Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

576 The Bull and the Sun in Syria

sceptred ; Athena with aigis, helmet, and lance; Artemis with
quiver ; Herakles with lion-skin and club.

The second statuette is simpler (fig. 445 a, b)\ The beardless
head wears a bay-wreath and is surmounted by a kdlatkos, on which
are leaves or possibly rays in low relief. The breast has a single
bust, that of a rayed Helios; the back, an eagle with spread wings
holding a bolt. Beneath the arms are two wingless bolts. The
rest of the sheathing is covered with disks that have a central boss.
The bronze is broken off below.

It is noticeable that no bulls are figured on any of these
statuettes. But it has been conjectured that bulls were originally
associated with them2; and the conjecture is confirmed by the fact
that together with each of the Tortosa figures was found a bronze
bull3.

(<y) Adad or Ramman and the Bull.

Adad was connected with the bull long before he became
known throughout the Greek and Roman world as the Zeus or
Iupiter of Heliopolis. In the Babylonian and Assyrian religion
Adad was also called Ramman41, an epithet which, being the
participle of the verb ramanu, 'to bellow or roar,' denotes properly
'the Bellowing or Roaring One.' Now Ramman is commonly
represented on the cylinders as standing on the back of a
bull (fig. 446)5 or as planting one foot on a bull. It may,

1 De Ridder Cat. Bronzes de la coll. de Clercq p. [45 f. no. 219 pis. 35, 2, 36, 4,
R. Dussaud op. cit. p. 128 fig. 33.

2 This was the view of W. Gurlitt loc. cit. p. 125 n. 9 and of F. Studniczka in the
Arch.-ep. Mitth. 1884 viii. 61.

3 De Ridder Cat. Bronzes de la coll. de Clercq p. 252 f. no. 363 (found with statuette
no. 218: head turned slightly to right), id. ib. p. 252 no. 362 (found with statuette
no. 219: head turned slightly to left, and tufts of hair between the horns forming a sort
of rosette).

4 On the admitted identity of Adad and Ramman see e.g. A. Jeremias in Roscher
Lex. Myth. iv. 19 ff., R. Dussaud in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 2157 M. Jastrow
The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Boston etc. 1898 p. 156 f., id. Die Religion Baby-
loniens und Assyriens Giessen 1905 i. 146 ff., id. Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice
in Babylonia and Assyria New York and London 1911 p. iijff.,G. Maspero The Dawn
of Civilization^ London 1901 p. 658 n. 5.

It remains, however, possible that Adad and Ramman were at first locally distinct
forms of the sky-god, Adad hailing from the west-country Amurril {supra p. 549 n. 4)
and Ramman perhaps from Arabia (A. Jeremias loc. cit. p. 25). But?

5 The bull is sometimes winged, as in the rock-cut relief at Maltai (Roscher Lex.
Myth. iv. 48 fig. 5), sometimes unwinged, as on the ste'le of Esarhaddon (680-669 B.C.) from
Sinjerli in north-west Syria now at Berlin (von Luschan Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli
Berlin 1893 *■ 11—43 P1' *)•

I figure a cylinder of sapphirine chalcedony from the ruins of Babylon, now in the