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https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.14696#0289
228 Pythagoras as Apollon reborn
the infant Zeus had been turned into bears1, as was the case also
with his nurses in Crete2. Moreover, an interesting myth told how
the sinews of Zeus had on one occasion been cut out and wrapped
in a bear-skin by Typhon3. Another made him consort with the
Arcadian Kallisto4, whom Artemis5 or Hera6 or he7 transformed
1 Supra i. 112 n. 5. 2 Supra i. 112 n. 3.
3 Infra § 3 (a) vi (k).
4 R. Franz Dc Callistus fabula (Leipziger Studien fiir classischen Philologie xii)
Leipzig 1890, id. in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 931—935, Farnell Cults of Gk. States ii. 438,
Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 415. It is commonly assumed that Kallisto, whose
grave—a lofty mound of earth covered with trees—was topped by a sanctuary of Artemis
Kalliste (Paus. 8. 35- 8), is a hypostasis or by-form of Artemis (so first K. O. Muller
Prolegomena zu einer wissenschaftlichen Mythologie Gottingen 1825 p. 73 ff., C. O. Muller
The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race trans. H. Tufnell and G. G. Lewis Oxford
1830 i. 390 f.). My contention is that in such cases we should rather suppose a priestess
regarded as the goddess incarnate and bearing the name of the animal specially connected
with her divinity {supra i. 453). The grave of Kallisto suggests a human embodiment.
The complimentary name suits a 'bear' (J. Grimm Teutonic Mythology trans. J. S.
Stallybrass London 1883 ii. 667 f., E. H. Meyer Germanhche Mythologie Berlin 1891
p. 103 f., Class. Rev. 1894 viii. 383 f.). The metamorphosis at the hands of Artemis
recalls the ap/croi of Artemis Brauronia (supra i. 421 f., 442).
0 So in the oldest accessible, form of the myth : Hes. frag. 137 Flach 181 Rzach ap.
pseudo-Eratosth. catast. 1. 1 (=E. Maass Commentariorum in Aratiun reliquiae Berlin
1898 p. 181 b 1 ff., cp. schol. Arat. 27) ravrrjv 'HatoSos (prjcrc AvKaovos dvyarepa ev 'ApKaSia
ot'/cete, eXecrdai Se fxera 'Apre/judos ttjv wepi ras drjpas dywyijv ev rots 6peo~i iroieio~6aim
cpdapeiaav Se (so C. Robert for MSS. re) i!>7rd Atos ifxpceivai Xavddvovaav rr\v debv cpwpa-
drjvai Se varepov eiriroKov (so Koppiers for MSS. eiri tokov edd.plerique eirl tokov) ifSr/
ovaav bcpdelaav vtt' avrrjs Xovofxevr/v ecjy y opyicrdeicrav tt]v debv dTrodrjpLiocrai avrrjv Kai
ovtlos reKe'iv dpKrov yevo/u.evrjv tov KXr]devra 'ApKaSa' ovcrav 8' ev rep opei drjpevdrjvcu vtto
alirbXiov rivujv /cat TrapaSodrjvai pcera rod fipe'cpovs Tip AvKaovi- pcerd XP0V0V °^ riva SSijai
elaeXde?v els to tov Atds afiarov iepbv (Koppiers and A. Olivieri delete lepbv : perhaps we
should rather read df3arov < ov > iepbv) dyvoricrao~av rbv vbfxov ■ inrb Se tov IS'iov viov
8ibiKop.ev7)v kol rGiv ' ApKaScov, /cat dvaipeiadai /xeXXovaav Sid rbv elpr\p.ivov vop.ov, 6 Zeus 81a.
