Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / VI: The Kyklops of the east and the Kyklops of the west

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31 o The Kyklops of the East and West … A distant echo of this mythopoeic stage may be heard in … two, male and female, but a third as well, which was a compound of them both. … had a single head with four ears. Moreover, he had two sets of generative … be put thus. The male was originally the offspring of the sun ; the female, of … rationalised them into pirates, but that tradition made them the offspring of the Nemean … from Kouretis (= Euboia) and ultimately from Thrace, where there was a tribe of … k6k\ip £x°v- That is, every man had the shape of two men joined back to back, so that … comment in The Metaphysical Basis of Plato's Ethics Cambridge 1895 p. 138 f.

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The Kyklops of the East and West 311 … world in search of his other half. And, if Zeus hears much more … the serious beliefs of the past. When Platon speaks of a third sex … describe Argos by the author of the Aigimios (schol. Eur. Phoen. 1116). Is it accidental

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312 The Kyklops of the East and West … sense of artistic fitness prescribed, first that the Kyklops should … to the original conception of the western Kyklops and speaks of his … eye, according to Strab. 21. The Kyklopes of Aitne are one-eyed in Eur. Cycl. 21Y.; … of the Trojan war gives Polyphemos two eyes and makes Odysseus pluck out one of them

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The Kyklops of the East and West 313 … simile refers to the size (and shape), the other to the glow, of … Of course no simile or collection of similes can prove that the … from which he took his name, with the shining orb of the sun8. … survey of analogous myths all the world over, comes to the conclusion that the man- … by the solar hero or sun-god, who wrests from him the means of making fire. On this … § 3 (b)). W. H. Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1689, 59 ff. suggests that the one eye of the

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314 The Kyklops of the East and West … Three sons of size and strength, not to be named, … certain many-armed giants of the self-same parentage. If we may … nick-name of Appius Claudius Caecus). … 5 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians London 1904 i. 298 f., 306.

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The Kyklops of the East and West 315 … Crown, and thou art the lord of radiant light and the creator of brilliant rays____ … Ra was likewise fused with Tern the local sun-god of Annu, … Budge, 'was the physical body of the SunV And monuments of … 1 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians i. 422 f. Meh-urt, ib. i. 365 Hathor, … 2 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians ii. 8. … 6 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians i. 467, cp. ib. i. 109, 165, 202, 248, … 7 E. A. Wallis Budge A History of Egypt London 1902 iv. 119, The Gods of the

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316 The Kyklops of the East and West … spite of obvious inconsistencies. A Greek of the classical period … from the exclusiveness of primitive religion, the easier it is to hold … 1 E. A. Wallis Budge A History of Egypt iv. 133 Khut-en-Aten on a portable throne,

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mere succession of pictures or metaphors. A fin-de-siecle poet … With glowing" spokes of red, … while elsewhere in the same little volume he prefers to speak of … is of the scantiest. The scholiast on Euripides, probably confusing … They are, that is, elder and unsuccessful rivals of Zeus. … Arges—are all but identical with sundry titles of Zeus, namely … 3 Id. ib. p. 18. Mr Owen Seaman in The Battle of the Bays London 1896 p. 39 has … mere succession of pictures or metaphors. A fin-de-siecle poet … With glowing" spokes of red, … while elsewhere in the same little volume he prefers to speak of … is of the scantiest. The scholiast on Euripides, probably confusing … They are, that is, elder and unsuccessful rivals of Zeus. … Arges—are all but identical with sundry titles of Zeus, namely … 3 Id. ib. p. 18. Mr Owen Seaman in The Battle of the Bays London 1896 p. 39 has

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / VII: The Kyklops and Zeus

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thunder and lightning of Zeus, but could on occasion wield his … Of bastard bolts, not one god's-enemy … The lightning of the sky, both flash and fade, … The clappings of the thunder and with spray … On terra-cotta brasiers of Hellenistic date there is often stamped … of Zeus' thunder see Eur. Cycl. 327 f.

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that of the Kyklops. If they are right—and Furtwangler's argu- … at the advice of an ancient oracle, they first slew the daughters of … Kyklops (or the son of the Kyklops). This proved unavailing ;

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Kyklops was the son of Zeus; or Geraistos was, according to some, … the three-eyed Kyklops of Sicily bears a striking resemblance to … one with the three-eyed Zeus of Argos, who in turn is strictly … not refrain from laying hands on Odysseus through any fear of … 'This is inconsistent with what the Cyclopes acknowledged about the power of Zeus,

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The Blinding of the Kyklops' Eye 321 … settled in various parts, most of them in Kouretis: from Kouretis they came to help … Galatia took its name from Galates, son of Kyklops and Galatia. Appian. Illyr. 2 says … Io. Malal. chron. 5 p. 114 Dindorf asserts that Sikanos, king of Sicily, had three … logie celtique Paris 1884 p. 208 ff., J. Curtin Hero-Tales of Ireland Boston 1894 p. 283 ff., … 4 Append. E. J. Grimm op. cit. ii. 516 n. 2 speaks of ' sooty Cyclops' on the strength … The Blinding of the Kyklops' Eye 321 … settled in various parts, most of them in Kouretis: from Kouretis they came to help … Galatia took its name from Galates, son of Kyklops and Galatia. Appian. Illyr. 2 says … Io. Malal. chron. 5 p. 114 Dindorf asserts that Sikanos, king of Sicily, had three … logie celtique Paris 1884 p. 208 ff., J. Curtin Hero-Tales of Ireland Boston 1894 p. 283 ff., … 4 Append. E. J. Grimm op. cit. ii. 516 n. 2 speaks of ' sooty Cyclops' on the strength

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / VIII: The blinding of the Kyklops’ eye

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322 The Blinding of the Kyklops' Eye … a minute and painstaking criticism of the myth, sets aside all later … Of olive-wood yet green, which he had felled … Then 'neath the heap of embers I thrust in

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Prometheus' Theft of Fire … Is the strength of steel, so hissed the Kyklops' eye … A. Kuhn2, that the single eye of the Kyklops was an early repre- … been for the fortunate preservation of a more or less parallel myth, … theog. 567, cited by E. E. Sikes in his ed. of Aisch. P. v. p. xvii n. r, where a further … plantation, they will enclose a live stick in a hollow piece of a certain sort of wood, which … Prometheus' Theft of Fire … Is the strength of steel, so hissed the Kyklops' eye … A. Kuhn2, that the single eye of the Kyklops was an early repre- … been for the fortunate preservation of a more or less parallel myth, … theog. 567, cited by E. E. Sikes in his ed. of Aisch. P. v. p. xvii n. r, where a further … plantation, they will enclose a live stick in a hollow piece of a certain sort of wood, which

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / IX: Prometheus’ theft of fire

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324 Prometheus' Theft of Fire … common abode of Athena and Hephaistos2,' in fact from the … help of Minerva into the sky, and, applying a small torch to the wheel of the … composed. Prometheus made man out of clay, and moulded him without life … the wheel of Phoebus and stole the fire, which he applied to the breast of man, … the submerged volcano see R. C. Jebb's ed.2 of Soph. Phil. p. 243 ff. … faculam accendit. This version of the myth, which occurs with some slight variations

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / X: The fire-drill in relation to Prometheus, the Kyklops, and Zeus

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A. Kuhn in his remarkable study on The Descent of Fire has … tribes all the world over3, consists essentially of two sticks, the one … while he places the pointed end of the other stick upon it. This second stick is … My illustration (fig. 254) shows a couple of fire-sticks of this sort … 3 On the fire-drill see E. B. Tylor Researches into the Early History of Mankind and

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upper stick is made to rotate by means of a cord or strap. Thus … ' It consists in drilling one piece of ararii-wood into another by pulling a string … A. Fire-stick of thin … B Fire-stick of thicker … reports that the fire-boards of the Chuckchees in the north-east

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natural guardians of the reindeer. The holes made by drilling in the board are … turned about in the eye of a voracious and supernatural herdsman, … On this showing the hero of the Kyklops-adventure must have … blaze as 'Seed of Sicilian fire and glowing hearth' {supra p. 318).

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Ithax can hardly be dissociated from Ithake3, the home of Odysseus … out as the grandson of the Cretan Minos and says totidem verbis: … of Odysseus, e.g. on coppers of Ithake (fig. 258)6, is indistinguishable … Hyg. fab. 31 gives the name of Prometheus' eagle as Aithon (cp. 77. 15. 690). … Odysseus assumed the name Mdwv because his mother Antikleia, daughter of Autolykos … Other points of resemblance between the hero of the Kyklops-tale, Prometheus, and

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Prometheu's as the phonetic equivalent of pramantha^ \ and it is … the Kabeiros are not lacking. Several versions of the Kyklops-tale make the giant give … he did out of gratitude release Prometheus, and, to keep his oath, gave him a ring to … Prometheus a garland instead of a ring. An Etruscan mirror shows him wearing a … Axiothea the name of his wife (Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 1283) with the Cabiric names Axieros, … 1886 p. 132 n. 121, E. W. Hopkins The Religions of India Boston etc. 1895 pp. 107, … genious, but over-venturesome, writer attempts to connect Prometheus as inventor of the … ' He of the fire-drill,' and that it was distorted into Upofx-qdeis to suit the supposed con- … brother of Manthu and son of Vira-vrata, the son of Madhu and Sumanas (Sir M. … me : ' The names Manthu and Pramanthu occur in a long genealogy of one Priyavrata,

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Gyrdpsios of Chios2—a combination that strengthens his claim to … ideas expressed themselves in a cult of Zeus5. … explain a whole series of bronzes found by Messrs Saltzmann and … 4 Id. ib. ii. 227 ff. On the similar coupling of Zeus ~ Hestia see infra ch. iii § 1 (a) … which might be explained as the ' Rod-twirler,' a compound of the digammated root of … twirler (' Gertenschwinger'') to be Rhadamanthys as judge of the dead. Certainly in that … Gyrdpsios of Chios2—a combination that strengthens his claim to … ideas expressed themselves in a cult of Zeus5. … explain a whole series of bronzes found by Messrs Saltzmann and … 4 Id. ib. ii. 227 ff. On the similar coupling of Zeus ~ Hestia see infra ch. iii § 1 (a) … which might be explained as the ' Rod-twirler,' a compound of the digammated root of … twirler (' Gertenschwinger'') to be Rhadamanthys as judge of the dead. Certainly in that

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / XI: The solar wheel combined with animals

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of the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. The bronzes themselves … a similar wheel8. Since the principal cult of the early Rhodians

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Helios1. If so, the absence of horses is noteworthy2. … covered dozens of swans or ducks associated with the solar wheel in the art of the bronze

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Strabon1, many years before the establishment of the Olympic … serving as spokes. The body of the horse is connected with the … That belief meets us in the mythologies of various Indo-Europaean … kais. dentsch. arch. Inst. 1910 xxv Arch. Anz. p. 294 f. fig. 7 (from a photograph of the … Hopkins The Religions of India Boston etc. 1895 p. 41, W. Mannhardt Wald-und Feld- … The conception of Helios as a rider on horse-back is not Greek (pace Rapp loc. cit. … Strabon1, many years before the establishment of the Olympic … serving as spokes. The body of the horse is connected with the … That belief meets us in the mythologies of various Indo-Europaean … kais. dentsch. arch. Inst. 1910 xxv Arch. Anz. p. 294 f. fig. 7 (from a photograph of the … Hopkins The Religions of India Boston etc. 1895 p. 41, W. Mannhardt Wald-und Feld- … The conception of Helios as a rider on horse-back is not Greek (pace Rapp loc. cit.

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Evidence of the combination has been found here and there in … J. Dechelette claims that this is the pre-Mycenaean prototype of … the numerous representations of a solar rider whose type is discussed by R. Dussaud in … Smith in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London 1903 6—13 figs. 5—7).

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handles were assimilated to the sun. But neither of the band from … case may be, recall in effect the back-to-back arrangement of the … de Witte op. cit. ii. 20 n. 10 cite a winged tripod from a coin of Agrigentum (G. L. Castelli … 8 Doubtless the grouping of the horses is primarily due to the fact that the artist could

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Later this type of Helios and his chariot came to be enclosed … sents the horizon, and two plunging dolphins the sea. Nothing of … found in another tomb at Elis along with a whole series of phdlara … who owns a good collection of modern horse-amulets ('horses' … oval shape of this disk was determined by the turn of the horses to … were presumably meant to represent a pair of animals apiece.

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driver's breast1. The addition of a thunderbolt to the left of the … greeting, not in terror. Rather we should recollect that two of the … 1 On the derivation of the swastika from the solar wheel see T. Wilson The Swastika … represents the four points of the compass in motion. The four points seem to influence … '2 Panofka loc. cit. p. 305 f. cp. a vase from Apulia of like design and style then in the

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The first of May is kept as a day of jest and jollity by the … 2 The Persians, who called the whole circle of the sky 'Zeus' (supra p. 10 n. 1), had … after that the white chariot of the Sun similarly adorned; then a third chariot, the horses … horses and followed by a magnificent horse called the horse of the Sun—the leading … 4 A copper coin of Alexandreia struck by Trajan has for reverse type Zeus Amnion in … The first of May is kept as a day of jest and jollity by the … 2 The Persians, who called the whole circle of the sky 'Zeus' (supra p. 10 n. 1), had … after that the white chariot of the Sun similarly adorned; then a third chariot, the horses … horses and followed by a magnificent horse called the horse of the Sun—the leading … 4 A copper coin of Alexandreia struck by Trajan has for reverse type Zeus Amnion in

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / XIII: The solar wreath

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itself—another case of the solar apotropaion being fixed above the … angles to each other and decorated with a branch of may : from … an effigy of the earth-goddess4 blossoming beneath his rays? … wreath of flowers6'—a May-garland rather than a May-pole. The … 3 The first of the shapes here shown (fig. 270, a) can hardly be separated from that … 4 Cp. infra ch. i § 6 (g) xviii (the garland of Hellotis).

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The Sim as the Bird of Zeus 341 … which was originally conceived as the embodiment of Horos5, came … Horos of Edfu (Heru-behutet) was known far and wide as the … 2 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians London 1904 i. 146, K. Sethe Zur … book of Egyptian Religion trans. A. S. Griffith London 1907 p. 22. … 8 G. Maspero op. cit.4 p. 136 n. 5, cp. Hdt. 2. 73 (of the phoenix) ra p.ev avrov xpvo~6- … (bennu) of Heliopolis. As represented in Egyptian (Lanzone Dizion. di Mitol. Egiz. … ? D'Arcy WT. Thompson A Glossary of Greek Birds Oxford 1895 p. 182 ff. … The Sim as the Bird of Zeus 341 … which was originally conceived as the embodiment of Horos5, came … Horos of Edfu (Heru-behutet) was known far and wide as the … 2 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians London 1904 i. 146, K. Sethe Zur … book of Egyptian Religion trans. A. S. Griffith London 1907 p. 22. … 8 G. Maspero op. cit.4 p. 136 n. 5, cp. Hdt. 2. 73 (of the phoenix) ra p.ev avrov xpvo~6- … (bennu) of Heliopolis. As represented in Egyptian (Lanzone Dizion. di Mitol. Egiz. … ? D'Arcy WT. Thompson A Glossary of Greek Birds Oxford 1895 p. 182 ff.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (e): The sun as the bird of Zeus

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342 The Sun as the Bird of Zeus … The Orphists, jealous guardians of antiquated ideas, opened … variety of winged solar deities9. … the sun15. It would seem, then, that behind the stories of Daidalion … Abel (of Phanes) xPV(TeLaLS TrrepvyeacrL cpopevfxevos 'ivQa. koX 'ivQa. … 13 Ov. met. 11. 271 ff., 294 ff. makes Daidalion son of the Morning Star {Lucifer).

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The Sun as the Bird of Zeus 343 … the sea. Many mythologists, arguing from the analogy of Phaethon … thos, in which B. Schmidt recognised certain traits of the Ikaros- … him and cut off his three hairs. This made him the weakest of all men. The … 2 E.g. Gilbert Gr. Gotterl. p. 180 and the author of the latest monograph on the … of Talos, whom Gruppe admits to have been the sun (id. p. 1310 ' Ein Helios war … (v. 47, where for ' a sea-devil clawed him with a thirteen-pronged fork' read ' the god of … no. 8, in both of which the hero's strength is vested in three golden hairs on the top of

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344 The Sun as the Bird of Zeus … marry him. Now the sea in which the dolphin lived was of such a sort that no … wedding, the dolphin shook off his skin and changed into a young man of … This tale combines the characteristics of Ikaros with those of … the Taphian legend4, and justly compares the Megarian myth of … enemy (Ail. de-nat. an. 4. 5). But this is hardly to be got out of Souid. s.v. icpeKa' tt)v

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The Sun as the Bird of Zeus 345 … probably ' a mitigation of an earlier custom of flinging the scape- … son of Ikarios3. Further, the Leucadian 'leap' was persistently con- … simply a doublet of Pkaethon, ' the Shining One.' There is, there- … The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race Oxford 1830 i. 260 f. … Others declared that the 'leap' had first been taken by Kephalos son of Deioneus out … Ptol. Hephaist. ap. Phot. bibl. p. 153 a 7 ff. Bekker gives a long list of lovers who … Danubier in Griechenland Gottingen 1909 p. 43. Fick ascribes this cult of the sun-bird … 8 On a copper of Nikopolis in Epeiros (?), struck by Trajan, Apollon Leukates

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Ikaros, Nisos, Pterelaos are so many mythical expressions of one … Egypt was the ram. Khnemu, the great god of Elephantine1, was … himself was on occasion addressed as a ram, to judge from one of … 2 This is inferred from the hieroglyphic form of his name (Sethe loc. cit. p. 2350). … A magnificent gold statuette of Her-shef with a ram's head was found by Prof. Flinders … Ikaros, Nisos, Pterelaos are so many mythical expressions of one … Egypt was the ram. Khnemu, the great god of Elephantine1, was … himself was on occasion addressed as a ram, to judge from one of … 2 This is inferred from the hieroglyphic form of his name (Sethe loc. cit. p. 2350). … A magnificent gold statuette of Her-shef with a ram's head was found by Prof. Flinders

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was identified with another local form of Ra, namely Ba-neb-Tettu, … the solar disk. But, whereas the ram of Khnemu belonged to a … Herodotos, who speaks of Amen-Ra more than once as the … explain that this custom of theirs arose in the following way. Herakles was … p. 113 ff. pi. H, W. M. Flinders Petrie The Arts and Crafts of Ancient Egypt Edinburgh … 1 E. A. Wallis Budge op. cit. ii. 64 ff., 353 f., A. Erman A Handbook of Egyptian … of Herakles importing sheep from north Africa into Greece (Palaiph. 18 (19), Varr. rer. … 8 On the goat-cult of Mendes see Find. frag. 201 Christ with n., Hdt. 2. 46, Plout.

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last, when Herakles was importunate, Zeus thought of this device. He flayed a … once a year, on the festival of Zeus, they, like their god, cut up and flay a ram : … Shu (Herakles), who is often called 'the son of Ra3' and as god … when Lucian in the second century of our era makes Momos, the … journey of Zeus to Aithiopia (//. 1. 423 f.) and his union with Hera {supra p. 154 ff.) were … 4 E. Naville Book of the Dead ch. 55 and 38 B, 1. For these and the following

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god of ' Mockery,' ask Zeus how he can permit ram's horns to be … not to say far-fetched, between their own deities and those of the … blue, probably because that was the colour of the heavens in which he ruled as Sun god '

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ram or even give him a ram's head; for the whole trend of Greek … back to a fifth-century original of quasi-Pheidiac type3 perhaps … determine. It may have been at Thebes, the original nidus of … of Siwah, where the Theban Pharaohs planted their favourite … under a variety of titles8 and Ammon came to be reckoned as … 1 On the various forms of this name see R. Pietschmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … Ant. Denkm. i. 37 pi. 3, 9 a herm of Greek marble—height o"43m. … 6 G. Maspero The Passing of the Empires London 1900 p. 552. … E. A. Porcher History of the Recent Discoveries at Cyrene London 1864 p. 11 3 inscr. no. r 1).

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present no means of deciding. At Gythion … honoured deities of the land6; besides, he … The whole group of words is ultimately connected with tcepas, 'horn,' the napvos being … no. 1446) was worshipped before the return of the Herakleidai, having a shrine in the

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Kyrene also1. At Sparta there was another sanctuary of Amnion, … by the Lacedaemonians more frequently than by the rest of the Hellenes. It … Certainly Aphytis possessed an oracle of Ammon?j, whose head … Libye, Libyan justice would be found superior to that of Sparta7. … ' The image was dedicated by Pindar : it is a work of Kalamis. Pindar also

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A brief fragment of it containing the invocation— … nected with Thebes in Egypt may have led the inhabitants of the … Having thus secured a firm footing on Greek soil, the cult of … European, Asiatic, and African. The description stands in need of … monly speak of Iupiter Hammo?i. The aspirate has come to him … another possible fragment of the hymn see infra p. 366 f.

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venerated along the north coast of Africa1. The meaning of Ba'al- … Tanit9, a north-African form of the great Phoenician mother- … called Panthea, is invoked as ' partner in the rites of the horned … 3 So H. R. Hall The Oldest Civilization of Greece London 1901 p. 230 n. 3.

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Semitic influence penetrated to the Ammdneion itself. Of its … 'The image of the god is surrounded … whatever direction the will of the god … either side of the boat. Women and … Both of these statements were doubtless drawn from the lost … baztylos or baitylion of Ba'al-hamman, a sacred stone, half-fetich,

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Cypriote Aphrodite was likewise ' worshipped in the form of an … on the cult of Zeus Ammon. Now Theophrastos a propos of … of emerald. It is, I suspect, represented on … obelisks5 of the sort were to be seen there in … p. 285). A bronze statuette at Vienna shows Zeus Ammon holding the club of Herakles

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Amen-Ra in the tomb of Seti i was himself coloured green1, it … priate to the service of Zeus Ammon*. Perhaps it was as the son … In the second place, the method of divination practised at the … ' Plasma' was occasionally used for the figure of Zeus en- … Akad. 1845 Phil.-hist. Classe p. 289 pi. 1, 10). I append a laureate head of Zeus

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ideas of a cosmic ship1, but is simply the Egyptian solar barque. … morning barque, at night-fall reached the Mountains of the West, … dedicated in the temple of Amen-Ra at Thebes a boat of cedar … 3 A. Erman A Handbook of Egyptian Religion trans. A. S. Griffith London 1907 … chariot, which rises out of a boat : on the left Phosphoros (?) acts as leader; on the right … ii. 59, 6) is, however, comparable with the cup-shaped boats of Assyrian art (Preller— … were intended to serve as base for a precious stone or perhaps a piece of metal or wood

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name of Afnmon\ The association of the god with this reptile was … 5e 7rat5t/c6s—8<ppa Xddoire- k.t.X. This has been explained as a reference to the story of

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True, we have already seen the snakes of Esmun, the Punic … Again, Isis and Sarapis were often represented as a pair of … 3 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians London 1904 ii. 376 f. … 6 Ptolemaios ap. Arrian. 3.3.5 states that two snakes guided the army of Alexander … no. 677 Hadrian pi. 1 (bust of Zeus Amnion with a solar

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Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 361 … B.C. and probably in the Oasis of Siwah coalesced into the sun-god … 6 Cp. the cult of ZeiV'HXios Scuttj/j (g. Plaumann Ptolemais in Oberdgypten (Leipz.

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in support of the view that Zeus Amnion was essentially a Greek … far back as the reign of Seti i (c. 1300 B.C.)3. This blunder has … dynasty Egypt was twice attacked by a combination of northern … in the reign of Merenptah c. 1250 B.C. Egypt was invaded by … 7 See H. R. Hall The Oldest Civilization of Greece London 1901 p. 171 f., G. Maspero

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Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 363 … and Danaans (Daanau, Danauna)1. Several of these identifications … be left for Egyptologists to criticise. But on the strength of the … The same comparison of the Libyan with the Dodonaean Zeus … —but also reports at first hand with every appearance of fidelity … 2 W. M. Flinders Petrie in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1890 xi. 271—277. The sherds of

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carried off from Thebes by Phoenicians, that one of them—so they had heard— … human voice that on that very spot must be established an oracle of Zeus. … clearly believed that the cult of the Oasis and the cult of Dodona … Groves trodden by the foot of Iupiter, … And perched betwixt the horns of his fleecy head

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Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 365 … he adds the episode of the dove settling on the ram. The latter … represents the dove on the head of the Ammonian ram. More probably it is a variation

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the Ammoneion of an oracular grove without specifying oak-trees1. … On a double bust of Zeus Amnion and Sarapis (?) with oak-wreath and kdlathos see … 4 H. Dessau in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 751 f. They hold the oracle of Zeus … £acr#at fiaXdvov. This is Bergk's restoration of the MS. At'/3es 5£ Tdppavra 0a(rt

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Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 367 … Of Zeus' sweet acorn. … The institution of both oracles was also connected with a … then for the first time uttered a voice and said—"The youngest of thy followers." … Similarly with regard to the Oasis Leon of Pella, a contemporary … that the Fountain of the Sun is known locally as Ain el hammam, which he renders 'the … vTTOfj.ovrjs (iinfMovTjs cod. Barnes.) top [x&vtlv irpoayet. stands in need of emendation.

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of Alexander the Great, in his treatise On the gods of Egypt … been the original inventor of everything, a certain Hammon came from Africa … which makes the foundress dove settle on the head of a ram3. … pool of Zeus Hammon, cold by day, is hot by night5:; … explanation of the phenomenon was that by night the sun went … properly belonging to some old Greek cult led to the confusion of a Greek with an … spring flowed from the roots of a huge oak and itself gave oracles by means of its

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Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 369 … Yet Zeus Ndios and Zeus Amnion both gave oracles in verse. For those of the former

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a temple of Zeus Ammon, and set the helpful ram among the stars, … it be urged that the original consort of Zeus at Dodona was Ge … 3 Paus. 5. 15. 11 with J. G. Frazer's n. ad loc. (iii. 584). On the association of Zeus … Gemmentaf. 4, 11). The existence of double busts representing Zeus Ammon and Hera

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point is that the cult of Zeus in the Oasis was, as Herodotos … On gold, silver (figs. 280—283), and copper coins of Kyrene struck … type of Ammon2. The same mature and youthful heads with a … Beardless: Head Coins of the Ancients p. 69 pi. 35, 40 ( = myfig. 283),^'. Hist, num.2 … All these heads have in front a curious set of upstanding curls (?), perhaps derived

372

(figs. 284, 285) and copper coins of Tenos from the fourth to the … silver coins of Metapontum c. 400—350 B.C. both … The identification of this youthful figure is a

373

proposed identification of the youthful horned head with that of … Amnion. Nevertheless a comparison of the towns issuing coins of … L. Muller in his great work on the coinage of north Africa was … the latter founded the temple of the former8—but partly also by

374

commonly Dionysiac—a kdntharos, a bunch of grapes, a herm of … Stephani further drew attention to a series of double busts … probably a portrait in the guise of Ammon11. Another isolated … Barre locc. citt. the head of Ammon has a wreath of ivy and flowers, the other head

375

Petersburg, on which is a scene of considerable interest (fig. 287)\ … horns holds a larger branch of bay with leaves and berries. He … chiton and himdtion, who offers him a bunch of grapes with her left hand, a white wreath

376

tion of this far off spot on the more familiar oracle of the Delphic … Dionysos. And the coins at least suffice to prove the existence of … From the fourth to the eighteenth century we know nothing of … founded the oracle of Ammon, and made the child Zeus king of Egypt. Etc., etc. … 3 Cp. Hdt. 2. 42 'Afiouv yap AlyijTTioi KaX^ovcrc rbv Ala, Plin. nat. hist. 6. 186 (of

377

The Oasis of Siwah … stood rooted to the spot until he died, unless one of the natives … seen4. It was otherwise with the Oasis of Santariah or Siwah, … 'The town Santariah forms part of the Oases and was built by Minakiush,

378

the fourth, philosophers, astronomers, physicians, and masters of learning ; on … Leo Africanus {c. 1517 A.D.) speaks of the Oases as a district … The first Europaean to reach the Oasis of Siwah in modern … then in Egypt, joined a large company of pilgrims returning from … 1664, 1672, and 1673 A.D., praised the dates of Siba as the best (S. Ideler in the Fund- … the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa, continued his route westwards from Siwah

379

The Oasis of Siwah … the mysterious Lake Arashieh ; but the inhabitants of Siwah burnt his boat, and did … Berlin 1824, with an Atlas of 38 plates and a map. … 4 Bayle St. John Adventures in the Libyan Desert and the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon … Oasis of Jupiter Amnion London 1899. … 8 Archonides or Andron of Argos, a man who all his life ate plenty of dry salt food

380

The situation of Siwah was determined by Browne, Cailliaud, … it was an accessible coast-towm6! In point of fact the Oasis is … mined by W. Jordan at 290 12' north of the equator by 250 30' east of Greenwich. … showed a mean depth of 52 metres (Von Tripolis nach Alexandrien2 ii. 113).

