Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1925)

and the Soul-Ladder 123

de VArt vi. 741 ff. fig. 334), a female (?) head in painted plaster from Mykenai w ith
a rosette of red dots on forehead, chin, and either cheek (Ch. Tsountas ' Ke<pa\i] iic
'yivKiqvCjv1 in the 'E</>. 'Ap%. 1902 pp. 1 — ro pi. i). Even in the iron age similar practices
persisted: the Louvre possesses an archaic terra cotta, said to have been found in Greece,
which represents a nude standing female with incised circles of dots round her breasts,
round her navel, and on her thighs (E. Pottier in the Rev. Arch. 1899 i. 10 fig. 7), and
an archaic terra cotta from Boiotia, which shows a draped standing female with a circular
black patch on either cheek (Collignon Hist, dc la Sculpt, gr. i. 109 fig. 55). A kylix of
Ionic style from Vulci, now at Berlin, has a running Maenad with a small circular red
patch on her cheek (J. Endt Beitrdge zur fonischen Vasenmalerei Prag 1899 p. 35 fig. 15,
J. Boehlau ' Die Jonischen Augenschalen' in the Ath. Milth. 1900 \xv. 50 ff. fig. 10 ' ein
unverkennbares rotes Schonheitspflasterchen" !). The black-brown figures represented
on Tanagra-ware (S. Wide ' Eine lokale Gattung boiotischer Gefasse' in the Ath. Mitih.
1901 xxvi. 143 —156 pi. 8) have sometimes, if not always, a group of three dots in thinned-
out colour on either cheek (Brit. AIus. Cat. Wises iii. 385 no. E 813 pi. 11, 1, ib. iii. 385
no. E 814 pi. 21, 2 f. : but see Wide he. cii. p. 146 no. 3 = Collignon—Couve Cat. Vases
d'Athenes p. 350 no. 1119, p. 146 f. no. 4, pp. 147 f. 150 ff. pi. S^Collignon—Couve
op. cit. p. 350 no. 1120). On a terra-cotta antefix from Thasos (C. Fredrich in the Ath.
Mitth. 1908 xxxiii. 245 f. pi. 10 Gorgdneion with floral design on forehead, rosette on
nose, etc.) and on various classes of black-figured ware prophylactic faces show tattoo-
marks (e.g. De Ridder Cat. Vases de la Bibl. Nat. i. 90 f. no. 182 fig. 9 Ionic vase-lid —
Gorgoneion with four dots on forehead, id. ib. i. 219 ff. no. 322 fig. 39 Attic kylix—
Gorgoneion with large round black spot on forehead, id. ib. i. 216 ff. no. 321 fig. 38 Attic
kylix—interior, Gorgoneion with row of dots on forehead ; exterior, eyes forming part of
face with four dots on forehead).

Literature attests the custom of tattooing for Thracians (Hdt. 5. 6, Klearchos frag. 8
(Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 306 Muller) ap. Athen. 524 D—E, Phanokles ap. Stob. jlor. 64. 14
(ed. Gaisford ii. 419), Cic. de off. 2. 25, Strab. 315, Plout. de sera num. vind. 12, Dion
Chrys. or. 14 p. 442 Reiske, Artemid. oneirocr. 1. 8, Eustath. in II. p. 933, 7, id. in
Dionys./c-. 322, anon. Pythag. diss. 2 de honesto ei turpi (T. Gale Opusctila mythologica,
ethicaet physica Cantabrigioe 1671 p. 56— Opuscida mythologica physica & ethica Amstela:-
dami 1688 p. 712 b) and for Agathyrsi (Verg. Aen. 4. 146, Mela 2. 10, Solin. 15. 3,
Amm. Marc. 31. 2. 14, interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 4. 146, cp. Plin. nat. hist. 4. 88),
Daci (Plin. nat. hist. 7. 50, 22. 2), Geloni (Verg. georg. 2. 115 with Serv. ad loc., Claud.
in Rtifin. 1. 313), Getai (Artemid. oneirocr. 1. 8, cp. Dionysophanes ap. Porph. v. Pyth.
14 b), Harii (Tac. Germ. 43), Iapodes (Strab. 315), Illyrioi (Strab. 315), Sarmatai (Plin.
nat. hist. 22. 2, Sext. Pyrrhon. hypot. 3. 24 p. 286 f. Fabricius), as also for Britanni
(Caes. de bell. Gall. 5. 14, Mela 3. 51, Plin. nat. hist. 22. 2, Herodian. 3. 14. 7, cp. Solin.
22. 12), Picti (Claud, de bello Getico 4166°., Isid. orig. 19. 23. 7), Scoti (Isid. orig. 9. 2.
103), Kylikranes (Polemon frag. 56 (Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 133 Muller) ap. Athen. 462 A and
Hesych. s.v. KvXucpavoji'), Mossynoikoi (Xen. an. 5. 4. 32), Aithiopes (Sext. Pyrrhon.
hypot. 1. 14 p. 66 Fabricius, cp. ib. 3. 24 p. 287, Lyd. de mens. 4. 53 p. 110, 16 ff.
Wlinsch and Sir W. M. Flinders Petrie Kahun, Gnrob, and Haxvara London 1890 p. 30,
id. lllahun, Kahnn and Gnrob London 1891 p. 9 pi. 13, 20), Assyrioi (Loukian. de dea
Syr. 59 : supra i. 593 no. o). Mithraic 'soldiers' were marked on the forehead (Tertull.
de praescr. haeret. 40, cp. Greg. Naz. adv. Iulian. r. 70 (xxxv. 592 Migne))—a practice
compared by G. Anrich Das an tike Mysterienwesen in seinem Einfluss auf das Christentum
Gottingen 1894 p. 123 f., not only with the Roman custom of marking military recruits
(Veget. epit. rei milit. 1. 8, 2. 5, Aetios of Amida 8. 12, T. Ruinart Acta martyru?n
Ratisbonae 1859 P- 341 acta Maximiliani), but also with such usages as those of Kybele-
worshippers (Prudent, peristeph. 10. 1076 ff.) and other devotees (Philon de monarch. 1.8),
the followers of the Gnostic Marcus (Eiren. c. haeres. 1. 20. 4=IIippol. ref. haeres. 7. 32
p. 404 Duncker—Schneidewin), and even the Christian a<ppayis ('baptism') (Herakleon
frag. 49 Brooke ap. Clem. Al. eel. proph. 25. 1 p. 143, 22 ff. Stahlin). See further
J. Rhodius on Scribonius Largus composit. med. 231 (ed. Patav. 1655 p. 308 ff.), Schrader