Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1925)

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Cook, Arthur B.
Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes — Cambridge, 1925

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Schmutztitel

PART I

Bombay, Calcutta and

Titelblatt

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fellow and lecturer of queens' college, cambridge … , (THUNDER AND LIGHTNING) … PART I

Preface

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Bright Sky and traced his evolution in that capacity from … Meantime the subject of Zeus as god of Thunder and Lightning … to heaven ; the sky-pillars of Greece and Italy ; the central shrine … of the evidence presented in the text and notes, which will, I hope, … modern dyspeptic digestions, and I shall expect to have quoted

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notes serve three distinct purposes. First and foremost, I have … and Latin inscriptions, these being less readily accessible to the … possess a significance unsuspected at first and only later appre- … in Appendixes. The Second Part of Volume II contains a dozen … ' Orphic Theogonies and the Cosmogonic Eros,' H ' Zeus Ktesios,'

The episodical character of the book with its sections and … sacrifice and in April 1917 died a heroic death—or rather, as he … list lengthens. But it is a list which, happily, is balanced and

and the whole of them by Dr J. Rendel Harris. Both are workers … my friend Mr H. G. Brand, long resident in Tokyo, and again by … Museum, Cambridge, and Mr F. LI. Griffith, Reader in Egyptology … aided by Prof. E. J. Rapson and by Mr H. B. Thompson of … For Greek and Latin etymologies I have time after time used … of the Salii. Questions of Thracian and Illyrian phonetics have … to the historian of early Greek religion. Here and there my

the wider experience of Prof. J. B. Bury ; and in regard to the … I have met with equal kindness and cooperation. An astronomical … Agrigentum and Tenedos. Dr A. C. Haddon, Reader in Ethno- … my behalf. Mr C. T. Seltman visited Delphoi and reported on … Particular criticisms and suggestions have been communicated

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Miss H. Richardson, Mr E. J. Seltman, Mr C. T. Seltman, and … with numerous casts of coins in the McClean and Leake Collections. … world. The Keeper of the coins and his Assistants have also spared … coin-types I owe much also to the keen eyes and exact knowledge … Akraios on a stater of Praisos and—a matter of greater moment—

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graphs of statues and reliefs in marble or stone were supplied by … omphalos, here figured for the first time on English soil. And the … Museum, Athens, and Miss G. M. A. Richter of the Metropolitan … Mr C. O. VVaterhouse and Mr R. B. Fleming, in the Louvre by … by minutely accurate measurements and a descriptive text, were … and Co. of Munich, Kouchakji Freres of New York, and by Prof. C.

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drawings or sketches in black and white of 75 sculptures, 26 … (pi. xlv), and of the same sculptor's chryselephantine Zeus (pi. xlvi). … of 30,000 entries and took well over a year to write, have again … revises, and clean sheets, not to mention zincotypes, half-tone … when the cost of paper and printing was almost prohibitive. With … diffuseness of style, but to the natural abundance of a great and

Contents of Volume II

PART I. CHAPTER II … § 3. Zeus and the Lightning........11—826 … iii. Zeus and the Sky-Pillar ........ 36 … (t) The Pillar of Light and the Soul-Ladder . . . . 114 … (v) Omphalos and Pillar........ 166 … (p) The Pythia and the Caldron of Apotheosis . . . 210

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iv. Zeus and Dionysos ......... 267 … (y) Dios and Dios Nysos ........ 277 … (f) Iupiter Ambisagrus and Iupiter Diamis .... 326 … (v) The Tigillum Sororium and Iupiter Tigillus . . . 363 … (4>) Diana and the Oak........ 400 … iv. Zeus and the Twins ,. . . . .. . . . . 422 … (e) Kastor and Polydeukes........ 43^

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{() The double axe and Zeus Kataibdtes .... 559 … (77-) The hafted axe as a religious symbol .... 677 … (7) The thunderbolt of Zeus and the trident of Poseidon . 786 … § 4. Zeus and the Thunder........827—839

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PART II … The Dioskouroi and Helene in modern Folk-Tales … Orphic Theogonies and the Cosmogonic Eros

List of Plates in Volume II

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Relief from Phaleron : Xenokrateia and her boy supplicate … (b) The dedication of a columnar tripod by the Pythia and the … (c) The dedication of a torch by a priest and priestess … Sabdzios on horseback, with altar, krate"r, and leafless

XXI Janiform aryballos, combining male and female Dionysiac … XXIV Etruscan mirror: the Dioskouroi with Leda (?) and Helene (?) … XXVI Map showing the Western and Eastern Routes of the Hyper- … XXVIII Marble head of Zeus Labrdyndos (?), found at Mylasa and … altes, and Hyperbios . . . . . . • 712 … hand and a thunderbolt in his left.....75^ … Museum, with dedication to Zeus Hypsistos and votive

XXI

Keleos, Kerberos, and Aigolios stung by bees in the … representing the ritual Apotheosis of the King and Queen … (2) The relief with flat coloration and metal accessories restored 1134 f. … 13), which represents Heos and Thetis supplicating Zeus and has recently been

Abbreviations

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of their initials. On the other hand, the titles of Books and Periodicals have been cut … Ann. Arch. Anthr.= Annals of Archaeology and A?ithropology Liverpool 1908— … Anson Num. Gr. = ~L. Anson Numismata Graeca Plates and Index London 1910, Text

XXIV

Brit. Mus. Cat. Bronzes— W. B. Walters Catalogue of the Bronzes, Greek, Roman, and … Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India 1886 by P. Gardner; Crete and … of Bosporus 18S9 by W. Wroth; Alexandria and the Nomes 1892 by R. S.

XXV

and Lesbos 1894 by W. Wroth; Carta, Cos, Rhodes, Sfc. 1897 by B. V. Head ; … Palestine 1914 by G. F. Hill; Arabia Mesopotamia and Persia 1922 by … Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum i—iii London 1892—1904. … and Etruscan Pottery 1912 by H. B. Walters; ii Black-figured Vases 1893 by … Brit. Mus. Guide Gk. Rom. Life = British Museum. Department of Greek and Roman

XXIX

Myth, Tradition, Institution, and Custom. [Incorporating The Archceological … Frazer Belief in Immortality = (Sir) J. G. Frazer The Belief in Immortality and the

XXXI

Testament being Grimm's Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti translated revised and … Introductory 45ssay and Archaeological Commentary by Jane E. Harrison London 1890. … by Professor Gilbert Murray and a Chapter on the Origin of the Olympic Games by … ment of Coins and Medals. A Guide to the principal gold and silver Coins of the … V. Head Oxford 1887, New and enlarged edition by Barclay V. Head assisted by

XXXII

in Rome by Wolfgang Helbig translated from the German by James F. and Findlay … Hermathena —Hermathena, a Series of Papers on Literature, Science, and Philosophy, … or attributed to the various Masters of the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. i ii Cam- … i Italy, Sicily, Macedon, Thrace, and Thessaly. … Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner ATum. Comm. Pans. = A Numismatic Commentary on

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Britain and Ireland London 1872— , New Series London 1899—

XXXIV

cription and Commentary by P. Foucart) Paris 1847—1876. … and Commentary by W. H. Waddington) Paris 1847—1876.

XXXVI

and Journal of the Numismatic Society London 1843—1859, New Series London … Ghnefalsch-Richter Kypros — Kypros The Bible and Homer. Oriental Civilization, Art

XXXIX

and Roman Bronzes by Gisela M. A. Richter. New York 1915.

Roberts Gk. Epigr.— An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy. Part 1 The Archaic Inscrip- … Roberts—Gardner Gk. Epigr. — An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy. Part II The In- … and Roman Vases by Edward Robinson...Boston and New York 1893. … Volume vi (Lydian Inscriptions) Part 1 by Enno Littmann. Leiden 1916. Part 2

XLI

Smith Diet. Biogr. Myth. — Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. … the history, institutions, and antiquities of the Christian Church, from the time of the … Smith—Marindin Class. Diet. = A Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, … Sects and Doctrines ; being a continuation of ' The Dictionary of the Bible.' Edited … Smith—Wayte—-Marindin Diet. A/it. = A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. … and imperial: commenced by the late Seth William Stevenson...revised, in part,

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 1: Zeus lightens, thunders, rains, etc.

sky conceived as alive and operant; that already in Homeric times … Ay, Zeus is sometimes fair and sometimes foul1. … 7 Frazer Golden Bough*: Taboo pp. 318—391 discusses avoidance of names and ib.

sophers and sophists insisted that such phaenomena were brought … Str. What ! Who makes the rain then? tell me that, and I shall be content. … But who is it then that thunders, when I cower and hide my face ? … Socr. When they're teeming full of water and are forced across the sky, … Philosophers and would-be philosophers left the man in the … 2 Apollon. Dysk. de constr. or. p. 101, 16 ff. a, propos of aoTpaivTei and the like says … 3 Aristoph. nub. 366 ff. I quote the excellent rendering by A. D. Godley and … sophers had at least some foundation in popular belief—witness the ancient and very

folk at Athens in the fourth and third centuries B.C., we turn, for … Then more and more so1. … man, full of truisms and trivialities, observes that ' if Zeus would … suppressed8, but the name of God remained and is still to be heard … 10 G. F. Abbott Songs of Modern Greece Cambridge 1900 Part 2 1. 21 /cat '^pepibvei

People say not only 'it rains1' but 'God rains2.' And in a love- … meant much to his worshippers. Homer speaks of thunder7 and … 6 J. C. Lawson Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 1910 … equivalent of the Homeric and Hesiodic cr^/xara. Similarly, ominous birds and beasts … People say not only 'it rains1' but 'God rains2.' And in a love- … meant much to his worshippers. Homer speaks of thunder7 and … 6 J. C. Lawson Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 1910 … equivalent of the Homeric and Hesiodic cr^/xara. Similarly, ominous birds and beasts

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 2: The Diosemía or “Zeus-sign”

solar and lunar eclipses, comets, shooting stars, lightning, thunder, … When a sign occurred, the public assembly at once broke up6 and the … And then they'ld stop at once, you dunder-head !9 … We who more than all immortals benefit your state and you, … Then we send you rain and thunder, so that you may change your mind10. … with weather-signs in general and in the later mss. is entitled ALoarifxiai or irpdyvucris.

Magistrates, can you stand it? And am I … Dion Chrysostomos, 'and a sudden Zeus-sign appears or an earth- … and remarked to the generals that they must not be surprised if it lightened and … and consequently beaten6.

cross the river2.' Agis and his army actually gave up the invasion … thunder and lightning, rain and darkness ; obviously heaven did … and armies viewed such signs with alarm and on their occurrence … act as a deterrent, and a growl of thunder be taken to portend … 'Exeaa/j-ia appears to be a Doric and perhaps Pythagorean (?) term, formed on the … Herakles and Dionysos invaded India, the sages (Brachmanes) dwelling between the

magicians and kings claimed to be weather-makers. Salmoneus … peals1 and lightning-flashes2 vouchsafed to epic heroes. The kings … Zeus my father, great and strong, hearken, if in very truth … Zeus great and strong heard that immoderate prayer

statue in his native town, the Italian Lokroi, and another at … less than he deserved. And yet those honours were very great ; for he has a … who died later and was buried near Arethousa in Makedonia. Indeed, lovers of … Thrice flashed his sky, Euripides, and so … denounced and put to death. The statue was promoted to a higher … the conjectures dirrifMpidaw Brunck and Reiske, drpTjy'iacras Reiske, d-Krjxdia.aa,s Polak, … ' Annal. max. 11 (ffist. Rom. frag. p. 5 Peter) and M. Verrius Flaccus rerum

public service of humiliation and prayer, and the sacrifice of larger … increase of territory and destruction of enemies1. Shortly before … of the emperor Tacitus and his brother Florianus were surmounted … throughout the classical period of Greece and Rome. Julian,

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / I: Zeus Keraunós

§ 3. Zeus and the Lightning. … presence and his power. … fallen into the lower stratum of aer or cloudy air'2, and the physicist … Now, if the lightning-flash was part and parcel of the aither or … the connexion: L. Meyer Handb. d. gr. Etym. i. 179 darip- and darepoTrr), 180 daTpdirreiv,

and Keraunos2. The same identification of Zeus with Keraunos … and the parallel myth of Thetis6 lead us to expect 'stronger than … Marburg 1891 p. 19 n. 1 ( = Kleine Schriften Leipzig and Berlin 1911 p. 82 n. 2) and … e'tudes grecques en France No. 4 1875 PP- 2 3—2^ and m the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1878

things, to punish sinners, and to benefit mankind. This hasty … sented by such individual and temporary divinities as the eipeaiuvri of the Athenian … pp. 81—100, and in the Italian area G. Wissowa ' Echte und falsche Sondergbtter in der … Zeus Kepawos. Usener (Khein. A/us. 1905 lx. 16 — Kleine Schriften Leipzig and Berlin … the days of Homer developed into apersonlicher Gott, the hurler of the lightning ; and, if … no inner inconsistency in the title Zeus Kepauvos; and we are of course still free to accept … things, to punish sinners, and to benefit mankind. This hasty … sented by such individual and temporary divinities as the eipeaiuvri of the Athenian … pp. 81—100, and in the Italian area G. Wissowa ' Echte und falsche Sondergbtter in der … Zeus Kepawos. Usener (Khein. A/us. 1905 lx. 16 — Kleine Schriften Leipzig and Berlin … the days of Homer developed into apersonlicher Gott, the hurler of the lightning ; and, if … no inner inconsistency in the title Zeus Kepauvos; and we are of course still free to accept