381

The Oasis of Siwah … Despite the saline character of its soil, the Oasis can boast

382

traditionally identified with the Fountain of the Sun1. It measures … E? pVj&S varied inversely with the height of the … T of the Doves ' ; but G. Steindorff points … element of Ba'al-kamman, so that the … ?f y^'-^^^y^S:^ a' Agermi, containing the chief temple of … *y^*-V8\^ d. Ain el hammam, the ancient Fountain of … To the north of Ain el hammam is … 4 The temperature of the water is constant—840 5W*J»-

383

The Oasis of Siwah … first detailed description of the temple2. It appears from his … uncertain. In the middle of the precinct rose a mass of limestone … ruins Umtna beida, c = remains of the precinct-wall, d—the Fountain of the Sun, e = another

384

in the distance (fig. 292)2: he also had copies made of its reliefs, … walls of the nods to east and west were still 15^ ft long, 4J ft … larger figures of the interior all traces of colour had vanished. … '3 Id. ib. Atlas pi. 10, 2 = designs on the left of the main entry (pi. 7, t).

385

The Oasis of Siwah … G. Rohlfs1 in 1869 found nothing of the precinct-wall left save … of secret passages to Agermi and Siwah. Rohlfs further notes … the ground and fragments of perhaps two others. The outside of

386

hibited on the east wall 53 columns of hieroglyphs, of which the … The best-preserved figure was that of the horned Amnion seated … has the horns of both Khnemu and Amen5, the double plumes, the

387

The Oasis of Siwah … wearing the united crowns of the South and the North. Behind … and his wife the lion-headed Tefnut representing the moisture of … more detailed account of this temple was given by G. Rohlfs, … been largely filled in and blocked by the houses of a crowded … G. Maspero The Struggle of the Nations London 1896 pp. 220 fig. (cp. id. p. 430), 767 fig.

388

large doors of Egyptian design iS ft high lead into the naos. … of several candles he copied some of them and in due time sub-

389

The Oasis of Siwah … by inscriptions of the fourth century B.C. On one side of the naos … Rohlfs also discovered in the thickness of the inner long wall … About a furlong to the south of Agermi Rohlfs detected the

390

decorated with the winged solar disk and a few lengths of dentils … that of the Phrygian Zeus Sctbdzios. … Phrygian type, probably that of some famous cult-image3. The

391

name of Sabdzzos1 or Zeus Sabdzios2", and sometimes represent … god wears a Phrygian cap and raises both hands in the attitude of the benedictio Latina.

392

on the ram's head (pi. xxvii)1. The persistence of the ram as a … some rhetorical embellishment in the pages of Clement and other … (to a scale of f-) in the Nationalmuseet at Copenhagen. In the centre stands Sabdzios … attributes etc., including the thunderbolt and eagle of Zeus. All these are placed in a

394

not be appeased till Zeus came before her in a mood of mock- … Hence too the practice of those who were initiated into the rites … the aetiological myth of the Sabdzios-c\i\t. The devotees of the … 2 Farnell Cults of Gk. States iii. 300 f. (of the PdWot): ' Even the self-mutilation … (assimilation to the Amazonian goddess). Nor can we lay stress on the view of the

395

fertilising powers of their goddess by thus thrusting upon her their … of the Phrygian rite. Sabdsios-mystics referred their action to the … possibly of phallic form, erected over them : this I infer from Hesych. daXafiat • o-r^Xat … parallel from the legend of Ahalya in the Rdmdyanam : ' It is said in this passage that

396

conviction that the initiate actually posed as the divine consort of … this I should prefer—we must assume that in course of time, … that characterised him in the eyes of the multitude. Agreeably … the venerable form of the earth-mother, from whom they were alike

397

offshoots of Gaia2.' He further notes the significant fact that … daughter. Whatever the origin of the corn-daughter4, she may … was of more importance than the god, being duplicated for the … 4 Dr F. B. Jevons in his able book An Introduction to the History of Religion London … stately and beautiful figures of Greek mythology, grew out of the same simple beliefs … to a human figure in a cloak, with arms outstretched____In some of them the neck is

398

venturing to expound the true inwards of the Sabdzios-my stents, … knot, which is symbolised by the caduceus of Hermes. Rhea bore … mounted the throne of Zeus himself and sat there grasping the … in a mirror. In his efforts to escape he took the forms of a … 3 Hesych. s.v. Zctypetfs, et. mag. p. 406, 46 f. For a full collection of authorities see … menagerie was simultaneous, not successive, in the case of the Orphic Phanes, who com-

399

With the details of this myth and their ritual implications we are … offspring of Kore duplicated the tauriform Zeus. … once more the Dionysiac character of his cult. For we have … 2 This made it easy for the systematisers to identify Dionysos, son of Zeus by … 3 Farnell Cults of Gk States v. 185, Eisele in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 261 f.

400

the hill Zilmissos there was a circular hypaethral temple of Sol … was the Phrygian counterpart of Men the moon-god, with whom he was certainly brought … ixeaais rats rod 2a/3a£toi' reXerats). But Eisele loc. cit. p. 255 views the solar aspect of

401

sets of tribes had relatives among … that in Crete the ram gave place to other animals of a like … eo universa patefiunt. Perhaps we may compare the story of Perdikkas in Hdt. 8. 137 f. … Stud. 1897 xvii. 372 ff- ('Crete the Meeting-point of Thraco-Phrygian and Libyan

402

The well-known fragment of Euripides' Cretans1 suffices to prove … time immemorial. Silver coins of Priansos in Crete from c. 430 B.C. … Gortyna between 66 and 31 B.C., belong to the large series of … Gr. Myth. Bel. p. 1388 n. 8 thinks that this use of rirvpos came to Sparta from Crete. … 4 P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 162 pi. 9, 5. … 8 The examples of a 'Minoan' snake-goddess are listed by H. Prinz in the Ath. Mitth.

403

with a bow-case between them. The Cretan modification of the … their cult of a god identified with Zeus2. For this among other … iii. The Golden or Purple Ram of the Etruscans and … Coins of Ancient Sicily London 1903 p. 86 pi. 6, 5, Head Hist, num.2 p. 169. I figure … Cp. also denarii of C. Memmius c. 60 B.C., on which Ceres appears enthroned with three … Westermann) the statement that sheep have wool of a golden colour.

404

Virgil in his famous fourth Eclogue, anticipating the dawn of a … that wood, all along the banks of the river that flows past, with its lower waters … midday has assuaged the heat of the sun, and the cattle have settled down to … and then, when the sheep have passed from their first fury and are relieved of … the way of health, though her sickness was unto death. She did not fail to put … sheep with golden fleece as 'the flocks of the Sun4.' And he is

405

The Golden or Purple Lamb of Atreus 405 … in that way, and asserted in the hearing of the multitude that the man who had … borne witness to the avarice of Thyestes, Atreus received the kingdom and … come down to us with the usual number of slight variations5, … Or. 995 ff.) or Pan (Eur. El. 700 ff.); or was found in the flocks of Atreus through the … politic. 268 e—269 a). The myth is sometimes combined with that of Thyestes' feast … makes him sacrifice to Artemis the flesh of the golden lamb born in his flocks, but save

406

4-o6 The Golden or Purple Lamb of Atreus … A thing of sanctity shut in by stone'2. … Schneidewin's opinion that Tzetzes is importing into the story of Atreus a statement that … 3 Herodoros of Herakleia frag. 61 {Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 41 Muller) ap. Athen. 231 C

407

The Golden or Purple Lamb of Atreus 407 … ' We come to the grave of Thyestes on the right. Over the grave is the … A little further on he speaks of Thyestes' tomb as 'the Rams3' … Note that a ram's head was a frequent design on thrones, e.g. that of Zeus on the … a ram's head by the mouth of the pit (Furtwangler—Reichhold Gr. Vasenmalerei i. 300 … sanctuary of Amphiaraos near Oropos enquirers slew a ram and likewise slept on its skin

408

4_o8 The Golden or Purple Lamb of Atreus … sacrifice: the wheel at his feet is a short-hand indication of the … helped by a couple of wreathed attendants, is about to sacrifice … the long chiton of a charioteer, brings up the four-horse car of

409

The Cattle of the Sun 409 … In the myth of Atreus possession of the golden lamb and … of the myth, not its primary meaning. … of cattle both great and small. He had seven herds of oxen and … 3 Diod. 4. 73. On the Argive identification of Apollon Kdrneios with Zeus see supra … Later rationalists explained away the golden lamb and the reversal of the sun's course

410

4io The Cattle of the Sun … petie kept the oxen with a crook of shining mountain-bronze : the … way the oxen of the Sun-god, which the giant Alkyoneus drove … And fields of the Sun that brings delight to men, … 7 Pind. Isth. 5 (6). 32 f., schol. ad loc. On the myth of Alkyoneus with the cattle of

411

The Cattle of the Sun 411 … sixty of the sheep. He, when he saw what had happened, kept his counsel and … were given them both at Dodona and at Delphoi, when they enquired of the … strict silence about the matter, and entrusted the management of it to certain … terms of the oracle, made the following choice : if they would give him fields … which he knew to be the best in the town, why, once possessed of those, he … the Apolloniates hereby pay you this as a penalty for the blinding of your eyes, … The story of Euenios, who kept the sheep of the Sun-god in a

412

year 500 B.C., the inhabitants of Apollonia jealously guarded a … Hahn at Kapessovo, a village in the district of Zagori to the north- … and cried : " Open, Tartara Martara of the earth2! " Thereupon the door flew

413

open of itself ; and, after they had gone through many more chambers, they … ' Which of these ducks is the princess ?' But I will turn my head round and … their lives, and it will be the death of you too." " I stand by my word, sir … "No," cried he, "say: Open, Tartara Martara of the earth!" The king did … which of them all is my daughter, then you shall have her to wife." And … the deepest part of Hades (B. Schmidt -Das Volksleben der Neugriechen i. 235 citing

414

414 The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos … A comparison of the myth, localised at Argos, dated in the reign … the latter. In particular, the whole episode of Danae and Perseus … connexion in another folk-tale from the same village of Kapessovo2. … i. 102 ff. The princess, her child, and the Half-man, who is suspected of being its father,

415

The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos 415 … took to him a mortal woman in her stead. Nephele out of jealousy … of their danger. They fled with the ram. Helle, in crossing the … Gorgopis, and Pherekydes of Leros Themisto2. More popular, … in several versions of the myth (as first wife in Herodoros ap. schol. Ap. Rhod. 2. 1144, … the same version. Eudok. viol. 954 blends this with the Sophoclean form of the myth.

416

4i6 The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos … pontos after her. Phrixos came to the Kolchoi, whose king was Aietes, son of … wolves dividing sheep among themselves: they, when they caught sight of him, … salian tribe, of whom Athamas was the eponymous king, had

417

The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos 417 … But, without attempting to determine the ethnology of this … when she was on the point of being sacrificed to Artemis at … ram was the sacred animal—whatever that implies—of Zeus La- … ram with the golden fleece8. The commonly received version of … an oak in the grove of Ares (Apollod. 1.9. 1, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 22, Val. Flacc. 5. 228 ff.,

418

4i 8 The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos … practice arose the myth of the golden fleece2.' … (liyg. poet. astr. 2. 20). The ram was the offspring of Poseidon and Theophane (Hyg. … oracle that he would perish as soon as strangers landed and carried off the skin of Krios, … W. Ridgeway The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards Cambridge 1892

419

The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos 419 … suspicion, and they must be accepted as a record of the belief that … development of the myth. Thus the analogy between Helle, who … the army of Liber, when perishing of thirst in Africa, to the spring of Iupiter Mammon. … the boiling of Pelops in a caldron. Again, ij Qeris els Xe^-qra vdaros ^eovra evefiaXe tovs

420

But, if the myth of the golden lamb and that of the golden ram … Magnesia. On the summit of this mountain there was a sanctuary … Jendal on the east slope of Mt Hermon runs : virkp cruTrjpias avTOKpdropos | Tpa'Cavov … a survival of human sacrifice: C. Fossey in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1895 xix. 303—306 … used to support the conclusions of Mr F. M. Cornford, who detects in the Pelops-myth … 1 Append. B. A possible parallel to this rite in the Naxian cult of Zeus M^Aaxnos … himself to rain (Frazer Golden Bough* : The Magic Art i. 260 f., 269 f.) and the use of

421

sun, it is easy to see why the procession made the ascent of the … sold on the sixteenth day of the month Artemision by sundry … tuary of Artemis Mounichia* and to the shrines of Hekate at the … were made of cheese7, had small torches stuck in them round about … priest as first-fruits of the earth in the 'AproK\aaia of the Orthodox Greek Church.

422

The Fleece of Zeus … we are thus enabled to complete the correspondence of the Attic … with a procession. The skins of Artemis with a mimicry of bears, … On this showing the saffron robes of Artemis' devotees would … of Zeus. … was done towards the close of the month Maimakteridn, the victim … especially Fai-nell Cults of Gk. States ii. 4346°. See also Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 942

423

The Fleece of Zeus … kept and used by those who marshalled the procession of the … from that of the Athenians5. … hydria in the Lambert collection (fig. 305)6 shows a scene of initia- … statement [Proleg. Gk. Rel.2 p. 24) : ' this fleece was by no means confined to the ritual of … cLTroSioTroiJLwelv [supra p. 422 n. 7), 'to send away evil by means of the Zeus-fleece': see

424

The Fleece of Zeus … design. A nude youth, wearing a string of amulets, kneels upon

425

The Fleece of Zeus … (fig. 307)8. In the other panel we have the purification of Herakles. … My friend and colleague Prof. R. H. Kennett The Co?nposiiion of the Book of Isaiah

426

The Fleece of Zeus … Diet. Ant. i. 1070 fig. 1311 perpetuate Campana's error. The lower part of Kore belongs … 4 Here again the best specimen in terra-cotta, that of the Museo delle Terme no. 4357 … at Naples (Guida del Mus. Napoli p. 167 no. 568), of post-Augustan date, perhaps part

427

The Fleece of Zeus 427 … types of the Eleusinian triad (Demeter, Kore, Iakchos) designed … The vertical plume of wheat-ears worn by Demeter resembles the head-dress of Isis; and

428

428 The Significance of the Ram … x. The Significance of the Ram in the cults of Zeus. … Akraios of Mount Pelion, the Zeus Meilichios and the Zeus Ktesios

429

The Significance of the Ram 429 … with Zeus. Rather it was the principal beast of a pastoral popu- … vernal equinox, but on its right side during the other half of the year (Ail. de nat. an. … amatory propensities of the creature see Aristot. hist. an. 6. 19. 573 b 17 ff., Varr. rer. rust. … been enamoured of Glauke a Chian citharist (Theophr. ap. schol. Theokr. 4. 3r, … wide-spread use of the ram as a decoration of tombs in general (Frazer Pausanias iii. 187). … 3. 687 ff.), still gushes out through an old ram's head of marble and as of yore is believed … Hence the ram was associated with the deities of generation, Hermes, Aphrodite, … et Pomp, viii Musee Secret p. 1976°. pi. 46) and a bronze statuette of the pantheistic

430

manifestation of Zeus. Theriomorphic epiphanies of this god are … religious beliefs in closely analogous forms, of which many similar … occurs repeatedly on monuments of the continental Celts [id. Bronzes Figure's p. 195 ff.). … 3 O. Schrader Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples trans. F. B. Jevons London … manifestation of Zeus. Theriomorphic epiphanies of this god are … religious beliefs in closely analogous forms, of which many similar … occurs repeatedly on monuments of the continental Celts [id. Bronzes Figure's p. 195 ff.). … 3 O. Schrader Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples trans. F. B. Jevons London

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / I: The bull and the sun in Egypt

431

were readily fused with those of surrounding foreigners. … was the biggest of bulls : he was jet-black, for exposure to the sun … Of myths connected with him we know little. Indeed, Ammianus … of a persea-tree, where Mnevis gored him to death. Bokchoris … 8 Id. id. pi. 55, 3. On Greek and Roman representations of Mnevis see W. Drexler

432

the hatred of the Egyptians. And—to conclude in the words of … marks4, of which a few are reported by classical authors. Thus … of Apis10. And Porphyrios explains … the gibbous signs11. Others say that the most important mark of all … 6 For XevKov rerpayiopov of the MSS. we should read, with Stein, \evKov tl TpLywvov. … 7 For eirl de t% yXtbcra-rj Kavdapov of the MSS. we should read, with Jablonski and Stein, … that a cow's tail waxes and wanes with the moon : cp. supra p. 429 n. 3 of the ram.

433

Apis was the calf of a cow not suffered again to conceive off- … scribes with hereditary knowledge of the requisite signs came to … a gilded cabin and conveyed as a god to the precinct of Hephaistos … tained another stall for his mother. The shrine of Apis stood … 10 Strab. 807. A description of the court-yard built for Apis by Psammetichos is given

434

He had also a seraglio of fine cows1. Once a year a cow, distin- … and the crocodiles of the river harmed no one till noon on the day … if the other, mischief was brewing8. He was attended by choirs of … the mathematician ap. Plin. nat. hisf. 5. 55, Phiala was the source of the Nile. … is indecisive. On the Apis-tombs of the "Lapainov (Strab. 807) of Sakkara see A. Mariette

435

death3. So the cult of Apis went on from the days of Menes … African! '9 He was regarded as lord of the underworld, an … of those who assert that Apis, if we could but recover the Egyptian … Kaiechos of the second dynasty, according to Manethon (supra p. 431 n. 4). … 4 Apis was also compared with Horos, whom the Egyptians deemed the cause of good … ' second life of Ptah ' (E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians ii. 350).

436

that is seen between the horns of Apis in extant Egyptian repre- … At Hermonthis, eight miles to the south-west of Thebes, Strabon … the town of Hermunthis they worship a bull, which is consecrated … opposite way to those of all other beasts, so that it is regarded as … by L. Jan ad loc. with the help of Macrob. comm. in somn. Scip. 18 as an allusion to the … of one Thaesis be sent to Hermonthis and there deposited ds rb Bovxiv ( = Bovxeioy) \

437

styled the "living soul of Ra,"...and the "bull of the Mountain of … He tells us, however, that this bull was the largest of bulls, that its … Herodotos, the first student of comparative religion, boldly … Real-Enc. ii. 2802 f. Coins of the Hermonthite nome show the bull Bakis butting; or, … 10 See e.g. Plout. de Is. et Os. 35 with the judicious remarks of P. D. Scott-Moncrieff … styled the "living soul of Ra,"...and the "bull of the Mountain of … He tells us, however, that this bull was the largest of bulls, that its … Herodotos, the first student of comparative religion, boldly … Real-Enc. ii. 2802 f. Coins of the Hermonthite nome show the bull Bakis butting; or, … 10 See e.g. Plout. de Is. et Os. 35 with the judicious remarks of P. D. Scott-Moncrieff

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / II: Zeus, Io, and Epaphos

438

borrowed2 from that of the Egyptian bull Bakha%. The name … Less problematic is another and a better-known case—that of … Io was doorkeeper of Hera's Fane. … Cho. He took the likeness of a leaping bull. … 2 The loan would be facilitated not only by the bovine form of the god and his … 5 Farnell Cults of Gk. States v. 300 n. 73. 6 Cp. Gruppe loc. cit.

439

King. What all-seeing herdman of one heifer ? Say. … King. 'Tis called the "breese" by neighbours of the Nile. … Cho. Libya that holds a wide extent of earth. … King. In truth ye seem to me to be of kin … slays Argos. Hera, as a last resource, drives the cow by means of … Not so we. Aischylos' plot is obviously put together out of … struction of an earlier version.

440

doros1, who in his great 'Library' of Greek myths has preserved, … make her a present of the cow and stationed Argos Panoptes as its … figured amphora of the Coghill collection (Overbeck op. cit. … 279 f.), a green jasper of which a replica in paste was in the … neck,' daughter of Echo or Peitho, sacred to Nike and Aphrodite, by magic means … 2. 89) or decorated the tail of her peacock with his eyes (Ov. met. 1. 722 f.), or the … Boetticher Baumkultus fig. 35 and the peacocks kept in the temple of Hera at Samos … At the Argive Heraion Hadrian dedicated a peacock of gold and shining stones (Paus. 2.

441

human form and gave birth to Epaphos on the banks of the Nile. … Zeus, and whether the colour of the said cow was white or black or … class of priests called 'cow-herds5.' Their name presupposes that … officials in the service of Dionysos. Their name refers to the bovine form under which … human form and gave birth to Epaphos on the banks of the Nile. … Zeus, and whether the colour of the said cow was white or black or … class of priests called 'cow-herds5.' Their name presupposes that … officials in the service of Dionysos. Their name refers to the bovine form under which

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / III: Priests and priestesses with animal names

442

sanctuary of Artemis Polo, 'the Colt,' constructed c. 200—150 B.C., … existence of human (36e$ from that of the priestly [3ovk6Xoi. See also infra ch. i § 6 (g) … 7rcoXos as a priestess or attendant of the goddesses.

443

who were initiated into the leontikd or ' leonine' mysteries of … Dodona were by many of the ancients held to be priestesses.2. The … attended by a corax, a Perses, a miles, and a leo : the first and the last of these wear … who chattered like doves; Strabon remarks that in the language of the Molottians and … eao"r}vevaas ayv&s /cat eucre/3tDs, cp. E. L. Hicks The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscrip-

444

the chief-priestesses of the Great Mother (Kybele) were still being … strictly signifies ' cow-eyed, cow-faced, of cowlike aspect,' had … occupies the second half of the hexameter line, and is in fact a tag … of the first century b.c. and in the beginning of the first century a.d. (Pauly—Wissowa … of Helios is 'Evpvcpdeacra j3ou>iri.s. … 7 For the analogous case of deb, yXavnGnn.? 'Adrjvrj see infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii (X). … the chief-priestesses of the Great Mother (Kybele) were still being … strictly signifies ' cow-eyed, cow-faced, of cowlike aspect,' had … occupies the second half of the hexameter line, and is in fact a tag … of the first century b.c. and in the beginning of the first century a.d. (Pauly—Wissowa … of Helios is 'Evpvcpdeacra j3ou>iri.s. … 7 For the analogous case of deb, yXavnGnn.? 'Adrjvrj see infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii (X).

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / IV: Hera and the cow

445

post with a pair of cow's horns attached near the top of it. Hera, … of Hera6, and that the ground about the Heraion, the district … on the summit10,' were two cult-titles of Hera in the Argolid, and … coins of Lappa (J. N. Svoronos Numismatiqtte de la Crete ancienite Macon 1890 i. 211 f. … 1 W. Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the Semites'2 London 1907 p. 310, … 6 Plout. symp. 3. 9. 2 makes Eu/3ota the sole nurse of Hera, cp. et. mag. p. 388, 54 ff. … 10 Paus. 2. 24. 1 states that on the way up to the akropolis of Argos there was a

446

'herded' by Argos1. The first systematic exploration of Tiryns … At Argos the festival of Hera was known as the Heraia or Heka- … sanctuary of Hera 'A/cpcua, cp. Hesych. s.v. 'A/c/n'a. On the cult of Hera 'AKpaia at and … Id. ib. 152c: 'The prize was a bronze shield, and the wreaths were of myrtle.' Id. ib. … the old without supplying the new, he armed a mob of mercenaries, aliens, etc. and so

447

all the citizens1. Was it as devotees of Hera Argeia that the Coan … from Herodotos' tale of Kleobis and Biton3. These were two … of the goddess and prayed her to grant the lads, who had shown … Argives had statues of them made and dedicated at Delphoi on … Herodotos' account is supplemented in some points by that of … story of Harpalyke). The festival is called 'E/caTOyUjSaia in the Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 1715, … 4 The French excavators of Delphoi found to the west of the Athenian Treasury two … all the citizens1. Was it as devotees of Hera Argeia that the Coan … from Herodotos' tale of Kleobis and Biton3. These were two … of the goddess and prayed her to grant the lads, who had shown … Argives had statues of them made and dedicated at Delphoi on … Herodotos' account is supplemented in some points by that of … story of Harpalyke). The festival is called 'E/caTOyUjSaia in the Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 1715, … 4 The French excavators of Delphoi found to the west of the Athenian Treasury two

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / V: Kleobis and Biton

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A second tale of Biton's prowess was told in verse by Lykeas, … Returning to the joint performance of the two brothers, we note

449

considered a copy of this relief1. An ancient glass-paste, however, … with a basket of fruit and a couple of snakes. Before the temple … the Argive Hera was conceived by the artist of the sarcophagus as

450

souls of the two lads. On the right we see them reunited to their … Another celebrated example of euthanasia, coupled with this … of course made capital of such stories. But to the dry critic there … Phoibos Apollon himself laid the foundations of his Pythian fane … to my ear very much the sound of a foundation-sacrifice, such as … 6 Unless priority can be claimed for the Telegonia of Eugammon (Epic. Gr.frag. i. 57 … souls of the two lads. On the right we see them reunited to their … Another celebrated example of euthanasia, coupled with this … of course made capital of such stories. But to the dry critic there … Phoibos Apollon himself laid the foundations of his Pythian fane … to my ear very much the sound of a foundation-sacrifice, such as … 6 Unless priority can be claimed for the Telegonia of Eugammon (Epic. Gr.frag. i. 57

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VI: Trophonios and Agamedes

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peaceful end of Kleobis and Biton. But we need not pursue the … fice9, the Argive festival of the hundred oxen10, the white steers … goddess into a cow, we should recognise an attendant of the animal … logographer of Argos in Boiotia, who lived in the second half of … 13 Is this the ultimate significance of Kleobis and Biton acting as oxen to draw the car … peaceful end of Kleobis and Biton. But we need not pursue the … fice9, the Argive festival of the hundred oxen10, the white steers … goddess into a cow, we should recognise an attendant of the animal … logographer of Argos in Boiotia, who lived in the second half of … 13 Is this the ultimate significance of Kleobis and Biton acting as oxen to draw the car

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VII: The Proitides

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said, 'because they made light of Hera's wooden statue1.' Phere- … he received a reward worthy of his cure. For the disease had now lasted ten … The Latin commentators explain that the daughters of Proitos … and used it for their own purposes10. In consequence of this … thinks that the Proitides contrasted their own beauty with the ugliness of Hera's

453

Melampous cured them and married one of them, receiving along … a hypostasis or by-form of Hera6. This somewhat vague and … 85, 2. 68. Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 3. 453 speaks of actual metamorphosis: Iuno in … girls were the /36es of Hera just as Athenian girls were the apuroi of Artemis. … J. Scaliger's correction of the last word to ' Upas (ii> "Apyei "Upas Knaack) has won … Melampous cured them and married one of them, receiving along … a hypostasis or by-form of Hera6. This somewhat vague and … 85, 2. 68. Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 3. 453 speaks of actual metamorphosis: Iuno in … girls were the /36es of Hera just as Athenian girls were the apuroi of Artemis. … J. Scaliger's correction of the last word to ' Upas (ii> "Apyei "Upas Knaack) has won

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VIII: Hera and Io

454

described in all our sources as the priestess of Hera, never as a … a state of affairs best explained on the assumption that the deity … eavrovs 'Apyeioou Traides ev eoprrf tlvl ■naifavTes airoKakovuiv k.t.X. The same form of the … original name. Combining the fragment of Plutarch with that of the Phoronis, he argues … identification of Io with Astarte also is noted).