rrjv avyyeveiav avrrjv e^eiXero Kai ev tois darpois avrr/v 'idr\Kev • "ApKTov Se ax>tt)v thvopcacre
Sid rb avfjLjSefiriKbs avrrj avfXTTTcofXa, id. id. 1. 8 cod. R. ( = E. Maass op. cit. p. 574, 8ff,
cp. id. p. 1S1 a 1 ff.) <ir>epi tovtov Xeyerai on 'Ap/cas ecrriv 6 KaXXtcrroOs Kai Atos
7670^015, $kt]o-e Se irepi to AvKaiov (cod. AvKaiov) cpdeipavros avrrjv Atos- ov Trpoo-Troirjo'd-
p.evos b AvKawv tov Ala e^ivi'Cev, ws (prjciv 'HaioSos, Kai to j3pl<pos /cara/coi/'as irapedrjKev erri
ri]v rpairefav bdev eKelvrjv p.ev dvarpewei, dc/>' (so A. Olivieri for cod. e<p') ov 17 Tpaire^ous
KaXelrai ttoXis, ttjv Se o'lKiav eKepavvcoae, tov Se AvKaova dwedriplcoae Kai avrbv XIikov
eTroir)o-e- tov Se 'Ap/ca5a irdXiv dvairXdaas edrjKev apTiov (supra p. 393) • /cat erpdepr] Trap'
atVoXtp- veavicKos 5' wv ij8rj SoKet KaTa8pafxeiv els rb AvKaiov Kai dyvorjtxas tt\v /j.rjTe'pa
7?}/xaf ot be KaTOLKodvTes rbv tottov dp.(poripovs Kara vbp.ov dveiv 'ifxeXXov b Si Zei»s efeXo-
fievos avTOi/s 5td tt\v vvyyeveiav. els ra darpa dvriyayev, Apollod. 3. 8. 2 Eu/^Xos (frag. 14
Kinkel, but R. Franz cj. HaioSos) Se Kai rives erepoi Xeyovcri AvKaovi Kai dvyarepa
KaXXtcrrd) yevtadai- UctloSos (R. Franz cj. Eif^-jjXos) p.ev yap avrrjv piav elvai rcov vvfj.<pu)v
Xiyei, "Actios (frag. 9 Kinkel) 5£ Nu/cr^o/s, QepemS-qs (frag. 86 (Frag. hist. Gr. i. 92
Muller)) 8e Krjrews. Cp. Hyg. poet. astr. 2. 1 p. 30, 4 ff. Bunte, schol. Caes. Germ.
Aratea p. 381, 8 ff. Eyssenhardt.
The religious art of the fourth century B.C. with its dislike of theriomorphism repre-
sented Artemis as shooting a purely human Kallisto. Thus coppers of Orchomenos in
Arkadia, struck shortly after 370 B.C., have for obverse type Artemis kneeling with bow
the infant Zeus had been turned into bears1, as was the case also
with his nurses in Crete2. Moreover, an interesting myth told how
the sinews of Zeus had on one occasion been cut out and wrapped
in a bear-skin by Typhon3. Another made him consort with the
Arcadian Kallisto4, whom Artemis5 or Hera6 or he7 transformed
1 Supra i. 112 n. 5. 2 Supra i. 112 n. 3.
3 Infra § 3 (a) vi (k).
4 R. Franz Dc Callistus fabula (Leipziger Studien fiir classischen Philologie xii)
Leipzig 1890, id. in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 931—935, Farnell Cults of Gk. States ii. 438,
Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 415. It is commonly assumed that Kallisto, whose
grave—a lofty mound of earth covered with trees—was topped by a sanctuary of Artemis
Kalliste (Paus. 8. 35- 8), is a hypostasis or by-form of Artemis (so first K. O. Muller
Prolegomena zu einer wissenschaftlichen Mythologie Gottingen 1825 p. 73 ff., C. O. Muller
The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race trans. H. Tufnell and G. G. Lewis Oxford
1830 i. 390 f.). My contention is that in such cases we should rather suppose a priestess
regarded as the goddess incarnate and bearing the name of the animal specially connected
with her divinity {supra i. 453). The grave of Kallisto suggests a human embodiment.
The complimentary name suits a 'bear' (J. Grimm Teutonic Mythology trans. J. S.
Stallybrass London 1883 ii. 667 f., E. H. Meyer Germanhche Mythologie Berlin 1891
p. 103 f., Class. Rev. 1894 viii. 383 f.). The metamorphosis at the hands of Artemis
recalls the ap/croi of Artemis Brauronia (supra i. 421 f., 442).
