Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1925)

11 o The Trophy

' Balken,' J. H. Murray A Nezv English Dictionary on Historical Principles Oxford 1888

i. 636 s.v. ' Balk, baulk.'

4 The same name was borne by a leader of the Trojans (LI. 13. 791, 14. 513) and by
a son of the Argive Temenos (on whom see H. W. Stoll in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii.

«43)-

5 R. Meringer ' Zum verehrten Pflock ' in Wbrter und Sachen 1909 i. 199—204 thinks
it possible that Phol, a Germanic deity mentioned in the second Merseburg charm, who
has been identified with a variety of unpromising persons (e.g. Balder, Apollo, and even
the Apostle Paul: see P. D. Chantepie de la Saussaye The Religion of the Teutons Boston
and London 1902 p. 126 ff., E. Mogk in the Grundriss der germanischen Thilologie'2
Herausgegeben von H. Paul Strassburg 1900 iii. 324), was a sacred post comparable with
such divinities as Iupiter Tigillus (Aug. de civ. Dei 7. 11 dixerunt eum (sc. Iovem)...
Tigillum...quod tamquam tigillus mundum contineret ac sustineret etc.), his name being
related to the Latus pains, ' Pfahl.' Meringer's suggestion is attractive, but not altogether
free from phonetic difficulties.

8 The trophy is very frequent as a design on Greek and Roman coins : see the classi-
fied list in Rasche Lex. Num. x. 201—255, and, for illustrations, Anson Num. Gr. ii.
106ff. nos. 1152—1220 pi. 23 f. I give three typical examples.

Fig. 71 is a silver tetradrachm struck at Syracuse by Agathokles c. 310—304 B.C. (Brit.
Mus. Cat. Coins Sicily p. 195 f. fig., Hunter Cat. Coins i. 238 pi. 17, 16, G. F. Hill
Coins of Ancient Sicily London 1903 p. 156 f. pi. 11, 131", id. Historical Greek Coins
London 1906 pp. 1 10, 112ff.pl. 8,66, Head Hist, num.- p. iSif.fig. 105): obv. KOPAZ
head of Persephone with flowing hair; rev. APAOOKAEIOX sc. xapa/cr^p? ararrjp?
vovpi/xos? Nike with hammer and nail fastening helmet to trophy. I figure a specimen in
the McClean collection at Cambridge.

' Fig. 72 is a copper struck at Thebes c. 288—244 B.C. (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Central
Greece p. 39 pi. 6, 2, Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 37, Head Hist, num.2 p. 353) : obv. head of
Athena in crested Corinthian helmet; rev. BO I LlTfl N trophy. I figure a specimen in the
Leake collection at Cambridge (W. M. Leake Numismata Hellenica London 1856
European Greece p. 29).

s E.g. infra § 3 (c) i (p.) an aureus struck at Rome in 49 B.C. (Brit. Mus. Cat. Pom.
Coins Rep. i. 505 no. 3954 pi. 49, 12, Babelon Monn. rtp. ram. ii. 17 fig., G. F. X J ill
Historical Roman Coins London 1909 p. ioof. pi. 11, 58) : obv. female head wearing
oakdeaves and jewellery ; behind ±11 ; rev. trophy of Gallic arms (tunic, horned helmet,
shield, kdrnyx); on the right, an axe adorned with an animal's head; across the field
CAE SAR.

8 The best collection of evidence with regard to trophies is that by A. Reinach in
Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. v. 497—518: see also Boetticher Baumkultus pp. 71 ff.,
209, 231 figs. 55, 63, P. Wagler Die Eiche in alter und neuer Zeit Berlin 1891 ii. 20 ff.,
and some remarks of mine in the Class. Rev. 1904 xviii 364 f., 372 n. 19, Folk-Lore 1904
xv. 37311. 25, id. 1905 xvi. 319 f.

The Greek trophy was dedicated to Zeus Tpoiralos (Soph. Ant. 141 ff. eirra Xoxayol yap
icp ewra irvXais | raxOevres icroi Trpbs t<rovs ZXiirov | Zrjvl Tpoiraiip irdyxo-XKa reXy, Corp.
iuscr. Gr. i no. 173, if. = Cougny Anth. Pal. Append. 2. 39a Athens [et] roiu>v8' dvbp^v etrj
■jrbXis, oiiirorav av\jTjs\ \ [e]xdpol ffrrjO'aievTjijvirpoira'iov eSos, et. mag. p. 768,51 ff. Tpoiraia (sic),
i] "Hpa, did to ra rpbiraia.. .pr\ fxbvov Ad dvarideadai dXXd /ecu rrj "Hpa, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al.
1328 Tpo7rcuas 5e rf/s "Hpas, nap' baov Kai avrfj 01 viK&vres wenrep rip Alt rpbiraiov dverideaav),
who was worshipped by the Dorians at Sparta (Paus. 3. 12. 9 rod 5e Tpowaiov Aibs to
iepbv iwoirjaav ot Awpieis iroXepu) tovs re dWovs 'Axaiovs, ot yijv rr]v AaKWVLKTju TrjVLKaiTa
eixov, Kai tovs 'Ap.vK\aids KpaTrjcravTes), by the Athenians at Salamis (Corp. iuscr. Att.

ii. 1 no. 467, 27 f. = Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.'1 no. 521, 27f. = Michel Recueil d'Luser.
gr. no. 610, 27 f. an ephebic decree of 100/99 B.C. wpoavairXevo-avTes 5e /cat e7rt rpbiraiov
8vai irXoiois '(dvcrav rip Ad riS Ipo waiip, cp. Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 1 no. 469, 1 7 f., ib. ii. 1
no. 471, 28 f., where the same formula is used), and by the Pergamenes (M. Frankel
Die Inschriflen von Pergamon Berlin 1895 i. 136 f. no. 237, 1 ff. = Dittenberger Orient.