455

Hera was a patron of women, marriage, child-birth, etc.; and … wanderings of Io were perhaps compared with the apparently … factory nature of these arguments is pointed out by Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. 180 f. … Maximus irepi Karapx&v 50 Keparjs ravpibirLbos and 509 TavpQnris avaaaa of the moon. … In Loukian. philops. 14 the moon brought down by magic appears first in the form of a … 8 Paus. 6. 24. 6 saw in the market-place of Elis stone statues of Helios and Selene,

456

E. Siecke has attempted to bring the story of Io into line with … historical times associated the cult of Hera with that of Zeus … For I too am a child of the fair-tressed Moon,

457

the lion came to be called the offspring of the Moon3. These … The ancient systematisers of mythology recognized a variety of … which has preserved for us the regulations of the iobakchoi, an … Selene to help her. Selene, using magic spells, filled a basket with foam, out of which a … ei're 'ZeXrjvrj tis XeyotTo et're TLepae^burj ; G. Dindorf prints 2ejxeXr], the emendation of … <rcpaXX6[xevoL 8cbpoi<ji xopoifiaveos 'Io[3aKxov. That the l6f3aKxoi acted the part of 'I6(3<xkxos, … the lion came to be called the offspring of the Moon3. These … The ancient systematisers of mythology recognized a variety of … which has preserved for us the regulations of the iobakchoi, an … Selene to help her. Selene, using magic spells, filled a basket with foam, out of which a … ei're 'ZeXrjvrj tis XeyotTo et're TLepae^burj ; G. Dindorf prints 2ejxeXr], the emendation of … <rcpaXX6[xevoL 8cbpoi<ji xopoifiaveos 'Io[3aKxov. That the l6f3aKxoi acted the part of 'I6(3<xkxos,

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / IX: Zeus and Argos

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is placed next to that of Dionysos, whose connexion with the bull … exploits with cattle. Being of exceptional strength, he slew a bull … child of Tartaros and Ge, who seized passers by and carried them … there is much to be said in favour of this view. But was i'c6 merely an exclamation, or … and founded a sanctuary of Demeter Mfivaaa at a spot called Charadra in Argos (Polemon … (avdea) of Hera (et. mag. p. 409, 28 ff.). In the reign of Argos, son of Apis, Greece

459

And this was no unimportant detail of his myth: Apollonios … hairy bull's hide2.' On the strength of this hide Miss Harrison, … also Panoptes. Kallithyessa, 1 She of the fair sacrifices,' was prob- … that Argos was the god, but that the god Argos arose out of the worshipper.' … couple is the bovine counterpart of the former—witness the bull's hide of Argos, the

461

my contention that Argos was akin to Zeus. Hesychios, in one of … Argos. A remarkable confirmation of Hesychios' words has recently … On the all-seeing (panopteu) circle of the sun … mous commentator on the Pkainomena of Aratos remarks that the … the view of those who identify Zeus with the sun7, it is obvious

462

that he interprets the title of Zeus Panoptes in a solar sense. … speaks of Zeus urges, 'the brilliant5'; that Hesiod names one of … The author of the Hesiodic poem Aigimios associated the story … Cow's Crib on the east shore of Euboia, adding that Io was said to … Euboia argiboios™', " the land of white cattle." Argonra in Euboia, … analogous to that of the Argolid15. … 15 On the relation of the Euboean to the Argive myth see Gruppe Gr, Myth. Rel.

463

Coins of Euboia from the earliest times exhibit a variety of … jecture that the allusion is to the cult of Hera6, who perhaps, … 2 Prof. W. Ridgeway The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards … 6 Head Hist, num.2 p. 357 : 'The Bull or Cow is possibly connected with the cult of

464

464 The Myth of Pasiphae … x. The Myth of Pasiphae. . … thys, how Asterion, ruler of Crete, … Minos, staying in Crete, married Pasiphae, daughter of Helios by … ' Now Asterion died childless, and Minos desired to become king of Crete, … became lord of well nigh all the islands. But Poseidon, wroth with him … 1 Drawn from a photograph of the stone kindly taken for me in the Museum at … 5 A wall-painting in a room of the Casa dei Vettii at Pompeii (Herrmann Denkm … 464 The Myth of Pasiphae … x. The Myth of Pasiphae. . … thys, how Asterion, ruler of Crete, … Minos, staying in Crete, married Pasiphae, daughter of Helios by … ' Now Asterion died childless, and Minos desired to become king of Crete, … became lord of well nigh all the islands. But Poseidon, wroth with him … 1 Drawn from a photograph of the stone kindly taken for me in the Museum at … 5 A wall-painting in a room of the Casa dei Vettii at Pompeii (Herrmann Denkm

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / X: The myth of Pasiphae

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The Myth of Pasiphae 465 … rings—perhaps the price of his handiwork. Behind Pasiphae stand an old nurse and … having (a) an inner design of Persephone with Zagreus on her knee, (b) two outer designs

466

466 The Myth of Pasiphae … objects that 'in late r. f. kylikes such a relation of subject between the exterior and … Anz. p. 213*, H. B. Walters History of Ancient Pottery London 1905 ii. 148) I take the

467

was the one made by Daidalos, a building which by means of intricate windings … the fields, but even the walls of the Cretans. Herakles, … redounded to the glory of Herakles, drove the bull into Attike, where it was … two types of Greek tales, represented respectively by the golden … The golden lamb found among the flocks of Atreus and the … a dedication by the township of Marathon on the akropolis at Athens (Paus. 1. 27. 10 with … was the one made by Daidalos, a building which by means of intricate windings … the fields, but even the walls of the Cretans. Herakles, … redounded to the glory of Herakles, drove the bull into Attike, where it was … two types of Greek tales, represented respectively by the golden … The golden lamb found among the flocks of Atreus and the … a dedication by the township of Marathon on the akropolis at Athens (Paus. 1. 27. 10 with

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XI: The bull and the sun in Crete

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I would venture to offer the same explanation of the dazzling … man of bronze, about whom we shall have more to say5, was by some … changed the site of his city, he led the way in the likeness of a … The cow went before him to the hill of the Phrygian Ate and there … wherever he saw one of his cows fall : one of them leapt away, and … pi. 23)? On the Cretan Zeus as a sort of Adonis see supra p. i 57 n. 3.

469

he followed it till it bent its legs and fell down on the site of Ilion1. … If the brilliant bull in the herd of king Minos had thus come to … 4 Cp. the /3ov(p6via at Athens (infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii), the sacrifice of a calf dressed in … The first part of the story implies the custom of preserving the dead in honey … Rel. p. 816 n. 5). Glaukos' pursuit of the 'fly' … he followed it till it bent its legs and fell down on the site of Ilion1. … If the brilliant bull in the herd of king Minos had thus come to … 4 Cp. the /3ov(p6via at Athens (infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii), the sacrifice of a calf dressed in … The first part of the story implies the custom of preserving the dead in honey … Rel. p. 816 n. 5). Glaukos' pursuit of the 'fly'

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XII: The cow and the moon in Crete

470

that the man who could offer the best similitude for the colour of this cow … to the oracle, began to enquire of his people what this portent might be. They … at a loss to do so, Polyidos, son of Koiranos, showed3 that it was like a … bears him out4), the task set to test the powers of the seer was, not … tion of the moon's spots is that they are a thorn-bush carried by

471

The Sacred Cattle of Gortyna 471 … isle; but the coloration is here a matter of Ionian technique, not of … hazards the suggestion that we should read oIkigtt}v and explain it of an eponymous … Soping a comparison with the first element in Carthago and the story of the bull's hide … I would rather suppose a connexion with ra Kapraiiroda, which occurs in the laws of … Pindar of 'a bull' (Pind. 01. 13. 81 K.apTalirob'' with schol. ad loc. Kapraiiroda top raupop. … The Sacred Cattle of Gortyna 471 … isle; but the coloration is here a matter of Ionian technique, not of … hazards the suggestion that we should read oIkigtt}v and explain it of an eponymous … Soping a comparison with the first element in Carthago and the story of the bull's hide … I would rather suppose a connexion with ra Kapraiiroda, which occurs in the laws of … Pindar of 'a bull' (Pind. 01. 13. 81 K.apTalirob'' with schol. ad loc. Kapraiiroda top raupop.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIII: The sacred cattle of Gortyna

472

herds of cattle belonging to the sun used to be kept at Gortyna1; … Bronze coins of Gortyna show Zeus as a bull … keeping of the Minotaur7. Diodoros8 and Pliny9 state that it was … buildings, erected by the greatest pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty, … collection a similar coin of Knossos, struck in alliance with Gortyna (cp. J. N. Svoronos … Prof. Flinders Petrie investigated the site of the Egyptian Labyrinth in 1888 with … the shrine of a holy tree (W. M. Flinders Petrie in Records of the Past 1911 x. 303—315 … herds of cattle belonging to the sun used to be kept at Gortyna1; … Bronze coins of Gortyna show Zeus as a bull … keeping of the Minotaur7. Diodoros8 and Pliny9 state that it was … buildings, erected by the greatest pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty, … collection a similar coin of Knossos, struck in alliance with Gortyna (cp. J. N. Svoronos … Prof. Flinders Petrie investigated the site of the Egyptian Labyrinth in 1888 with … the shrine of a holy tree (W. M. Flinders Petrie in Records of the Past 1911 x. 303—315

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIV: The labyrinth of Knossos

473

Herodotos speaks of its twelve courts as a memorial of the dodec- … on matters of importance2.' . Diodoros thinks it the 'tomb' of the … interpretations are put upon the construction of this edifice.

474

claim the support not only of such writers as Diodoros and Pliny, … of palace is not necessarily to assert that such was its original … of the colonnade a broad band decorated with swastika-patterns … 1 Diod. 1. 61, 1. 97, Plin. not. hist. 36. 84—86. The earliest writer that speaks of … (2) C. Torr Harroiv School Museum. Catalogue of the classical atttiquities from the

475

the more important becomes this particular feature of it2. On … the anta of a wall and that its patterns are mere filling, though he admits that ' An … Labyrinth, greeted by Athena in the presence of three other figures: the inscription

476

accompanied by a ground-plan of the scene. He finds a parallel … O. Benndorf3 recognised soldiers engaged in the game of 'Troy' … The same result is reached on Cretan soil. Coins of Knossos … 1890 cxxiii. 3. Helbig loc. cit. p. 67 had already thought of the same explanation.

477

circular (fig. 343) but retains at least a trace of its original form to … Labyrinth-design was already familiar to the Cnossians of the … 1 Cp. Roman mosaics, which represent the slaying of the Minotaur within a large

478

The swastika as a representation of the Labyrinth can perhaps … the Phoenician letter mem on autonomous coppers of Gaza … is something like a consensus in favour of the view that it was a … the flooring-of continental churches (infra p. 485 f.). … 6 To the bibliography of the sxvastika given by T. Wilson (supra p. 337 n. 1) add

479

by Sir Arthur Evans, at least was not the whole of that palace, but … of the Cnossian palace. This space, discovered by Sir Arthur … east-and-west oblong of 12*94 by 9'^9 metres enclosed by two … 3 I have here combined a plan of the ' Theatral Area' (based on that of A. J. Evans

480

peculiar form of its theatre was a heritage from early times. … out to me that even in Roman times the orchestra of the theatre at … in 1194 A.D., tells his old friend the prior of Hildesheim how … 2 On the TeTpaywvos %op6s of tragic, comic, and satyric plays, and its relation to the … 4 I have discussed a 'Minoan' precursor of the Kop5a£ in Journ. Hell. Stud. 1894

481

charmed he had been to find at Taormina the Labyrinth of the … Labyrinth by means of Ariadne's clew, with the youths and … danced together, that Sophokles had alluded to ' the dances of … his Life of Theseus* writes: … 2 Sir Arthur Evans loc. cit. p. 111 concludes 'that this first of theatres, the Stepped … Daidalos, and that the close relation of this dancing-ground to the palace at Knossos … fiwixbv eyeipo/j.evov KidapLcrfiov \ kijkXiov (hpxwavTo k.t.X. On the kratdr of Klitias and

482

round the keraton1 altar, so named because it consists of horns ikerata) all taken … back are three cranes visible against the foliage of the willow. The inscription above is … (Rosmerta?) standing on either side of an altar. A small animal (goat? ram?) is be- … Trigaranus), who slew Cacus the thief of Geryones' oxen. … /3wlu6s of Delos as one of the seven wonders of the world (so anon, de incred. 2, Mart. … vads, the centre of which forms a sunk oblong space. This is separated from the third … metres in length, which runs along the northern side of the precinct, has its triglyphs

483

former existence of a labyrinthine dance in Asia Minor. It may, … the humped bull within the Labyrinth on coins of the „. … neath the feet of Apollon on the later tetradrachms (fig. 348)11 … that the TpwiKov irr)8r]p,a of Neoptolemos at Delphoi (Eur. Andr. 1139) may stand in some … Here at least is a bona fide piece of folk-lore. … god, his swastika being re-interpreted as the sinuous line of the river. … Prof. R. C Bosanquet draws my attention to the fact that in the temple of Apollon … 12 The Labyrinths of the Kyklopes in the caves near Nauplia (Strab. 369 i(pe^i}s 5£

484

from the literary allusions to the game of … other mosaics a Labyrinth, the centre of … of gold and pearls, in which was a Minotaur of emerald holding a

485

known man wearing a Labyrinth of the sort on his breast1. A small … of S. Michele at Pavia (s. xi), at Aix in Provence, on the walls … of grey and white marble, decorates the middle of the nave in … propalare. I am indebted for this and for several of the following references to a … 1 F. R. Earp A descriptive Catalogtie of the Pictures in the Fitzwilliam Museum … quivit qui fuit intus, | ni Theseus gratis Adriane (sic) stamine iutus. The facade of the

486

adorned with a representation of Theseus and the Minotaur. Such … But new uses were found for the old design. Towards the close of … Later the same Labyrinths were used as a means of penance for … of Lucca cathedral. After the Reformation ecclesiastical mazes … 2 E.g. there is one inside the west door of Ely cathedral; but it is of quite recent

487

'The lovers of antiquity, especially of the inferior class, always speak of … three years about the time of Easter3.' … 1 J. Aubrey Natural History and Antiquities of Surrey v. 80, cp. Remaines of … 3 T. Wright The History and Topography of the County of Essex London 1835

488

Roman lineage of these turf-mazes; for in England they are … name with that of lulus4! … on a coin of Knossos (supra .p. 477 fig. 343)7. In Finland and … 1 E. Trollope loc. cit. p. 222 ff. Welsh shepherds, in commemoration of their Trojan … 5 On Hallands Vadero, an island in the Kattegat, a maze of stones is called … Dmtaulande Strassburg 1908 pi. 1} and so furnish the prototype of this design.

489

Vier, a small uninhabited island in the Gulf of Finland (fig. 353)2. … east of Russia, and Iceland rough mazes of unknown antiquity exist, … endorsing his conclusions as to the precise character of the rite involved. He holds that … myth, in which the solar heroine (Freya, Brunhild, etc.) was freed from the prison of … p. 41 ff.) that the whole story of the Trojan War presupposes this northern myth, with … circles of the neolithic age.

490

of Daidalos with the paltry representations of it to be seen in … maze was pressed into the service of the church, while in western … Further, it can hardly be accidental that the distribution of … Labyrinth was an orchestra of solar pattern presumably made for … designed to illustrate the distribution of Dolmens, and probable lines of the migrations of … of Daidalos with the paltry representations of it to be seen in … maze was pressed into the service of the church, while in western … Further, it can hardly be accidental that the distribution of … Labyrinth was an orchestra of solar pattern presumably made for … designed to illustrate the distribution of Dolmens, and probable lines of the migrations of

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XV: The Minotaur

491

That, if I mistake not, is the true explanation of Pasiphae's child, … why every ninth year he required a tale of human victims3, are … Dr J. G. Frazer4, after discussing the dance of the youths and … how often with the decay of old faiths the serious rites and pageants of grown … confirmation of this view that on coins of Cnossus the sun or a star appears in … that, since the Cretans conceived of the sun as a bull, Minos as sun-king wore a bull- … of the solar bull. See also G. Murray The Rise of the Greek Epic2 Oxford 1911 … 5 I had almost completed my own account of the Labyrinth before reading Dr Frazer's

492

the middle of the Labyrinth, the place which on other coins is occupied by the … the crown of Theseus or Ariadne was originally a flowery crown … former as 'dark with roses2'; Timachidas, of the latter as made … forget that a shining crown of some sort was connected with the

493

collection3, shows Theseus slaying him in the presence of Ariadne, … 546 ff., 40. 284.ff. (Asterios, son of Minos by Androgeneia). … spots, mostly T-shaped, of white), Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases ii. 105 no. B 148 (black-figured

494

him with eyes like those of Argos, another bovine personage (fig. … a row of dots, which may or may not be meant for stars2. … Walters in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iii. 73 notes: ' the mask of the Minotaur is edged

495

appears in the centre of four unmistakeable stars, which are hardly … plaining the title Aste'rios, Asterwn as 'god of all the Celestial Lights.'

496

akimbo (pi. xxx)1, has possibly preserved a reminiscence of such … speaking of the Egyptian Labyrinth built by king Mendes or … terror into others.' The researches of Messieurs Maspero and … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases ii. 179 no. B 308. Cp. the impression of an Elamite cylinder … misses it as ' a mere ^etiological myth to explain the Odyssean story of Proteus.'

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVI: The “minoan “ bullfights

497

Few features of the 'Minoan' civilisation are more striking … Its earliest form was the capture of a bull by one or more unarmed … for the utmost nerve and dexterity. It comprised various feats, of … of bull-baiting is found in the Thessalian taurokathdpsia4-. The … 2 Two terra-cotta figures of the ' Early Minoan' period found by Xanthoudides at … With these may be compared the capture of the big bull by a posse of men in Lanzone … 4 The literary and monumental evidence of the TavpoK<xda\pt.a is collected by J. Baunack … Fifth-century coins of Larissa have obv. … Thessaly etc. p. 25 ff. pis. 4, 12 f., 5, 1—4). Since a fourth-century drachm of the same

498

at all, the one must be viewed as a modification of the other. The … universally1—regarded as a rite in the cult of Poseidon2. But so … appanage of Poseidon, we could not … feat associated with the Labyrinth. In point of fact, we do so … Zeus "Ekevdepios; but E. Cahen justly remarks that it is only one item of an extensive … 3 Nilsson Gr. Feste p. 80 f. Farnell Cults of Gk. States iv. 25 : 'We have the evidence

499

represents an athlete in the act of turning his somersault over … of the Minotaur on the vases already discussed (figs. 329—331). … of the bull-grasper. Iason and Herakles seizing the bull by the … In any case it seems probable that the religious value of the … that of Knossos.

500

(fig. 362)1, which represents a man grasping by the horn a couple of … of strength4. Any one who grasps the bull's … type of such rites5. On limestone blocks inside a rock-shelter a man … News July 13, 1912 cxli. 56 with 3 figs., H. G. Spearing The Childhood of Art London

501

which resided in the horn of the latter should be found in the horn … remarks, it is 'a cow's horn5.' Of countless illustrations I figure

502

dainties contained in the cornu copiae of Zeus. Pherekydes, the … contact with the horns of the fertilising bull3. … Thus on coins of Mauretania struck at Siga by … of Zeus stands Hera (Reinach loc. cit. suggests 'Hebe(?)': Welcker Alt. Denkm. iii. … Apollod. 2. 7. 5 (see Jebb's ed. of Soph. Track, p. 3). … harmonists stated that Acheloios' horn was the horn of Amaltheia (Diod. 4. 35, Strab. … 3 For the transference of quality from the horns to that which touches them cp. the … graphy. See also Farnell Cults of Gk. States v. 126.

Plate 31

from the cornu copiae of Zeus.

503

in contact with the bull by methods resembling those of the … of Wealth'4; and it will be observed that this … fig. 9, Head Hist, num? p. 888. The obverse of this coin has a bearded male head, … Coins of Nysa in Lydia show a cornu copiae filled with corn-ears, poppy, and grape- … p. 108 f. compares this lifting of the live bull en route for sacrifice with the exploit of … ; 4 Other examples of the title are collected by O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. ]\Iyth. iii.

504

ends his account of the cult as follows : … of Nysa struck by Maximus. Six naked … shared by other cities in the valley of the Maiandros6. I am … of a cavern. These two remarkable coin- … i. 1787, 1800 ff., Farnell Cults of Gk. States iii. 286 pi. 32, a. … in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1579, iii. 2567, who notes that Nysa was a colony of Sparta

505

on to their backs in the presence of an official. We cannot of

506

are in any case the successors of the ' Minoan' bull-grapplers. … positions of importance—at the foot of a sacred tree, on the top of … painted white, like the flesh of Europe. For a Dionysiac variation of the scene see … are in any case the successors of the ' Minoan' bull-grapplers. … positions of importance—at the foot of a sacred tree, on the top of … painted white, like the flesh of Europe. For a Dionysiac variation of the scene see

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVII: Ritual horns

507

conventionalised article of ritual furniture derived from the actual … terra-cotta or stone crescents {Mondsichel, Mondbilder, croissants) of … A. Mosso The Datvn of Mediterranean civilisation London 1910 pp. 343—345 .

508

the Cretan type of horned altar (fig. 371)1 with one found at Oficio … and west of the Mediterranean basin. If, however, we would … ebb and flow of advanced civilisations. … of the native cattle. He also reported that outside the hut of every … red baked clay with horns painted white and remains of a metal tenon beneath, found at

509

as such. These heaps have a pair of bullock's horns stuck into … consequently a pair of ropes (fig. 374). … erection is, he says, a form of shrine known as buor made for the … 1 See now his article in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh

510

themselves golonyet, "(men of the) Clan Nyet." At the present day men of … Directly the houses were built Der erected a shrine for the atiep of Anet to … that in his country mud representations of cattle were erected over the graves … only one son of the dead man, paternal first cousins would give the additional … by the clansmen among whom the meat is distributed. Small pieces of all the … Shrines of this kind (buor) are found in all the Tain and at least in some of … a cattle rope is hung to this. Among the Tain Dinka the sons of a dead man … and viewed as the abode of a paternal spirit has developed into

511

area. Of course in classical times, though the term ' horned altar' … Thus the ritual horns of ' Minoan' art (fig. 37/)2 were stylised … Coins give him the horn of a bull (B?'it. Mus. Cat. Coins Seleucid Kings of Syria p. 3 … 2 Part of relief on a steatite pyxis from Knossos (A. J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud.

512

by successive generations of practical folk (figs. 3792, 3803). … this very vase, while the band of chequers lower down, makes it doubtful if the table had … a sacred shield placed on an altar. If so, the interpretation of the triangles as horns … Thessaly Cambridge 1912 p. 43 fig. 19; pp. 60 f., 73; p. 85. For bronze examples of the … 2 Detail of black-figured pyxis-lid or kylix-hd found at Cuma in 1908 (E. Gabrici in

513

architectural akroteria. The climax of magnificence is reached in … servatism retained clearer traces of … Kabeiros of Thessalonike had a horn, which was either planted … 255 ff. pi. 51). Cp. W. Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the Semites'2 London … Cp. the great altar of Demeter at Pergamon (W. Dorpfeld in the Ath. Mitth. … which appears on coppers of the town c. 350—300 B.C. or later (fig. 113 : Brit. Mus. Cat. … Cp. the single horns of stone found in a neolithic pillar-precinct at Terlizzi in Apulia

514

sought, not in any artistic modification of the horned altar, but in … This curious method of obtaining a swarm is often mentioned by … pitched rags, and he is laid on a heap of thyme. The door and … eleventh day clusters of bees will be found, while of the bullock … fact the centre of a vital force, which radiated outwards especially

515

thereby himself filled with the life of the divine beast. Moreover, … the Egyptian Book of the Dead … Bahri the relative positions of … to the humbler rite of the buried bull and its resultant swarms. … vasa quis dubitet? Cp. interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 4. 219. Varro's etymology is of … 4 E. A. Wallis Budge Facsimile of the Papyrus of Ani2 London 1894 pi. 37, id. The … 5 Mr H. R. Hall points out to me that Mr Somers Clarke {Proceedings of the Society … with Hathor-worship, and the hills as being the cliffs of the same locality.

516

To the same cvcle of ideas belongs the Mithraic sacrifice of … 1 Figs- 389 and 390 are the front and back of a Mithraic altar-piece found in 1826 in … the testicles of the bull. A snake would drink from a krater placed below the bull's

517

shows four scenes separated by three cypresses : Mithras appearing out of the foliage of … of corn (?) and flowers and fruit in bosom (?) ; on the left below, Winter with covered

518

messenger of the Sun, to slay the great bull that had escaped from … wonders ensued. Fresh forms of life sprang from the body of the … altar of the Mediterranean originated as the shrine of a buried … advancing to seize the branches of a bush, of which the lower part is seen. … out a big bunch of grapes to Mithras, who raises his hand in admiration. Between … various animals—boar, hound, horse (hoof and part of leg visible), sheep (?), hound, … iron pivots. Hence the absence of decoration on the back of the frame. … yevecriv XeXrjdorcos anotiiov. The parallelism between the procreation of bees from a

519

Porphyrios' strange account of the worship at Dumat: … Even more explicit is the divinity of the altar in the cult of certain … is a levelled precinct c. 68 metres square, enclosing the tomb of the … 'To Zeus Mddbachos and to Selamanes, gods of the country5.' … Mddbachos would be the Syrian equivalent of a Greek Zeus Bomos,

520

the northern end of Djebel Bdrishd. Here was once a fine Roman … Zeus Bomos, no doubt, was the Grecised form of a Syrian god. … 2 In dealing with aniconic representations of Zeus as a stone we must carefully dis- … inscription TE P M fl N , i>e. Zeus Tepjxwv as the equivalent of Iupiter Terminus (Plout. … at Korkyra (supra p. 164 n. 5) and the bronze pyramids of Iupiter Dolichenus (infra … deities, represented at Tegea by small pyramids surmounting four-sided pillars of Doliana

521

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 521 … into a variety of distinct forms, to each of which was assigned its … by the vulgar; but it was vital to the progress of religion. … Messene and Lakonike—there was a sanctuary and oracle of … In the east we find omphaloid stones regarded as Zeus: e.g. the omphalos of Zeus … It would seem, then, that the genuinely Greek forms of aniconic Zeus included … Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 521 … into a variety of distinct forms, to each of which was assigned its … by the vulgar; but it was vital to the progress of religion. … Messene and Lakonike—there was a sanctuary and oracle of … In the east we find omphaloid stones regarded as Zeus: e.g. the omphalos of Zeus … It would seem, then, that the genuinely Greek forms of aniconic Zeus included

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVIII: The marriage of the sun and the moon in Crete

522

522 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … the daughter of Amyklas when fleeing from the embraces of Apollon … ' Two bronze statues stand there in the open air, one of them a statue of … sun-god8. We know, at least, that in the territory of the Cnossians, … Pasiphae of Thalamai was a lunar Aphrodite, cp. Lyd. de mens. 4. 64 p. 117, 12 f.