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / II: Zeus Kataibátes

a learned treatise cited most of the evidence both literary and … dwelling in the depths of the earth and invoked by those who … and Phersephone' together3; that in Rhodes and at Athens,

from 421 B.C. onwards1, and is by the universal testimony of the … show Zeus enthroned on a rock4 with thunderbolt and sceptre, … tcepavvQiv oi fxev KarapaTcu k.t.X., and without a second substantive Niket. Chon. de Isaacio … reverse type Zeus standing with uplifted wreath and an owl at his feet

common on coins struck by the Philippi, and regular in ecclesiastical and Byzantine … corresponding to the Capricorn at Zeugma, and (perhaps) to the Pegasos at Samosata' … (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Phoenicia p. 77 f. pi. 10, 4 and 6, p. 81 ff. pi. 10, 9—11, Anson

is probably another open air altar and bears the remains of a

memorates Zeus Kabdtas, a pre-Doric1 form of Katabdtas, and adds … KapaffL- KCLrd^di. Ad/cwees, and the like. … and A. J. B. Wace A Catalogue of the Sparta Museum Oxford 1906 p. 64 f. no. 440, 9 ev … 6 P. Stengel Opferbrauche der Griechen Leipzig and Berlin 1910 pp. 13—16 (' OvXai'), … is bidden by Kirke to dig a hole in the earth and to pour drink-offerings for the dead e7rt

mantic Semnai of Parnassos (ti. Herm. 552 ff.: see Mr E. E. Sikes ad toe. and his … Inscriptions of Cos Oxford 1891 p. 285 f. no. 401, 8 ff. part of a stile of blue marble from

surface of which is holed and inscribed : … explanation, and cod. Ven. the words rrap' 'Adr/vaiois) = Souid. s.v. KaTaif3d.Tr/s Zeus wap'

appears to date from the latter part of the fourth century B.C., runs … struck by lightning and were therefore regarded as the habitation … rain upon her (Paus. 1. 24. 3) and the rock-cut inscription of Ge Kapirocpbpos (Corp. inscr.

descended, that the Zeus of the bolt was called Kataibdtes, and that … the foot of common mortals and reserved for Zeus himself, they were … fore Didbletos or Diobles, 'struck by Zeus6.' And the divinity thus … them round and leave them, so that their corpses are seen in a state of perpetual … as a blunder for KaracrKr/ipdev, and rj iepov as a gloss on xwpioi', we may emend HoXepiwv

from the likeness of its smell to the fiery and pungent smell rubbed out of things … put upon him, as though he were freed, and men approached him as … when struck, becomes ' a sacred corpse5' and receives ' a sacred … Herakles' pyre had been kindled, thunderbolts fell from the sky and … killed by lightning should not be lifted higher than the knees, and should not have funeral … a pointless alteration. Kapaneus, struck by the lightning, is charged with divinity and

heaven in a thunderstorm, and afterwards appeared to Proculus … Semele too was blasted by lightning (pi. i and figs. 10—12)6.

iv. 676. My pi. i is from photographs by Mr C. O. Waterhouse) : (a) Zeus, with chiton and

Rep. Vases i. 408, 1, O. Je.ssen he. cit. iv. 676): Zeus, with chiton and himdtion, strides … fig. n), 3 ( = my fig. 12), 4 and pi. 40, 4, H. Heydemann Dionysos' Gebitrt p. 8 n. 20,

upon Zeus came to her chamber on a chariot with lightnings and … from left and right, to announce the event to her father, Kadmos. (4) A kratir (lid lost) … pendant. Finally, the group is amplified by the introduction of Kadmos and other figures, … and chlamys worn shawl-wise, holding a thunderbolt in his lowered left hand, advances … Gems and Rings London 1872 i. 483 fig. =Sir John Sandys The Bacchae of Euripides*

and further of—• … And such seems to be the conception of Philostratos also. For, in … Oh, I would clasp the flame I love, and joy … Her form and won Olympos' endless life6. … And Pallas loves her ever, … of Pergamon, a historian of the second or third century A.D., is even

Didbletoi, people supposed that she had met with a divine fate and … tines, having overthrown Karbina, a city of the Iapyges, and exposed … each house in Tarentum ; and, when the season of their destruction … tions and libations were out of place. But who—we ask further— … uiredeiiavTo, and W. Dindorf oi)s v-jrebe^avro. This would mean that every man not killed

came to look for Glaukos and settled down here. Their descendants, forgetting … destroyed the statues of the gods out of the temples and bade them give place … have been the son of Daidalos2; and there is a consistent tradition … Hyria and became the Iapyges Messapioi3. In view of this tra- … Their painted faces4, their artificial front locks5 and side locks6, … 6 Sir A. J. Evans loc. cit., A. Mosso The Palaces of Crete and their Builders London

the lightning, and that Zeus Terdstios of Gythion7 was a lightning- … by the so-called Holy Rocks, that the sons of the Messapians left their flocks and challenged … p. 32 f pi. 26) and described in detail by R. Weil in the Ath. Mitth. 1876 i. 151 ff. Cp. … form of Zeus (i. 717 n. 2, infra § 3 (c) i (??)) and his trident a thunder-weapon {infra § 3 (c)

K P A T A I a thunderbolt with his right arm and stretches out … early in the fifth century Saint Hypatios, presbyter and hegotimenos … course be possible to make the opposite assumption and to regard Taranis as the normal,

The survival of pagan beliefs is yet clearer in later Greek and … stated that Zoroastres was ' one that sacrificed to the stars '; and … it kindled and continued to burn. Thereupon the king of Persia … 4 Dinon frag. 5 [Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 90 Muller) and Hermodoros ap. Diog. Laert. … Early Zoroastrianism London 1913 pp. 77, 201, 415, and especially 426 f. (' This implies

had fallen, and worshipped the man as a god. Following their

to the stars and, wishing to be thought a god, pretended to produce … Star,' and worshipped him as such. Hence many persons still … (c. 1100A.D.) and Glykas4 (c. 1120 A.D.), states that Zoroastres the … struck by lightning (cp. Arnob. adv. not. 4. 26 and De Vit Onomasticoii iii. 8 s.v. ' xiv.

Souidas1 in the tenth century and 'Zonaras2' in the twelfth repeat … iii. Zeus and the Sky-Pillar. … lightning and the abode of the divinised dead, is presumably related … And forth there flashes many a golden flower7. … Souidas1 in the tenth century and 'Zonaras2' in the twelfth repeat … iii. Zeus and the Sky-Pillar. … lightning and the abode of the divinised dead, is presumably related … And forth there flashes many a golden flower7.

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / III: Zeus und the Sky-Pillar

mistaken2, it was the broad path of dim and distant splendour that … vi. 411 ff. and by W. H. Roscher Jtino und Hera Leipzig 1875 P- 83 nn. 257 and 258, … nantis velocisque suffurantis paleas. Bergk loc. cit. p. 412 n. 141 saw that the latter part … 6 H. Gaidoz and E. Rolland ' Noms de la Voie Lactee dans differentes langues ' in … Mythology trans. J. S. Stallybrass London 1882—1888 i. 357 n. 1, iv. 1389, 1588, and by

they travel to the land beyond the grave, and where their camp-fires may be … the good, fancied as flitting away at death like birds, dwell free and happy4. … Historical and Statistical Information respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of … this place was to the south of heaven, and that the bright track called the milky way, was … Gesellschaft zu Dorpal Dorpat 1872 vii. 2. 48 ' linno rada,' F. R. Rreutzwald and H. Neus … the Wochenschrift fur klassische Philologie 1918 p. 47 f., and by O. Hofer in the Berl. … literature and art. Paulinus (353—431 A.D.), bishop of Nola, makes Enoch, Elijah, and

Milk-white and therefore named the Milky Way. … Puissant and proud have pitched their own abode1. … quadriiugo penetrat super aera curru | Elias et solido cum corpore praevius Enoch. And

by Aristotle4, Manilius5, and the doxographer Aetios6. But a view … vvv trepiypd<pei. 6 foSiaKos) and perhaps Metrodoros of Lampsakos (Plout. de plac. phil. … Olympiod. in Aristot. meteor, p. 66, 27 ff., p. 69, 33 ff. Stuve and Philop. in Aristot.

in neo-Platonic lore, and drawing perhaps from a single source1, … and Capricornus ; for these are the limits to which it progresses when descend- … and Cancer, are said to be. These the physicists have called the gates of the … 4 In Quint. Smyrn. 14. 179 ff. the soul of Achilles appears to his son in a dream and

and again from earth to heaven. One is called the gate of men, the other that … return to the seat of their own proper immortality and rejoin the company of … ' Hence they start, and hither they return !' … For Pythagoras in mystic language calls the Milky Way 'Hades' and 'the … far-famed way of the goddess' (Ananke ?) and ' maidens led the … London and Edinburgh 1892 pp. 181 f., 197 ff,

and from its summit behold sights of unspeakable splendour in the … arranging and presiding over all things ; and after him comes a host of gods … 3 Souid. s.vv. 'Efxire5or 1 /uos and 'lovXiavos, Lobeck Aglaophamus ii. 935. But see … Pontos (Souid. s.vv. 'R/jnredoTifios and 'lov\iav6s), who wrote a history irepi tQv IIi'#ct-

many ravishing views and opening paths within the bounds of heaven, whereon … burdened by the horse of vicious temper, which sways and sinks them towards … eh TTjv IlXctrwi/os ivayvutjLv p. 143 Hiller, Phot. lex. and Souid. s.v. Terafievov (ptds evdv

by Pythagoras took root and flourished. It would not be surprising … a notable pillar beside it1. And here too sacrifices were offered on … and priests: whereupon all the magistrates abdicated in a body4. … is 'nur eine Verletzung des Marmors,' and

the Capitol, many things destroyed by lightning, and gilded statues … Rome. ' On the Capitol,' says Dion Cassius2, ' many statues and … for ten days, and a larger3 statue of Iupiter was erected on a yet … in position at the moment when Cicero was delivering his third … 147 B.C. (S. B. Platner The Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome Boston 1904 … accords ill with the singulars capite, columna, and (6) it is known that two capita, in the … Sp. Carvilius made the breastplates, greaves, and helmets of the vanquished Samnites

females ascend the arch of the sky and enter his very presence1. … beliefs and practices here noted find their nearest analogues in the … was associated both with the Milky Way and with a high pillar. The

shield and spear, and a double axe descending side by side towards

the sky and probably represents the Milky Way1. Another large … Stud, e mat. di arch, e num. 1S99—1001 27 sa>'s ''a v'a lattea-' and Harrison … 2 Procured by Sir A. J. Evans from the site of Knossos and by him published, to a … 1 r he retracts this interpretation, and now suggests that the rapid descent of the divinity … 4 Found by Sir A. J. Evans in 1899 within a chambered tomb at Milato and by him

what similar part. His name in Old High German was *Ziu or … case Ziu was a sky-god conceived as a warrior and consequently … Encydopiedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1909 ii. 33 n., and that the High German … Teutons Boston and London 1902 pp. 106, 243 ff., R. M. Meyer Altgerma7iische Re- … 3 P. D. Chantepie de la Saussaye The Religion of the Teutons Boston and London

(in Marti Tkingso1 and Dinsdag"-, Tuesday) and, with more certainty, … has a small protome in front and sacrificial implements on the sides. Further, a semicircular … Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England London—Kobenhavn 1866-67