0 So in the oldest accessible, form of the myth : Hes. frag. 137 Flach 181 Rzach ap.
pseudo-Eratosth. catast. 1. 1 (=E. Maass Commentariorum in Aratiun reliquiae Berlin
1898 p. 181 b 1 ff., cp. schol. Arat. 27) ravrrjv 'HatoSos (prjcrc AvKaovos dvyarepa ev 'ApKaSia
ot'/cete, eXecrdai Se fxera 'Apre/judos ttjv wepi ras drjpas dywyijv ev rots 6peo~i iroieio~6aim
cpdapeiaav Se (so C. Robert for MSS. re) i!>7rd Atos ifxpceivai Xavddvovaav rr\v debv cpwpa-
drjvai Se varepov eiriroKov (so Koppiers for MSS. eiri tokov edd.plerique eirl tokov) ifSr/
ovaav bcpdelaav vtt' avrrjs Xovofxevr/v ecjy y opyicrdeicrav tt]v debv dTrodrjpLiocrai avrrjv Kai
ovtlos reKe'iv dpKrov yevo/u.evrjv tov KXr]devra 'ApKaSa' ovcrav 8' ev rep opei drjpevdrjvcu vtto
alirbXiov rivujv /cat TrapaSodrjvai pcera rod fipe'cpovs Tip AvKaovi- pcerd XP0V0V °^ riva SSijai
elaeXde?v els to tov Atds afiarov iepbv (Koppiers and A. Olivieri delete lepbv : perhaps we
should rather read df3arov < ov > iepbv) dyvoricrao~av rbv vbfxov ■ inrb Se tov IS'iov viov
8ibiKop.ev7)v kol rGiv ' ApKaScov, /cat dvaipeiadai /xeXXovaav Sid rbv elpr\p.ivov vop.ov, 6 Zeus 81a.
rrjv avyyeveiav avrrjv e^eiXero Kai ev tois darpois avrr/v 'idr\Kev • "ApKTov Se ax>tt)v thvopcacre
Sid rb avfjLjSefiriKbs avrrj avfXTTTcofXa, id. id. 1. 8 cod. R. ( = E. Maass op. cit. p. 574, 8ff,
cp. id. p. 1S1 a 1 ff.) <ir>epi tovtov Xeyerai on 'Ap/cas ecrriv 6 KaXXtcrroOs Kai Atos
7670^015, $kt]o-e Se irepi to AvKaiov (cod. AvKaiov) cpdeipavros avrrjv Atos- ov Trpoo-Troirjo'd-
p.evos b AvKawv tov Ala e^ivi'Cev, ws (prjciv 'HaioSos, Kai to j3pl<pos /cara/coi/'as irapedrjKev erri
ri]v rpairefav bdev eKelvrjv p.ev dvarpewei, dc/>' (so A. Olivieri for cod. e<p') ov 17 Tpaire^ous
KaXelrai ttoXis, ttjv Se o'lKiav eKepavvcoae, tov Se AvKaova dwedriplcoae Kai avrbv XIikov
eTroir)o-e- tov Se 'Ap/ca5a irdXiv dvairXdaas edrjKev apTiov (supra p. 393) • /cat erpdepr] Trap'
atVoXtp- veavicKos 5' wv ij8rj SoKet KaTa8pafxeiv els rb AvKaiov Kai dyvorjtxas tt\v /j.rjTe'pa
7?}/xaf ot be KaTOLKodvTes rbv tottov dp.(poripovs Kara vbp.ov dveiv 'ifxeXXov b Si Zei»s efeXo-
fievos avTOi/s 5td tt\v vvyyeveiav. els ra darpa dvriyayev, Apollod. 3. 8. 2 Eu/^Xos (frag. 14
Kinkel, but R. Franz cj. HaioSos) Se Kai rives erepoi Xeyovcri AvKaovi Kai dvyarepa
KaXXtcrrd) yevtadai- UctloSos (R. Franz cj. Eif^-jjXos) p.ev yap avrrjv piav elvai rcov vvfj.<pu)v
Xiyei, "Actios (frag. 9 Kinkel) 5£ Nu/cr^o/s, QepemS-qs (frag. 86 (Frag. hist. Gr. i. 92
Muller)) 8e Krjrews. Cp. Hyg. poet. astr. 2. 1 p. 30, 4 ff. Bunte, schol. Caes. Germ.
Aratea p. 381, 8 ff. Eyssenhardt.
The religious art of the fourth century B.C. with its dislike of theriomorphism repre-
sented Artemis as shooting a purely human Kallisto. Thus coppers of Orchomenos in
Arkadia, struck shortly after 370 B.C., have for obverse type Artemis kneeling with bow