523

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 523 … rites. In view of the similarity existing between Cretan and … describes how Mykerinos (Men-kau-Rd), a king of the fourth … was originally affixed to the exterior surface of a wooden coffin5. … 6 E. B. Tylor Primitive Culture* London 1891 i. 356 (the Mintira of the Malay

524

524 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … that the same custom of sun-and-moon marriage is attested on the … heaving billows from the far eastern land of Phoenicia, borne or pursued by her … regarded as moon-goddesses—the former through the influence of … Europe bore to Zeus a son Dodon5 or Dodonos6, the eponym of … this scholar went off on a wrong track, when he detected at Dodona the cult of a … (Cults of Gk. States ii. 479), 'the Eteocretan earth-goddess' (ib. ii. 632), later assimi-

525

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 525 … festival in Crete, the Hellotia, at which a garland of myrtle, twenty … that at Corinth, where the same festival was attached to the cult of … 3 Nilsson Gr. Feste p. 96 remarks that this can hardly be a case of actual hones … character of the rite, which in all probability involved not merely the death but also the … 5 The schol. Pind. 01. 13. 56 gives various atria for the Hellotia of Athena Hellotis.

526

526 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … the other a flower, symbol of her own fertility. Theophrastos and … stone table in the opisthodomos of the temple of Aphaia in Aigina. Here, as A. Furtwangler … I have had Jahn's colour-plate copied with the insertion of various details—the inner … 2 H. Prinz in the Ath. Mitth. 1910 xxv. 169 n. 2 hints that the key to the myth of … 3 Prof. R. C. Bosanquet tells me, on the authority of F. Halbherr, that a single

527

Marriage of the Sim and Moon in Crete 527 … Zevs) stands alone. Whether it preserves an older form of the myth, or is due to the … P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 165, G. Macdonald in the Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 184 ff. … 189 ff. Britomartis, a Gortynian nymph in the train of Artemis, was loved by Minos, … of numismatists such as Prof. P. Gardner (Types of Gk. Coins p. 166 'serrated leaves as … mehr einer Eiche als einer Platane ahnlich'), but also of Mr Spyridion Miliarakis, … likely that the coins of Gortyna would represent the famous union of Zeus with Europe,

528

528 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … shock-head of slender shoots (fig. 394), which in some cases have … being nowhere mentioned by any classical author, {c) Well-preserved specimens of the … regarded the tree as an ancient willow. In such a matter the opinion of an experienced

529

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 529 … Theophrastos, who spoke of a plane, with blundering. Both trees … of Olenos, two nymphs called Aiga and Helike ; and that these persons respectively gave … Aiga, and Helike were the eponyms of Olenos or Olene, Aiga or

530

530 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … According to Hyg. fab. 139, Amaltheia as nurse of the infant Zeus in Crete hung his … question was a willow. In a Czekh tale the nymph of a willow-tree married a mortal … of prettiness but 'vielmehr ein Attribut von tieferer Bedeu- … An example of this latter coin now in the British Museum … in 1. a vase, r. hand on breast; on L, approaching her out of the water, forepart of a bull; … Possibly the flower-basket of Europe was derived from a custom … the time of M. Aurelius (fig. 403) and a copper struck by Trajan … 91 BOS. The word 9IB0S has been taken for a dialect form of

531

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 531 … rightly or wrongly taken to mean the goddess ' of Flourishing … his name on coins of Gortyna. Hence it is tempting to regard 9IB0S as a term … ' Verfinsterten': (3), as a Greek compound of evpvs and oir, 'eye,' equivalent in meaning

532

532 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … Then, as the branches begin to leaf, by a subtle change of gesture … was an emanation of Zeus himself12. … P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 165 pi. 9, 20, Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 405 fig. r. … P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 165 pi. 9, 19. … xvii. 405 fig. 2 (British Museum), P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 165 pi. g, 18 (Paris). … shape of a gad-fly. Another possible case of the soul as a fly is noted supra p. 469 n. 7.

533

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 533 … Probably the head of the fertilising bull was … odd custom perhaps susceptible of the same … Cretan (? cp. Plin. nat. hist. 21. 79) equivalent of the Philistine god worshipped at … H. von Fritze op. cit. ii. 514 holds that, since inscriptions of Ilion mention 17 pods, the

534

534 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … mention of these woodland spirits makes them akin to the Kouretes5 … 3 Mr G. F. Hill A Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins London 1899 p. 181 puts … 8 Mr W. Wroth, with whom I once had the advantage of discussing these coins,

535

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 535 … ' Increase.' Before her on a base is a statue of Euthenta, 1 Fer- … Mus. Cat. Coins Lycaonia, etc. pp. lxxxvif., 182 f. pi. 33, 7) as the name of a 'quail-hunt' … of a bull (id.). … 5 The gesture of the goddess is similar to that of the tree-nymph in the Real Museo

536

536 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … latter stands for the female element in the cult—a koure of

537

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 537 … was probably set up over the grave of an Orphic votary. The … ceived henceforward as a new heroine of ' Increase' to be reverenced … of a moon-goddess. Europe herself bore an equivocal title, which … lex. Myth. ii. 3192. Euryphaessa was, however, the mother of Helios, not of Selene

538

538 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … will appeal to the eye, if we compare the common Greek type of … portant piece of evidence is a passage in the treatise On the Syrian … it the temple of Astarte, and Astarte I take to be Selenaia. But, as one of the … 4 From a denarius of L. Valerius Acisculus (46—-45 B.C.) in my collection : obv. … 5 From, a copper of Amphipolis, struck by Tiberius, in my collection : … who rejects the combinations of Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 251 ff.

539

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 539 … myth that associates Europe with the founding of Thebes5. The … was changed to Boiotia, according to some, by reason of Boiotos the son of … of a copper, struck by Elagabalos, in my collection : A P | SI DON | COLMET - … 3 K. Hoeck Kreta Gottingen 1823 i. 93, 96 interprets the crescent-shaped veil of … 5 On the connexion of Europe with Kadmos see O. Crusius in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii.

540

54-0 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … some of his men to fetch lustral water from the spring of Ares. But the snake … to wife Harmonia, the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite, but first bade him in … Pythian oracle is vindicated from the charge of irrelevance. Besides, … Of Pelagon Fate's nurseling. Then draw nigh, … 2 Paus. 9. 12. 1. Two Egyptising altars of Roman date, formerly in the Towneley … A relief in a tomb of the Roman period at Kom el Chougafa shows the Pharaoh offering … 3 Paus. 9. 12. 2. On the site and significance of this cult see Frazer Pausanias v. 48 f.

541

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 541 … Of the ranging cow is lowered and her knee … Baudissin with the Phoenician moon-goddess on account of its … Dr Frazer's other example of sun-and-moon marriage was that … of the mountain-mother5, whose name probably … of Kouretes as nurse of the infant Zeus (fig. 412)7. Here, as … mark than the statement of schol. Eur. Phoen. 638 (^Kodofx-qcre ras Q-qfias' 6rj(3a yap … of Alktus, as Alktt] of *A'uctos. In Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 171 the eponymous nymph of

542

542 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … copied the actual cult-statue of Britomartis, who is known to … 929, O. Jessen ib. v. 585 ff., Farnell Cults of Gk. States ii. 476, Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. … a cult-epithet of Diktynna. … 5 Drawn from a specimen in my collection. The only other specimen of this fine coin

543

dropped that the consort of Diktynna or Britomartis was solar. It … evidence of a religious complex, forming an independent whole and … father of Britomartis by Hekate. … former name of Delos (Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1780 f. : add schol. Ap. Rhod. 1. … dropped that the consort of Diktynna or Britomartis was solar. It … evidence of a religious complex, forming an independent whole and … father of Britomartis by Hekate. … former name of Delos (Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1780 f. : add schol. Ap. Rhod. 1.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIX: Zeus and the Bovine figures of cretan mythology

544

mythographers was sent by Zeus1, according to Christian writers of … shape7. In short, Zeus as a bull is an integral part of the Europe- … advances of Zeus, and he, to punish her, changed her into a quail and cast her into the … Myth. Vat. 1. 37, 2. 17, 3. 8. 3). She was ravished by Zeus, who took the form of an … 46) and the Phoenician Herakles (Eudoxos of Knidos ap. Athen. 392 D, Cic. de nat. deor. … protr. 4. 49. 3 p. 312, 15 Stahlin. Cp. the statements that Pasiphaa, daughter of Atlas, … 9 The circle of rays surrounding the bull [supra p. 472 fig. 328) and Europe [supra

545

It remains, of course, both possible and probable that sooner or … actually mention a Gortynian cult of Zeus AsteriqsK There is … border' (G. F. Hill A Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins London 1899 p. 158).

546

Asterios was a sun-god of Phoenician character1. Only, we must … must have been worshipped; for here he had herds of cattle4. … 1 Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. 44, citing the opinion of W. Robertson Smith

547

were the sons of Zeus Asterioss. It looks as though the contamina- … hand (fig. 405)4, or awaits on his throne the arrival of her cortege, … to the starry sky. Silver coins of Crete struck by Nero show Zeus … globe and flanked by the stars (fig. 27)10. Similarly silver coins of

548

Crete struck under Caligula and Claudius have a head of Augustus … What was this group of seven stars ? Dr B. V. Head, who … proximately the same position as on a modern star-map, four of … 4 Head Hist. num.x p. 384 'perhaps in the character of Zeus Kretagenes.'

549

tree of Europe attained a scientific euthanasia in the text-books … sky-gods of Syria also. And here again the cults in question took … This was the case with Adad or Hadad, * king of the gods3' and … that the same constellation was sometimes regarded as the bull-form of Dionysos … 4 Mar-Tu, the ideographic form of Amurru. See further A. T. Clay Amurru, the … R. Dussaud in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 2157 ff., M. Jastrow The Religion of Baby- … tree of Europe attained a scientific euthanasia in the text-books … sky-gods of Syria also. And here again the cults in question took … This was the case with Adad or Hadad, * king of the gods3' and … that the same constellation was sometimes regarded as the bull-form of Dionysos … 4 Mar-Tu, the ideographic form of Amurru. See further A. T. Clay Amurru, the … R. Dussaud in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 2157 ff., M. Jastrow The Religion of Baby-

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XX: The bull and the sun in Syria

550

were carried out in the priesthood of Seleukos son of Zenodoros, … Adados4.' The cult was now strengthened by the addition of the … 8 The name Bcfalbek means ' Lord of the Beka,' i.e. of the fertile valley between … containing the earliest mention of Ba'albek, is thus translated by S. Lee {Eusebius Bishop … things, even now, in Baalbeck; the ancient injurious excesses and corrupting paths of vice,

551

to Rome. In the grove of Furrina on the east side of the Ianiculum … starting from this great cult-centre, the worship of Iupiter Heliopoli- … Siscia7 in Pannonia, from the Latovici on the borders of Venetia8, … Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 2161, 2163. The altar is of white marble, 0*55 m. high : … Germanic[o], 4287 (altar shewing relief of a goddess with mural crown, who holds rudder

552

As to the character and ritual of the cult thus propagated an … 'The Assyrians too worship the sun under the name of Iupiter, Zeus … divinity is at once Iupiter and the sun is manifest both from the nature of its … power of Iupiter and the sun. … certain friends of his, devout men whose faith in this deity was based on con- … Genio Forinarum | et cultoribus huius | loci, 2546 I. o. m. Heliopolitano. Of these … politan. j et Nemauso (on the left of this stone is the relief described and figured infra

553

sealed, and sent off, with nothing written on it. The priests, ignorant of the … thereupon ordered that a centurion's vine-staff, one of the offerings dedicated in … ' To prevent my argument from ranging through a whole list of divinities, … the subdivision of their power into this, that, and the other sphere by means of … 1 That is, the centurion's vine showed that Trajan would die in the course of the … 3 Opinions are divided as to the value of this interpretation (W. Drexler ib. i. 1987 f., … 5 Bundles of rays resembling wings start from the shoulders of various Assyrian deities,

554

Ba'albek, the seat of this remarkable cult, has seen many changes. … defaced many of their idols, did him to death and—if we may … 2 On the ugly connotation of the words /u^os, jXLjxds in the Hellenistic east see … this custom consult E. S. Hartland ' Concerning the rite at the temple of Mylitta' in the

555

dosios finally demolished2 the great temple of Zeus and built … subject to Arab rule till 1517, when the Turks gained possession of … (see the note by J. Markland in Dindorf's ed. of the Chronicon Paschale ii. 394 ff., … A Glossary of the Aramaic Ins-criptions Cambridge 1898 p. 30). This is the more likely … 1865 p. 196 'Exploits of Mar Rabbula.'

556

subsequent travellers, including the Duke of Ragusa, in 18341.' … consisted of two towers united by a colonnade, and was approached

558

original intention of this court1 is not known. Certain Helio- … a cedar. A cypress is the central object on other coppers of Heliopolis, which show two … Cypress-trees are not often associated with Zeus. But the temple of Zeus Ne'meios at

559

a patch of sacred corn1 ? … as inscriptions attest, was set out with bronze portraits of the … It was originally entered at the eastern end, therein resembling the temple of Zeus, which

560

At the western end of the altar-court rose the temple of Zeus1 … in width by 8775 metres in length. Round it stood a single row of

561

for sundry patches of a cement-paving, has entirely disappeared. … pseudodipteral, i.e. that in lieu of an inner row of columns it had … in perspective on coins of Septimius Severus, his wife Iulia Domna, … capped range of Libanos; in the foreground, the lowest course of the temple-terrace—

562

consisting of a huge outer wall and a filling of massive stones. … moulding was never completed. On this rested the main face of … arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 93. It shows a section through the temple of Zeus from north to

563

above them the popular name of the Trilithonz. The unknown … attains a length of 2172 metres (fig. 430)4. Greeks and Romans … advrov €K irevTe \i6wv (Steph. Byz. s.v. Ae\<poL). It was the temple of epic times, the … and breadth, and gives details as to the method of quarrying. The big stone, which … 5 On colossal statues etc. as a means of literally ' magnifying' the god see Folk-Lore

564

demanded a supreme effort. But here, as in the case of the … Adjoining the great temple of Zeus was a second sacred edifice … but those of the pronaos and the engaged columns of the interior … at the west end of the building. Nine steps led up to the chancel, … (fig. 432)3, it used to be assumed that this was the temple of Zeus, … 3 R. Wood The ruins of Balbek, otherwise Heliopolis in Coelosyria London 1757

565

the larger building being then regarded as that of Helios. But the … an unfinished frieze, which represents a procession of twelve persons, … (ib. no. 4475, 1 9eG> Batro%eixei) was the Grecised form of the Baal worshipped at … Orient. Gr. inscr. sel. no. 262). The inhabitants of Baitokaike described themselves as

566

was that of Dionysos, who at Heliopolis as elsewhere was worshipped … type of Philippus Senior (figs. 43 31, 4342). On a rocky eminence … of the temple; and in the field beyond this space is a caduceus. … 6 Another possible explanation of the type would be to say that the die-sinker, in

567

glory1. On this showing the temple here figured is that of Zeus'2. … with bulls. But copies of his cult-image, recognised in recent … 2 RascheZ^r. Num. iv. 93 (cp. Suppl. ii. 1345) assumes that it is a temple of Hermes. … Angelus given to Iupiter Heliopolitanus {supra p. 551 n. 10). The remarks of G. Henzen … 1903 pp. 30, 38 f. fig. 14. The inscription in letters of the third century runs : [I.]o. m.

568

a kdlathos or 'basket' on his head, adorned with two tiers of ovate-

569

A disk is suspended round his neck. The upper part of his body … symbolised on the right side of … and a string of jewels (?)4. His . ._____'."Jill Llllll J\ … and there are traces of two busts … of four and six petals each: one of these flowers is seen in profile … hand a fragment of the bunch of corn, and perhaps of the thunderbolt too, mentioned by … solvit {supra p. 552 n. 2) in letters belonging to the end of the second century. Cp. the

570

on its stalk. On the sides of the case are two thunderbolts. And … of Bctalbek and published by O. Puchstein in 1902 (fig. 437)1, … Somewhat more elaborate is a stele of white marble, which came … relief as a Roman copy of Artemis Dlktynna. P. Wolters in the Anv. Journ. Arch. 1890 … pp. 30, 33—36 has contributed most to our understanding of its details. He points out

571

composed of the solar disk with two uraeus-snakes. In the centre … Real-Enc. ii. 2834 f., vii. 1174, infra n. 2) ; and that the lower part of the relief closely … 2 There was a lion-shaped image of Tevvcuos in the temple of Zeus at Heliopolis … Aleppo, is a dedication of an oil-mill etc. to a triad of gods including one simply described … dated in the year 223 a.d.) and an inscription at Ny-Carlsberg of uncertain provenance … as Tevvaios the lion that appears on coins of Berytos with a … brow on early electrum coins struck in the time of Alyattes?, 610 —

572

The sides of the sheath are adorned with disks. … pp. 32, 67 n. 4. Of the coins listed by him the most interesting … argues in favour of accepting Macrobius' assertion. S. Reinach Cultes, Mythes et … the cuts representing the front, side, and back of the statuette ; Reinach Rep. Stat. iii. 8

573

of six or seven petals apiece. And on either side of the sheath is a

574

The finest examples of this type are two bronzes in the de … his chin is a short tenon for the attachment of a false beard. The … belonged to J. Loeytved of Beirut and is now in the Berlin collection (C. Clermont- … false beard, and numerous busts. J. Rouvier detected traces of gilding upon it.

575

To right and left of him is a star with … Finally, a series of five more busts—Posei-

576

bust, that of a rayed Helios; the back, an eagle with spread wings … It is noticeable that no bulls are figured on any of these … Iupiter of Heliopolis. In the Babylonian and Assyrian religion … 2 This was the view of W. Gurlitt loc. cit. p. 125 n. 9 and of F. Studniczka in the … no. 219: head turned slightly to left, and tufts of hair between the horns forming a sort … Myth. iv. 48 fig. 5), sometimes unwinged, as on the ste'le of Esarhaddon (680-669 B.C.) from

577

—the Rimmon2 or Hadadrimmon3 of the Old Testament,—was … question depends of course upon the functions ascribed to the god. … 4 My friend the Rev. Dr C. H. W. Johns kindly tells me that the association of … 5 A. H. Layard The Monuments of Nineveh First Series London 1849 pi. 65.

578

of time was associated with Samas and ultimately viewed as himself … of Heliopolis. These two conceptions of storm-god and sun-god, … in point of fact by no means incompatible3. 'In many mythologies,' … 3 Supra pp. 196 n. 6, 313 n. 8. Empedokles held that lightning consisted of solar

579

Ramman cannot have been accidental. This double nature of … lord of justice,"—an attribute peculiar to the sun-god ; but in … of many very ancient genii, all of whom had been set over the … horizon, and breathing flame or torrents of water upon the … taken to represent a divine bull 'child of the god Zu3.' This divine … of fertility.

580

Sumerian god of Nippur, bore a name which meant 'Lord of the … 'Lady of the Storm,' was described as Nin-khar-sag, 'Lady of the … character of a god who fostered vegetation : … When we see votive offerings with the figure of a bull, or repre- … 5 H. C. Rawlinson A Selection from the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Western Asia

581

traces of the association between the god and the animal may be … A. Dieterich9 supposed that this ascent of the mountain was a … rather infer from the mention of the golden calf and the mountain … 3 1 Kings 12. 28 ff. See further the learned dissertation of S. Bochart Hierozoicon

582

that we have here to do with a Grecised form of Adad, god of the … Hierapolis by Seleukos Nikator, the founder of the Syrian dynasty3. … A valuable account of her temple and cult is given by the … The golden doors of its pronaos gave access to a naos gilded … a different name. Both are of gold, and both are seated ; but Hera is carried … abbreviation of Atargatis, the Syrian 'Atar'ata (F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … 8 Loukian. op. cit. 1. The author of the de dea Syria throughout speaks of the goddess … /xrjKos, though the editors of Lucian take it to mean v\pos, and certainly ib. 30 it bears the

583

by lions, while her partner is sitting upon bulls. Indeed, the statue of Zeus … adorn none save the goddess of Heaven. Without she is covered with more … golden imag'e {xoanon) in no way resembling the rest. It has no shape of … 2 Not, of course, the true emerald, which is found only in America, but the green … river Hydaspes to the sound of flutes while the moon was waxing (Plout. de flnv. 1. 2). … s.v. ~Lefx,LpafjLLs). At the close of her life Semiramis changed herself into a dove and flew

584

statue of Atargatis carried by lions2, a statue of her partner (re- … goddess. She besought Iupiter to put the fish among the signs of the zodiac. And the … in question were really Venus and Cupido, who, scared by the sudden appearance of … Semiramis and all the kings of Assyria had the dove as their military standard—a doubtful … for dove {himmatii) was not very unlike the Assyrian name of Semiramis (Sammuramat). … her right hand, a tympanum in her left, and seated on the back of a lion {Brit. Mus. Cat. … 3 S. Reinach in the Rev. Arch. 1902 i. 31 argues that we must not press the text of … 6 This is the thesis of J. Garstang op. cit. pp. viii, n f., 17 n. 49, 27, 70 n. 43 .

585

pseudo-Lucian, having described the statues of the inner shrine, … refuses to do aught, retreats backwards, if he approves of aught, drives his … The right hand holds erect a spear, and on it stands a small statuette of Victory. … left of which are statues of women : these are surrounded by the twisted coil of … subject to the power of this luminary. The flower bears witness to the bloom

586

opinion of some one who identified him as a solar power with … Victory, the aigis, the eagles) are suggestive rather of Zeus. … firmed by the coin-types of Hierapolis. A … two deities are grouped on either side of a small … Fig- 449- design occurs on a bronze coin of Severus Alex- … 2 On coins of Tarsos from Hadrian to Gallienus appears a cult-image of Apollon … he has in common with the Zeus of Heliopolis and the Zeus of Hierapolis.

587

and trustworthy his description is. ' It has no shape of its own, but … effigies of the temple-deities. Again, 'on the top of it there is … sceptre or standard of a divine king figured prominently in the … those represented in the Hittite sculptures of Fraktin and Yarre : ib. fig. 4, id. The Land … 6 Ib. pp. liv, 138 pi. 17,8 (struck in the time of Antoninus Pius). … tion found by him at Perre {Perrin), which speaks of a certain Ma/*| Boyew. He suggests

588

writes as follows of ' Bambych3': … of about one hundred yards diameter. It was low, and had no water in it, and … R. Pococke in 1745 gives a more detailed account of his visit … ground, on which probably stood the temple of the Syrian goddess Atargatis.... … had such a grand avenue as the temple at Gerrhas ; and the enclosure of the … must have been west of it, of which I could see no remains ; it possibly might … 4 R. Pococke A Description of the East, and Some other Countries London 1745 ii- 1.

589

have been where there are now some ruins of a large building, which seems to … Nowadays even these scanty relics of the great temple have … its immediate precinct. The position of the Temple may have been more or … 1 Lieut.-Colonel Chesney The Expedition for the Survey of the Rivers Euphrates and … of the wall (ib. p. 188 fig. 2); four terra-cotta heads of a goddess who, to judge from the

590

in Koile Syria, belongs a copper coin of Geta, showing a god who … of Rhosos on the Gulf of Issos likewise represents a horned deity, … silver tetradrachm of Antiochos xii, now in the Dresden cabinet, … are extended, and the left holds a two-leaved ear of corn (fig. 452)5. … (F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Num. Zeitschr. 1901 p. 13 f.) is the Zeus of Heliopolis {supra

591

Characteristics of Zeus (Adad) 591 … ciated with Adad (Zeus) marked him as a god of thunder and fertility. … Stratonike [the second wife of Seieukos i Nikator], who was afterwards married to her … to lay violent hands upon herself. Whereupon he told her of his mutilation and so cured … future dwelt there. A bronze statue of him by Hermokles of Rhodes, which stands in … and sharing his mode of life. (Others tell a sacred tale to the effect that Hera loved … version (Prudent, peristeph. 10. 196 ff.), unmanned himself to escape the embraces of … and reaching to a height of thirty fathoms. Twice a year a man climbs up one of them

592

that made out of moisture the first principles and seeds of … figure cylinders of enamelled terra cotta, c. -50111 high, found at Erzingian and thought … Outside the temple is a large bronze altar and countless bronze statues of kings and … the altar: more than 300 of them come to the sacrifice. All wear white garments and a … Near the temple is a lake containing sacred fish of various kinds. The large ones have … blocks the way and implores him to depart. On the occasion of their greatest festivals … The greatest festival known to the writer is, however, celebrated at the beginning of … deities and images of the same. On certain specified days the crowd assembles in the

593

knowledge of all that is good for them1.' … flings aside his garments and with a great cry rushes into the midst of them. He seizes … enter the temple-precinct for the next seven days. If any of them sees a corpse, he does … unclean but sacred. They regard the dove as an object of the greatest sanctity: they … shaves his head and eyebrows and then sacrifices a sheep. Most of it he cuts up and … hair for Hippolytos, so at Hierapolis young men offer the first hairs of their beards, while

594

duplicate of the first: id. ib. Berlin 1906 p. 19 f.), E. J. Davis ' On a New Hamathite

595

northern flank of Mount Tauros. Prof. J. Garstang describes the … main stream of the valley it washes at a bend the foot of a bare rock, upon … with turned-up toes, characteristic of the godlike figures on all Hittite sculptures. … which is carved before the face of the god, Professors Sayce and Jensen both find … corn, he acquired the characteristics of Zeus. On silver coins

596

sceptre in his right hand, a corn-ear and a bunch of grapes in his … others issued by Arsames as satrap of Kilikia, 334—331 B.C.5, show … 2 For the coinage of Mazaios etc. I follow the classification recently proposed by

597

of Babylon under Alexander the Great, 331—328 B.C.1, Bctal-tars … The identification of Sandas with Zeus was due partly to the … Among the commonest types of the later copper coins of Tarsos is that of Zeus … 4 Another Cilician god, Olymbros, who passed as being the brother of Sandas (Steph. … And the debs Karaift&rrjs is coupled with Persephone in an inscription on the ' tomb of … of the town {Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycaonia, etc. pp. cvi, 31, 34 pis. 5, 10, 6, 4,

598

fact that Zeus too was a giver of fertility1. But this identification2 … of exceptional interest (figs. 454, 455)- Within a square frame … in my collection (fig. 460): obv. [KAISAPEHN rp ?] I ANAZAPBH head of … of Anazarbos there was an important cult of Zeus, who had here dispossessed Olymbros. … of the Italian Lokroi enthroned with a sceptre in his left … from the reign of Commodus and is inscribed I. o. m. I … 3 J. Garstang The Land of the Hittites London 1910 pp. 195, 238, 240, 378 f.

599

his hand with a gesture of adoration. On the left is the nude form … Ana must be the name of the naked god, and attempts have been … of a royal or quasi-royal proclamation. I would therefore suggest … ancient Hittite son-god6. He stands on the back of a lion, which … 2 This word is placed either in the narrow space at the back of Herakles' knee … 4 P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 171 pi. 10, 29 regards as plausible an interpreta- … P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 206 pi. 13, 20.