Thuringians3; and Irmin, the 'Uplifted One6,' is commonly thought … of the Welsh Language, with English and Welsh Equivalents) enlarged by R. J. Pryse … Mythology trans. J. S. Stallybrass London 1882 i. 150 n. 2 and 357 n. 1 saw no reason to … presumably a participial formation resembling in both sound and sense r/p/jievos (aipco), the

the sign and symbol of this sky-god that the ancient Saxons wor- … the open sky and reverenced by the natives as the IrminsM, a world- … P. D. Chantepie de la Saussaye The Religion of the Teutons Boston and London 1902 … quasi sustinens omnia. This passage was penned between 863 and March 865 A.D. It … and London 1902 p. 124^ renders 'a wooden pillar of unusual size in the open air, … This is clearly perceived and, to my thinking, successfully proved by F. Hertlein Die … following Pertz adloc, understands aram...victoriae as an IrminsM and construes nomine … that in Westphalia and Hesse the name Irmin still survives in a variety of popular sayings

chronicler is a would-be classic, and fond of a rhetorical flourish ; but … It would seem, then, that Er and Irmin were appellatives of the … equivalent of both Er and Irmin1. … barbarian and Greek. … e.g. by one of the ancestors of Joseph the husband of the Virgin Mary (Luke 3. 28); and … p. 395, 20, Prokl. in Plat. remp. ii. 109, 14, no, 11 and 20 f. Kroll) or 'the Armenian'

of Central Europe. Strabon1 and Arrian2 both tell us that in the … Alexander. The Macedonian monarch received them in state and … routing them and the sky falling upon them. … conducted and resolute Roman would not turn a hair5. Terence8 … passage protests that he loves his friend and hates his foe, adding … in Italy and at least the Megarians in Greece shared with Celts … Henny-penny and Cocky-locky went to tell the king the sky was falling.' Etc. See

hunters into herdsmen and emerged from the forest on to the open … dark and high; | I used to think their slender tops | Were close against the sky' … Polklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 1910 p. 194: 'The Callicantzari appear … only, ending on New-Year's Day.) * The rest of the year they live in the lower world, and … and during their twelve days' absence, the supports of the world are made whole again.' … paaraei rr) yr/s). They chop" and chop till a tiny piece no bigger than a thread remains … ever and labour at cutting the column to make the earth fall. Etc.), i. 354 no. 622 from

vehicle of the sky-god and even to be embellished with his form … Far and wide over the territory once occupied by Germanic … the old Norsemen and on the world-pillars of the Lapps, with their sacred nails, see infra … Postumus: for these deities see R. Peter in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 3017—3020 and Haug … 4 replace two deities (1 substituting Fortuna with a wheel and Apollo for Iuno and … o-90m highxo-4im broad and deep, found in 1858 a.d. built into the north-west angle of

or by an inscription and reliefs of three deities—mostly the same … 1 Of 19 plinths showing an inscription and three deities, 5 have the series Mercurius,

the Julian calendar, and the trio with the threefold division re- … Iuno, Mercurius, Hercules, Minerva ; that the fourth and fifth series are excerpts*from … perinde nomen ac bona ignorantur. On this passage see the sensible and cogent remarks

who carries an infant and a torch on a Roman tomb-stone now in the Vatican (H. Brunn … Rbmer ii) Leipzig 1875 p. 23 f. and in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 582, 602, J. Vogel ib. ii.

children with a third on her knee—middle bronze, broken), or holding in one hand … [Cornelia Supera,] and Salonina inscribed ivno avgvstae, … nuncupare) and as such would be fittingly brought into connexion with the Germanic … vi no. 357 and H. Dessau loc. cit.), nor even 'property of Iupiter' (so A. von Domas- … Mythologie der Griechen und Romer ii) Leipzig 1875 p. 67 and in Roscher Lex. Myth. … another variety of torch, and ib. p. 144 n. 2 suggests that the goddess is engaged in

which he can survey the whole world and hear all that goes on among men (J. Grimm … of the Teutons Boston and London 1902 pp. 233, 286, 346, E. Mogk in the Grundriss … de la Saussaye The Religion of the Teutons Boston and London 1902 p. 233, R. M. Meyer … Religion of the Teutons Boston and London 1902 p. 233), and of the gold helmet that he … la Saussaye The Religion of the Teutons Boston and London 1902 pp. 216 f., 225 f., … (E. H. Meyer Germanische Mythologie Berlin 1891 p. 239). And, when we observe that

with his club is Donar as the stormy god of autumn1; and that … 201 — 247 ('Das schwarze Heer der Harier'), 1907 x. 61—81 and 229—256 ('Das weisse … de la Saussaye The Religion of the Teutons Boston and London 1902 pp. 103, 221 f., … The Old-Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England ed. S. O. M. Soderberg … London 1876 i. 346 ff.), and in Germanic designations for the fifth clay of the week (Old … des Donners' in his Kleinere Schriften Berlin 1865 ii. 410 ff. and in his Teutonic- … (W. Golther ib. p. 276), etc. Such a divinity, storm-god and fertility-god in one, might … Teutons Boston and London 1902 pp. 1036°., 235, 239 n. 3, E. Mogk in the Grundriss

der germanischen Philologie- Herausgegeben von H. Paul Strassburg 1900 iii. 355 and … Enc. viii. 61 ]) and is comparable with the name of Thor's son Magni (E. Mogk in the

Holtedoorn—is probably dated 197 a.d. and another—that from Iversheim—falls between … la Saussaye The Religion of the Teutons Boston and London 1902 p. 105, and others. … ist, da Hlodyn selbst sehr wenig klar ist'). Further, both Hludena or Hludana and … la Saussaye The Religion of the Teutons Boston and London 1902 p. 105) to the Holden, … Boston and London 1902 p. 273 ft, R- M. Meyer Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte … make their fishing-nets? A. B. C] Industrious maids she presents with spindles, and … in republican times had figured mainly as a mistress of arts and crafts, under the empire … cited by G. Wissowa in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2988 and G. Fougeres in Daremberg—

probable enough, and may be at least provisionally accepted. … Wodan's consort (Venus), and in this latter capacity is associated … The plinth discovered at Les Fontaines, between Maubeuge and … beneath a canopy with a veil over her head and shoulder, a pea- … hand and lowered left draw back a fringed mantle; her feet are

shod in sandals, and one of them rests upon a footstool1. She is … Venus; and the canopy common to her with Iuno suggests that … (Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. i. 354—357 and Index p. 942, Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. … Puteoli) and coins ((a) Agrippina Iunior : Rasche Lex. Num. x. 887 venvs caelestis, … or sitting, with an apple in one hand, a sceptre in the other, and sometimes a star in the

possibly it symbolises the sky itself. On the third side (fig. 27 c)1 … upturned face and wind-blown chlamys, both hands grasping a … autumnal scene, the huntress Diana and the Wild Huntsman … Venus Caelestis and Iuno Caelestis were forms of the Carthaginian goddess Tanit, whose … 1 A drawing of this plinth made for B. de Montfaucon and preserved in the Biblio- … no. 2736 pi. 24, cp. L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pet. 1861 p. 17 n. 3), and

found in Haug's article, which is a model of concise and accurate investigation. … Mannheim. It is described and figured by Haug in the Westdeutsche Zeitschrift 1890 ix.

The Viergotterstein and the Wockengo iters tein together formed … {Corp. inscr. Lat. xiii no. 6728 a latter part of inscription alone extant). … 0 Fig. 29 is a column, r5'50,n high, found at Merten near Saarlouis in 1878 and now … freund. im Rheinl. 1878 lxiv. 94—99 pi. 7 is far from accurate, and the same may be said … of its steps, in the arrangement of its reliefs, and in the reconstruction of its equestrian … 26 no. 40 Neuenheim) and a fragmentary Mithraic figure (F. Cumont Textes et monu-

ration was suggestive of a tree-stem1 and thus served … a thyrsos in her left hand, and with her right pours the contents of a

von Richter3 and F. Hertlein4 as the four divisions of the day— … right to left. Nox always, and Meridies usually, is represented … shoulders and hands of a figure that bent or lay beneath him5. … (supra p. 71 n. 6) as published by O. Donner-von Richter and A. Riese Heddernheimer … 6 Group in Jura-limestone (height without base o"86mj, found at Ehrang in 1890 and

barbaric head and native dress (fig. 35)1. Once he appears as driver … 1890 and now in the Museum at Treves (F. Hettner in the Korrespondenzblatt der … The rider wears a close-fitting jacket, which has a seam on the right side and reaches to … crouching figure, a young and beardless male, bears the weight on his hunched shoulders. … found at Weissenhof near Besigheim in 1897 and now in the Lapidarium at Stuttgart

hi mat ion only, which is fastened by a brooch on his right shoulder and leaves the left … the inner court of a villa rustica in the Wasserwald six kilometres S.W. of Saverne and … pp. 120—124 with pi. 23, 1 (base and shaft), pi. 24, 1, 2, pi. 25, 1, 2 (four views of rider), … description of the whole monument together with tracings of its several parts and a coloured

has a sword also slung on his left side1; and he sometimes2 carries … 43, 44, 46, 49 fig. = my fig. 37). The rider wore a smooth tunica or jerkin, and in his … Kreis Ottweiler].' On the reliefs from Niederwiirzbach and Dunzweiler see Haug in the

0-84™, breadth of side here shown o-36m: Iupiter with wreath and chlamys, holding … iv. 258 f. no. 3207 with photographic cuts). The rider, whose head and right arm are … 2 Group from a column (c. 4'50m high) found at Butterstadt near Hanau and now in the … The rider, a Iupiter in type, wears tunica and paludamenlum : his right arm was drawn-

his legs end in snakes with snaky heads of their own ; and he … i'i5m> .breadth o'5im). It was found in the forest of Hommert and is now in the Nancy … p. 135, fig. A=my fig. 41. The rider is bearded and, except for his clumsy-looking cloak, … and now at Karlsruhe (E. Wagner in the Westdeutsche Zeitschrifl 1882 i. 36 ff. pi. 1,2 -

1 Thus e.g. the group found at Ladenburg in 1865 and now in the Museum at Mannheim … 2 Group in stone (height o-66"\ length of plinth o,44m) found at Pforzheim in 1872 and … jerkin with a girdle and a cloak. The figure beneath him, beardless but male, crouches … pp. 22, 34, 38, 43) he shoulders two clubs, which support the forefeet of the horse; and

sistence1. The god and the giant are allies now, whatever they may … manised form the contents of a long-standing local belief. And … and storm. The sun appears as the rider's wheel3, if not as his … 3 Szipra p. 77 f. C^. supra i. 197 ff. ('The Sun as a Wheel') and i. 882 (Index ii s.v.

his giant always with serpentine legs4, sometimes with a club5, and

giants. He brandishes a thunderbolt in his right hand, while he holds the reins and a … group Poseidon and Polybotes on the strength of Paus. 1. 2. 4. But the weapon in the … Champ-Marguerite near Grand and now in the Museum at Nancy (G. Save—A. Schuler

hand between the spokes2 of a wheel and resting his- left on the … and his attendant should be identified with Luxovius and Brixia, … Stat. ii. 532 nos. 3 and 6. Found at Luxeuil in 1755. Local stone. Height 5 ft. … Quellgott von Luxeuildes-Bains zu sein') and on Brixia A. Holder Alt-cellischer Sprach-

and sometimes resting his left on the head of a nude female beside … 'to Iupiter Best and Greatest2' or 'to Iupiter Best and Greatest and … 1 H. Gaidoz in the Rev. Arch. 1884 ii. 8 f. figs. 1—5(4 and 5 = my figs. 49 and 50), … Kreuznach bis (id. ib. p. 124 [I]. O. M = Corp. inscr. Lat. xiii no. 7528), and on the

Preserver1,' in another ' to Iupiter Best and Greatest and to all … general and of Iupiter in particular see the Thes. Ling. Lat. iv. 418, 37 ft"., Preller— … The Religion of the Teutons Boston and London 1902 p. 347 ff., R. M. Meyer Altger- … and Beanstalk' type (C. S. Burne The Handbook of Folklore London 1914 p. 350 no. 33),

and dating, it would seem, from a somewhat earlier period2, was … columns and spread from them to the makers … capital to denote the divisions of the day, and … scales etc.7, and sometimes also embellished with … (O. Donner-von Richter and A. Riese Heddernheimer Aiisgralmngen Frankfurt am Main … 8 Id. ib. p. 157 f. I figure the limestone altar, column, and statue found in 1880 at … and breadth 0-315m) is inscribed I(ovi) 0{ptimo) M(aximd) \ M.P.P. j v.s.l.l.m. The

whole was dedicated 'to Iupiter Best and … with a scale-pattern and three superposed figures of Mer-

front is a dedication 'To Iupiter Best and Greatest. L. Septimius..., … To left and right are two very indifferent verses : … The object of Septimius' pious and politic care … beauty4.' And a similar sacred post at Austa … c(urante) Iust[ino...~\ and the hexameters thus: \Sig\num et \ … C. Inst... and [Sig]/iuw et \ \der\ectam \ \_p\risca re\gione co\\Iu~\mnam\\ Septimius \ reno- … beginning at St. David's, and goes to Southampton, that is, roughly parallel to Watling

up beside a spring and not far from a river. … But he lived as an itinerant Dominican friar early in the sixteenth century in that part of

