Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

Zeus paired with Io, Pasiphae, Europe 733

The festival itself was held on or about Elaphebolion 14, and
appears to have formed the concluding act of the City Dionysia1.
Its name is an extension of Dia2 comparable, as Pollux saw, writh
Panathenaia, Panionia, Panaitdlia, Pamboidtia*. Mommsen4 and
Gruppe5 suppose with much probability that the Pandia was
celebrated at the time of the full moon. Now this was the time
when, according to Greek belief, dew fell thickest; and dew, as
we shall prove further on, was one means by which the sky-
father impregnated the earth-mother*. Hence I venture to infer
that the Pandia stood for the union of Zeus with Semele,
whose name gave rise to frequent confusion with Selene"7. On
this showing the City Dionysia began with dithyrambs, which
commemorated the union of Zeus with Semele8, and ended
with the Pandia, which brought that union to effect. Ten lunar
months later, at the Lenaia, Dionysos son of Zeus by Semele
was born9.

(c) Zeus paired with Io, Pasiphae, Europe.

When Zeus came to be paired with Selene, we may fairly
assume that it was as a sun-god with a moon-goddess10. The
same conception has been thought to underlie several of the
love-tales told about him and already in part discussed by us.
Scholars ancient and modern have regarded Io as the moon11.
And, if so, her lover might well be the sun. Pasiphae and her
bull almost certainly represented moon and sun in some sense12.
Europe, borne off from Phoinike to Crete by Zeus, apparently by
Zeus Asterios1*, is another case in point. For Zeus Asterios seems

1 Dem. in Mid. 8 f., Harpokr. and Souid. s.v. Uavdeta. See further Mommsen
Fcste d. Stadt AtKen pp. 432 f., 441, 445, 448, G. E. Marindin in Smith—Wayte—
Marindin Diet. Ant. ii. 333, E. Cahen in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iv. 313.

2 E. Cahen loc. cit. Another extension of Ata is to be seen in Atdcria : the simple
form occurs as the name of a festival in Teos (supra p. 423 n. 2).

3 Poll. 6. 163. We need not suppose with E. Pfuhl De Atheniensium pompis sacris
Berolini 1900 p. 30 n. 188 (after U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Aus Kydathen Berlin
1880 p. 133) that the Pandia implies an early unification of several Zeus-cults. The
prefix may be due to false analogy, Pandia signifying no more than a glorified Dia.

4 Mommsen op. cit. p. 432 n. 4, p. 441.

5 Gruppe Gr. Myth. Pel. p. 938 n. 1.

6 Infra ch. ii § 8 (a). Note that at Miletos on Artemision 14 (= Elaphebolion 14) an
offering was made At Noo-c'y, i.e. Norty, cp. Zeus 'TeVios (A. Rehm in Milet iii. 162 ff.,
400 f.).

7 Supra p. 457 n. 5. 8 Supra p. 681 f. 9 Supra p. 669 ff.

10 M. Mayer Die Giganten und Titanen Berlin 1887 p. 79 ff., W. H. Roscher Uber
Selene und Verwandtes Leipzig 1890 pp. 8 f., 100 f. and in his Lex. Myth. ii. 3172 f.

11 Supra p. 454 ff. 12 Stipra pp. 521 ff., 543 ff. 13 Supra p. 545 ff.