Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

642 The Significance of the Bull

small bell. When we remember that the bull was the sacred animal of the god
Men, who is often represented with his foot set on a mere bull's head and a
pine-cone in his hand1, we may conclude with some assurance that this great
Anatolian deity was once worshipped on the height where these bronzes were
found. Further, it is a propos of Kabeira that Strabon2 mentions the small
town of Ameria, where there was the temple of Men Pharndkou, lord of an
extensive domain and a numerous retinue of hierodouloi. He adds that the
kings of Pontos had so profound a veneration for this god that they used to
swear by the king's Tyche and by Men Pharndkou'6.''

Prof. Cumont's conclusion that the bulls found on this Pontic
mountain imply a cult of Men is not necessarily inconsistent
with the view that the Hittite bull-god was there first. Men in
turn was at Maionia (Menneh) in Lydia brought into connexion
with Zeus4, the two deities being sometimes at least paired off as
moon-god with sun-god {supra p. 193 fig. 142). Elsewhere Zeus
appears to have inherited the bronze bulls of the Hittite god with
no intermediary. Prof. Fick in his study of pre-Greek place-names5

1 P. Perdrizet in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1896 xx. 102 f. fig. 7, W. Drexler in Roscher
Lex. Myth. ii. 2759 ff., Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 1533 n. 1. Men appears standing
with a bull beside him on a coin of Sagalassos in Pisidia {Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycia,
etc. p. 242 no. 12 Hadrian, W. H. Roscher in the Ber. sdchs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. Phil.-
hist. Classe 1891 p. 143 pi. ia, 16 Hadrian), with a bull's head beside him over which he
pours a libation on coins of Nysa in Lydia (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lydia p. 181 no. 58
Gordianus Pius, p. 184 no. 67 Valerian, W. H. Roscher loc. cit. p. 143 pi. ia, 14
Gordianus Pius), and drawn in a car by two bulls on coins of Temenothyrai in Phrygia
(Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Phrygia p. 412 pi. 48, 1 Commodus, Imhoof-Blumer Gr.

Miinzen p. 202 f. no. 640 Commodus, Head Hist, num?
p. 687, W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2718 f.
fig. 7 Commodus). He treads upon a prostrate bull in
a relief from Maionia (infra n. 4) and in another of
unknown provenance at the Mount Ephraim Hotel, Tun-
bridge Wells (Sir Cecil Smith in The Journal of the
British Archaeological Association 1884 xl. 114 f. with pi.,
W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2714 fig. 6). But
his usual attitude is that of setting one foot on a simple
bull's head (see e.g. W. H. Roscher loc. cit. p. 142 ff.
pi. ia, 12, 13, 15, pi. ib, 3 (?)) : cp. Sabdzios with one foot
Fig. 501. on the ram's head (supra p. 391 f. pi. xxvii, p. 426).

I figure a copper of Antiocheia in Pisidia, struck by
Septimius Severus, from my collection (fig. 501, cp. Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycia, etc.
pp. cxiif., 179 f. pi. 31, 6).

2 Strab. 557.

3 On this title see F. Cumont Textes et monuments figures relatifs aux mysteres de
Mithra Bruxelles 1896 i. 233 n. 1, W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2690, 2752,
O. Hofer ib. iii- 2285, Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 1534 n. 2 tned.

4 Lebas—Reinach Voyage Arch. p. it8 pi. 136, 2, W. H. Roscher loc. cit. p. 125
pi. 2, 1, infra ch. i § 7 (a). Beneath the relief is the inscription : iepa avv(3ico<ris /ecu
vewripa kcit eirLTayrjv rod KoLpiov rvpdvvov | Aids M.ao~<pa\aT7)vov Kai Mrjvl Ti.dp.ov evxrjv
k.t.X. (Corp. inscr. Gr. ii no. 3438, Lebas—Waddington Asie Mineure etc. no. 667).

5 A. Fick Vorgriechische Ortsnairien Gottingen 1905 p. 48.