Potrympus, and Pikulas2. … Roman camp at Mogontiacum {Mayence) in 1905 and now preserved … 5 Scribonius Proculus and his brother Rufus, governors of Germania Superior and

bonarum \ Te/upes\tatium, \ Val. Justus between a patera carved to the left and aguttus … Catullino \ leg. Aug. pr. pr.). Similarly Zeus, the author of days and years (supra i. 16 … real yap T£2pai k.t.X. with scholl. ad loc.) become in Hesiod and later writers the daughters … on the throne of Zeus at Olympia (Paus. 5. 11. 7) and at Megara (Paus. 1. 40. 4). … s Mercurius, clad in chlamys, winged petasos and sandals, holds a caduceus in his left

and Minerva bringing the year to a prosperous close with Fortuna … 1 Minerva, wearing sleeved chiton, himdtion, aigis, and helmet with reclining griffin … less chiton, which has slipped from her right shoulder, and a himdtion, has a stephdne in … 126, 131) and Heinzenhausen (ib. pp. 109, 122, 126). Moreover, he is able to cite an altar … 2 For Iupiter and Hercules as obverse and reverse of the same monument cp. a lime- … 3 These Dionysiac heads together with the vegetable and animal decoration of the

Castor and Pollux, all three being sons of Iupiter who in various … and … and … Immediately below the bronze statue of Iupiter Best and … 1 f., no. 193, 9, no. 741, 1 f. with notes on no. 182, 1, B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt

and probably Hadrian (E. L. Hicks The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the … Coins iii. 72 ff. pi. 68, 2—10, Mead Hist, num.- p. 766 f. fig. 337) ; and in later times … VepfxauLKi^ k.t.X.]), and he takes on occasion … Kparopi I Katcrapt 3ao-Tu> | 'EXe[i>j0ept'w], G. Cousin and G. Deschamps in the Bull.

mind that, just as Iuno Regina stands between Sol and Luna, or … blessing of Iupiter and Iuno, Nero has brought Peace and … KTI CTH Nero to right, in long chiton and chlamys, playing lyre, cp. Morell. Thes. Num. … "HXtos i-!TL\d/j.\pas Tois"E\\ri(riv, cp. Suet. Ner. 53), and the Agathos Daimon [Brit. Mus. … 2 So named by K. Korber, Quilling, and E. Neeb. A. von Domaszewski, A. Oxe, … county of Gloucester London 1797 p. 10 pis. 38 and 39 (Diana Lucifera), represents Ceres

Verticordia1, the former with sceptre and patera setting her foot on … scriptions3—Volcanus and Vesta4. Volcanus is aptly placed between … took her to be Gallia Lugudunensis, the scales symbolising her trade and her mint. … gens Cordia, on which Venus appears as here with a sceptre in her left hand and the … based ultimately on a religious conception of the Otherworld (Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. … coins often have scales and comu copiae, sceptre and patera, etc. (Aequitas : E. Aust in … 1243 ff., Suppl. iii. 28; f. Moneta : II. W. Stoll and W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth.

100

Honour and Prowess, for whom he forges the weapons of war. And … Volcanus, Diana, Apollo—what are these but domestic and … chieftain in heaven,' followed by 'a host of gods and inferior deities,' … ence on the great commemorative pillars of Rome and Constanti- … the emperor had stepped into the sky-god's shoes3. Trajan6 and … 3 Ennius frag. 79 Baehrens ap. Ap. dc deo Socr. 2 and Mart. Cap. 42 Iuno Vesta … between 17 and 12 B.C. He would recognise on it the twelve deities of the Massiliotes, … lupiter Optimus Maximus, and numerous inscriptions in-

101

Antoninus Pius1 were definitely dubbed Zeus and honoured with … Copper coins of Selinous (Traianopolis) in Kilikia, struck by Septimius Severus and … Mess, i no. 445, M. N. Tod and A. J. B. Wace op. cit. p. 45 no. 230, Collitz—Bechtel Gr. … sentation of a wreath and two palm-branches. A base found at Kyaneai ( Yarvoo) in Lykia … as Zeus: he wears a himdtion wrapped about his legs and holds … emperor to right, rev. consecratio emperor, with himdtion wrapped about legs and

102

no. 397 and 398 ( = my fig. 59) Trajan pi. 1, Hunter Cat. Coins iii. 433 no. 241 Trajan, … no. 332 Hadrian ; Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Alexandria p. 118 no. 1014 ( = my fig. 61) and … no. 1768 ( = my fig. 63) and a 769 Maximinus, Hunter Cat. Coins iii. 504 no. 713

103

his left hand bears a globe marked with zodiac (Pisces, Aries, Taurus), moon, and stars, … a modem head and neck (A. Michaelis Ancient Marbles in Great Britain trans. C. A. M.

104

Iupiter, with thunderbolt and sceptre, protecting beneath his spread cloak the diminutive

105

recognised at least as the protegeof Iupiter and the imitator of Zeus. … —if coins can be trusted—the eagle and sceptre (figs. 66—6y)5 of … possibilities of columnar relief and furnished a starting-point for yet … A-ard ixLfj.y)ffLv rod ixeyiffTov Ai6s (334 d) and was fain to follow the lead of both Zeus and … a first brass in the British Museum (fig. 66) and another in my possession (fig. 67). … sel. no. 294, Dion Cass. 68. 16, 69. 2, curiosum urbis regionum xiv and notitia regionum … are W. Froehner La Colonne Trajaue Paris 1872-1874 (text and four vols, of 220 photo-

106

Marcus Aurelius1, of Theodosios2 and Arkadios3. Isolated zones … W. Froehner La Colonne Trajan? Paris 1865 pp. 1—168 with map and figs., S. Reinach … sceptre (?) in his left hand, a thunderbolt (?) in his right, and a paludamentum covering … Dessau Inscr. Lat. set. no. 5920, euriosum urbis regionum xiv and noiitia regionum … (text and two vols, of 128 pis. photographed from the original reliefs). Reinach Rep. … Bekker, Georgios Akropolites annal. 5 p. n Bekker, and the poems in later Greek de … 1888 i. 318—325 and T. Reinach 'Colonne de Theodose' in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1896 ix.

107

tinuous spiral4, and the colunma cochlis was thus enabled to set … stood in the seventh region of Constantinople, on the third hill, which went by the name … ConstaniinopolitansR Parisiis 1711 ii. 506 ff. pis. 1 —18, and in reduced form by Reinach … Et. Gr. 1896 ix. 78—82, O. M. Dalton Byzantine Art and Archaeology Oxford 191 1 … the shaft; but its square base, much defaced by fire and neglect, still stands. The rotnlus … light by A. Michaelis in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1892 vii. 91 f.; and a view … La colonne torse et la decoration en helice dans Part antique Paris 1907 pp. 1 —176 w ith

108

and the pattern for posterity—this celestial … come to the topmost height, and stand on … Through peril, toil and pain. … religious life of Greece. 'Jupiter-columns' … With echoing cries, and the Corallians all

109

And pillars lopped to be Jove's effigies. … doubtless tree-trunks shorn of their boughs and … For wheels as solar emblems in the bronze and iron ages see J. Dechelette Manuel … Lindsay, and the information collected by J. P. Cassel Observationes antiquariae cie porco … Strassburg i/E und Biihl (Baden) 1894 p. 15 pi. 2, 6 (a group of boar and snakedegged … near Stradonic and Gallo-Germanic coins in gold, silver, potin), A. von Domaszewski Die … ( = Arch.-ep. Mitth. 1892 xv. 192), and especially S. Reinach Bronzes Figure's -pp. 254— … 3 Prelhvitz Etym. Worterb. d. Gr. Spr? p. 481 cp. p. 480 s.v. <pd\ay^ and p. 491 s.v.

110

4 The same name was borne by a leader of the Trojans (LI. 13. 791, 14. 513) and by … has been identified with a variety of unpromising persons (e.g. Balder, Apollo, and even … 8 The trophy is very frequent as a design on Greek and Roman coins : see the classi- … vovpi/xos? Nike with hammer and nail fastening helmet to trophy. I figure a specimen in … oakdeaves and jewellery ; behind ±11 ; rev. trophy of Gallic arms (tunic, horned helmet, … and some remarks of mine in the Class. Rev. 1904 xviii 364 f., 372 n. 19, Folk-Lore 1904 … no. 471, 28 f., where the same formula is used), and by the Pergamenes (M. Frankel

111

and probably elsewhere—since Othryades the Spartan after the fight with the Argives at … Tpoiraiovxip) and since Zeds Tpoiraiovxos was a possible equivalent … Formige ' Le trophee d'Auguste ' ib. 1910 pp. 509—516 with 11 figs, and 2 pis., F. Liibker … the Maritime Alps and the frontier between Italy and Gaul (G. Parthey—M. Pinder … surrounded by 24 Doric columns (8.8om high) with a stepped stylobate (3™ high) and

112

(fig. 75)8 with their wealth of architectural and sculptural decoration. … alternating with military or naval spoils. And on the east face of the plinth was an in-

113

M. Licinius Crassus over the Bastarnae in 30 B.C., and that its inscription was added by … Jassy 1905 pp. 1—252 with 10 pis. and 16 figs., Durm Baukunst d. Rom. - p. 734 f.

114

(t) The Pillar of Light and the Soul-Ladder. … would now add the conjecture that the link between Germany and … 'light like a pillar' and of the allied belief in a soul-path leading up … In Krastonia we hear of 'a sanctuary of Dionysos, large and … coins of which it appears in a simplified form (Rasche Lex. Num. ix. 1394 a 'third brass' … 2601—2603). It was erected probably in 103 A.D. by Trajan, and it was dedicated to Mars … triglyphs and 50 sculptured metopes, a frieze of arms, and a projecting cornice, which

115

and the Soul-Ladder 115 … So spake he, and between the heaven and earth … Mounychia (403 B.C.) was guided by a pillar of fire and, where it … a gigantic rock, and bade the waters flow through the cleft of … Testaments Tubingen 1905 i. 41 f.). For Artemis Qwacpbpos at Athens and elsewhere see

116

night saw a pillar of fire connecting earth with heaven and found … sented in art with a column of fire near by and a dove at his head", … over the thicket, where the body of Saint Kenelm (July 17 and … 3 M. and W. Drake Saints and their Emblems London 1916 pp. 17, 175. … der Heiligen Ulm 1905 p. 36 f., M. and W. Drake op. cit. pp. 21, 175, 200.

117

and the Soul-Ladder 117 … locks, the sun and moon as his eyes3, and in the midst of this … The east and west, roads of the heavenly gods0. … Ascent and descent from the heaven's height … H Orph. frag. 123, 16 f. Abel ap. Euseb. praep. ev. 3. 9. 2 and Stob. eel. 1. 1. 23 p. 30,

118

with Eukles3, Eubouleus4, and the other immortal gods, claims to … de hymnis Orphicis Marpurgj Cattorum 1891 p. 30ft. ( = R7eiue Schriften Leipzig and … 6"Ai5r)s, 'bene obseratus,' and et'/cXetijs. F. Biicheler in the Rhein. A/us. 1881 xxxvi. 333 … occurs on a bronze tablet from Agnone, now in the British Museum, as part of a lengthy … no. 175, C. D. Buck A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian Boston, U.S.A. 1904 p. 254 ft". … EvKXeia (Nilsson Gr. Teste p. 237 f.), and the month Eu/cXetos (E. Bischoff ' De fastis

119

and the Soul-Ladder 119 … (J. H. Wieten op. cit. p. 27 ff.). The Queen with Eukles and Eubouleus would thus … /cat dddvaroi deoi dXXot as interpolated from i. 2 f., and in i, 7 would emend Kepavvov to … the bright brand that flashes downwards from the Milky Way and hurls the guilty soul, … Leipzig and Berlin 1911 p. 92) omits the superfluous /cat dddvaroi deoi &\Xoi and reads … Kai da'repofiXriTa Kepavv(G))v. On this showing Kepavv&v is the participle of Kepawbw, and … Kaibel, Dieterich, and Hoffmann, that /cat dddvaroi deoi dXXot is a mere interpolation

120

word, I have regained my lost paradise, and am henceforward a god … 296, 7 ff. and 297, 6 ff. Diehl fda auTijpia ttjs ipvxv^ o-vttj irapd tov biipuovpyov irpoTeiveTai … 103 n. 1, and 684 n. 3). A. Dieterich de hymnis Orphicis Marpurgi Cattorum 189c … pLavlas, p.epis...b be ye kvkXos KaToxrjs ^x€L Svvapuv (quoted by Miss Harrison) and of Dion … dancers and expected to leap over the fiery ring. He further contends (id. p. 100 ff.) that, … (Kallixenos of Rhodes frag. 2 (Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 64 Muller) ap. Athen. 202 d) : and