600

in his left hand. Occasionally also, as befits a god of fertility, he … Certain coins struck at Tarsos by the Seleucid kings of Syria … ' Pyre' made for Herakles (Sandas) at the Tarsian festival of Pyrd7. … 5 I take this gesture to be expressive of power. In the Old Testament a ' stretched … 548, Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Seleucid Kings of Syria p. 72 pi. 28, 8, p. 78 pi. 21, 6, p. 89

601

so in an address to the inhabitants of Tarsos1: … of Melcarth, the god was burned in effigy on his own pyre-.' … In any case the erection of the Tarsian coins can hardly be … to a proof, that a practice of burning a deity, and especially Melcarth, in effigy or in the

602

roof above the stone of Zeus Kdsios at Seleukeia Pieria1. Finally, … by two grape-bunches5. Certain examples of this coinage (fig. 472) … 2 For the pyre of Zeus Strdtios as shown on coins of Amaseia see the Class. Rev. 1904 … p. 717. The attribution of these anepigraphic coins is doubtful. Most numismatists now … sign discussed by Sir Arthur Evans Scripta Minoa Oxford 1909 i. 215^ ('Catalogue of

603

The significance of the pyramid as a cult-object is uncertain. … tionalised form of a mountain2, … walls of Ivriz at the foot of … compound names of deities as Dio-Pan6, Zeno-Poseidon7, etc.s … Auravdav was a false reading for ~2dv8av due to dittography (AI = the AI of yvwplfcaOai).

604

essentially a god of fertility, was also in Hellenistic times con- … represents a sacred stone, perhaps that of Emesa4. Again, the … Dolichenus*, furnishes another example of a Hittite god surviving … the central scene of the rock-carvings near Boghaz-keui (fig. 4/6)10 … Paris 1903 p. 22 f. fig. 9. The bronze, inclusive of the base, is o'iom high. … pi. 29, 9—11, J. Garstang The Land of the Hitiites London 1910 p. 214 pi. 65 f. with

605

(supposed to be a combination of the split oval or sign of divinity with the trident-fork … ' Ach-li-ib-sar, servant of the god Tishub'), W. H. Ward in the Am. Joum. Arch. 1899

606

a leash. On another cylinder in the collection of J. Pierpont … from Doliche, a little town5 in the Syrian district of Kommagene, … bundle of weapons. In the field is a star (or sun) and the Egyptian crux ansata.

607

and freedmen—carried the cult of this obscure divinity far and … of such deities as Isis and Mithras5. Septimius Severus was much … A good selection of them is given by Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. nos. 4296—4324.

608

that under these emperors with their Syrian connexion the cult of … no dedications to the god of so late a date are recorded. It adjoined … In accordance with a behest of Iupiter Dolichenus, Best and Greatest, the … for the sake of an auspicious beginning: see Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. nos. 467, 4316. … 1466 f.) implies, not merely the ritual use of white clothing (T. Mommsen on Corp. inscr.

609

of Tettia Pannuchia his daughter, of his household, of Aurelius Lampadius his … M. Aurelius Oenopio Onesimus {by the sign of Acacius) notary, and Septimius … Serapiacus, Antonius Marianus, M. Iulius Florentinus, chief persons^ of this … who fertilised the earth for the benefit of men, on the other hand, … 1 The word proscaenium is used of a facade or porch in front of the temple (De Vit … 3 principe(s) [ huius loci. Cp. the principes sacerdotum of the Jews (De Vit Lat. Lex.

610

of Iupiter Dolichenus, not, as we should have expected, to Dolichenus … One of the inscriptions cited above associates Iupiter Dolichenus

611

DolicJienus, Best and Greatest,' and of ' Iuno the Queen' respec- … ever, wears a Phrygian cap instead of a helmet. His raised right … was found in the harbour of Marseille, where it had sunk in some … statuette found at Szalan-kemen, probably the site of Acumincum … sua d. d. Since Iuno Regina had a temple of her own on the Aventine (H. Jordan— … that the new-comer Iupiter Dolichenus here claimed to be the consort of this ancient

612

horns of the bull. A third is indicated in relief on a short column, … aspect of a Dolichenus'-shrine, may be inferred from the finds made … like the walls, of rag-stone with inserted tiles. This pillar had … presumably the M. Aur. Apollinaris, a decurio of Mursella, who dedicated two altars,

614

room with a tiled mosaic flooring. The walls of the lower chamber … of them (C) is here represented (fig.

615

his right hand uplifts a double-axe; his left holds the remains of a … of the bolt have thin silver-foil twisted round them (fig. 486)2. … formed back and front of the same dedication, or less probably were

616

To Iupiter DulcJienus- and flanked by busts of Hercules with his … 1 Kan op. cit. p. 43 f. no. 28, a. The best publication of this plate is that of Desjardins

617

to it, in a separate panel as before, are busts of the Sun with a … a thunderbolt. To the right of the altar stands a goddess, pre- … temple, to either side of which is a legionary standard surmounted … (? solar) disk. Both are standing behind the foreparts of two bulls … In the Archaeological Institute at Vienna is a pair of similar, … foreparts of two bulls, the horn of one being visible under his arm3. … 3 R. Munsterberg loc. cit. p. 230 f. fig. 102 well compares a small bronze statuette of

618

like Venus than Iuno. Lowest of all came a handled label, … edges of the front-plate2, exhibits a crescent, containing a horned

619

A fragment of another bronze plate, similar in character to … middle is a tree with leaves and fruit. To the left of it stands … double-axe; his left grasps a thunderbolt consisting of six spirally- … the eyes4. The lowest register is filled with a motley assemblage of … of an ancient building along with ashes, charcoal, broken pottery and bricks. … in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1907 xxxi. 241 n. 7). A copper of Lappa in Crete shows … its horns made of gold and a large rosette between them plated with gold (Perrot—Chipiez

620

is an Isiac head-dress, composed apparently of a solar disk between … rest busts of the Moon and the Sun : the former wears a crescent; … section, which bisects the back of the plate3. With this monument … of a like monument. The upper division contains a bust of … that these triangular plates of bronze were intended to represent, … Jean Le dessin des Animaux en Grece Paris 1911 p. 23 fig. 12). Bronze coins of Neapolis … 2 Cp. e.g. the many varieties of Bronze-Age daggers, swords, spear-heads etc.

621

the half-worked barbs of the first Heddernheim plate, the raised … of this form but always2 a double-axe and a thunderbolt of normal … pyramid as a ritual object points to the cult of a mountain-deity3.

622

of the Heddernheim plate1 raise a further question. What have … as a sign and symbol of fertility6. … flowers11.' On an Etruscan mirror figuring the birth of Dionysos … The Due de Luynes in the Nouv. Ann. 1836 i. 391 compared the Talleyrand Zeus of

623

thunderbolt in his left, and a wreath of lilies on his head1. The … found by Messrs Drosinos and Stamatakis in a complex of buildings … the Louvre {Arch. Zeit. 1875 xxxii pi. 9), whose diadem is composed of palmettes … pursuit of Minos by disappearing in a grove at Aigina and was thenceforth worshipped as

624

was said to delight in the lily2. Her head on silver coins of Elis … Bianna and Aphaia were borne off to become queen of an underground king. … Coins ii. 135 no. 4, P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 137 f. pi. 8, 15, Bnnbury Sale … pi. 14, 1—3, 13, P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 159 pi. 8, 39, Head Hist, num.2 p. 423. … aarepcwv, which grew on the banks of the river Asterion near the Argive Heraion and … On the folk-lore of the Milky Way see further Mdusine 1884-85 ii. 151 ff. 'La Voie … georg. frag. 2, 28 ap. Athen. 683 d) ; and this flower grew from the head of a statue of

625

it as the flower of the planet Zeus. For example, Konstantinos … Kronos was somewhat dark and leaden of hue; … The globe of Aphrodite had the glint … Was planted there upon the face of heaven, … And flowers pied the flashing of the stars4. … of course, in modern poetry, e.g. H. W. Longfellow Evangeline 1.3' Silently one by one, … figured a terra-cotta disk, which represents the head of Helios emerging from the petals … are by the hand of a corrector. J. Bernays in the Arch. Zeit. 1875 xxxii. 99 cites Lobeck

626

These Byzantine attributions were not mere fancy-flights of … his edition (Lipsiae 1877) °f Maximus and Amnion prints certain anecdota astrologica, of

627

K. Zangemeister and E. Gerhard. Of these, three are in the Gold … petal of which terminates in a similar but smaller lily, the central … its inscription5 has a spear-head enclosed in a frame of lily-work.

628

gable of which are a crescent moon and two stars. The architrave … Berlin Museum. One of them so … wreath in his beak. The field of the … medallions depicting Cupid with a round shield and a lance: of … the plate with the help of Mr F. H. Marshall, I made out a few more letters, viz. (a) on

629

Iupiter Dolichenus was in some sense, then, a god of precious

630

seems needed to account for the constant association of an Aurelius … modus)2 and no less than sixteen other persons of the same gentile … god6 and to gold7, considered themselves bound by special ties of … est Valerii, Papirii. Quint, inst. or. 11. 2. 31 also alludes to the origin of the name. … p. 57 no. 60 (Pfiinz: a bronze tablet found near the camp of the first cohort of the

631

analogy of the word Staal for Staalwater1 and the discovery of … A clue to the meaning of the words is, I venture to think, … of interest, since the Homeric Catalogue describes the Halizones … Timotheos too at the court of Archelaos sang of 'earth-born

632

of the Hittite son-god1. Hence I conclude that the title'where … own double-axe2 and the making of the latter implied the birth of … the connexion of Iupiter Dolichenus with the precious metals. The … Oldest Civilization of Greece London 1901 p. 200 n. 1, apropos of the Sumerian name for … me that the meaning of An-Bar, which is taken to denote 'Divine Weight,' cannot be … On the other hand, the Egyptians believed that the tops of some mountains touched … with iron by the story of the metal-eating mice. Aristotle stated that in the island of … by nature in the iron-workings of the Chalybes; and in gold mines they are so fond of … Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 1954), it is possible that we should assume another island of the

633

The Significance of the Bull 633 … the last twenty sections of our subject will be glad to rest awhile … 5 Supra p. 435 n. 6. A bronze statuette of Apis from a Greek site in the Delta is in- … The Significance of the Bull 633 … the last twenty sections of our subject will be glad to rest awhile … 5 Supra p. 435 n. 6. A bronze statuette of Apis from a Greek site in the Delta is in-

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XXI: The significance of the bull in the cults of Zeus

634

634 The Significance of the Bull … supporter of the Hittite father-god ; but this deity, still mounted … deposed him from his place as lord of the forest. The bull was … without loss of probability. Beyond other beasts the bull was … 6 G. Murray Four Stages of Greek Religion New York 1912 p. 33. Cp. Harrison … (bulls). Very significant is the use of ravpos = rb aldoiov rod dvdpos (Souid. s.v. ravpos,

635

The Influence of Apis 635 … a disk between their horns. In Crete too the solar character of the … Minotaur in his Labyrinth at Knossos7, the cattle of the Sun at … Hattusil ii, king of the Hatti, made a treaty with Osymandyas, … The Influence of Apis. … expression, would radiate far and wide from the chief centres of … Struggle of the Nations London 1896 p. 401 ff"., E. A. Wallis Budge A History of Egypt

636

636 The Significance of the Bull … twenty miles north of Boghaz-Keui, the gateway of a Hittite … Apis-like6, this bull has a variety of … figs- 323— 327> G. Maspero The Struggle of the Nations London 1896 p. 647 ff. figs., … 8 Cp. two blocks from the right-hand series of reliefs : (1) a bull about to toss, with a

637

The Influence of Apis … in my collection. My friend Prof. E. J. Rapson kindly refers me to his Catalogue of the

638

Significance of the Bull … 1869 at the entry of the cave by a couple of students—Dr Felkel … a bridle, as in the case of Egyptian bulls. Small triangular plates … are due to any imitation of Apis. He cites a bronze cow found at Hallstatt, which served

639

Spread of the Hittite Bull-cult 639 … here the Egyptising form of a local bull-god comparable with the … 2 Reinach Bronzes Figures p. 278 n. 1 draws up a list of twenty-four examples. See … Religion of the Ancient Celts Edinburgh 1911 pp. 38, 137 ff., 189, 208 f., 243 f., supra … 2iav<pos, creavcpos arose from a reduplication of aocpbs (Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 970) is

640

640 The Significance of the Bull … Vases i. 277, H. B. Walters History of Ancient Pottery London 1905 ii. 137, 264), which … The original version of the myth was reconstructed by C. Robert in Hermes 1884 xix. … 4 Relief on building-stone at Malatia, near the confluence of the Tochma Su with the

641

Spread of the Hittite Bull-cult 641 … stretch of country—Niksar itself, the Lykos-valley fading away into the distant … inlaid with enamel. The tongue, which hung out of the half-opened mouth, is … attached to the nose of the bull. His dress is a short bordered tunic. Facing him is

642

642 The Significance of the Bull … found. Further, it is a propos of Kabeira that Strabon2 mentions the small … mountain imply a cult of Men is not necessarily inconsistent … appears to have inherited the bronze bulls of the Hittite god with … with a bull beside him on a coin of Sagalassos in Pisidia {Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycia, … a relief from Maionia (infra n. 4) and in another of … I figure a copper of Antiocheia in Pisidia, struck by

643

Spread of the Hittite Bull-cult 643 … the Sun-god's island, were of Hittite origin5. The small bronze … Zeus Atabyrios7. The cult of this deity spread from Rhodes to … 4. 1. 8, v. Fl. Ioseph. 37. So also in the LXX. version of Hos. 5. 1. … 5 Yet the myth of Katreus, Althaimenes, and Apemosyne, in which ox-hides and ox-

644

644 The Significance of the Bull … suggests that the art-type of Europe on the bull owed some- … Our third example of a transmitted religious motif is at once

645

shield of the ninth2, or possibly of the eighth3, century B.C. found … fact that his attendants are each beating a pair of drums undeceives … midst. The manner of his death gives us good reason to suspect … 7 M. Jastrow The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Boston etc. 1898 p. 483 ff., … 12 Sir Arthur Evans in the Jourri. Hell. Stud. 1912 xxxii. 279 f. : ' Some of the most

646

646 The Significance of the Bull … will be remembered that various coins of Asia Minor showed the … knew death, and the fabled site of his monument on Mount Juktas proves to coincide … Goddess, and in one case actually seem to have a glimpse of the "tomb" within its

647

the chthonian Dionysos or Zagreus mounted the throne of Zeus3 … about it. Of his death in the form of a bull we shall have more to … 3 Hence Orig. c. Cels. 3. 23 apa 8e ov iroWip ravra (the resurrection of Christ) crefivbrepa … justly regards as a misreading of the previous fragment), id. in Plat. Alcib. p. 83 'Opcpevs

648

648 The Significance of the Bull … with his thunders played an essential part in the rites of Zeus … Of cypress-wood is weather-proof … Pure is my life and of spotless fame … Nor eat of food, if the life be there.

649

grown on the spot. Probably it formed part of a grove belonging … have been an impious innovation)4, but with glue made of bull's … 3 At Knossos were shown the foundations of Rhea's house and a cypress-grove of … At Ortygia near Ephesos was a grove mainly composed of cypress-trees: here Leto … 4 The best collection of relevant facts is in Frazer Golden Bough:i: Taboo pp. 225— … 5 Miss Harrison Proleg. Gk. Rel.2 p. 481 writes: 'The shrine of Idaean Zeus...was … 3. 11. 517 b 28 ff., alib.) or from the ears and genitals of bulls (Plin. nat. hist. 28. 235 f.). … helpful accumulation of anthropological parallels in her Proleg. Gk. Rel.2 p. 478 ff.,

650

650 The Significance of the Bull … relation to the goddess. If Zagreus sat on the throne of Zeus … too full-charged with his sanctity might go in quest of her their … Kouretes clashing their weapons were the mythical counterpart of earthly priests imi- … with great effect—suggestive of a rising storm-wind rather than of rumbling thunder; … herself from Aisch. Edoni frag. 57, 8 ff. Nauck2 (rites of Kotys or Kotyto) ravpocpdoyyoc … 3 On the Kouretes as sons of Rhea see O. Immisch in Roscher lex. Myth. ii. 1597 f., … 4 Frazer Golden Bough11 iii. 240 ff., 313 f., Golden Bough'6: Spirits of Corn and Wild

651

veritable embodiments of the god they must lead a life of … denoting the god (Gilgames ?) of Mount Zdgros or Zdgron, the … would readily pass to Argos2, and so northwards to the rest of … already perhaps known as Zagreus, in the guise of Gilgames, the … Dr Frazer after examining the traces of Adonis-worship in … 'that among Semitic peoples in early times, Adonis, the divine lord of the city, … belief in impregnation by means of fire. The use of torches in bridal processions may … Classical Association of Ireland: Proceedings for 1911—1912 p. 23 f. ('Is it too much … 4 Farnell Cults of Gk. States v. 129 n. b says: ' The explanation of the word as " the … apparently not noticed Dr Rendel Harris' discovery of an Adonis-like Zeus in Crete.

652

652 The Significance of the Bull … had Dikte, an older cult-centre than Ide1, the statue of a beardless … reference to the friendly vigilance of Miss Harrison), Zonar. lex. s.v. AiKTT]...ivOev [sic)

653

threatened to sacrifice. On account of this cruelty, or because a … guarded words of Agathokles, a fifth-century historian2, whom … not eat of its flesh. The Praisians actually make offerings to a pig, and this is … molare voluisset; a civibus pulsus regno, etc. The last of the writers here cited was

654

654 The Significance of the Bull … purpose? Direct evidence is wanting. But, since the cult of Zeus … ' We see a group of three principal figures. The central one is a bearded man … 4 The same significance should perhaps be attached to the Cypriote cult of Zeus … t6/xos of the diviner's art; but W. R. Halliday Greek Divination London 1913 p. 188 n. 1 … Hell. Stud. 1892-3 xiii. 77 ff., id. History of Ancient Pottery London 1905 i. 52 f., 391 f.,

655

surprise at the sight of the central scene by the gesture of his left hand ; his … surprise. In his right hand he carries a long- staff. Part of this figure has been … Greek art is invariably used to characterise the inhabitants of Thrace1.' … I was formerly {Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 177) inclined to accept the conjecture of … confusion on the part of Onomakritos (Paus. 8. 37. 5). It is indeed probable enough

656

656 The Significance of the Bull … the chieftains of Thrace actually devoured, in part or in whole, a … we might look to find traces of it at various intermediate points in … dust and ashes by the thunderbolts of Zeus. In any case there can be no etymological … he was torn to pieces by the hands of the fathers. Plutarch [v. Rom. 27] too, though

657

Omestes (" the Eater of Raw Flesh ")\ had these and perhaps other … On the whole it seems likely enough that in Crete the part of … passage in the Odyssey describes Minos as a sort of ogre2. … 1 ff. Hermann (printed at the end of Draco Stratonicensis liber de metris poeticis ed. … lepaTiKT). Phanias of Eresos was a pupil of Aristotle and a painstaking historian

658

658 The Significance of the Bull … The shambles and the murdering of men. … powers by tasting of human flesh3. … 3 It may be that the ferocious language of //. 4. 35 f. (Zeus to Hera) Copxiv pe(3pwdoi.s … stages of tragic grandiloquence and comic bombast.

659

phagus (?)-relief in the Villa Albani (fig. 506)1 shows portions of … But to the Greek or Roman of classical times human sacrifice … of Men," and, when it has brought forth, they tend it like a woman in child-bed. … not the very embodiment of the god, Dionysos 'Smiter of men6.' … beards, whipping a naked boy' ! But why three of them (of the third the left foot only … 4 Porph. de abst. 2. 54 f. = Euseb. praep. ev. 4. 16. 2 f. (of the man sacrificed at … Strattis the comedian wrote a play entitled 'A.vdpwTroppaio-Ttjs, of which two fragments

660

660 The Significance of the Bull … Comparing, now, these ritual facts with the Orphic myth of … some less horrible rite, say the rending and eating of a bull. There … identified as Zeus3 (figs. 5074, 5085). At Phaistos a stater of … 3 Zeus enthroned with sceptre and eagle appears on the obverse of silver coins of

661

hand (fig. 509)1. At Gortyna coins of about the same period and … ' There are yet other superstitions, the secrets of which must be set forth—to … heart of the palace and, by dint of rattles and a cleverly made mirror, so … Other silver coins of the same town show obv. forepart of bull, rev. head of Europe

662

662 The Significance of the Bull … they actually fed upon a human corpse—a repast never heard of till that day. … Then, because he could no longer bear the tortures of grief and because the … the savage banquet by a yearly commemoration of it. They penetrated the … music of pipes and the clash of cymbals they got up a make-belief of the rattles … the Euhemeristic belief in Zeus as a former king of Crete was based on the divine

663

of the Cretan ritual1. It was dramatic; it was sacramental; and … of the Titans feasting upon his flesh. And it was self-contradictory ; … lishes a fuller version of the Theodorean matter, which he had previously cited from the … Of the Unknown and Hidden God: wishing, in fact, to say this, that though there is a … hath put bounds, etc." {He hath determined the times, that is to say, the variations of … son of Zeus, made a panegyric over his father, and in it he said:

664

664 The Significance of the Bull … inception, was obviously capable of further development. Paul, … description of the Cretans as given in the same context. Nay … "We are the offspring of God," … 1 Dr Rendel Harris refers them to the poem of 4000 lines written by Epimenides … yaarepes dpyai, cited by Paul in Tit. 1. 12, came from the prooimion of Epimenides' … Cretans ate their deity sacramentally under the form of a pig: and...that, as in so many

665

The Origin of Tragedy … goats in like manner5. And such was the type of Maenad idealised … ■wavres- \ rod yap Kal yevos elpiev. Note also that Aratos introduces Zeus as Lord of the … foucrat rpayrjv irepLrj-TTovro and perhaps also by the cult-legend of Paus. 2. 23. 1. But

666

Goat instead of Bull … being held in spring when visitors from all parts of Greece came … Dionysia of Athens4; for the Lenaia is not known to have been … Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 1485, Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 731 n. 3, Farnell Cults of Gk. … 3 Farnell Cults of Gk. States v. … 5 On this complicated problem read by all means the lucid accounts of W. Judeich

667

The Origin of Tragedy … southern slope of the Akropolis. … Cidts of Gk. States v. 176, 208, M. P. Nilsson Studia de Dionysiis Atticis Lund 1900 … k.t.X. , G. Hirschfeld The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Musetim … Saxonum 1911 p. 90 f. cites numerous examples from many parts of the Greek world),

668

Goat instead of Bull … An examination of the evidence for lenai and its derivatives … victims are satisfactory. If there is any need of a second and satisfactory … On the twelfth a yearling is sacrificed to Dionysos Leneus. On behalf of … p. 667 n. 3 have been struck by the absurdity of a 'wine-press' festival in mid-winter!

669

The Origin of Tragedy … J. von Prott1 points out that the deities of Lenaion 10 are the Ionian … Plouton3. It follows that the ritual of Lenaion 10 was a prelude … prelude and sequel, we have left as the original recipients of the … ' at the Lenaean contests of Dionysos the daidoiichos holding a torch says … 69 (accounts of hieropoiot for 250 B.C.) 5s eyKtjp.wv els Ovcriau rrji Arj/jLTjrpi AP' /cat

670

Goat instead of Bull … the ' Giver of Wealth.' Kephisodotos' statue of Eirene holding the … 6 But I completely disagree with Miss Harrison's description of the grotto on the

671

The Origin of Tragedy … series of Athenian vases extending throughout the.fifth century … a table, on which offerings of wine etc. are placed. The entourage … earlier than the sixth century B.C. the cult of the Theban Dionysos … conceded that the vases in question do illustrate the ritual of an … 9 The rites of the Rural Dionysia are so imperfectly known that we cannot rule them … haben.' It must not be forgotten that precisely at Acharnai there was a cult of Dionysos

672

Goat instead of Bull … of the dramatic stage2. … recital of your woes into plays, and you deem those that act them a delightful … of Dionysos6.' … of his view by this learned and ingenious scholar strike me as being far from cogent. It … means ' the festival of the lenai' {supra p. 667 f.). … its illumination on the torch of the daidoiichos: the latter has all the brilliance of celestial

673

The Origin of Tragedy … whether the scholiast is speaking of the Rural Dionysia or of the … not only a worshipper of Bacchos but also the Bacchos whom he … 2 Farnell Cults of Gk. States v. 176. 3 Supra p. 666. … 7 Paus. 8. 54. 5 a sanctuary of Dionysos Mvot^s in the oak-clad district of Korytheis … See further Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 731 n. 3 and Frazer Golden Bough3: Spirits of

674

Goat instead of Bull … Dionysos into a kid (eriphos) and so saved him from the wrath of … irapa 5e MerairouTivoLS 'Ept'0tos. 'AiroXXodwpos cpricnv. The insertion of 6 Alovvuos is … Athamas drops Melikertes into the caldron of boiling water and Ino pulls him out … 6 At Brasiai in the territory of the Eleutherolakones Ino nursed Dionysos in a cave

675

The Origin of Tragedy 675 … of Dionysiac ritual—the caldron of apotheosis and the young god … Hesychios informs us that a man who performed the rites of … Kuster was not mistaken when he interpreted this strange gloss of … aroXoLs | ypalav ^ijvevvov 'tiyevov TiTyvida (the wording is curiously reminiscent of the

676

Goat instead of Bull … ' Happy and blessed one, thou shalt be a god instead of a mortal' … This enigmatic phrase he referred to the cult of Dionysos Eriphos … unprincipled persons, who think more of their own pleasure than … Thraco-Phrygian ceremony involved a ritual boiling of milk. At … of their cattle, the aversion being based on an idea that a cow whose milk has been

677

The Origin of Tragedy … that the early Thraco-Phrygian ' kings,' the Titdnes of the myth8, … kid into the milky caldron : henceforward he was 1 a god instead of … yaKaKTL. Cp. Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 1 no. 470, 13 (of the epheboi), edvaav Se /cat rots … 4 A somewhat similar belief may lie at the back of the Roman Lupercalia; for here … image of the god whom Justin calls Lupercus, nude but girt with a goat-skin (lust. 43. … 1905 ii. 200. The ritual of the luperci is given with most detail by Plout. v. Rom. 21 :

678

Goat instead of Bull … of Donegal: … northern and most remote part of Ulster, namely, at Kenel Cunil, a nation … him from the broth. Sitting in this, he eats of the flesh which is brought to … It remains to ask—what is the bearing of all this on the origin … he-goat .{tragosy, that for the purpose of his tragedies he first … Experience of the Roman People London 1911 p. 478 ff., J. A. Hild in Daremberg—Saglio … 1 Giraldus Cambrensis The Topography of Ireland dist. 3 chap. 25 trans. T. Forester … Farnell Cults of Gk. States v. 234, 315 reads 'Lcaptot (but B. Bunte ad loc. suggests that

679

The Origin of Tragedy … play was neither the first nor the last dramatic presentation of the … The myth of Pelias and that of Pelops13 have been shrewdly and, … 3 A. G. Bather 'The Problem of the Bacchae' in the Jotirn. Hell. Stud. 1894 xiv. … 13 Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 145 regards IleAtas as merely a hypocoristic form of

680

Goat instead of Bull … (<9) The Attic Festivals of Dionysos. … fragments, normally contain a sequence of six parts—an agon … discovery that Greek tragedy fills out the ritual forms of an old … question was the dithyramb or spring dromenon of Dionysos re- … 4 Prof. Murray writes to me (July 6, 1913): 'I want to put in a word of explanation … It seemed to me simpler, as a matter of nomenclature, to say: "Dionysus, though of … longing to Dionysus, readily accepts as its heroes all sorts of other people who are, in then-

681

Attic Festivals of Dionysos 681 … the dithyramb as providing the germ or ritual outline of tragedy, … was essentially the opening ceremony of the City Dionysia1, which … festival was the Lady Day, the latter was the Christmas, of the … first two being cult-titles of Dionysos himself (Athen. 30 B, 465 A, Diod. 4. 5, et. mag. … Harrison's Themis Cambridge 1912 p. 204) that -dvp- is a northern form of -dop- (on … both the phonetic changes postulated by my explanation of 5i0vpapij3os, but also provides … 'the song of Zeus the Begetter.' In favour of this etymology is the fact that Apollon, … 8e/xas. And in the Dictaean hymn six times over comes the impressive cry of the Chorus

682

Goat instead of Bull … the great god of the City Dionysia was Dionysos Eleuthereus, … Finally, I shquld surmise that in dpiafi(3os we have the weakest grade of the same … Further evidence tending to show that the City Dionysia culminated in the union of … Eleutherai was not incorporated with Athens till shortly before the peace of Nikias … no. 72 A 11 ff. (in a decree concerning the colony of Brea, not much earlier than 443/2 b.c.)

