are precisely those that were regarded as most sacred to
Artemis herself7. It is therefore highly probable that the golden
ram was the sacred animal—whatever that implies—of Zeus La-
phystios. This accounts for the belief, current in the vicinity of
the Boeotian Mount Laphystion, that it was Zeus who sent the
ram with the golden fleece8. The commonly received version of
the myth makes Phrixos sacrifice the ram that has saved him to
Zeus Phyxios, 1 the god of escape9.' Hyginus says simply ' to
Zeus,' and adds that the hero ' fastened the skin in the temple10,'
that is, in the temple of Zeus11. The Latin commentary on the
Aratea of Germanicus Caesar states that Phrixos 'sacrificed the
ram, and dedicated its golden fleece to Zeus12.' Finally, we are
told by Apollonios that Aietes would not have received Phrixos in
his halls, had not Zeus himself sent Hermes from heaven to pre-
pare the way before him13. Clearly Zeus had his share in the
action throughout14.
1 Tac. ami. 6. 34, lust. 42. 2. 12. 2 Supra p. 415 f.
3 Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 298 ff.
4 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 183, cp. schol. Aristoph. Lys. 645.
5 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 183, Ant. Lib. 27. 0 Tzetz. in ~L.yY.Al. 183, 194.
7 Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1436 f. Hirschkuh, 1434 Barin, 1399 f. Tavpo-rroXos,
Tavpib.
8 Paus. 9. 34. 5, cp. Myth. Vat. 3. 15. 1.
9 Apollod. 1. 9. 1, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 22, Ap. Rhod. 2. 1150 with schol., 4. 119,
Eudok. viol. 342, 478, 954, schol. Pind. Pyth. 4. 428, Eratosth. ap. schol. Arat.
phaen. 225.
10 Hyg. poet. astr. 2. 20. 11 Tiirk in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2462.
12 Schol. Caes. Germ. Aratea p. 401, 1 ff. Eyssenhardt. 13 Ap. Rhod. 3. 584 ft".
14 Other deities involved are Ares, Hermes, and Poseidon. The fleece was hung on
an oak in the grove of Ares (Apollod. 1.9. 1, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 22, Val. Flacc. 5. 228 ff.,
cp. 1. 528 f., Ap. Rhod. 2. ii47f., Hyg. fab. 188) or in the temple of Ares (Hyg.y^. 3,
Myth. Vat. 1. 23, 2. 134). Hermes supplied the ram (Apollod. 1. 9. 1, Tzetz. in Lyk.
Al. 22), or gilded its fleece (Ap. Rhod. 2. 1146^ with schol.) : it was sacrificed to Zeus
C. 27
of Hiberi and Albani regarded themselves as descended from
Iason and his Thessalians1.
But, without attempting to determine the ethnology of this
myth, for which task the data available are hardly sufficient, we may
at least note that the golden ram has something to do with Zeus.
Athamas is about to sacrifice Phrixos to Zeus, when the ram
appears and carries him in safety through the air to a land in the
far north-east2. Much the same thing happened to Iphigeneia,
when she was on the point of being sacrificed to Artemis at
Aulis3: the goddess suddenly substituted for her a stag, according
to the usual tradition, or a bear4, or a bull5, or an old woman6, and
carried off the intended victim in a cloud to be her own priestess
among the Tauroi. Now these animals, the stag, the bear, the
bull, are precisely those that were regarded as most sacred to
Artemis herself7. It is therefore highly probable that the golden
ram was the sacred animal—whatever that implies—of Zeus La-
phystios. This accounts for the belief, current in the vicinity of
the Boeotian Mount Laphystion, that it was Zeus who sent the
ram with the golden fleece8. The commonly received version of
the myth makes Phrixos sacrifice the ram that has saved him to
Zeus Phyxios, 1 the god of escape9.' Hyginus says simply ' to
Zeus,' and adds that the hero ' fastened the skin in the temple10,'
that is, in the temple of Zeus11. The Latin commentary on the
Aratea of Germanicus Caesar states that Phrixos 'sacrificed the
ram, and dedicated its golden fleece to Zeus12.' Finally, we are
told by Apollonios that Aietes would not have received Phrixos in
his halls, had not Zeus himself sent Hermes from heaven to pre-
pare the way before him13. Clearly Zeus had his share in the
action throughout14.
1 Tac. ami. 6. 34, lust. 42. 2. 12. 2 Supra p. 415 f.
3 Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 298 ff.
4 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 183, cp. schol. Aristoph. Lys. 645.
5 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 183, Ant. Lib. 27. 0 Tzetz. in ~L.yY.Al. 183, 194.
7 Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1436 f. Hirschkuh, 1434 Barin, 1399 f. Tavpo-rroXos,
Tavpib.
8 Paus. 9. 34. 5, cp. Myth. Vat. 3. 15. 1.
9 Apollod. 1. 9. 1, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 22, Ap. Rhod. 2. 1150 with schol., 4. 119,
Eudok. viol. 342, 478, 954, schol. Pind. Pyth. 4. 428, Eratosth. ap. schol. Arat.
phaen. 225.
10 Hyg. poet. astr. 2. 20. 11 Tiirk in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2462.
12 Schol. Caes. Germ. Aratea p. 401, 1 ff. Eyssenhardt. 13 Ap. Rhod. 3. 584 ft".
14 Other deities involved are Ares, Hermes, and Poseidon. The fleece was hung on
an oak in the grove of Ares (Apollod. 1.9. 1, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 22, Val. Flacc. 5. 228 ff.,
cp. 1. 528 f., Ap. Rhod. 2. ii47f., Hyg. fab. 188) or in the temple of Ares (Hyg.y^. 3,
Myth. Vat. 1. 23, 2. 134). Hermes supplied the ram (Apollod. 1. 9. 1, Tzetz. in Lyk.
Al. 22), or gilded its fleece (Ap. Rhod. 2. 1146^ with schol.) : it was sacrificed to Zeus
C. 27