121

and the Soul-Ladder 121 … as tattooed with various symbols including a small goat and a … and Wieten's interpretation of the Pythagorean precept is confessedly different from … Joum. Hell. Stud. 1888 ix. 143—146 pi. 6, part of which = my fig. 76, G. C. Richards

122

to the ground, supported no doubt by his left hand, and defending himself with the lyre … left wrist, and four vertical strokes on her neck. The vase may be dated c. 470—460 B.C. … inside of her right forearm, and the instep of each foot. The photographs here reproduced … with short strokes on the neck and on the one arm visible, a third with short strokes on … and legs are painted with zig-zag patterns ; on either upper arm is a stag (' Hirsch' … d'archt'ologie prehistorique Paris 1908 i. 203 ff. and Index p. 730, in neolithic times id. ib. … a marble head from Amorgos with lines of red on forehead, nose, and cheeks (P. Wolters … with quadruple chevrons incised on its right upper-arm and quadruple squares on its left

123

and the Soul-Ladder 123 … round her navel, and on her thighs (E. Pottier in the Rev. Arch. 1899 i. 10 fig. 7), and … nose, etc.) and on various classes of black-figured ware prophylactic faces show tattoo- … kylix—interior, Gorgoneion with row of dots on forehead ; exterior, eyes forming part of … dami 1688 p. 712 b) and for Agathyrsi (Verg. Aen. 4. 146, Mela 2. 10, Solin. 15. 3, … 103), Kylikranes (Polemon frag. 56 (Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 133 Muller) ap. Athen. 462 A and … worshippers (Prudent, peristeph. 10. 1076 ff.) and other devotees (Philon de monarch. 1.8),

124

the Van Branteghem collection to the Hermitage and Berlin … n. 2, W. Dennison in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1905 ix. 37, and the monograph of W. Jdst … von Aphrodite und Eros vorgenommene Weihranchernte') and by G. Nicole Meidias et … Mr C. O. Waterhouse. In the centre is a long ladder, and beside it a tall plant with berries … plays the castanets. On the left are a third dancing woman, a woman playing the flutes, … 3 W. Froehner Collection van Branteghem Bruxelles 1892 nos. 98 and 99 pi. 31—34 … Naukratis (E. A. Gardner—F. LI. Griffith Naukratis Part ii London 1888 p. 28 pi. 16,

125

and the Soul-Ladder 125 … 'In tombs of the Ancient and Middle Empires small objects of wood and … and protected by a tile (Gerhard Etr. Spiegel i. 36—46 pi. 12 f., of which pi. 12, 1,4, 6 = my … Schrank 8). Two small bronze ladders, found with other amulets and coins of Marcus

126

the corridors and chambers of the pyramids of Unas, Teta, Pepi, and other … and the blessed dead, and it was the aim of every good Egyptian to go there … himself experienced some difficulty of getting up to the iron plate, and that it … tomb, and a special composition was prepared which had the effect of making … when he made use of his magical power upon Ra____ For Pepi is thy son, and … Sept, etc., are invoked to bring the ladder to Pepi, and the ladder itself is … among the gods, and I am a divine being among them"; and in Chapter cliii.

127

and the Soul-Ladder … 'And Jacob went out from Beer-sheba, and went toward Haran. And he

128

lighted upon a certain place, and tarried there all night, because the sun was … Ladder and pillar coalesce, in the stepped tower or zikkurat of … J. Skinner A critical and exegetical Commentary on Genesis Edinburgh 1910 pp. 375—380. … duced by M. Jastrow Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice hi Babylonia and Assyria … handling of this and other references to the zikkurat at Babylon see A. Baumstark in … reason to doubt that this number was chosen to correspond to the moon, sun, and five

129

and the Soul-Ladder 129 … we return to Thrace and the Orphists. Otos and Ephialtes, who … etc.]; and from the still fuller designation of the tower at Borsippa as the "seven

130

it must be remembered that Ephialtes was wooing Hera, and Otos … to clamber up a long chain of ladders into heaven and so gain the … sanctuaries of Mytilene7. His father was a Thracian8 and pre- … In the Underworld Otos and Ephialtes were bound by snakes to a column, facing … twv SvaTvxovvTwv. I doubt whether Aelian fathomed Pittakos' meaning : the ascent and

131

and the Soul-Ladder … of the Pythagoreans, who were deeply imbued with Orphism, and … who sits on the back of a pig with her legs spread apart and a … Faros along with Hera, Demeter Thesmophdros, Kore, and Zeus … we may venture to regard as an appellative of Hades6) and by him … 1857 v. 169—172 pi. 6, 2, S. Seligmann op. cit. ii. 166 f., 171 fig. 151). (3) and (4) At … Leipzig and Berlin 1911 p. 1256°., id. Nekyia Leipzig 1893 p. 87 n. 3, O.Kern in Pauly—

132

Dysaules the father of Eubouleus and Triptolemos1. It is, I think, … logus 1S93 Hi. 2 n. 6 — JCleine Schriften Leipzig and Berlin 1911 p. 12611. 3 and L. Bloch

133

and the Soul-Ladder 133 … and starry Sky2' must needs be free of either world. … be revealed to her, and had by way of answer the following vision : … :i J. Rendel Harris—S. K. Gifford The Acts of the Martyrdom of Perpetua and … p. 19 f. prints in parallel columns the Long Latin, the Short Latin, and the Greek

134

" I am glad thou hast come, child." And he called me and gave me a mouthful … is suggested both by the celestial ladder and by the milky diet of … the end of the fifth century and is commemorated on July 17 (by … Sinai and reverenced as a second Moses7: he got his title from the … Reichhold Gr. JTasen?nalerei \. 50 pi. 10, supra i. 222 n. 5) and cannot reach the water … ne timeas, ego enim heri ascendi, tu vero hodie ascendes. Etc., M. and W. Drake … 6 M. and W. Drake op. cit. pp. 74, 188. ^

135

and the Soul-Ladder 135 … 652 A.D. he was bound to a ladder, mutilated, and murdered on a … monks up a ladder". And Saint Angela of Merici (May 31, 1540 … u C. Cahier op. cit. i. 328, M. and W. Drake op. cit. pp. 17, 188. … Gould op. cit. ii. 209, M. and W. Drake op. cit. pp. 112, 188. … cap. 226 ; C. Cahier op. cit. i. 328, M. and W. Drake op. cit. pp. 95, 188.

136

1 C. Cahier op. cit. i. 328, M. and W. Drake op. cit. pp. 10, 188. … climbers and successfully overthrow a knight (miles) and his wife (laica), a nun {sandi- … de puro corde and Hec persona virtutis significat omnes sanctos et electos, qui angelica custo-

137

and the Soul-Ladder 137 … (=my pi. viii). The colours used in the original are ' red and yellow ochre, a little native

138

Below, to the right, is the tree of life with the serpent in it ; and on the north wall … ball of yarn, another woman with some attribute defaced, and a man with a bowl, probably … either side of the ladder as guards and guides of the blessed, who ascend towards Christ … soul supplicates the archangel. Two others, weighed and found wanting, are flung into … ed. 1 Athens 1853, ed. 2 Athens 1885, and is entitled 'Epp^eia | tQiv \ £uypo.(pwv \ Cos … and Archaeology Oxford 1911 p. 649. I append the text of the 'Ep/^j/et'a § 523 p. 242 f.

139

and the Soul-Ladder x39 … the trade-marks of earl}- Italian paper-makers (fig. 82)3. And its

140

sorrows, and temptations he put the wistful question : … great variety of gods and goddesses including—

141

Thunders, and parts of the four-pillared World1.

142

period' (T. E. Peet The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy and Sicily Oxford 1909, p. 236). … bird. Milani and Taramelli both compare the prow of a stag-headed bronze boat from … and flanked by two other doves.

143

was the sky-god in feathered form, and that the birds perched on … and are susceptible of the same interpretation. A remarkable … on which stands a pillar with moulded base, club-shaped shaft, and … no. 9413. Pleight o'65m. Breadth o-45m. The painting is assigned to the third or ' ornate '

144

vase, complete the architecture of the shrine. Branches and ribands

146

bowl from which incense-smoke (?) curls upward, and a goat whose … several woodland animals—stag, boar, and goat. Below the discoid … with a series of narrow openings and surmounted by three archaistic … Upon one of these pillars a parrot is perched. And upon the base … was worshipped in the form of 'a log' {lignum)6. And the ring of … Aphrodite and Hermes, in a wall-painting from Pompeii (B. Quaranta in the Real Museo

147

seems to have reconstructed its back court, and—we are told—after … pine-tree. Beside it is set a club-like pillar tapering downwards and … 2 See G. Pinza in the Bull. Comm. Arch. Comm. di Roma 1910 xxxviii. 1 ft. and O. L. … regarded it as the house of Ti. Claudius Nero, first husband of Livia and father of the … painting, which measures o-99ni in height by o-57m in breadth, is of the third or 'ornate'

148

broad ribands. Raised on a square plinth at the foot of tree and

149

spears that they carry, the pair of hounds attending them, and the … six stages in the evolution of religious art—the … and perhaps of function, which would repay

150

tions which decorate the manuscript " Hours " once used by Anne of Brittany and now … (Hesych. Yevvoi' oi Yv/xvoaofpLaTai); and the stamblia

152

herm to the right. To the left an archaistic Artemis, wearing a skin and holding a fawn … Fig. 92, a marble relief (height o"30m, breadth o"34m) found at Rome in 1820 and now … cow to market. He carries a basket and a pole with a dead hare hanging from it ; his

154

bound to the pillar, and a Uknon full of fruits including a phalloid gherkin or small … it, and a thyrsos and two torches leaning against it. The background to the left shows an … no. 356, Baumeister Denkm. i. 297 fig. 313), represents (a) a quiver, bow, and hunting- … and now at Berlin (O. Jahn in the Arch. Zeit. 1858 xvi. 229 ff. pi. 118, i=my fig-)'

157

derived. And arguments more or less specious are not wanting. On the one hand, a very … History of Ancient Pottery London 1905 i. 129, and especially E. Breccia in the Bulletin … with disk and finial; propped against the … Evans ' Mycenaean Tree and Pillar … sanctuary of Artemis at Achna, half-way between Kition and Salamis, the rest from that

158

sisting of side-posts and lintel (fig. 99)- or by some later elabora- … to which the star is attached passes over the.sky, i> g, and falls free, as though arranged … spin the thread of the new-born on the sky, and each thread ends in a star ; when a man … hanging from the topmost ball to denote the stars and planets (Nilsson Gr. Teste p. 164 f. : … de Part ancien et vwderne 1897 i. p. 104 with pi., M. Rostowzew 'Die hellenistisch- … way consisting of a pillar and a pilaster with an architrave, on which is set a fluted jar.

159

decked with garlands and contains a palm-tree and a pillar. To the right of the bridge

160

the 'beams' of the world—its pillars and ceiling. And they them- … no. 1847) shows ((7) Apollon, with lyre and pliktron, bow-case and quiver, standing beside … :i The main facts and fancies relating to these ^-/gjww.s'-monuments are collected by … p. 406 ff., M. H. Swindler Cretan Elements in the Cults and Ritual of Apollo (Bryn Mawr … 240, 21 ff. = Steph. Byz. s.v. dyvid, and schol. Aristoph. vesp. 875 use the word ofieKiakol,

161

on the Etruscan mirrors5. And the use of a pillar before the doors … Apollonia (figs. 100, ioi)7, Orikos (fig. 102)8, and Olympe (fig. 103)" … Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 910, 912, and last by A. C. Pearson on Soph. frag. 370 Jebb … inscribed 3I0s /xe hi<j\a.To and three blocks still standing on quadrangular plinths beside … seven-stringed lyre; rev. A CO A AflNOS obelisk), p. 59 f. pi. 12, 9 and 12 (copper of

162

9 J. Millingen Ancient Coins of Greek Cities and Kings London 1831 p. 51 f. pi. 3, … head of Dione laureate and veiled, rev. A AA obelisk, with fillets or fillet and palm

163

(fig. 107)1 in Thrace, and at Megara (fig. 108)2 the metropolis of … Athens4, Argos5, Tegea6, Megalopolis7, and Halikarnassos8. In … of Kragaleus as told by Ant. Lib. 4 after Nikandros and Athanadas {Frag. hist. Gr. iv. … Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Apollon p. 4f. Miinztaf. 1, 8, Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner … 'A7WCIS, and so in Aristoph. eq. 1320, av. 1233, despite the oracle in Dem. c. Macart. 66

164

theless there were dissentients. A literary tradition attributes the … F. G. Welcker Kleine Schriftcn Bonn 1844 i. 18 f. cp. the mourning for Linos and in- … Arkad. p. 62, H. W. Stoll in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1933 f., Buslepp ib. iv. 991 f., and … homines deorum vice fnngebantur Berlin 1883 p. 24 ff. and Immerwahr Kult. Myth. … and thinks that the ceremony ' throws some light on the origin of Tragedy.' The problem … tion of the last two lines is very uncertain—see A. Boeckh and E. Cougny ad loc.