683

Attic Festivals of Dionysos 683 … then, we have again the same interval of ten lunar months. And … Corp. inscr. Att. ii. i no. 321 b, 7 (in a decree of 278/7 B.C., which apparently refers to a … 3 See the law of Euegoros cited by Dem. in Mid. 10 ~Evr)yopos elirev orav 77 ivofj.ivrj … ot Kw/xcpdol /cat ot rpaywdoi, k.t.X. Comedies precede tragedies also in the official lists of … n. 2 makes light of this evidence ' as there is nothing to show that the contests are being … This probability is raised to a certainty by the fact that his order agrees with that of the … end of a chorus of 125 lines, I would rather interpret as follows. Aristophanes, joking … squares with the very weighty evidence of Euegoros' law and the official inscriptions.

684

684 Goat instead of Bull … status and chastity of the Basz'linna6, i.e. the wife of the Basileiis … ventured to touch ' the holy things9.' In view of the ascertained … performance of a phallic rite11. This conjecture is in general agree- … as ' the oldest sanctuary of Dionysos,' and its situation immediately south of the Akro- … 5 So Mommsen Feste d. Stadt Athen p. 391 and Farnell Cults of Gk. States v. 216 f. … Progr. Berlin lxxii) Berlin 1912 p. 25 n. 17 understands airrtcrdai r&v iep&v of .the cista … II A red-figured pelike in the British Museum (fig. 510), belonging to a late stage of … her r. she sprinkles with seed (?) four objects in the form of phalli set upright in the

685

to one of the mystic ceremonies of Athenian women, such as the Thesmophoria. If so,

686

686 Goat instead of Bull … The Theognia were presumably rites connected with the birth of … chios3, or else an equivalent of the Theognia in Elaphebolion, since … festival of Dionysos Qeoivos (Harpokr. s.z>. Qeoiviov). "If that reading were sound, we … p. 392 ff., Farnell Cults of Gk. States v. 217 f., A. Frickenhaus in the Jahrb. d. kais. … - Att. ii. 1 no. 471, 12 f., cp. id. nos. 469, 14 f., 470, n f.) at the festival of the Lenaia.

687

Attic Festivals of Dionysos … enough that the yearly renewal of vegetation was attributed to … last day of the festival4, was a piece of primitive magic applicable … des Menschen') gives a good collection of relevant facts. Note also Umped. frag. 117 … mere pleasance (Rohde Psyche1 i. 230), but rather as a vehicle for the soul of the … 6 The word /cw/z-ySta means properly ' the performance of the Kwp.cp8oi'; and the

688

Goat instead of Bull … as soon as the flute gave the signal, they danced with all sorts of contortions … we have already taken to be the equivalent of the Lenaia4. As … 2 Hence perhaps the curious and misleading statement of Diog. Laert. 3. 56 dlov … There is here, however, no definite indication of season, place, or date.

689

Attic Festivals of Dionysos 689 … to cut into pieces4. Now we lose half the fun of the situation, if … Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1698 fif.), recalls the use of the Aios Kdodiov, upon which … bring the celebrants one by one into contact with the skin of the sacred beast. Ac- … 5 Dr L. R. Farnell in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1909 xxix p. xlvii and in his Cults of Gk. … and Berlin 1913 iv. 4386°.), has argued that the tale of the Boeotian Xanthos slain by the … ^oXoetj and 'OXeZcu of Orchomenos in Boiotia (Plout. quaestt. Gr. 38)), acquired variety

690

Goat instead of Bull … by the solar year was the adoption of a trieteris or two-year cycle, … 1 On the attempt of O. Gilbert Die Festzeit der Attischen Dionysien Gottingen 1872 … Dr Farnell in the Transactions of the Third International Congress for the History … new hypothesis, that the " trieterica " are to be associated with the original shifting of … and which would certainly be consecrated by a special ritual attached to the god of the

691

Attic Festivals of Dionysos 6gi … OF DIONYSOS

692

Goat instead of Bull … the form of an oktaeterts, in which three (not four) months were … Once in every period of eight years the intercalary month was … avoid the confusion arising from the performance of trieteric rites … Poseideon. We can thus account for the celebration of the Rural … the cult of Dionysos Eleuthereus and organised the City Dionysia as his festival, allows … Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 369 ff., and especially Farnell Cults of Gk. States hi.

693

Attic Festivals of Dionysos 693 … the limbo of improbable conjectures3. … 3 Mommsen loc. cit. even attempts to combine all the Attic festivals of Dionysos, with … who regards Liber as a creative or procreative god developed out of Iupiter Liber and … The Saturnalia too stood in obvious relation to semina. In view of the fact that our … Dr Frazer {Golden Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 311) has also detected in it traces of a … Mastigia. The passage is, owing to the loss of a quaternion, absent from our MSS.

694

Goat instead of Bull … marises what is known of them : … Also the mere fact that licensed chicken stealing is a feature of the festival … and the wedding is celebrated (at Lechovo a priest is one of the characters), … origins of Greek tragedy that this simple drama recounting, like an ancient … to that gruesome rite has been already cited (supra p. 656 n. 2), viz. the sparagmos of … 3 R. M. Dawkins 'The modern Carnival in Thrace and the Cult of Dionysus' in the … 5 A. J. B. Wace ' North Greek Festivals and the Worship of Dionysos' in the Ann.

695

restoration of the dead to a new life—these are precisely the … keeps her northern name of Semele, and her child is Iakchos or … The Athenians of the fourth century, sitting on cushions in their … 8 At the trieteric rites of Dionysos Semele had ev'upbv re Tpdire^av I8e [Avarripid 0'

696

Goat instead of Bull … On the krater of Klitias and Ergotimos (e. 600—550 B.C.) three … figured kylix from the Persic debris at Athens are the remains of … 2 For a fair summary of the evidence, both literary and monumental, see E. Kuhnert's … equine in Greece through confusion with that of the Centaurs. Miss Harrison, who first … not of asses, nor even of mules, but of horses pure and simple.

697

hanging cords produce the effect of a tail; other exactly simil'ar … But beside these horse-creatures Attic vases of the fifth century … and K. Wernicke7 have between them made out a list of fifteen … Hengste,' and *<rl\dvos. He finds a nearly related word in icfjkwv, 'a stallion' (used of … I take this opportunity of publishing (pi. xxxvii) a fine votive mask of terra cotta, said … even the noneolae of a goat. It is wearing both a head-band and an ivy-wreath. In

698

Goat instead of Bull … (4) Red-figured skyphos of c. 440 B.C. from Certosa at Bologna (Pellegrini Cat. vas. … • (5) Fragment of a red-figured skyphos of c. 450 B.C. now in the possession of … (8) Red-figured krater of c. 440 B.C. in the Albertinum at Dresden (P. Herrmann in … (9) Red-figured skyphos of c. 440 B.C. in the Albertinum at Dresden (P. Hartwig … ground; rev. two Silenoi with horse's ears and tail dancing on either side of a Maenad. … ears, and tails of goats, (b) a lion and a bull; rev. [a) Hermes erect, caduceus in hand

699

ground5. Twice they cut their capers about a pair of deities— … of modern Greece, which we have already compared with the … dnodos of the earth-goddess. … the true parent of Attic tragedy, it was presumably followed by … feet of goats ; rev. three draped figures. … collection of Kyros Simos at Thebes (G. Korte in E. Bethe Prolegomena zur Geschichte … 3 Supra p. 698 n. 1 no. (3) : cp. the reverse of nos. (10) and (12).

700

Goat instead of Bull … decking of Pandora, herself but another form of the earth-goddess, … 2 Pratinas of Phlious, who irpwros eypa^e Sarupous (Souid. s.v. Uparbas), in a … 4 I am indebted to my friend Mr E. M. W. Tillyard, Fellow of Jesus College, … ing little and the foot being a plain disc. Above, on a higher plane than the body of the … seems to wear a black loin-cloth, of which only part is visible and above it a band with … not, as one would expect, to form a mask. This confusion of mimic and real silen is … The reverse shows three Manteljiinglinge, one of whom holds a strigil.

Plate 38

Krater from Altemura : (a) the decking of Pandora ; (£) a Satyric chorus.

701

Vorlage.' We may venture, on the strength of the Naples krater {infra n. 4), to con- … of a patchy skin. … beginning slightly to flake off. The clay is of a rich, salmon-pink colour and the varnish … it is possible to see that he also wears a small tail, whether of a horse or a goat it is a … The vase is of Lucanian fabric and dates from about the end of the fifth century.

702

Goat instead of Bull … In short, the evidence of the vases—agreeing, as it does, with … at Athens as goat-like dancers6, who greeted the uprising of the … Eur. Cycl. 76 ff. XO. (of Satyrs)...eyw 5' b o~bs irpbiroXos Qy]Teiw \ ... \ 8ou\os dXabiov … was a cheap country garb (see W. Ridgeway The Origin of Tragedy Cambridge 1910 … arguments I would reply: (a) We have no reason to think that the Athenians of the fifth … Plat. legg. 815 c, are of later date than the fifth century, (b) If the goat-figures on the

703

(Dordogne)1, a well-preserved 'baton de commandement' of … jumping or dancing, probably with the intention of multiplying … in the skins of goats (figs. 513, 515, 516)4. I pointed out then … with 15-figs, and 1 photographic plate. I reproduce fig. 11 by kind permission of the … Fig. 513 is a lenticular seal .of serpentine from Crete in the Pauvert de la Chapelle

704

Goat instead of Bull … Gemmen i pi. 2, 40, ii. i2f.) = a man wearing the protome' of a wild goat with three pellets … 1894 xiv. i2of. fig. 15, Furtwangler Ant. Gemmen i pi. 2, 41, ii. i3) = the legs of a man … 2 Fig. 514 is a lenticular seal of green porphyry in the Story Maskelyne collection … 9 ( = my fig. 518) has classified under six types a number of archaic terra-cotta statuettes, … adds yet another type to the series, proposes the name of Tityros for them all. But … small bronze group of ram-headed male dancers from Methydrion now in the National

705

have in point of fact found the Satyrs or goatish dancers of the … of e'riphoi*. Finally, we have observed that Thespis the reputed … represent the joyous arrival of the re-born god.

706

Goat instead of Bull … quasi-autonomous coppers were issued with a bust of Zeus Aseis2 … 2 This cult-title has been usually identified with the name of the Syrian and Arabian … coin struck by Iulia Domna {id. ib. p. 407 no. 131), and, with the head of Zeus turned to

707

represents a procession of deities conducted by Hermes towards … ment of the altar is. occupied by figures, of a goat and two kids. … last traces of this lingering connexion. Nor are we disappointed. … 2 A hydrta of severe style at Paris (De Ridder Cat. Vases de la Bibl. Nat. ii. 331 f. … a folding-stool beside a pillar, with a spray of ivy in her left hand, a stephdne on her … importance of this vase as a link in my argument.

708

Goat instead of Bull … befits a sky-god2 the consort of an earth-goddess3. He has a … Papers of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 1882—1883 i. 136—142 … p. 450 f. with fig. on p. 453, M. L. D'Ooge The Acropolis of Athens New York 1908 … 3 Cp. the type of the hierbs gdmos on Mt Ide {infra ch. iii § r (a) iii).

709

of cakes and fruit. Her figure is balanced by that of a Satyr … a scene of great interest—the marriage of Dionysos and the … 1. 18. 3), and might perhaps have symbolised the public and private happiness of the … young son Ptolemy king of Kypros; (6) his other daughter Kleopatra Tryphaina ; … came from a thymele erected in the orchestra of the theatre, for the performance of such

710

Goat instead of Bull … part of the base on which it stood has been removed along with … it as Eros with wings3. Tyche carrying the horn of Amaltheia … they would be appropriate witnesses of the ritual marriage. … Theseus, the embodiment of the Athenian people assembled in … materials into new and significant shapes. This series of reliefs … of course apocryphal story attached : Athen. 591 a kcu UpaziT^Xys 8e 6 dyaX/nctTOTroibs

711

rebirth of Zeus1. Ikarios' goat recalls the ancient custom of … sion must be made to the cult of Vediovis, the youthful Iupiter*5. … was sacrificed, presumably in lieu of a human victim9. The … really held a thunderbolt, which was mistaken for a mere bundle of arrows—harmless, of … Bough2 ii. 168, ib? : Spirits of Corn and Wild i. 33—rightly, as I conceive. … of goats for human victims Frazer Golden Bough3: The Dying God p. 166 n. 1, ib.'A :

712

Goat instead of Bull … type the head and shoulders of a young god, … intended for a young head of Iupiter is clear from the thunder- … 3 The monogram is not, however, a ligature of /\P for Apollo (T. Mommsen Histoire … of the animal to the Greek Apollon see L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pet. 1869

713

however, put much faith in the accuracy of the die-sinker; for he … pervading influence of Greece, had come … of the Mediterranean peoples are more … of Gallienus in base silver5 and coins of his son Saloninus in … a wall-painting in the house of the Vettii at Pompeii (Herrmann Denkm. d. Malerei … Cohen Monn. emp. rom!1 v. 381 no. 380. Other coins of Gallienus in base silver show

714

Goat instead of Bull … of these designs, a fond hope that the prince in question would … Mercurius with a horn of plenty. The monument is dedicated … infant (who?) is seen between the forelegs of the same goat: in front, an eagle; above, … 5 Cp. also a coin of Gallienus in base silver, which shows the infant seated on a goat … list of statues, busts, and coins by K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2441).

715

infant son of M. Aurelius and the younger Faustina2. … 2 On other coins of M. Annius Verus see Eckhel Doclr. num. vet? vii. 82—87. The … Height o'26m. Restored : neck and chest, nose, chin, both lips, large parts of the … op. cit. passim). Even at Athens the bull figured in the festivals of the god. At the

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XXII: Animals sacrificed to Zeus

716

'Down to the close of Greek religion,' says Dr Farnell1, 'the … 1 Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. 101.

717

chosen for the sacrifice. It is^of course easy to reply that rams … bull-cults of antiquity has led us to conclude that the ultimate … to the belief of early days, the gift of so much virility increased … § 9 (h) ii), and the epithet of Zeus Hekatombaios (supra p. 545 n. 2). … of Kybele and Attis (G. E. Marindin in Smith—Wayte—Marindin Did. Ant. ii. 762 f, … probably at Pedasa (ib.). The same sacrifice is presumably implied by the cult-title of … On the sacrifice of horses to Iupiter Menzana see supra p. 180 n. 5.

718

primitive conception of the Hellenic Zeus was closely analogous … 1 A. A. Macdonell Vedic Mythology Strassburg 1897 p. 22 says of Dyaus : ' The only … "The swift-comer, the son of these two parents, the purifier, … cow. The son of Heaven and Earth is the Sun-god. The gleaming fluid is the rain. … O thou who hast the strength of a bull, do thou, O god of the thunderbolt, as a bull … There is a constant play here on the two meanings of vrsan = (i) a mighty one, … meaning is "to impregnate," and this is the meaning which underlies that of vrsan,

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (h): The sun as a bronze man

719

conception of the sun. The transition is best seen in the case of … of him, writes: * He was a man of bronze, but others describe him … the island of Crete as its guardian8. When the Argonauts wished … makes Talos go the round of the Cretan villages thrice a year with Minos' laws inscribed

720

Silver coins of Phaistos, struck in the fourth century B.C., … of Crete4. The resemblance of the stone-throwing Talos on coins … projecting fragment of rock. Thereupon his ichor ran out like so much molten lead, and … P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. 163 f. pi. 9, 9, Head Coins of the Ancients p. 47 … son of Merope, stole it, brought it to Sipylos, and gave it to Tantalos, son of Zeus and … hound was a theriomorphic epiphany akin to the golden lamb of Atreus {supra p. 405 ff.), … pi. 62, 21—23, Brit. Mits. Cat. Coins Crete etc. p. 18 pi. 4, 7—9, Head Coins of the

Plate 41

[From Furtwangler-Reichhold Griechische VaseninaU>lir t 39 by permission of Messrs F. Bruckmann A.-G., Munich.]

721

cance of the stone-throwing Kyklops of the eastern2 and western … polis of Ruvo and now in the Jatta collection, represents the … still attempting to run, within the circle of Medeia's magic … Two different versions of the Talos-myth are attributed to … and that this was the origin of the expression a 'sardonic smile7.' … nation of the later Greeks, and further information is forthcoming. … white, the modelling of his body being indicated in a thin brown varnish. The artist

722

sacrificed to Kronos not only the handsomest of their captives … 13, lust. 18. 6. 11 f. Diod. 20. 14 says that the hands of the bronze statue sloped

723

Excavations now in progress beneath the ancient church of … It is tempting to explain certain traits in the myth of Talos … 3 So the correspondent of the Daily Chronicle for Sept. 10, 1913, writing from Milan

724

a thin slip of finely powdered pottery. This was followed by … was poured through a hole in each foot of the statue, thereby … the fact underlying the fiction of Talos' vein1. Perhaps, too, the … The Athenian myth of Talos likewise connected him with … 1 For an example of nail-driving as an artistic, if not a mythological, motif cp. a … ' the offspring of wheel and earth and oven.' Others ascribed the invention of the wheel

725

recorded discovery of the saw. Latin authors state that he … of Daidalos' sister with Daidalion the 'hawk' {supra p. 342 f.). I would suggest that … * I bury beneath a mound of earth,' but Karax^vevw is ' I pour molten metal into a … substantial variant, cp. the death of Aigeus (K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … Eur. Or. 1648, where the reading of codd. A. M. /xeTd 5e ttjv AacddXov Siktjv KaXoo-o<pias

726

which is contrary to the known laws of phonetics, must be due to … of Sophokles4. According to a version preserved by the Greek … with a sanctuary beside the Akropolis5. Since the grave of … 1. 232, 2. 130, 3. 7. 3 call him Perdica, Perdiccas, Perdicca, Perdix (?). The mother of

727

During the erection of the Propylaia on the Akropolis the best … material differences throughout. A favourite slave of Perikles— … sculptor Pyrrhos, the base of which with its inscription {Corp. inscr. Att. i no. 335 … mss.) editors have taken offence at the notion of a partridge up a tree. An anonymous

728

A remarkable variant of the Perdix story is preserved by the … his former occupation. Fenestella's rationalism is of course … nificance in the fact that her lover bore the name of a bird, … 4 Fulgent, myth. 3. 2, Myth. Vat. 1. 232, 2. 130, 3. 7. 3. Cp. the joint-cult of the

729

more than one Cretan inscription. The inhabitants of Dreros in … Olous was set up3, as was also a decree in honour of a certain … the fourth century B.C., have as their obverse type a head of … Retimo at the foot of the mountain, records a dedication to … called XQpes near the church of St Antonios. It appears to date from a period shortly … second half of the second century B.C., was found at Delos (T. Homolle in the Bull. … The inscription was found in 1898 on the site of a Byzantine church at Olous, and this

730

7 3 o Direct identifications of Zeus with the Moon … But Zeus, whose worship spread by degrees over most of the … (a) Direct identifications of Zeus with the Moon. … compared the Zeus QaXijs of Aquileia (Inscr. Gr. Sic. It. no. 2337 an altar found at … exhaustive article in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2687—2770). This, in view of the fact … 7 3 o Direct identifications of Zeus with the Moon … But Zeus, whose worship spread by degrees over most of the … (a) Direct identifications of Zeus with the Moon. … compared the Zeus QaXijs of Aquileia (Inscr. Gr. Sic. It. no. 2337 an altar found at … exhaustive article in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2687—2770). This, in view of the fact

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 7: Zeus in relation to the moon

731

Direct identifications of Zeus with the Moon 731 … originally a moon-god : but his arguments (the birth of Zeus on various mountains ; his

732

as the father of Nemea3, while Dionysos, according to some … Of form conspicuous mid the immortal gods6. … iravbla 'LeX-qvai-q, and ib. 123, 294, 327, 393 even iravdia alone of the moon. Orph. fra^.

733

appears to have formed the concluding act of the City Dionysia1. … celebrated at the time of the full moon. Now this was the time … that the Pandia stood for the union of Zeus with Semele, … same conception has been thought to underlie several of the … 2 E. Cahen loc. cit. Another extension of Ata is to be seen in Atdcria : the simple … 1880 p. 133) that the Pandia implies an early unification of several Zeus-cults. The

734

I must, however, insist even at the risk of some repetition … In the Homeric Nekyia™ Odysseus interviews the shades of … That she had lain even in the arms of Zeus. … Of an evil-doer so drew nigh thy couch

735

More hateful to the heart of Zeus himself, … She is described as a daughter of Lykourgos in the Kypria ap. Prokl. chrestom. 1 (p. 18 … Rhod. 4. 1090. K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2497 holds that of the

736

actually said to have played the Satyr. The language of Euripides … wooed by Zeus in the form of a bull1. The bull-connexion … Then verily beware of no small bane … interpreted of Zeus with Semele : it represents Zeus with a crown of lilies {supra p. 622 f.) … 2 Paus. Q. 17. 4 ff., cp. Steph. Byz. s.v. TidopaLa, who wrongly places the grave of … 3 Paus. 9. 17. 6. At a place in Daulis called Tronis there was a shrine of the hero

737

weakened by the marriage of the heroine with the local chief: … of his hurt, and was succeeded by Lamedon, who surrendered … The statement that Epopeus, king of Sikyon, and Zeus had the … warrior, and with Phokos, son of Ornytion, son of Sisyphos. The Phokians daily … Antiope the daughter of Asopos,

738

in the sign of Taurus1. Her partner at Sikyon was Epopeus, … as wife of Helios' grandson, but as wife of Helios himself and … or faces' another ; and Nonnos, for example, speaks of— … ' hypostasis of the moon-goddess/ draws attention to her rape … On the rape of the moon-goddess see W. H. Roscher Uber Selene tmd Verwandtes … 2. 6. 1, Prop. 1. 4. 5, Hyg. fab. 8. On the beauty of the moon-goddess see W. H. … Christiania 1903 no. 2 argues that in the original form of the myth the twins Amphion

739

star and the evening-star respectively2. This last point is of … another illustration of the old-world idea that the stars are the … On a review of the foregoing evidence it appears that Zeus, … of modern France6 and Germany7. Observe, too, that the Greek … of the Leukippides by the sons of Aphareus and the Dioskouroi (Gruppe Myth. Lit.

740

to have been driven out by Lykos owing to the designs of … with the conception of the sun as a bull and the horned moon … Late authors attest the Gortynian cult of Zeus Asterios6, whose … dog-star was scorching the island of Keos, Aristaios is said to have … the existence of the hypostases Asterion and Asterios that the cult of Zeus Asttrios was … to have been driven out by Lykos owing to the designs of … with the conception of the sun as a bull and the horned moon … Late authors attest the Gortynian cult of Zeus Asterios6, whose … dog-star was scorching the island of Keos, Aristaios is said to have … the existence of the hypostases Asterion and Asterios that the cult of Zeus Asttrios was

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 8: Zeus in relation to the stars

741

Small copper coins of Kypros dating from the Ptolemaic period … his head (fig. 542)1. In view of other Cypriote coppers, … Finally, stars played an important part in the cult of Zeus Oro- … 3 In the case of tetradrachms struck by Antiochos viii Grypos {supra p. 731 figs. 538, … Moulton in his Early Religious Poetry of Persia Cambridge 1911 p. 7311. writes: … division of the Aryans. Who or what was "the Lord"? His relation to Nature is … ledge of good and evil," the unerring instinct that can distinguish between Truth and

742

exploration of the Nemroud Dagh, an outlying spur of Mount … and 1883 was investigated by two expeditionary parties, that of … p. 97 ff. with figs, in text and Atlas of 3 maps and 53 pis. … of Antiochos were a popular designation of Mithras. But F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa

743

alone, were used throughout Asia Minor etc. of a variety of gods and goddesses. And,

744

of between 6800 and 7100 ft1, a prodigious cairn of stones was … ' When I had determined to construct the foundations of this sacred monu- … and to lend me friendly help in the carrying out of my royal projects3.' Etc., etc. … Fravashi or 'double' of Persian belief.

745

diadem adorned with a row of upright … Treasure of the Oxus etc. London 1905 p. 46 f. : 'the … that the rods were used for purposes of divination, but there is some authority for believ- … bundle of rods.' A Graeco-Persian relief of c. 425—400 B.C., found- near Daskyleion, … p. 136 n. 6, cp. p. 597 n. 4 and p. 710), may be regarded as a late modification of

746

a beardless effigy of Antiochos, in pose and costume closely re- … of rods, Artagnes carried a short club leaning against his shoulder. … Puchstein op. cit. p. 335 n. 4). Note also that the role of ^xoToiAirbs was played alike … 2 Artagnes is the Avestan Verethraghna, the genius of ' Victory' (on whose name see … 144) and on coins of Hooerkes {Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Greek and Scythic Kings p. 138 … birthday of Antiochos, viz. the 16th of Audnaios (a Macedonian month answering to the

748

representing the ancestors of Antiochos had been set up, each with … The west terrace also had two base-walls for the erection of … either end, arranged as in the case of the seated colossi*. … i. 64 fig. 12, Reinach Rip. Reliefs i. 195, 3. The slab has a maximum height of 3.04111, … than that, the lower part of the relief has broken off, and the two

749

show the oak-pattern. Altogether he is a skilful blend of the … Antiochos is decked, wherever possible, with the symbols of Zeus.

750

oak-leaves. His diadem, the upper edge of his coat-of-mail, his … stars set in a kind of network or trellis. Clearly the king wished … of the constellation Leo2. These stars have eight rays apiece. … that the king's choice of gods was determined by his own horoscope … of Antiochos, whom he takes to have been a seven months' child … KoiKias a']- <to\)s iravras l6' >. I follow the text of A. Olivieri (1897).

751

Zeus as god of the Starry Sky 751 … that impressed Plutarch3. Kreousa's handmaidens sing of the … When Propertius describes the temple of Zeus at Olympia as … With regard to the inner ceiling in the temple of Zeus at Olympia W. Dbrpfeld in

752

752 Zeus as god of the Starry Sky … more ambitious is a copper coin of Perinthos in Thrace, struck by … ovpavlffKos—The Parthenon and the Propylaia show doubly recessed coffers....Some of

753

Zeus as god of the Starry Sky 753 … Two bronze coins of Alexandreia, struck by … The great cult of the place, to judge from its coin-types, was that of Zeus livpyavT-qs or … vow to Surgasteus and Patrus, i.e. to the chief deity and the founder of Tios (Corp. inscr. … ' Zodiac in circle round busts of Helios and Selene').

