Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

Iupiter Heliopolitanus and the Bull 567

glory1. On this showing the temple here figured is that of Zeus'2.
To him belong the altar and the vase of purification, which were
perpetuated on a grander scale by the altar of burnt offering and
the lustration-basins of the later court3. The caduceus is the symbol
of Hermes, who watched over the portals of the precinct4 and was
closely associated in worship with Zeus himself5.

(/3) Iupiter Heliopolitanus and the Bull.

Thus far we have not found the Heliopolitan god associated
with bulls. But copies of his cult-image, recognised in recent
years, make it certain that he stood with a bull on either hand6.
Of these copies the more important may be passed in review7.

A stele of local limestone, discovered in 1900 at Deir el-Qalcz'a
by Prof. S. Ronzevalle of Beirut University, has a countersunk
relief representing a god erect between two bulls (fig. 435)8. The
dedication [I] O M H fixes the type as that of Iupiter Heliopoli-
tanus^. Moreover, the figure, though defaced, bears out in the
main the description cited from Macrobius10. It is, in fact, a beardless

1 Supra p. 558 figs. 420—422.

2 RascheZ^r. Num. iv. 93 (cp. Suppl. ii. 1345) assumes that it is a temple of Hermes.
T. L. Donaldson Architectura numismatica London 1859 p. 126 ff. fig. 35 contends that
it is the smaller temple, i.e. that which we now know to have been the temple of
Dionysos. O. Puchstein Fiihrer durch die Ruinen von Ba'albek Berlin 1905 p. 3
describes it as an unknown temple, possibly situated on the neighbouring height of Sheik
Abdallah.

W. Wroth in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Galatia, etc. p. 293 is content to regard it as
the temple of Zeus. To this identification it might be objected that the akropolis is not
really so high as the coin suggests. But the patriotic artist would tend to exaggerate its
height, just as the patriotic poet calls the 'waterless' Anapos /xeyav pbov (Theokr. 1. 68
with schol. ad loc. "Avawos Se eiprjTat. 6 avev irbcrews wv /ecu (3\rixpbv ex^v vdwp !). Besides,
Adad was a mountain-god {supra p. 551).

3 Supra p. 559.

4 Cp. supra p. 565.

5 Supra p. 554. This association perhaps has some bearing on the remarkable title
Angelus given to Iupiter Heliopolitanus {supra p. 551 n. 10). The remarks of G. Henzen
in the Ann. d. Inst. 1866 xxxviii. 134 ff., of G. Wolff in the Arch. Zeit. 1867 xxv. 55, and
of E. Aust in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2189, are hardly adequate.

6 Cp. the great altar of Zeus at Pergamon {supra p. 119 f. fig. 88).

7 For a full list see R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. 1903 i. 347 ff., ii. 91 ff., 1905 i.
161 ff. = id. Notes de mythologie syrienne Paris 1903—1905 pp. 29 ff., 67 ff., 117 ff.

8 Height o'93m. S. Ronzevalle ' Notice sur un bas-relief representant le simulacre
du Jupiter Heliopolitanus ' in the Comptes rendus de I'Acad.des iuscr. et belles-lettres 1901
pp. 437—482, R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. 1903 i. 348, 355 f. fig. 14 (an independent
sketch marking the disk on the god's chest, etc.) = id. Notes de mythologie syrienne Paris
1903 pp. 30, 38 f. fig. 14. The inscription in letters of the third century runs : [I.]o. m.
H. I M. Pultius Felicianus | et? | M. Pultius Ti[be]rinus | fili|us. The Corp. inscr. Lat.
iii no. 14392a reads Pullius for Pultius.

9 Cp. supra p. 561 figs. 425—427. 10 Supra p. 552.