165

circular base (top and bottom restored) … attach a lagobolon, a belt (?), and a club. … and lagobolon, and three Maenads (T. … Tjj y twv ~SleyapiKwv and ap. schol. Aristoph. vesp. 875 irepi rod 'Ayviews ' AiroWwvos

166

166 Omphalos and Pillar … tained that the Agyzetis-pillar was essentially a universe-column, and … and elsewhere—his pillar stood ' before the doors' of the houses. … no. 16 fig. with pi. 2, 16 and pi. 1, 16 (enlarged = my fig. no), … the wandering deity, and that it was specially consecrated by serving to mark certain

167

Omphalos and Pillar 167 … We shall hardly expect to find chapter and verse for all this in … a flat disk with a central point called its omphalos or ' navel,' and … third or second century B.C. have sometimes as obverse type a lau- … Paris (rev. BYIANTI ETTI AAENEK obelisk, with tripod and K- in field to left), cp. … 5 W. Drexler in the Zeitschr. f. Num. 1895 xix. 128 f., cp. Num. Chron. Third Series

168

Omphalos and Pillar … related to Kdp, son of Phoroneus and first king of Megara (Paus. r. 39. 5, 1. 44. 6), after … more like an Agyiei'ts-f\mo\ than a half-egg, and the base is beyond all doubt an omphalos.

169

and divine Agyieus, sons of the Hyperboreoi1. And 'the author of … That we might hang for the god a tithe and trophy … topped by an Agyiei'is-^xWzx. Let us be bold and make that assump- … mentions both 0.71/10,5 (Ion 460) and dyutd.Tt5es depa-relat. (Ion 186) in connexion with … single sacred pillar, not to the whole colonnade of the temple ; and, in view of other … cp. 13. 133 and Poll. 10. 81 rd 5' e-riOr/pa tov Tpiwobos kvkXov /cat b\p.oi> -rpoo~rjKei tcaXeiv)

170

which certainly suits and possibly presupposes an actual pillar1. … and contends that here too d^wv denotes the cosmic axis. But must we not then read … raises his lance to deal the fatal blow ; and the stones in the left-hand corner hint at the … Lastly, the tripod beside the palm-tree and the shield next to Apollon are samples of the … (E. Bourguet op. cit. p. 248 n. 1) and rightly identified with that described by Paus. 10.

173

343—-342 B.C. and a little later prove that the omphalos had a … provisionally locates it in the niche between the second and third … I'Acad, des inscr. et belles-lettres 1914 p. 259 ft and in the Fouilles de Delphes ii. 1. 72 to

174

266, and in the Fouilles de Delphes ii. r. 76. … Fouilles de Delphes ii. 1. 47—69 (' Le fond de la cella') with figs. 45—61 and pis. 3, 4,

175

stucco and pierced from top to bottom by a square hole. From the

176

the earth-goddess Ga1 and the first appears to be the mystic … col. iii a line 3 f. ev tQl o~KeXei tCii ttot.I (t)o ras Tas lepbv) and in Plout. de Pyth. or. … h. Ap. 369 rata p.kXaiva and Melaina or Melanis or Melantho or Kelaino the mother of … by the Athenians, and a golden replica dedicated by the empress Fivia (Plout. de E apud

177

pillar' of Apollon, to which ' tithe and trophy ' were attached in his … sanctuary, where he had an altar (Paus. 10. 24. 4) and probably a chapel (see H. Pomtow … Sardinia (G. Patroni in the Mon. d. Line. 1904 xiv. 23of. pi. 21, 2a and pi. 25, 2) and … justice and saw in it the image of scales {{vybv) : Eisler notes that this implies E 'in der

178

the ' axle,' the ' tower of Zan,' and ' Apollon' were all synonymous … the sky upborne by its central and lateral pillars7. … explains that the Sirens produced the music of the spheres, and A. Delatte op. cit. … tripod (Ilesych. rpio^' bvirb tGjv TLv8ayopiKu>v ev Ae\<po?s TpLwovs) and perhaps their own … ' Cp. the Egyptian signs |||| and | j | | > which depict the sky resting on or falling

179

and an eagle set upon it. The mention of the eagle brings us up … priestess ' who sitteth beside the golden eagles of Zeus2,' and an … centre of the world, let fly eagles of equal speed from west and east. They, … that the tale was in fact aetiological and aimed at explaining the … damos paean Dion. 123 ff. in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1895 xix. 407 (if, with O. Kern and … Delphoi was haunted by eagles in the time of Euripides (Eur. Ion 153 ff.), and is so to … cp. U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff in Hermes 1898 xxxiii. 5 r3 f. and H. Usener Die

180

in all probability worshipped at Delphoi. And it is interesting to … the Phocian, who seized the temple (c. 356 B.C.) and appropriated … the floor to right and left of the omphalos'0. … p. 546, 44 f., schol. Kallim. h. Ap. 35, h. Artem. 250, and by Ioul. or. 2. 80B (with eepye). … pi. 177, 24, Head Hist, num." p. 525, W. Greenwell in the Num. Chron. Third Series

181

clearly Attic in style and probably carved in the last quarter of the … known as PythocJirestoi—a throne in the Prytaneion and a seat … Diet. Ant. iv. 199 fig. 5403, M. N. Tod and A. J. B. Wace A Catalogue of the Sparta

182

Apollon and Artemis (fig. 12 5)1. A third relief, referable to the … and especially J. N. Svoronos ' ^-qtyiaixa ''Xttikov avetcBoTov nai o£ d/uL<pa\ol tCov Hvd'ucv '

Plate X

Relief from Phaleron: Xenokrateia and her boys e ephisos and the deities associated with him.

183

and sundry associated deities. This magnificent slab of Pentelic … Kephisos and the other fertility-powers that shared his altar. Their … Eileithyia, Acheloios, Kalliroe, the Geraistian birth-nymphs, and … griffin for arm-rest, two coiled snakes for rings and back, and the … paint. Next to these august persons are Xenokrateia and her boy, … pi. 8, map, and figs. 1—3, id. ' ''AvayKaia ■KpoaOriKf]'' ib. 1910 pp. 173—176, Stais Marbres … Svoronos could discover no certain trace of any letters after dyad&v, and certainly no

184

over his forehead and his foot supported on an altar. Behind him … Eileithyia (holding a girdle)2 and Rhapso (with painted needle and … in his right, and a worshipper drawing near to greet the god.

185

fillets and topped by the two birds. The design agrees exactly

186

type, but omits the emperor. J. N. Svoronos2 and W. H. Roscher3 … represents Apollon, with a bay-branch in his right hand and a … phalos, surmounted by an eagle and entwined with a snake, and a … would well suit Apollon and might suffice to modify his Pythian … Blumer and P. Gardner Num. Comm. Pans. i. 6 pi. A, 9 = my fig. 128 ('omphalos sur-

187

and compared its two golden eagles with the two gilded eagles … called it6) supported the sky-pillar7, and was therefore haunted by … 1. 18) decorated in the third or 'ornate' style [supra p. [43 n. 4). Height Pl7m, … openings in it, surrounding another tree, which bears fruit (? apples), and an omphaloid

188

ut... I Iuppiter... | ...Asopida luserit ignis, and Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 841 n. S),

189

Rather it illustrates Usener's law of religious development5: the … pact shape and safeguarded by a whole network of fillets ? When … Piette7) a poor mathematician and knew little of circles and centres. … Ganymedes {e.g. the eagle ravishing Aigina : so P. Friedlander loc. cit. vii. 739), and that … materials (cp. Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 126 n. 5), and that the appearance of Zeus as … :! Good examples of ' split' quadrupeds and birds are given by F. Boas ' The Decora- … in L? Anthropologic 1896 vii. 385—427 with figs. 1 —107 and Atlas of 25 col. pis., cp.

190

Kouretes, his navel fell off near the river named Triton, and that the place was … name suggestive of Crete (so J. N. Svoronos loc. cit.). And Pteras, the eponym of the … A leonine head in limestone, part of a ritual rhyton, found beneath the temple of … figured later (infra § 3 (c) i (p.)). And 'Minoan' pottery etc. has come to light in the

191

aetiology1. But it is clear that Kallimachos and Diodoros are … that poet and prose-writer alike are indebted to Epimenides. As a … Because he knew the tale told about the Cretan Omphalos, and took … string of Zeus. I submit that a like belief attached to Delphoi, and … Bruxelles 1901 and O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 173—178.

192

began, the navel-string was buried in a sacred place and a young sapling was … Analogous practices have survived here and there in modern … when a child hangs about a place, his mother gets angry and says … Leipzig 1884 i. 15—18, ii. 194, 199 f. and Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art i. … New Zealand and its Inhabitants'2, London 1870 p. 184. … 4 G. Georgeakis and L. Pineau Le Folk-Lore de Lesbos (Litteratures populaires cle … infra Index ; and on the Delphic kings in particular, Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 402 ff.

193

for the manifest meaning of its name, and for the peculiar character … which libations were poured (fig. 132)3, had already in the third period … preserved (W. Ridgeway The Dramas and Dramatic Dances of non-European Races … pillar,' and illustrating its ultimate shape from an imperial copper of the Cretan com- … 275—280 with figs. if. and pi. 12, C. Dubois in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. v. 475

195

serpents for its base (figs. 134 and 135)1. Now the mantic tripod also … gttsse p. 11 o ft", no. 227), and E. Fabricius ('Das plataische Weihgeschenk in Delphi' in … kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1886 i. 189 fig.), and A. Tournaire … Wien 1864 v Abh. p. 12 n. 1), and (b) the monument as … serpent-heads seen and drawn by Wheler in 1675 a.d. (G. Wheler A journey into Greece … Height n6m. The parts restored are the plinth, the griffin-feet, and all the lower portion

196

and entwined with a snake—Python presumably, since the god's … from the bronze original, we can point not only to reliefs7 and vase- … snake's body, and the greater portion of the tripod-hoops.

197

exigency, as portraying such tripods, but also to sundry bases2 and … burg 1881 p. 281 no. 3912), and a relief drawn … the fine style of vase-painting (c. 460—440 b.c.), and in both the tripod-support takes the … York 1908 p. 31 fig. 7). (ii) An inscribed block, found W. of the theatre and now lying in

198

'The tripod to be fixed on the impost, after boring holes for its'feet and running … the tripod, with a Doric capital to it, after cutting it straight below and working

Plate XII

(b) The dedication of a columnar tripod by the PytMa and the neokbros.

199

archaistic panels a Pythian priest and priestess dedicating a similar … dedication of a columnar tripod by the Pythla and the neokdros, (c) the dedication of a … struggle between Herakles and Apollon as the mythical prototype of a Pythian contest for … drinking-cups, etc., was dedicated to Dionysos. Hence the ivy-wreath and ' Sardana- … Leipzig 1912 i. 2iof. no. 320) of the neokoros. Avery different and far less probable … phanos, symbolising the resuscitation of the god. lie also supposed that the priest and … 3 This is the inference usually, and in my opinion correctly, drawn from the fact that … 1858 xvi. 227 f. F. Hauser Die neu-altischen Reliefs Stuttgart 1889 p. 52 f. no. 69 and

200

central portion of the pillar and of the figure adjoining it, together with hands or fingers, … De>ik)n. ii. 3. 303 ff. pi. 25, 4). Restored : only the extreme edges of the relief and the top … relief, including plane-tree, head and left leg of small statue, top of Nike's wings, forearms … Barracco Museum {Catalogue Barracco no. 82, Reinach Rip. Reliefs iii. 160 nos. 2 and 3).

201

Delphoi1 and bearing a tripod of the species under discussion. We

202

The god rests his feet on a two-stepped base and raises his right hand, which may have … right and a bow in his left hand, flanked by two females (?Pythia and attendant).

203

amphora with volute handles, found at Ceglie and now at Berlin (Furtwangler Vasen- … The same figure, reversed and bereft of its attributes, but still accompanied by Leto and … tin Apolline della villa Albani Rome i82r with views of front, side, and back, Clarac … three-quarter position = Reinach Rip. Stat. i. 248 no. 3 and i. 249 no. 2, Overbeck Gr.