754

corner of Asia Minor. Hence we may ascribe them to the far- … glimpse of him as a Greek Zeus. After all, Zeus, Iupiter, and … of divination using astronomy as its means3. Accepting this

755

constellations as the work of particular Greek deities: of this number … was further intimately connected with the myths of at least seven … The Greeks of the fourth century followed suit and exchanged … 10 Ursa Minor (= Phoinike, a companion of Artemis loved by Zeus ; or Kynosoura, an … Leclercq Uasirologie grecque Paris 1899 p. 40 ff., M. Jastrow Aspects of Religious Belief

756

because Iupiter appeared to them as the largest of the planets2 … Further, Marduk as the paramount god of the Babylonian pantheon

757

invention of astrology to Iupiter Be/us1. Late writers found it … The sacred revolution of the sky … And sway thy kingdom, Sire of every god, … Cynthia, queen of night, month after month … And drives apart the Bears of Arcady. … Of ocean, so for food laps upper Fire, … Thou, King of Heaven, thou, Father, Best of all,

758

Centuries later Ioannes Tzetzes speaks of ' Zeus the astrologer- … hear also of stars that are diurnal (the Sun, Saturn, Iupiter) or … were regarded as matters of moment by a public that believed in … (Herakles the reputed son of Amphitryon) 2py<p Aibs 8e dvaKros ovtos Kai darpoXdyov, … passim. A great mass of fresh material is listed and in part published in the Catalogus … see the well-informed survey of Gruppe Myth. Lit. 1908 pp. 206—215.

759

' The brilliant planet that bears the name of Jupiter has received from … character in physical terms : he emphasises the essentially temperate nature of … inherited these attributes from Marduk. In the fourth tablet of the Chaldean … 1 This symbol is usually explained as the first letter of the name Zeiis, or (with more … Tetrab., i, 4). Heat was supposed to produce by way of reaction the northern or etesian … [nat. hist. 8. 166] and Columella [de re rust. 6. 27]; the alleged non-existence of male … to be facts so well-attested that Lactantius, with a shocking lack of taste, used them as an

760

defines his kind of influence by describing it as "temperate" (evKparov e^ei to … A tradition fathered upon Clement of Rome2 and cited also by … Or some broad host of men—-a brilliant star, … Pythian Apollon we have a case of actual metamorphosis. Apollon, … with O. Gruppe6, that it was motived by the frequent association of … Phars., x, 207). The meteorological influence of Jupiter tempering the cold in winter,

761

i. The dedication of Stars after the battles of Salamis … analogous incident, which occurred three quarters of a century … up at Delphoi a magnificent trophy made from the spoils of the … towards the elucidation of divine twins in general and the Dioskouroi in particular (The

762

Hermon the helmsman of Lysandros; behind these is ranked a … 3 H. Pomtow in the Ath. Mitth. 1906 xxxi. 563. A bronze statuette of one of the … of the vaoiroLoL at Delphoi mentions among other items of expenditure under the archon- … been, as E. Bourguet and W. Dittenberger ad loc. suppose, a piece of architectural

763

Literary allusions fully bear out this conception of the Dio- … century B.C.,' gives a fine description of a storm at sea2— … dwelling among the stars, and hastening thence to the rescue of … And a chorus of Greek maidens in the same play invokes their … 3 I follow the emendation of Prof. J. B. Bury, who corrects vatiraLs ari^ara koKcl … Cambridge 1913 p. 17 ff. would connect the Twins with a variety of 'thunder-birds.'

764

Ye who dwell in the halls of the Heavenly Home, … Similarly in Euripides' Elektra (413 B.C.) the women of Argos … In folds of air, the mariners' saviour she3. … 4 Fig. 554 a, b representing a pair of bronze statuettes (heights 5^$ and 5^ inches) at … right foot of fig. 554 b is restored. For variations on the same theme see e.g. Reinach … Myth. i. 11 76 f.). I figure by way of example a silver coin of the Bruttii after Garrucci … H. Pomtow's surmise that the statues of the Dioskouroi at Delphoi by Antiphanes of … Lacedaemonians by appearing suddenly in the guise of the Dioskouroi, mounted on white

765

gods of Samothrace, that straightway the wind ceased, and that,

766

stars as an epiphany of the Dioskouroi1. This late tale with its … In passing I would draw attention to a little-noticed series of … stands beside his shield, which is grounded. Their attitude of … connexion here consists of two bars touching each other. … tombs perhaps refers to the juxtaposed amphorae of the Dioskouroi, which sometimes

767

be the ultimate explanation of the ddkana1, it seems probable that … from Melos showing two pillars linked together—good work of s. v B.C.; (2) id. Gesch- … is published on a scale of f- by its former owner.E. Gerhard Uber das Metroon zu Athen

768

retained and perhaps accepted in lieu of the missing arms. … forms of the gateway which in the wall-paintings of Pompeii turns a tree into a temple … has observed (M. N. Tod and A. J. B. Wace A Catalogue of the Sparta Museum Oxford … toran or portal of many an Indian tope (J. Fergusson History of Indian and Eastern … in honour of chaste wives, filial children, and others. The former is simple in style, … bestowal of some mark of favour, such as a banner, which would be exhibited at the gate … embellished, the idea being that the fellow-townsmen of the distinguished person should … 1 The resultant type of the Dioskouroi was, I suspect, not uninfluenced by that of the

769

Now several Spartan reliefs of the second century B.C. show the … form of the same goddess, whose star is here seen flanked by her … A Catalogue of the Sparta Museum Oxford 1906 p. 158 nos. 201—203 figs. 38 f.

770

vessels from which a stream of water descends to a lotus-bloom … the celestial Twins5, as did other writers of a late date6. Recently … 3 The Ivvdapidcu are sons of Tvvddpews, the 'Shatterer' {infra p. 780 n. 5), an

771

features of the Kastor and Polydeukes tradition are of vastly … F. G. Welcker, comparing the Asvins of the Veda and analogous … definite pair of stars, but any stars that shone out through a rift in … of the Dioskouroi and of their sister Helene were identified with … 3 J. Rendel Harris The Cult of the Heavenly Twins Cambridge 1906 p. 7. … 9 Cp. the stars dedicated at Delphoi after the battles of Salamis and Aigos Potamos

772

attracted the attention of the Greeks as early as the sixth century … believe that then in their peril they are being succoured by the divine power of … Many other authors of the imperial age mention the stars of the … or unpropitious nature of these signs. Euripides treated Kastor, … and a yard-arm. Mr Bullen says : ' St. Elmo's Fire...often covers like a halo the head of … points of King's College Chapel, Cambridge.

773

According to Sosibios (c. 250 B.C.), the epiphany of Helene was an … ' On mariners' yard-arms and other parts of ships such stars settle with an … ' The Dioskouroi are a presage of storm to men on a voyage. To men … tt)s vew fxediardixevoL. This may explain the winged Dioskouroi of the Homeric hymn … the north-east of Scotland these electrical discharges are known as ' Corbie's aunt' (the

774

ashore they are a sign of tumult, law-suits, war, or grievous disease. But at the … regarded the stars of Castor and Pollux as commonly hostile … of the signs of the Castores, which create danger3.' … treated as such : the sailors look upon them as presages of disaster … prayers, burn incense, recite incantations from the Key of Solomon, … Throughout the Mediterranean and the western coasts of

775

elmo, the Italian form of the German Helm2, or from Hermesz, or … or four to the added presence of Sainte Anne or Sainte Barbe10. … the last and in some respects the least interesting chapter of a … been known as the fire of Saint Elmo or Saint Telmo. My friend the late W. Robertson … Breton Tan santez Helena. For the change of sex see supra p. 172 ff. … History of Religions Oxford 1908 ii. 176. See further his Boanerges Cambridge 1913

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 9: General conclusions with regard to Zeus as god of the bright sky

776

§ g. General Conclusions with regard to Zeus as god of the … has left its mark on the language and literature of ancient Greece1. … As god of the bright or burning sky, Zeus dwelt in aither, … variety of ways. There he had been born11. There he consorted

777

Apart from the luminous dome of heaven, there are in normal … For this batch of myths non-Hellenic influence is even more … of the aither (id. ib. p. 20 f., and infra ch. ii § 3 (a)).

778

inscription records the cult of Zeus Helios1, if a coin represents … To disentangle the complex threads of syncretism is seldom … worshipped in the Oasis with rites similar to those of Zeus Ndios … parallelism of Phrygian and Orphic cults being explained by the … the Thraco-Phrygian Zeus Sabdzios were ram-gods of identical … form of the Syrian Adad, who both at Heliopolis and at Hierapolis

779

the supporters of its throne1. Obviously the Heliopolitan and the … essential features of the Hittite father-god. … immemorial as embodiments of procreative power, the former by … to increase the power of the god to fertilise and bless8. … Two other results of general significance have emerged from

780

from the position of an earth-goddess or a vegetation-goddess into … god of animal and vegetable life8, whose worship little by little … side by side with the older god, of whom he was in a sense the

Addenda

781

the following : ' There is now a full discussion of the point in Bartholomae, Zum AirWb, … pantheon, though his cult is evidently dying. Bartholomae cites Aicu£ts, the name of … foreigner in Thrace.) But what were those Persian aristocrats thinking of when they … engraved with a Iupiter of this type: Victory flies towards him, an eagle is perched on

782

Mine[rvae]j C. Servilius etc., where Purpurioni was a suggestion of Mommsen. … is practically the same as that of the Louvre kylix, the only noteworthy differences being: … in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1913 xvii. 367 propose a new derivation of these names: … limestone throne of Hellenistic date, found near Tyre. The supports of the throne are … I Abdubast son of Bodbaal.' Ronzevalle notes the obvious attempt on the part of the … deutsch. arch. Inst. 1912 xxvii. 254 fig. 11 (on p. 257) publishes a photograph of this … of Wight, a mosaic on the floor of room no. 12 shows in one of its panels Demeter

Plate 42

[From a photograph kindly supplied by Mr Q. Quagliati, Director of the Museum at Taranto.]

783

1905 p. 153 f. fig- 36 regards this as a representation of Adonis-Esmun identified with … Page 240 f.: on the hawk as a solar bird. A fragment of a hawk found at Apollonia … temple of Hera at Thebes (?) is explained by F. Hauser in the JaJiresh. d. oest. arch. … the so-called Mithrasliturgie and the teaching of Anaximander to be dependent upon … views of the Platonic Aristophanes to a contamination of Empedoclean ideas with an

784

Page 379 note 7 : on recent journeys to the Oasis of Siwah. To the bibliography … E. Lee London 1913 pp. 262—290 (' With the Viceroy to the Oasis of Anion—an historic … Page 418 note 1: on the ram as figure-head of Phrixos' ship. So also schol. Plat. … Page 482 note 1 : on the Kepdrivos /3w/x6s of Delos. F. Courby 'L'autel de cornes a … image of Moloch, which had the arms of a man but the head of a calf {stipra p. 723 n. 1).

785

statues by a remarkable statuette of gilded bronze (ib. p. 425 fig. 1) found lying in the … (Atargatis?) cased like a mummy and encircled by the seven coils of a crested snake. … Page 660 : on coins of Praisos showing Zeus suckled by a cow. My friend Prof. R. C. … Svoronos as ' Vac he (?),' by B. V. Head as ' Cow'; and the rendering of a sow on Greek … the Musee Beige 1913 p. 125, who 'proposes a new and attractive explanation of the … Page 676 f.: on the ritual use of milk among the Thraco-Phrygians. C. Avezou and … e/c t&v I IS'iwv avedy]Kav. \ evTvx&s. The precise nature of the cult in question is doubtful. … Neue Jahrb. f. klass. Altertum 1913 xxxi. 627 ff. on the Trophot of Aischylos, in which

786

religion. Ov. fast. 5. 229 ff. tells the story of the conception of Mars under the date … B The Mountain-cults of Zeus … will be printed at the end of Volume II.

Index I: Persons – Places – Festivals

787

The contents of each item are arranged, as far as possible, under the … Abraxas, horse of Helios 3373 … Genealogy : f. of Eurymedousa 5330 … - eye of 5694 finger of 5700 kidney … Genealogy: s. of Ouranos by Ge 5974

788

Adatos Myth: gathering of Greeks at Aigion 17 … Epithet: fiacnXevs deQu 237i 549s Genealogy : m. by Zeus of Agdistis 155 … human victim 651 gardens of Cult: Dionysos 692 … -Cretan name of (?) 4688 Etruscan \levs 122 … Genealogy: f. of Drosos (?) by Mene Aias, s. of Teukros, high-priest of Zeus … Av/xos 1934 Genealogy: f. of Chalkiope 416 s. of … Agallis on Triptolemos 224 -coin of 305

789

Aigos Potamos, meteor of 762 trophy for … Genealogy : f. of Athamas 415 … Genealogy : b. of Hemera 273 f. of Pan … Aithiops, horse of Helios 195 290 … Akakallis, d. of Minos 366 … Akraia, d. of Asterion 445 … pents 3606 s. of a serpent 359o … gods of the week (Kronos, Helios, … - coins of 753 … Alkibiades on knees of Nemea 4566 … Genealogy : m. of Herakles by Zeus … Genealogy : f. of Epopeus 246 737 s. … Myths: cradle of Zeus 530o cp. 534 … - coin of 753

790

Cults: Oasis of Siwah 389 Thebes in … Cults: Oasis of El-Charge 348 Oasis … Genealogy : h. of Mut 387 … 387 solar disk 3861 symbol of … - eye of 315 emerald obelisks of … Ammon, king of Egypt 348T … 360 Libye 35O7 shores of Syrtis … Genealogy : f. of Dionysos 373 s. of … - grove of 364 ff. masks of 370 … Genealogy: s. of Zeus by Antiope734fL … Genealogy : h. of Ashirta 582x … Anatolian cult of mother and son 645 … Andromache, statue of 5920

791

Anthas, eponym of Anthedon in Boiotia … Anthedon, eponym of Anthedon in Boiotia … Genealogy: s. of Eumelos 227 … Antheus, s. of Antenor 740 … Genealogy : s. of Autonoos by Hippo- … Genealogy : d. of Autolykos 639 f. and … Antiochos i of Kommagene … - funeral monument of 742 ff. … Genealogy : m. of Aloeus and Aietes … - tomb of 736 738 … - coins of 483 … Myth: rape of Leukippicles 73812 … Myths: lynx 253 phallds of ass 623 … Genealogy : m. of Harmonia by Ares

792

Survival of as Kvpa Qpodirr) 1740 … round of Apis' 434 … Genealogy : f. of Argos 4588 … - influence of 635 ff. marks of … - statue of 609 … Genealogy : f. of Garamas by Akakallis

793

Identified with angel of Jehovah 2337 … - altar of 2624 favourite of 3517 … Aratos o'f Soloi 29 f. … Archelaos of Priene 129 ff. … Rite: sacrifice of ass 7462 … Genealogy: f. of Harmonia by Aphro- … - grove of 416 417i4 spring of, at … Argiope, m. of Europe … --coins of 304 6244 … Argos, eponym of town Argos 32 … herds cattle of Hera at Nemea

794

Argos, watcher of Io (cont.) … - grave of 458 sacred wood of 458 … -as dance-theme 481 495 crown of … Genealogy : twin of Pan (?) 702c s. of … Genealogy : m. of Boiotos by Poseidon … Artemidoros, precinct of, at Thera 117i … Rites: dedication of hair 240 1x^06- … Genealogy : d. of Leto 4953 d. of Zeus

795

-hollow image of 244 statue of, at … Genealogy: w. of Amurru 5821 … --spring of 351 … Asteria, name of Crete 5436 … Gexiealogy: m. of Hekate and the … Asterion, s. of Iupiter by Idea ( = Idaia) … Astrape, horse of Helios 337s … Rites: climbing of 0aXX6s 59I3 sea-

796

butes of Tyche (?) 551n … Ate, hill of 468 … Attribute : emblems of life and sove- … Genealogy: s. of Aiolos 415 f. of … sacrifice of cow 540 … Genealogy: d. of Zeus by Koryphe … - helmet of 2318 horned altar of

797

human apKToi 4535 human tirwoL of … iridoL-yia 684 <nrapaypi.6s of Dionysos … 1222 coins of 305 f. 5343 670 … Genealogy: f. of Pasiphae 522 544-; … Genealogy: h. of Aerope 405 s. of … Myths: founds temple of Atargatis … Auainos, stone of 1958 … - triumphal car of 59 … Aurelian, solar monotheism of 166 … Myth: steals cattle of Sisyphos 639 f. … Axiothea, w. of Prometheus 3290 … Baal of Baitokaike

798

- emeralds of 355 ft. … Function: lord .of the dance 5704 … Bacis, the bull of Hermonthis 436 470 f. 784 … Bailo, coin of 638o … Rites : omophagy of goats 665 f. of … Identified with eye of Ba 315i of Tern … Bel, horse of Helios 3373 … Belos, king of Babylon … - coins of 5712 … - coins of 623

799

- coin of 304 … Genealogy : s. of Poseidon and Arne … Genealogy: s. of Gaia and Ouranos … Bronte, horse of Helios 3373 … Bruttii, coin of 7645 … Genealogy: f. of Iupiter 59 gf. of … Caesar Augusta, coins of 6380

800

- shrine of Iupiter Dolichenus at … Cascantum, coins of 637<j … - snake-drawn chariot of 2292 … Genealogy : daughters of Zeus by Eu- … - cave of 503 … Rite: temple of Britomartis entered … - coins of 2972 Sphinx of 537 … - prototype of Europe 5269 606 … Attributes : basket of fruit and flowers … Claudius in guise of Triptolemos 228

801

Mother of the gods 148.; Sisyphos … - kings of, personate Zeus (?) … hangs cradle of Zeus on a tree … - day called Zeus in 15 dialect of … Daeira d. of Okeanos 212 … Genealogy: s. of Lucifer 34213 … Genealogy: uncle of Talos 342 f. b. of … Myths: daughters of Danaos flee from … Genealogy: f. of Kephalos 3454

802

- altar of herns at 482 513 784 … Kronos swallows stone in place of … --ddyton of five stones at 5633 … of pregnant sow 668 66y2 sacrifice … Genealogy: offshoot of Gaia (?) 396f. … plough 223 plume of wheat-ears … - chariot of, drawn by horses 231o

803

Priestesses: human /x^Xicraai 4437 Genealogy: d. of Zeus by Themis … Deorgreine 239 Myths: Diktynna 527i cp. 541 birth of … Type: with face of woman but body 653 … Deukalion of Knossos 6534 Cults : Mt Diktynnaion 541-, Mt Tity- … Dia, an island off N. coast of Crete 165 exovcra 5422 … Types: log 282 standing with apple- Diogenes of Apollonia 310 … Dias, a rock off coast of Kephalonia 165 Cults: Adad 5724 590 Iupiter Helio- … Etymology : 6814 Dionysoi, a variety of 457

804

373 f. Naxos 428 Nysa in Lydia 6833 sacrifices 399<> sacrifice of calf … Sikyon 6743 Tenedos 656 659 f. goat 709 sacrifice of oxen 7156 … aios 6512 Xnvayeras (See dyddv]pcre thigh of Zeus 622 f. 693 (?) Brasiai … (See Dionysos, temple of) Auatos657i oxen 3992 founds oracle of Ammon … 671 671g IlXovTodorris 504 2a/3dftos 419g king of Egypt 457 nursed by … 6563 <piXdi>defios 1955 Xapi86rr]s 657x Nymphs of Dodona 1116 places … 688ff. Theognia 686 Genealogy: s. of Ammon 373 s. of … 673 bull carried 503 bull paraded Selene 4575 671 675 s. of Zeus 166 … chorus of human rpdyoi (?) 705 Phersephone 398 3992 by Selene

805

647 fertility 704 f. god of animal … of grapes 374 502 calf 715 cornu … wreath of vine or ivy 655 … of child with head of calf attached … - Attic festivals of 680 ff. concep- … of, iv Aifiuais 684 as king of Asia … Bite: sacrifice of white lambs 763 … 2794 rape of Leukippides by sons … of storm, tumult, etc. 773 f. send … of Kouretes (?) 7684 on vases 219.

806

766 ff. winged 763 Domitia Longina, son of, as Zeus 51 547 … Degraded to rank of Telonia 774 ' Douai 285 f. … initiation of 219 ff. stars of, a Douris 493 f. … Genealogy: w. of Lykos 736 Drion, Mt in Daunia … Associated, with Tanit 355x Genealogy : s. of Aer by Mene 732^ … Diskos See Zeus Ala/cos Druids, wicker-work images of 286x … Dodo 1483 Genealogy : d. of Tartaros and Ge 458 … found oracles of Zeus 364 Egypt … Genealogy : s. of Zeus by Europe 524 Rite : procreation of bees from buried

807

362 f. Zeus, king of 376j … Genealogy: m. of Dionysos (?) 6702 … --stone of 520., 604 … Eleusis, f. of Triptolemos 211 … 21yths: initiation of Herakles 219 ff. … Genealogy: s. of Hermes by Daeira … --coins of 624 phdlara from 336 … - fire of 771 f. 774 f. identified … of splendour 580 great creator and

808

Eous, horse of Helios 337.s … Genealogy : s. of Io 462 s. of Zeus by … - coins of 134 558;5 … Personated by woman of same name … Genealogy: s. of Aloeus 246 737 f. of … Bite: sacrifice of bulls and rams 7172 … Erythraeus, horse of Helios 3373 … - boundary-stones of 53 golden or … Myths: Argos and Io 462 birth of … Euhemeros, account of Zeus given by

809

Euripides on Zeus 32 f. Bacchae of, … 543 influenced by that of Pasi- … Genealogy: d. of Agenor 538 d. of … grasping horn of bull 526 greeting … - bones of 525 garland of 525 as … Genealogy: d. of Acheloios 5330 d. … Genealogy: m. of Helios 4443 537io … Faustina the elder, consecratio of 62 … Furrina, grove of 551 … Genealogy: m. of Garamas 366 f. 370

810

Galateia, w. of Polyphemos 321x … Galatia, w. of Kyklops 321j … Genealogy : s. of Apollon by Akakallis … Genealogy : s. of Gaia 366 f. … - coins of 232 ff. (?) 478 … Bite: sacrifice of black yearling … of female sex 310 … Geraistos, village and promontory of

811

Glauke, d. of Kreon 251,3 of Persephone 175o … Genealogy : s. of Minos by Pasiphae A ttributes: chariot 2304 wolf-skin cap 99 … Gnostics 396i amulets of 235 3574 formn- Zeus, Helios, Sarapis 187 … Cult: Zeus 'Atcpaios 124 - chariot of 2304 palace of 2594 … Gordys, s. of Triptolemos 237.3 Hadrianopolis in Thrace … Gortyna, men of called Kartemnides 471 Bite : sheep sacrificed 511! … - cattle of Helios at 410 471 f. Halikarnassos … Gortys 4714 Rite: sacrifice of goat 7173 … Graccurris, coin of 6380 Halos … Gundestrup, bowl from 289i - grove of 366i … Gyaros 6325 Genealogy: d. of Ares and Aphrodite … Yaiaoxos 351 Zeus "A^fxwv 351 373 Identified with Aphrodite 437 eye of

812

Hekabe, statue of 5920 … Myth: institutes cult of Artemis 2453 … -roek-cut thrones of 141 f. shrines … - statue of 5920 … Genealogy: d. of Tyndareos 279 f. d. … - raiment of 31 f. star of 771 ff. … Helike, d. of Olenos 5294 … - the Balanion at 5553 coins of … history of 550 f. 5508 5 54 f. Trih- … Rites: eiresidne 341 sacrifice of horses … 516 ff. parent of male sex 310

813

by Perse'is 464 of Phaethousa 410 … of 3583 cattle of 409 ff. 471 f. 546 … Genealogy : st. of Aither 273 … Myths: Delphoi 258 makes crown of … - smithy of 302 … Rites: distribution of money 22 of

814

extra eye 462 Argos herds cattle of … nature 591 ff. patron of women, … double busts of Zeus "Afx^wv and … Ionic column 463 heads of Zeus … - anger of 1064 156 248 438 ff. … Genealogy: seven Herakles 273 s. of … -emerald stele of 356 greed of 5212 … lifts cattle of Helios 410 sent to

815

Functions: conducts procession of Cults: in the Amdrion 16 f. Athens … Types: awaiting dvodos of earth- 5879 Mumbij 588 f. Munbedj 589 … 744 ff. 748 Thoth 433 - coins of 5842 586 f. description … Hermias 170 Hippodameia, w. of Autonoos 734 75 … Genealogy: d. of Zeus by Selene Hippothon 218 … Cults : Herakleoupolis 346 Oasis of Hispania Baetica … Identified with Dionysos 3465 Khnemu - coins of 463

816

ings of, at Boghaz-Keui 87 rock-cut … Functions: face of heaven 315 moon … Type: head of sparrow-hawk 387 … Genealogy : s. of Semele 670 f. s. of … - evocation of 669 f. 6725 … Iao, horse of Helios 3373 … Genealogy : f. of Korj'bas by Kybele … Genealogy: w. of Minos 4932 5442 … 529 tomb of Zeus on 157 Zeus … Myths: judgment of Paris 125 Zeus

817

Myths: colony of Sallentini 181o re- … -tomb of 344 as dance-theme 481 … Genealogy: d. of Kadmos and Har- … Genealogy : m. of Dionysos by Zeus … -marriage of (scene in mysteries?) … - foundation of 236 cp. 237i

818

Iopolis, foundation of 236 cp. 237i … Attributes: busts of Sun and Moon … - head-dress of 271 worshipped by … Genealogy: d. of Sin 237i … - descent of 237i … Italians, golden or purple ram of 403 ff. … Ithakos, eponym of Ithake 3283 3284 … - anger of 661

819

of the first cent. a.d. 433 Nerva … Genealogy: f. of Asterion by Idea … of life 757 god dwelling in aether … butterfly 598i club 2892 coat of … on back of bull 611 ff. seated with … standing behind foreparts of two

820

- spring of 4199 … Genealogy: s. of Aithon 199 s. of … wheel of 198 ff. … Genealogy: d. of Echo 257 4407 d. … - name of, triliteral 232 f. under … - tomb of Zeus on 158 ff. 645 f. … witnessed birth of Zeus 110 120 … Genealogy: f. of Dionysos 1126 … servitude of eight years 540x … Genealogy: m. of the Korybantes by

821

- doublet of Kirke 24114 … Eite: sacrifice of ass 7462 … Genealogy: s. of Zeus by Europe … --coins of 463 … Genealogy: s. of Zeus by Leda 7603 … Genealogy: f. of Demophon by Meta- … Genealogy: s. of Deioneus 3454 … Attributes : horns of Amen 347 ram … Kibyra, in Phrygia, coins of 5302

822

influenced by that of Medeia (?) … Genealogy : st. of Aietes and Pasiphae … --doublet of Kalypso 24114 as a … Kleanthes 293 hymn of 6650 … Genealogy: f. of Eurymedousa 5330 … Genealogy : d. of Tyndareos 764 … solar bull 490 ff. 496 marriage of … - coins of 4725 476 f. 478 488 494 … - statues of 5912 5920 … 745 hdlathos 745 wreath of corn 745 … Korax, king of Aigialeia 737 … of ungelded boar 668 … Genealogy: m. of Dionysos by Zeus

823

of Korybas without a father 106s … Korinthos, personification of Corinth 247 … Genealogy: sons of Apollon by Khytia … Genealogy: s. of Iasion by Kybele 106 … - statue of Alexander the Great … of Zeus was hung 5300 clash weapons … Genealogy : sons of Ehea 6503 … fluence that of Dioskouroi (?) 7684 … - bridal chamber of the 6500 6502 … - coins of 4974 … Kres, f. of Talos 3305

824

Krios, s. of Theokles 3517 … vours horse instead of Poseidon … - stone of 154 299 5202 … Genealogy: m. of Korybas by Iasion … Kyklopes, three kinds of 302 ff. of East … bolt of Zeus 3100 314 317 318 wield … Genealogy : offspring of Nemean Lion … - Labyrinths of the 48312 … Genealogy: f. of Galates 321j h. of … Kyklops, king of the Thracian tribe … - Bakchoi of 1125 … man 598j Baal of Libanon 551i

825

--coins of 741 7680 fennel-stalk … 3100 nurses of Zeus 1125 … Genealogy: h. of Antikleia 6400 … Lampos, horse of Helios 3373 … Lappa, coins of 4450 6194 … - coins of 4974 … Genealogy: m. of Dioskouroi by Zeus

826

Lenaion, site of the 666 f. 671 … Genealogy: m. of (Artemis) 4953 m. … Leukas, personification of the colony 247 … Myth: rape by sons of Aphareus and … Rite: caldron of apotheosis 419i0 4200 … Rites: phallic 6934 sacrifice of goat 7173 … Rite: shrine of Zeus taken into Libye … Genealogy: f. of Daidalion 342i3 … Rite: sacrifice of bull 4555 … Myth: birth of Zeus 150f.

