Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

768 The Dioskouroi as Stars

have become anthropomorphic1, the connecting bar or bars being
retained and perhaps accepted in lieu of the missing arms.

Another variety complicates the scene by adding a central pillar-
This pillar tapers upwards (fig. 560)2 or downwards (fig. 561 )3,
or takes the shape of a lotus-column (fig. 562)4 or even of a tree
topped by a bird ? (fig. S^3)5- The heads of the heroes may be
connected by a regular pediment (figs. 561, 563); and the star
between them may be accompanied by two other stars (fig. 563).

several vertical ties, is found over a wide area from west to east. It is akin to some
forms of the gateway which in the wall-paintings of Pompeii turns a tree into a temple
{e.g. Boetticher Baumkultus pp. 155 f., 541, 543, figs. 36, 56, 58, 59, etc.: cp. Schrader
Reallex. pp. 855—863), to the tigillum sororium at Rome (H. Jordan—C. Hulsen
Topographie der Stadt Rom in Alterthum Berlin 1907 i. 3. 322 n. 2, O. Richter Topo-
graphic der Stadt Roni2 Miinchen 1901 p. 311), and to the iugum under which conquered
troops were made to pass [Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 369). It resembles, as Miss Harrison
has observed (M. N. Tod and A. J. B. Wace A Catalogue of the Sparta Museum Oxford
1906 p. 193 n. 1), the facade of the temple of the Paphian Aphrodite on coins of Kypros
etc. (E. A. Gardner in the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1888 ix. 210—215, G. F. Hill in the Brit.
Mus. Cat. Coins Cyprus p. cxxvii). Furthei", it is very like a Buddhist tomb at Bangkok
(J. Fergusson Rude Stone Monuments London 1872 p. 413 f. fig. 177) and the carved
toran or portal of many an Indian tope (J. Fergusson History of Indian and Eastern
Architecture rev. by J. Burgess and R. Phene Spiers London 1910 i. 62 ff. figs. 12 and
38). Closer still is its analogy to the plai-loic or memorial gateways of China (id. ib. i.
118 f., ii. 456, 472 ff. figs. 501, 502, 503) and the countless torii of Japan (R. A. Cram
Impressions of Japanese Architecture London 1906 pp. 88, 109 f. pi. 18, F. Hadland
Davis Myths 6° legends of Japan London 1912 p. 225 ff.). The possible connexion of
these types is a theme deserving of serious investigation, but not one to be undertaken in
a footnote.

My friend Prof. H. A. Giles has most kindly supplied me with a note (Sept. 26, 1913)
on the p'ai-lou, which may at least serve as a suggestive contribution to the subject :

' P'ai-fang and R'ai-loti are popular names for the honorific gates put up by the Chinese
in honour of chaste wives, filial children, and others. The former is simple in style,
consisting of uprights and horizontals ; the latter is more ornate, with a roofing turned up
at the corners. Neither term is given in the Concordance to Literature (P'ei wen yun fu).

' It seems to have been customary, since about B.C. 1000, for the suzerain in feudal
times, and for the Emperor in later days, to reward distinguished men and women by the
bestowal of some mark of favour, such as a banner, which would be exhibited at the gate
of the town or village where the recipient was born. Stone animals are also mentioned;
e.g. the horse, lion, and elephant. In every case, it was the local gateway which was
embellished, the idea being that the fellow-townsmen of the distinguished person should
each share in the honour accorded. I can find no record of the date at which isolated
gates were first set up, nor any clue to their meaning or symbolism; but it seems very
probable that the modern honorific gate is nothing more than the old village gate which
was so long associated with the honour that it came eventually to stand for the honour
itself.'

1 The resultant type of the Dioskouroi was, I suspect, not uninfluenced by that of the
Kouretes, who—though their origin was very different—were likewise represented as
flanking-figures with shields.

2 Gerhard Etr. Spiegel iii. 35 f. pi. 46, 4 (Gerhard's collection).

3 Id. ib. iii. 37 ff. pi. 47, 6 (Naples).

4 Id. ib. iii. 36 f. pi. 46, 9 (London).

5 Id. ib. iii. 36 f. pi. 46, 8 (Paris).