204

the tripod and divining with uplifted phidle in the presence of … eV rod Atds SrjXoi and schol. rec. 57 ourws ep.ol Xeyei, avrl rov voeiv bLbwcn, rb irepcpdev … Oeairiap-ara and ap. schol. Soph. 0. C. 'jgi, boKei yap b'ArrbXXwv -rrapd Atds Xap(3dveiv robs … primae existimatae. C. O. Mueller (1833), followed by I. Vahlen1 (1854) and L. Mueller … supra i pi. xiii), and that this lid might on occasion be banded with the astronomical

205

and free to range in thought over land and sea (fig. 144)1. Themis … 1 A magnificent red-figured hydria, painted c. 480 b.c. and now preserved in the

206

tripod and fixing her gaze on thephidle, while she divines the future … Delphoi, which is suggested by the Doric column and entablature in the background. … who came after Ge and before Apollo.' … with C. Sittl Die Gebiirden der Griechen und Homer Leipzig 1890 p. 173). And the face

207

the haunting presence, and a reminder that the Erinys was originally none other than the … pis. 36 and 37 = my fig. 146, Inghirami Vas. fitt. iv. n^f. pi. 385 f-, Overbeck Gall. her.

208

used by Origenes1 and Ioannes Chrysostomos2, if not that used by

209

the Pythia as she sat on the tripod2 and filled her with his own

210

The Pythta and the … even the aged, were dismembered and boiled for the readier removal … course denies, and religious defilement implies the presence of evil spirits. In any given … 2 Hdt. 1. 182 a/j.<fi6Tepai de avrai (sc. the wife of Zeus Belos supra p. 128 n. 4 and the … chiefly observed when a man died abroad and his friends or relatives wished his bones to

211

rites, myths, and imaginings—the rites of Leukothea1, the myths of … 2 Supra i. 245, 419, 679. A relief of Pentelic marble, found at Rome in 1814 and … mannsfest-Progr. Berlin xlii) Berlin 1882 p. 37 f., took this figure for Medeia, and Medeia … the same subject cleaned up and worked over by a Renaissance-artist, who has substituted … Rev. Et. Gr. 1897 x. 351 f. and by H. N. Fowler in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1897 i. 402 f. … the early fourth century (the coiffure of the central figure and the pathos of the whole … 1898 ii. 169—172), on the other that of Herakles, Peirithoos, and Theseus (the only com- … In view of the fact that all three reliefs are approximately the same in size and shape it

212

The Pythia and the … 464 ff.) and is in faultless condition. It represents the three Peliades about to carry out … against her cheek. On the right the third and youngest, in a Doric peplos with short … 3 Nostoi frag. 6 Kinkel ap. schol. Eur. Med. argum. 1 and schol. Aristoph. eq. 1321, … at Leyden (Gerhard Auserl. Vasenb. i pi. 69—70, 5 ( = my fig. 148) and 6, Reinach Rep. … Dindorf, Souid. s.v. "IXtof, Kedren. hist. comp. i20Bf. (i. 211 Bekker)), Klotho, and

213

sagen Leipzig and Berlin 1909!. 85 f., 154, Atimerkungen zu den Kinder- u. Hausmiirchen

214

The Pythia and the … and cast her into a caldron of hot water that was set there3.' … pp. 82—84, 228) and an incident in ' Rushen Coatie ' (id. id. pp. 150—155, 233—237). … and paraphrased by Theodoret. Graec. affect, cur. 10. 3 p. 243, 3 ff. Raeder.../cat rrjv … prov. Alex. r. 9 repeats both explanations, but reads B6p.fipo<s and B6p./3pov.

215

and either he or some later author gave it a sentimental turn^by … readily connected with Zeus (supra i. 532), and may well have been altered into MvprlXa.

216

The Pythta and the … peace. The Boeotians flung them back, and at once reproached them for … While the war was still being waged, the Pelasgians and the Boeotians too went … sanctuary had originally been Pelasgian), caught up the woman and cast her on … sanctuary too, without a formal judgment, so brought them to trial and sum- … livered to the Boeotians, and to the Boeotians only, by men3. The prophetesses, … merely aim at increasing the property and pj-estige of the god; nor did it, like that of the

217

'caldron of hot water' and tacitly substitutes a commonplace 'pyre,' … dark and desperate times. … and in all probability stepped into an actual caldron for a make- … tripods must be sent year by year to replace it. Why they had to be stolen, and wrapped … played some part in Herakles' theft of the Delphic tripod. The wrapping in cloaks was … a.KLvrjTov. A decree of the Delphians, passed in honour of Nikomedes iii of Bithynia and … AvK^av. And the rule of the Labyadai speaks of a she-goat offered to Bouzyge daughter

218

Dionysos and the … locate the caldron of apotheosis at Delphoi and to identify it with … and dropping the limbs of Dionysos into it began by boiling' them. After that, … with a thunderbolt, and entrusted the limbs of Dionysos to his son Apollon for … at Delphoi a bronze she-goat suckling Phylakides and Philandros, children of Apollon by … square (id. ib. p. 21 pi. 25, 20—22 and 23 f.); others, struck c. 500—480, have rev. … and two ivy-leaves, with AEA above it (id. ib. p. 28 pi. 26, 22—31) : see also Brit. Mus.

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Other writers confirm this account and enable us to trace it back … brother, after dropping them into a caldron; and Apollon put them away beside … third century B.C., and that the caldron of apotheosis, an essential … that we have here to do with a late and valueless tradition. The … Armenia (ii. 42 and 44 Schoene) secundum quosdam Dionisii gesta, et eiusdem apud

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2 20 Dionysos and Caldron of Apotheosis … of Apollon, that it resembled a simple step, and that it was in-

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Other legends of death and resurrection clung about the Delphic … Python, and the metallic sides of the lebes as plates from his coppery … unseemly for a philosopher to live under a tyranny, and resolved to sail for Italy. … Dionysos and an adjoining altar, really served that purpose, or even came from the chapel

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The authorities in question included Epimenides, Eudoxos, and … vase-painting of Iason swallowed by the Colchian snake and disgorged at the bidding of … fig. 5 finds a partial parallel in a mirror-design of Iason grasping sword and fleece but … Ad (pl\(f for Ait (piKov : but the reierence is to the eagle which Pythagoras drew down and … Mus. 1872 xxvii. 23 and by H. Demoulin Epiminide de Crete Bruxelles 1901 p. 85 with

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terious bond of union between the philosopher and the god1. Many … tripartite subdivision of ' rational animal' into ' god, man, and such … would worship only at the altar of Apollon Gene'tor, where wheat, barley, and cakes were … Early Greek Philosophy London and Edinburgh 1892 p. 89 ff. … 6 Aristot. frag. 186 Rose ap. Apollon. hist. mir. 6 and ap. Ail. var. hist. 1. 26 (on

224

performed many miracles and to a whole congregation of Hellenes … Iambi, v. Pyth. 91 f., 135, 140, of whom Plout. loc. cil. and Ail. loc. cit. state that the … i. 116 n. 3. Frazer Golden Bough'2- ii. 418 f., ib.:i: Spirits of Corn and Wild ii. 263^ … dragon, who vanquished the Magyar Eisenlaci, chopped him into a hundred pieces, and … woman fell in love with an enchanted prince. ' And the old woman agreed to help her

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in which Apollon Hyperboreos was slain, boiled in a caldron, and … Teichos1 aped the pretensions of Pythagoras and provided a butt … alike; the question was referred to Alexander himself, and King Glycon:J … 2 Loukian. Alex. 40 trans. H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler. … i. 372 ff. (cp. J. de Witte in the Rev. Num. 1844 p. 1496°.) and F. Lenormant la Grande- … throughout inspired by the religious ideas of the Pythagoreans, the tripod symbolising

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early and late. Herodotos was told by Greeks inhabiting the … read their own meaning into the Crotoniate types, types which were fixed on other and

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Salmoxis lived long before Pythagoras and was perhaps a local … sometimes Zamolxis7; and Porphyrios does us a good turn by ex- … 820 A—B Migne)), Iambi, v. Pyth. 104, 173, Diog. Laert. prooem. 1 and 8. 2, Hesych. s.v. … Walde Lat. etym. Worterb? p. 330 f.), and signifies ' the god with a Fork.' The fork in … B W. W. How and J. Wells A Commentary on Herodotus Oxford 1912 i. 335. … KaXovaiv. Cp. Zonar. lex. s.v. ^aXpLdodrjs1 6 adXdfios (leg. aXdj3os) and gloss. Aurivillii

228

the sinews of Zeus had on one occasion been cut out and wrapped … The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race trans. H. Tufnell and G. G. Lewis Oxford … elaeXde?v els to tov Atds afiarov iepbv (Koppiers and A. Olivieri delete lepbv : perhaps we … The religious art of the fourth century B.C. with its dislike of theriomorphism repre-

229

just discharged and sometimes a hound seated behind her ; for reverse, Kallisto falling … p. 190 pi. 35,i5 = myfig. 158, Imhoof-Blumer Monn. gr. p. 203 pi. E, 10, id. and P.Gardner … com. Gr. iii. 320 Meineke) ap. Hyg. poet. astr. 2. 1 p. 30, 15 ff. Bunte and ap. schol. Caes. … by a silver simpulum plated here and there with gold, which was found c. 1861 a.d. at … is shaped like a saucepan (o*iim in diameter with handle o-9m in length) and inscribed … has the usual swan-head supports. On it appears Zeus with thunderbolt and sceptre

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that inhabited Lemnos, Imbros, and Skyros. Starting from thence he visited … was characteristic of the eagle8 and might well mark an infant Zeus. … If so, it would seem that Zalmoxis and Astraios, the two fami-

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from Knossos1 and his most doughty defenders in the middle of the … (Zeus), the earth-mother (Ge, Themis), and their offspring (Dionysos) … Moiragetes; and it is likely that the latter was named after the … Polieus, and assigns to it the trophy which the Delphians set up irapa. to rijs Tlpovaias … the end of the first distich, reads the boundary-stone as A I OZ | POAIEOZ, and … i no. 93, 10 ff. = J. v. Prott and L. Ziehen Leges Graecorum sacrae ii no. 14, 10 ff. [raJSe ho

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Oropos3, and is doubtless of ancient date4. The Aetolian League … ratees with schol. ad loc. and K. Tumpel in Roscher … an eagle at his feet, a sceptre in his raised left hand and the three Moirai on his out- … sculptors Tektaios and Angelion (Plout. de mus. 14 quoted infra … p. 17 ff. fig. 4 Mtinztaf. 1, 17—20, Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner … ii. 58 n. j and L. Deubner De incubatione Lipsiae 1900 p. 52 n. 2 : neither of these … 4 It recalls the sound sleep of Trophonios and Agamedes at Delphoi (supra i. 450).

233

Soter and Apollon Pytliios1. But A. Mommsen's notion that the … 1901 xxix. 23 ff. argues that Klymenos, Trophonios, and Agamedes were all hypostases of … no. 995 D 45 ff. = Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.1 no. 438 d 2ioff. = J. v. Prott and … 509 f. treats this verb as an iterative form of wifxirpri/j.1 'zusammen verbrennen,' and so … not a clan (iraTpLa), and notes that the cult of Zeus Patrdios was appropriate to any

234

say to us that God, who by nature is imperishable and everlasting, yet owing to … To the other god they sing a paean, an orderly and discreet form of composition.

235

the same proportion, and here employ the paean for their sacrifices throughout

236

The winter months Daidaphorios, Poitropios, and Amalios together … and Chersonnesos spoke of the following month as Dionysios instead … epic times, divided into 3 weeks of 9 days—a system which in myth and cult transformed

237

cp. Arnob. adv. nat. 3. 10). At Sparta on the first and seventh days of every month the … (Hes. 0. d. 770 f., cp. Aristoboulos ap. Clem. Al. strom. 5. 14 p. 397, 20 ft". Stahlin and … (Mommsen Feste d. Stadt Athen p. 469), and Platon, whose birthday fell on that day … 316 Muller), and Anaxilaides (E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2083 … KdXerre) and 'E/35o/xe?os (Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 3 no. 1653 an inscription of s. iv (?) from … 1898 xxiii. 24ft". no. 1 = J. v. Prott and L. Ziehen Leges Graecorum sacrae ii no. 16a, 7ff. … ingenuity which plays so marked a part in the religious and prophetic mysteries of … Gr. iv. 457 f.) ap. Clem. Al.protr. 2. 31. 1—4 p. 23, 8 ff. Stahlin and ap. Arnob. adv.

238

and Anaxandrides may be trusted—this was the one day in the … How is this Box-and-Cox arrangement of the Delphic year to … i. 272 no. 866, and the similar dedications at Thespiai to the Muse (i no. 1795 = 1. 403 … except one from Akraiphia (i no. 2724 b) which has eight), and comparing the seven cakes … 1 Kallisthenes frag. 4 {Script, hist. Alex. Mag. p. 12 Mtiller) and Alexandrides frag. … 2 On the airodrifiiai and the eVtciTj/xtat of the Delphic Apollon see W. H. Roscher Lex.