827

Myths: birth of Zeus 154 Zeus seduces … - solar symbol of 299 ff. … Lykos, god of light (?) 643 … Myths: return of Idomeneus 652 f. … Rite: bull collapses at entrance of … -- coin of 1025 … -carnival-plays in 694 coins of 304 … - coins of 297 f. 602 (?) … Genealogy: s. of Epopeus 246 247 … Epithets: Bel 756 god of the good … -birth of 786 conception of 786

828

attendants of Dionysos 785 Iason … - mortar of 244r, … - coins of 304 … Identified with eye of Ea 315i … Melas, s. of Phrixos 416 … Melissa, nurse of Zeus 1123 … Melite, former name of Samothrace 109 … Melos, coin of 305 … - emerald stele of 356 … Rite : sacrifice of sheep but not goats … Genealogy: m. of Drosos (?) by Aer … Rite : sacrifice of goat 7173 … Merope, m. of Kreonteia 251 251G

829

Mesembria, coins of 254 … Myth: infancy of Zeus 154 … See also Mother of the gods … dazzling bull 7204 death of Glaukos … Genealogy : f. of Akakallis 366 f. of … stasis of Cretan Zeus (?) 527i … - panegyric of Zeus made by 1573 … Genealogy : s. of Pasiphae 465 f. 491 … dragged by Theseus out of Laby- … Genealogy : d. of Peitho 257 … Mithraic(?) cult of Diskos 299 … Personated by Antiochos i of Komma-

830

Types: appearing out of tree (cy- … - mysteries of 442 f. 516 ff. wor- … Bites: sacrifice of flour, turtle-doves, … Mother of the gods … Genealogy: w. of Zeus 104 … dance round altar of Zeus 'EXikw- … Genealogy: w. of Amen-Ra 387 … ring from 623 precinct of Zeus at … Genealogy: s. of Zeus by Eurymedousa … Genealogy: s. of Hermes 405y s. of … Nahat, throne of 136

831

- folk-tale of St Dionysios in 171s … Neapolis in Campania, coins of 6200 … Genealogy: d. of Zeus by Selene … Myths: Argos herds cattle of Hera … Genealogy: f. of Kyklopes 3100 off- … Genealogy: m. of Dioskouroi and … of Leda 2794 earth (?) 273 indig- … Nemroud Dagh, description of funeral … Festivals: Birthday of Antiochos i of

832

Genealogy: m. of Phrixos and Helle … - coin of 752 … Nireus, statue of 5920 … - eye of 314 … Genealogy: w. of Seb 387 … Genealogy: f. of Antiope 7352 737 b. … - coins of 504 642x 784

833

Oases of E. Sahara 366 … - doves of 364 f. 367 f. Fountain of … Myth: union of Zeus with Hera 155 … cattle of Helios 640 … Genealogy: h. of (Tethys) 6752 … Genealogy: m. of Pan by Aither 273 … Genealogy: f. of Talos 2903 … Genealogy: f. of Daeira 212 f. of Tri- … - coins of 304 … Olenos, f. of Aiga and Helike 5294 … —-- coins of 729 … development in meaning of 113 ff. … Myths: meeting-place of heaven and … Olympos, s. of Zeus(?) 156

834

Ornytion, s. of Sisyphos 736 … Genealogy: s. of a Muse 111! … Ortygia, name of Delos 5440 … of 7592 … Genealogy: s. of Ouranos by Ge 5974 … - coins of 51 291 … Palaxos, one of the Carian Kouretes 184 … Genealogy: s. of Aither by Oine'is

835

Panamoros, one of the Carian Kouretes 184 … Genealogy : s. of Merope 7204 … Genealogy: d. of Zeus by Selene … Panes, plurality of (?) 7026 … - triskeles on coins of 227 307 … - statue of 5920 … Genealogy: st. of Aietes and Kirke … -quotes Minos' description of the … Bite: sacrifice of goat 7173 … Genealogy: m. of lynx 4407 m. of … Pelasgos, king of Argos 438

836

Compared roith that of Pelops 679 … - carnival-plays in district of … Bite: sacrifice of black ram 407 … - subject of plays by Thespis, … Perdika See Perdix, m. of Talos … Genealogy: s. of Calaus (Kalos) 7260 … Myth: birth of Zeus 110 120 154 … - coins of 4974 … Genealogy: m. of Dionysos 4575 off- … Genealogy: s. of Zeus and Danae 414 … - doublet of Phaon 345 … Phaethousa, d. of Helios 410 … - coins of 660 f. 661J 720 disk … - bull of 643 f.

837

462 golden wings 311 heads of … - doublet of Phaethon 345 … - coins of 4974 … Genealogy: m. of Dionysos by Zeus … Philiskos of Ehodes 131 f. … Phlegon, horse of Helios 3373 … Phlegyas, f. or b. of Ixion 199 … Genealogy : f. of Europe 5253 5270 539 … Phokos, s. of Ornytion 736 f. tomb of 736 … Genealogy: gf. of Polyphemos 321i f. … Myths: founds sanctuary of Leukothea … 108! Men 4005 7309 Mother of the … Myths : birth of Zeus 151 f. Ilos 468 f.

838

Pindar as worshipper of Zeus "A/h/jluv 352 … Genealogy: d. of Atlas 156 m. of Tan- … Myths: rape of Persephone 6236 … Genealogy : s. of Zeus by Leda 7603 … Identified toith Diana 728 Mother of … Genealogy: f. of Galas 321x h. of … Rites: dances of Tirades, Kopv(3apres, … of horse every year in Illyricum (?) … Genealogy : f. of Anthes 740 f. of Belos

839

-cattle of 6654 statue of at Delphoi … - coins of 660 6603 785 … Genealogy : i. of Kasandra 522 … ---coins of 483 Labyrinth at(?) 49% … Satyr 702T theft of fire 323 ff. … Prosymna, d. of Asterion 445 … f. of Ithakos and Neritos 3283 … Pyrois, horse of Helios 3373 … Genealogy : f. of Horos 206 f. of Shu … - eye of 314 f. … Functions : fertilising 579 lord of jus-

840

back of bull 576 606 pios 123 132 … See also Adad-- coins of 6253 rock-cut throne in … Eemus Genealogy: m. of Korybantes by … Genealogy: s. of Hephaistos 330s s. Iupiter Dolichenus 608 ff. 6308 Iu- … Function : judge of dead 330,5 Iupiter Sol 1910 Iupiter Sol Sarapis … Epithets: Aopplvv 3943 fx^rvp opeios --coins of 44 ff. 51 f. 56 62 133 f. … Genealogy: m. of Korybantes 1068 Cult: Celts 4820 … Supersedes Eurynome 155 4 252 orgiastic 4002 sacrifice of … - cypress-grove of 6493 house of Metamorphosed into puff adder 392

841

- mysteries of 395 4252 … - coin of 6424 … Genealogy : s. of Ouranos by Ge 5974 … - localised forms of(?) 63513 pro- … Types : bust 620 bust of Zeus "Aixiauv … Identified icith the Apis of Osiris 188 … - statues of 27241 (?) 5920

842

Genealogy : s. of Zeus 'Acrrepios … - victim of (?) 6934 … the form of Satyr to court Antiope … of Zeus^'A/x/uiw and Satyr 374 goat- … - as dance-theme 679i plurality of … Genealogy: h. of Nut 387 … called 299 rising of 420 … Identified with eye of Ka 315i … Priestess of 243j … Genealogy : m. of Dionysos 457g 732

843

- boat of 358,3 chariot of 3583 … Attributes: horn of bull 511i horned … Rites: mysteries 6958 sacrifice of … —- sign of 583 statues of 5920 … Genealogy: s.of Ka 348 h. of Tefnut 387 … - triskeles as emblem of 305<) … Myth : rape of Europe 538 ff. … Genealogy : f. of Kyklops, Antiphantes … Genealogy: s. of Marathon 246 … - plurality of 702c … Silenus, tutor of Liber 662 … Function: protector of flocks and … Genealogy: f. of Istar 237i

844

Genealogy ; h. of Merope 251e f. of … - coins' of 4974 … - gilded statuettes of Zeus or Zeus … -- flocks of 404 … Solymos, s. of Zeus 156 … Soter, horse of Helios 3373 … Spalaxos, one of the Carian Kouretes 184 … Sterope, horse of Helios 3373

845

- coins of 2603 3059 306 f. … - coins of 731 7413 … Syrtis, shores of … Tainaron, sheep of Helios at 410 … Rite: sacrifice of horses to Helios 730 … Genealogy : s. of Daidalos' sister 342 f. … - grave of 726 as dance-theme 481 … Attributes: horns of sheep 513i mural … of Zeus by Plouto 7204 … Festivals: burning of Herakles or … - called Tersos 5973 coins of 586i … Genealogy: f. of Echidna by Ge 458 … -rock-cut effigy of Sandas on 594 f. … - Promontory of 293

846

Telephassa, ru. of Europe … Genealogy: d. of Dionysos by Nikaia … - eye of 315 … - coins of 642j … Rite : sacrifice of calf in buskins 659 … Rite: sacrifice of goat 6410 … of weapons 6052 club 5269 644 crook … standing on back of bull 606 779 … Genealogy: w. of Ogenos 6752 … Attributes : head-dress of crab's-claws … Thebe, d. of Iupiter 3652 … Rite: Thebans guard tomb of Zethos

847

353 Kabeirion at 654 spring of … Rites: iepos yd/ios 3484 sacrifice of … Genealogy: m. of Dike by Zeus 75510 … Theokles, f. of Krios 3517 … and sword of Aigeus 5192 Laby- … Types: dragging Minotaur out of … Genealogy: w. of Peleus 419i0 … Thracians, dress of 655 mysteries on … Rite : boiling of milk (?) 676 f. … Genealogy : b. of Atreus 405 407 s.

848

Myth: birth of Dionysos 622 f. … - coin of 753 … Functions: deities of a bygone age 317 … of Zethos and Amphion for tomb … Genealogy: s. of Zeus 1562 … Tmolos, f. of Plouto 15612 … - column of 60 … Transfiguration, Mt of 181 … - coins of 4974 … - coins of 1884 483 … - coins of 192 … to Demeter 211 influences that of … Attributes: bag of seed 223 corn-ears

849

- chariot of 740 211 ff. in a folk- … - game of 476 482 ff. 4830 491 … Personated by Antiochos i of Komma- … Types: in guise of Io 2363 veiled and … Genealogy: f. of Dioskouroi and He- … Festivals: burning of Melqart (?) 6013 … Vaphio, capture of bulls on cups from … Rite: sacrifice of she-goat ritu humano … Attributes: bay-wreath 712 bundle of

850

Rite: ■ sacrifice of horse 1805 … Xanthos, horse of Achilles 24114 … Genealogy: s. of Persephone 402 … -mysteries of 402 4420 457 spread … Zenon of Kition 292 293 294 … Genealogy: s. of Zeus by Antiope … Ammoneion (See Oasis of Siwah)

851

Alfaterna 372 Oasis of Siwah 350

852

tiochos i of Kommagene) AiktclIos 15 … (See Antiochos i of Kommagene)

853

Antioclios i of Kommagene) <£tXtos … Syria (?) 357 584 ff. Oasis of Siwah … carried 503 f. dedication of hair … of Zeus 2a/3dftos pass a golden … Mt Pelion 420 422 sacrifice of … viro<p7)Tai 5300 of Zeus kidepios 26 … Oasis of Siwah 364 at Skotoussa … 57 279 Antiochos i of Kommagene

854

781 kings of Corinth (?) 247 f. … 278 son of Domitia Longina 51 … Auriga 755 begets bull 394 birth of … in a cave of Mt Dikte 149 151 653 … tined to be dethroned by s. of … or purple lamb of Atreus 405 ff. … ment of Paris 125 f. king of Egypt … Crete 1123 75510 by Nymphs of Do-

855

6632 Prometheus' theft of fire 323 ff. … to supplication of Ge 7910 cp. 79J2 … Genealogy: f. of Agdistis by Mt Agdos … f. of Asopos by Eurynome 155 f. of

856

signs to men 6640 giver of wealth … of palmettes and lotos-buds 622n … "A/nfiuv) 'horns of consecration' (?) … wreath of bay 18 69 149x 29810 376

857

wreath of lilies 622 f. 623j 7360 … 575 bust in front of rock 5974 … 547 colour of hair 22 in Comma- … Hageladas 122 heads of Zeus … 5702 Lysippos 35 f. masks of Zeus … of Olympos 43 seated with phidle … mazda I0i 208 741 ff. 754 Baal of

858

of the cosmic whole 197 … figures of Cretan mythology 543 ff. … - Barnabas taken for 1940 bird of

859

Zeus, king of Crete 662 See also Iupiter, … Genealogy: f. of fertilising bull 579

Index II: Subjects – Authorities

860

Adders of Zeus Sabdzios 392 394 396 … Aither, eye of 196 … Altar as object of cult 518 ff. bronze … Spain 507 f. of Athena 511^ of Demeter … inscribed Bios 37 of Zeus Hdgiqs 192 … of Zeus Olympios at Olympia 37i 121 … See also Dead, cult of the … Aniconic representations of Zeus as a … Anodos of earth-goddess 670 6982 699 … of Zeus 121 evolved through three … cated by lily 6246 of Homer 129 ff. of

861

Ashes, altars of 121 5123 divination by … life-symbol 6460 of Dionysos 216 659 f. … Baitylos or baittjlion of Ba'al-hamman … Basket containing heart of Liber 662 … 6887 6984 of Europe 530 f. of figs 6887 … Bath at Ba'albek 55535593 of boiling milk … of Mt Arkton 1123 sacrificed to

862

religion 579 cp. 265 of Chipa 5262 of … patina of bronzes at Delphoi 761 … Bones burnt 286 of Europe in wreath 525 … Bran in rites of Sabazios 3924 … Breastplates of priests of Zeus Sabazios … Bronze, cire perdue method of casting … Bull of Apollon 586-? Athena 533 Dionysos

863

- of Celts 6392 of Dinka 508 ff. of … Bull-fights of Athens 497 Crete 497 ff. … 639 641 ff. of changing colours 436 … ' Bulls,' cup-bearers of Poseidon called 442 … Bull's forepart worn by kings of Egypt … pared with horns of moon 5393 grasped … by eagle 564 f. in rites of Zeus Meili- … -of apotheosis 420o 675 for Demos 785 … Calf, bronze figure with face of 7231 … Carnival-plays of northern Greece 694 f.

864

Cattle of sun-god stolen by Alkyoneus … 6774 at Thera 144 of earth-goddess … Chariot, evolution of snake-drawn 227 … Cheese, cakes of 421 … Clay in rites of Sabazios 3924 in rites of … Cloud in semblance of Hera 198 … Cocks as part of Lycian symbol 300 on … Colossal statues Antiochos i of Komma- … Colossal temples of Zeus 563 f. … waist-bands 109 red bust of wine-god … Compasses, invention of 724 f. … Corn, patch of sacred (?) 559 … Cornu copiae of Acheloios 502x Amaltheia

865

Tyche 698j 709 f. 745 wife of Ptolemy … of Apollon called 4420 priests of … Cows of Hera 445 6755 Ilos 468 f. Io 236 … Crow, eight-handed 3043 of Kronos, the … Crown of Ariadne 492 f. Hera 532 624 … Crystal of Selene 625 f. … Cypress-wood, coffin of 5585 roof of 558;j … Dead, cult of the 93 ff. 458 508 ff. 523 … Dew daughter of Zeus by Selene 7325

866

Divinity of king (see King) of queen … Doves of Aphrodite 39i 741 of Aphrodite, … standards of Assyrian kings (?) 5840 … ' Doves,' priestesses of Zeus called (?) 443 … - the origin of 682 f. 687 6900 785 … 680 not of dithyramb 680 ff. but of … -the origin of 665 ff. 688 6895 694 f. … --as part of Lycian symbol (?) … Duplication of Dionysiac festivals 690 ff. … Eagle bears caduceus of Hermes 564 f.

867

pyramid of Sandas 600 602 604 on pyra- … 617 on stone of Emesa (?) 604 … ' Eagles,' worshippers of Mithras called 443 … Earth-mother as correlative of sky-father … Eater of this or that, deity described as … Eight years' servitude of Kadmos 540 … Emeralds of Amen-Ea 356 f. of Atar- … Fawn-skin in rites of Sabazios 3924 worn … Fennel-stalk as fire-stick of Prometheus … of Zeus 7026 in rite of purification or … 412 ff. 414 ff. 420 ff. of Zeus 422 ff. cp. … Flowers on coin of Argos 6244 on coin of … Footprints of Nandi 637 of Sisyphos'

868

Foundation-myths of Ammoneion 363 ff. … Fountain of the Sun 368 381 f. … Giant, corpse of 5440 … Glue of bull's hide 648 f. … Goat of Apollon 7127 Dionysos 502 673 ff. … luperci 6774 in clothes of maiden 7119 … Goats, foreparts of, on wheel-base 331

869

Golden bust of M. Annius Verus 715 calf … Gordon, General, of Cairness 441o … Grove of Ares 416 41714 of Argos 458 of … Gypsum, image of, containing heart 662 … 3434 mode of wearing 230 93 peculiar … Hawk of Apollon 241 626,, of Helios 240 ff.

870

Heart of Liber in image of gypsum 662 … Hind (?) of Isis 620 … in stone 51312 of altar 507 (see also … Horses of Demeter 2310 of Helios 231fi … 'Horses,' officials of the Iobakchoi called

871

Immortality conferred by milk of Hera … Impregnation by means of dew 733 by … fire (?) 2II3 in rites of Sabazios 3924 … Ivy-wreath in rites of Dionysos 374 671,, … Jackdaw of Ares, the planet 626,, … Janiform deity on coins of Mallos 297 f.

872

Kestds of Aphrodite Ourania 583 of Atar- … divinity of 131 139 547 f. 587 held … Kiste of Demeter 425 of Dionysos 565 … Krater in rites of Sabazios 3924 … Labyrinth, distribution of 490 evolution

873

Ligbtning as the arrows of Ilya 184 as … Liknon in rites of Demeter and Persephone … Lion, fore-part of, worn by dancer 7040 … Lions of Atargatis 553 Chipa 5262 Gen- … 'Lions' and 'Lionesses,' worshippers of … Magic 11 ff. as an expression of will-power … Magician, role of 12 Zeus as 14j 758 … Mare, sacrifice of white, in Tirconnell

874

Marriage of Dionysos with Basilinna at … at Panamara 21 f. of Zeus Sabdzios … Masks of Dionysos 671 of Minotaur … of Zeus Sabdzios 424 f. cp. pi. xxvii … Milk of Hera confers immortality 624 in … Mirror as toy of Liber 661 held by eagle

875

of Horos 315 of Nut 314 of Zeus 197 … from Sarsina 56^ of Minotaur 4774 … Mountain as birth-place of Zeus 148 ff. … Mountain-cults of Hathor 515 of Zeus … Mud, bull-shrine of 508 ff. See also … Hellotia 525 of Europe 525 of Hera- … mountains of Odrysai and Thracians … Mysteries of Demeter 443 668 of Deo 6500 … tended to overthrow cult of Olympians … Names of animals borne by priests and

876

Nurses of Dionysos 111 1116 674 f. 6746 … species of 3654 … Olive-tree of Athena at Troy 533 of Io … of Olympians 166 … Owner-marks on cattle of Sisyphos 639^ … Oxen buried for the procreation of bees … Palace, Labyrinth as 474 f. of Ammonian

877

Physical explanation of myths 410 … 6692 7173 to Zeus Lykaios 82 tail of, … Pillar of Dionysos 671 6720 of St George … Pillar-altar of Hittites 5874 … Plough of Argos 4588 of Demeter 223 f. … white, in rites of Sabazios 3924 … Potter's wheel, invention of 724 f. 7244

878

Pyramids of Iupiter Dolichenus 520-> 615 ff. … Queens of Athens married to Dionysos … cles of 3925 394 3952 votive 331 3314 … 3653 as footstool of Iupiter Dolichenus … Rams of Amen 347 390 of Attis 4294 of … shippers of Zeus 420 422 worn by … Rationalism of Greek philosophy tended

879

'Ravens,' worshippers of Mithras called Robert-Tornow, W. 4697 5142 … Rebirth, ritual of 675 ff. 679 705 785 Roehette, R. 472 48., 49j 1997 2002 200> … Reichhold, K. 4742 4743 5264 6964 6973 Rods of Persians 3382 of Rhadamanthys … Re-incarnation of Apis 435 of Osiris 435 4564 4569 5236 524 537 f. 5384 5435 6409 … Rejuvenation of Demos 785 of Medeia Roses 5170 625 f. 6253 … Riess, E. 581 754 7585 of grass 7454 raised above altar 5034 … Robert, C. 472 473 482 494 605 643 2499 Saints worshipped in place of gods and … Roberts, D. G. 7255 Salt in Oasis of Siwah 380 f.

880

1 Sardonic smile,' origin of 721 f. … Saw, as attribute of sun-god 7252 in- … Sceptre of Agamemnon 406 of Aphrodite … Serpent as part of Lycian symbol 300 … 3930 394 forepart of, worn by Egyptian … guarded by 540 teeth of, sown 540 … Sex, androgynous 310 f. change of 172

881

Sheep of Hammon 368 of Helios 409 ff. … Sky, made of bronze 6323 made of iron … worship of storm-god 578 ff. under … Spindle of Atargatis 583 586 … Oasis of Siwah 368 381 f. See also … Stag of Apoilon 364. 5425 on wheel-base … Standards of Ashur 207 at Hierapolis in … son of Domitia Longina 51 547 round

882

Stone of Auainos 1958 of Elagabalos 5209 … Stones, sacred, classification of 5202 evo- … eye of Amen-Ba 315 of Horos 315 of … Swans and solar wheel (?) 3324 as part of … Sweating image of Apollon at Hierapolis … Syncretism produces various types of … Testicles of bull 431 5164 518 of Indras … Theatre, orchestra of, marked with mazy

883

Three cranes, Celtic cult of 4820 … Tiger of Zagreus 398 … Torches of Apollon Leukdtes 3458 of … Tragedy, masks of 6785 origin of 665 ff. … on (?) 768 corpses hung on 533 of … of Egyptian king 496 shrine of 47210 … Trinity, Lycian (?) 301 of trees 649;! super-

884

Vegetation attributed to agency of the … Weather-king, the earthly, prototype of … Wheel of Ixion 198 ff. 254 342 of Myrtilos … Willow of Esus 4820 cp. 533 of Europe

885

Winnefeld, H. 863 1183 1504 4254 4260 of myrtle 220 4468 525 of oak 416 of … Wolf, hero in form of 999 See also Were- Wundt, W. 92 67i … destroy sheep of Helios 411 Xanthoudides, S. 4219 4972 … Ares the planet 6255 626 to Kirke Year {£vlolvt6s) formerly of eight years' … Wool, black 135 646 of ram 4294 on Zittel, K. A. 381 … Wower, J. 3940 Zo'istic conception of bright sky 121

Plate 40

Marble reliefs from the stage of Phaidros in the theatre at Athens.

Marble reliefs from the stage of Phaidrcs in the theatre at Athens (Restored).

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706

Goat instead of Bull

(k) Zeus, Dionysos, and the Goat.

The Attic festivals with their amazing output of tragedy and
comedy tended to obscure the early Thraco-Phrygian relations
of Zeus, Dionysos, and the goat. But it would be a mistake
to suppose that those relations were wholly forgotten. For ex-
ample, at the Phrygian Laodikeia, a town once called Diospolis1,

Fig. 521. Fig. 522.

quasi-autonomous coppers were issued with a bust of Zeus Aseis2
on the obverse and sometimes a goat on the reverse side (fig. 521)3,
or again with a youthful head of Demos on the obverse and Zeus
Aseis carrying the infant Dionysos with a goat beside him on the
reverse (fig. 522)4.

A fragmentary kylix of red-figured technique, painted in the
style of Hieron and found on the Akropolis at Athens (fig. S23)5,

1 Plin. nat. hist. 5. 105.

2 This cult-title has been usually identified with the name of the Syrian and Arabian
god Azizos (O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1531, Sir W. M. Ramsay The Cities
and Bishoprics of Phrygia Oxford 1895 i. 33), who along with Monimos was worshipped
at Edessa as a supporter of Helios (Ioul. or. 4. 150 c, 154 a), the pair being probably
conceived as morning- and evening-star (F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. ii.
2644, H. Steuding in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 743, W. Drexler id. ii. 3202, R. Dussaud in
the Rev. Arch. 1903 i. 128—133, 1904 i. 208 n. $ = id. Notes de mythologie syrienne Paris
1903 pp. 9 —14, 1905 p. 75 n.3). If so, the epithet is Semitic {laziz, 'the Strong').
But P. Carolidis Bemerkungen zu den alten kleinasiatischen Sprachen und My then Strass-
burg 1913 p. 32 f. proposes to refer it to an Armenian cus, ' Luft, dann Geist, Damon
und Gott.' Both explanations are highly precarious.

3 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Phrygia pp. lxxxi, 300 pi. 36, ri S6VC AC6IC
and AAOAI [K]GilN, Imhoof-Blumer Monn. gr. p. 407 no. 128, Head Hist, num.2
p. 679.

4 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Phrygia pp. lxxxi, 298 pi. 36, 5 AHMOC and A AO AI
K €f!N» Eckhel Doctr. num. vet.2 iii. 158 f., Rasche Lex. num. Suppl. hi. 263,
Imhoof-Blumer Monn. gr. p. 407 no. 129 pi. G, 30. The same reverse is found on a
coin struck by Iulia Domna {id. ib. p. 407 no. 131), and, with the head of Zeus turned to
the left, on a coin of Otacilia {Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Phrygia p. 323 no. 258, Imhoof-
Blumer Monn. gr. p. 407 no. 132 pi. G, 31). Cp. also a coin of L. Aelius Caesar with
reverse showing Zeus Aseis, who stands to the left and extends his right hand over the
head of a goat {Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Phrygia p. 311 no. 20T AC6IC AAOAI KGflN,
Imhoof-Blumer Monn. gr. p. 407 no. 130).

5 First published in the Jahi-b. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1891 vi. 43 pi. 1 by

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