239

by the sky-father (Zeus) and … omphalos of Ge, and the tomb … o~6pi.yyes, and Poll. 4. 84 tov be HvdiKOv vbp-ov tov avXrjriKOv p-eprj wevre, ireipa, KaraKeXeva-

240

terion, the Herois, and the Charila1. Again, the Pythian games … year5 or nine6 or ten7. Indeed, an epic poet cited by Plutarch8 and … 2 Demetrios of Phaleron ap. schol. Od. 3. 267 and ap. Eustath. in Od. p. 1466, 56ft'., … Roberts and E. A. Gardner ad loc. remark : ' If we may accept Koehler's restoration of … had given up the practice of sending a theo?'ia to Delos and did not reintroduce it till the

241

' for a great year'2.' And this myth was connected more3 or less … tially Apolline5, and in support of his thesis is able to cite, not … History and Antiquities of the Doric Race Oxford 1830 i. 232, 338 f., observing that the … dvrjffKovras avrbv avajiitlxTKeiv and ap. schol. Pind. Pyth. 3. 96 Qepenvb-qs be on rovs tv … 187, 196), apparently identified Asklepios with Apollon and treated the myth in … spoke of Asklepios' fate as his apotheosis and introduced him into Olympos along with … of Leros up. schol. Eur. Ale. 1), and for this impiety was bidden by Zeus to serve Admetos

242

with Python, the Heroi's and the Charila were distinctly Dionysiac : … variety of customs and myths11. It was never the exclusive property … torical times Apollo appears to have ousted Cadmus from the festival,' and thinks it 'not … 6 The myth and the rites in question are well put together by L. Weniger in the

243

calendar than the cult of Apollon ; and it becomes at least reason- … (335—334 B.C.), to come 'in the holy time of spring3,' and even in … solar year contains 365*2422 days and the lunar year 354"367i days, a cycle of two years … 30 and 29 days followed by thirteen months of alternately 30 and 29 days produce a … Theoxenia, and suggesting that /3paLTds = fpaLrds = pa'iT7js (pa/co, 'I strike'), cp. supra i.

244

one hand Dionysos was equipped with bay-wreath4 and lyre5; on … no. 995 D 43 ff. = Dittenherger Syll. inscr. Gr.2 no. 438 a 208 ff. = J. v. Prott and L. Ziehen … See supra i. 691 fig. 511 and ii. 235 fig. 162. … SdcpvT] TrewvKacrfj.ei'os (h. Dion. 26. 9). At Phigaleia the iower part of the cult-statue of … 1876 ii. 103 f. and in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 618, 623. On an Attic krater at

245

chese Luigi Biondi Roma 1849 P^- 29)' anc^ 011 c°ins of Pantikapaion, Phanagoreia, and … A/on. d. Inst, xii pis. 18 (coloured) and 20, G. Rodenwaldt Die Koinpositioti der pompe- … wreathed Dionysos playing the lyre and singing an orgiastic song as he stands between … Abhandlungen Berlin 1866 i. 1—98 pis. 1—4) and also in the Noitv. Attn. 1836 i. … figure of Dionysos reclining on cushions and a skin spread over vine-leaves beneath a … a seated Dionysos from the choragic monument dedicated by Thrasyllos in 320 B.C. and

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the other, Apollon had ivy-leaves1, flutes2, and pan-pipes3. Appel- … Maenads and a Satyr (Stephani Vasensamml. St. Petersburg \\. 293 f. no. 1774). And an … with Maenads and Satyrs grouped about him (Reinach Vases Ant. p. 73 pi. 53 ; but … \vpav ewtpdbwv tu OvpaLp Jacobs, followed by K. Schenkl and E. Reisch, cj. \aidv and … Pratinas frag. 1. 17 Bergk4 ap. Athen. 617 F KicrcroxatT' (leg. /ao-croxcur' T. Bergk and E. … Lex. Myth. ii. 1 207 needlessly supposes a Satyr-name KicrcroKo^s and it is at least a question … nos. 1—6, J. L. Myres and M. Ohnefalsch-Richter A Catalogue of the Cyprus A/usetcm … with bay, resting his left arm on a round column with a debased Doric capital and

247

124, 254 n.*, J. L. Myres and M. Ohnefalsch-Richter A Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum … Klein Kiaaapov rbv Kicraov (so all the MSS. A. Foes cj. Kvaoapov tov kvuov)), and so be … and a small ram at his feet. A similar reverse occurs on coppers of the same town struck

248

fig. 168) and Maximus (Mionnet Descr. de mid. ant. iii. 310 no. 41 after J. Eckhel Cata- … on outstretched right hand, and a small ram at his feet. With regard to these types, … Rasche Lex. Num. i. 267 f., and Mionnet Descr. de mid. ant. iii. 310 no. 41 to describe … shows a long-haired youth, with an ivy-wreath on his head and a himdtion about his legs, … Herculaneum, now at Naples, has Apollon wreathed with ivy and half-draped in a … ivy quite clear and noted as ' eine seltne Bekranzung des Gottes' in the commentary,

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autonomous and imperial coppers of Magnesia ad Maeandrum give the title AvXaeir7]<s or … Magnesia am Maeandcr Berlin 1900 p. xxv queries AuXr/r??? and AvXaipT-qs). Eckhel … an emendation printed in the text by F. Spiro (1903) and supported by the fact that Pan

250

was Mousagetcs in Naxos1, Sminthios(?) in Rhodes2, Iatrds* and … no. 41551 5 ff - = J - v. Prott and L. Ziehen Leges Graecorum sacrae ii. 359 ff. no. 146, 5 ff. … line 8 f., where C. Schumacher cj. [dyeiv d] el ev or [e/cdcn-a> £r]'et and L. Ziehen [wav5ijfx]\ei, … tlov df.iweX<l>vix)v ' AwoXXlov Kal Aiovvcros SietpdeLpav tovs p-vas. k.t.X. and Athen. 445 a—b … UaLav and le Ilaid;', Wl auT-qp, k.t.X. cp. the lines (id. 58 ff.) Moucrcu [5'] avrlKa wapdevoL \

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Daldeia in Lydia1, and Dionysodotesif) in the Attic deme of Phlyeis2. … Thebes by the ' Dionysiac' clan to which the Theban and Attic Aigeidai belonged … 1912 xv. 380 ff., and F. Bechtel Die historischen Personennamen des Griechischen bis zur … Pythagoras {supra p. 221 ff.)—the part of Apollon redivivus. However, it is far from

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both young male powers intimately related to Father Sky and … learnt from the Egyptians that Apollon (Horos) and Artemis (Bou- … See further W. Michaelis De origine indicis deorum cognominum Berlin 1898 p. 47 f. and

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mood1. And like enough it was under Orphic influence that he … 'Yet some maintain that Apollon, Helios, and Dionysos are all one and the … Za/3cuos, H. Bothe and C. A. Lobeck 'A/3aios, F. G. Welcker Ka/3atos, J. G. J. Hermann … "Atto\\oi> evXvpe. Perhaps we should go one step further and read the compound BaKxd-

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the rays of Helios, and the ivy-wreath of Dionysos. W. Drexler … 2 B. V. Head in Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins and Hist, num.2 locc. citt. … KP[ATHPN EPfl] N Head of Nero, laureate and radiate, to right; rev. POAI flN … 5 Nero's interest in Rhodes (Suet. Ner. 7) and personation of the Rhodian Helios … circular and revolved day and night like the sky (Suet. Ner. 31)—a suitable abode for … Nero to have a colossus of himself made by Zenodoros (Plin. nat. hist. 34. 45) and set up … he also re-dedicated it to Sol, and commissioned Apollodoros of Damaskos to make a

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'But, Sminthian and Pythian god,—for with thee my discourse began, and … and country and nation thou dost traverse. Yea, even as thou dost dance round … Dionysos ; and the Delphians honour thee with a twofold title, calling thee at … remember that the former had posed as the Rhodian Helios and the latter at least as

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and his comrades, whom Virgil had described as worshipping the … seeching Apollo, they turn towards the ground, since he is at once himself and … and moon with Liber and Ceres4, Servius attributes the same unita- … power of Apollo is threefold, and that we should identify Sol in heaven, Father

257

Finally, Macrobius (c. 400 A.D.), after adducing the Aeschylean and … that Sol and Father Liber refer to the same god. Nevertheless this shall be … dicator. The passage is quoted by Myth. Vat. 3. 8. 16 and, in a shortened form, by … xdoviov. And H. Hitzig—H. Bltimner ad loc. state that the text ' scheint keine plausible … to take shelter from the swirling dust-storm behind the nearest wall and the modern … Bacch. 485 ff., Aristoph. ran. 340 ff., Verg. georg. 4. 521, Hesych. s.v. vvKTeXeiv, and the

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and Apollon, who were completely unified by the solar syncretism … the family circle, and ultimately the main representative of the house, … and sceptre, enthroned beside Themis, who, clad in a chiton and a … Apollon and Dionysos vis-a-vis with the sun's disk between them, would make a delightful … described it as Diana; E. Gerhard loc. cit., E. Babelon and J. A. Blanchet loc. cit., as … and neuer Zeit Berlin 1886 p. 188 ff. pi. 3, W. Klein 'Zur Einleitungsscene der Kyprien' … 3 Themis as an earth-goddess {supra p. 176 n. 1) knows the right order of events and … by Aischylos P. v. 61 f., suppl. 1058 f., and the remarks of W. Kausche in the Disserta- … {supra i. 668 f., 717 n. 3, with Demeter and Kore), Zeus Ei}/3oiAeus in Amorgos {stcpra

259

i. 669 n. 2 with Demeter and Kore), Paros {supra i. 669 n. 2 with Hera, Demeter … Bouleuterion included a sanctuary of Zeus BoiActios and Athena BovXaia (Antiph. or. 6. 45 … Diod. 14. 4f., Plout. v. dec. or. 4 init.)—, and dedications {Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 … Deinarchos ap. Harpokr. s.v. Boi'Xcu'a and ap. Souid. s.v. BovXaia, Diod. 14. 4, cp. … Aii BoXXcuw Kai 'laria BoXXaia Kai tw bap.w), and at Pergamon (M. Frankel Die In- … [A]i6[s tov B]ok[Xcu'oi>,] k.t.X., where Michel Recueil d'Inscr. gr. no. 515, 47 ff. and … pi. 40, 3 (= ray fig. 172), struck in the time of X^alerianus and Gallienus, obv. Z6VCBOV … AHNAI ClN Asklepios seated to left with phidle in right hand, sceptre in left, and

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right hand and reed in left, Imhoof-Blumer Monn, gr. p. 471 no. 75 obv. 56VC … 6 bdpos and no. 1394, 1 ft". [AvroKparopa Kaicrjapa | [^e^acrrbv Ovecnr]aaia.pbv | [6 5a/xos], … Scholl—Studemund anecd. i. 265 no. 23 j3ovXaiov cp. id. i. 274 n. 18, 282 n. 14) and of … 270)? And was Zeus lAvXevs, like Apollon Mylas or Myldntios (O. Hofer in Roscher … BovXaios meant 'God of the Council'' and at most connoted the power of giving counsel

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aigis slung across a lilac (?) peplos spangled with gold and having … Victory, in a bright-coloured peplos, poised on wings of blue and … pediment of the Parthenon ; and the same great original, haunting … unknown to us, had saved the state by a sudden change of plans and was therefore … p. 81 thinks that the Spartans would have called these deities ap.(3wXoi {sic) and a/xpuXia. … J. Overbeck and A. Furtwangler locc. citt., made a much better suggestion. The vase- … hidden in his left thigh, and that Themis is foretelling the child's future. Robert takes … Reichhold Gr. Vasenmalerei ii. 142 ff. pi. 88), will have it that Athena and Aphrodite

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and Dionysos—the early Delphic triad—in thoroughly characteristic … Another fourth-century vase, likewise found at Jiiz Oba and … oV Athenes p. 590 f. no. 1854), and this may well be one. Robert op. cit. p. 190 is not … 4 L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pit. 1861 p. 33 fF. Atlas pis. 3 and 4 ( = my … 6 Omphalos, palm, and tripod are all found on the amphora from Ruvo {supra … 8 L. Weniger in the Arch. Zeit. 1866 xxiv. 190 f. and Farnell Cults oj Gk. States … many pages reaches the wrong conclusion, viz. that Apollon and Dionysos grasp each

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that strew the ground, the company of Satyrs and Maenads, and … himdtion, wearing fillet and ivy-wreath, and holding a thyrsos in one … kdnthqros. And both Maenads present him with flat baskets of … a nude goddess and many details wrongly repainted.

264

wreath and fillet on his head, and a bay-branch in his left hand, is … A. Piatt in the Class. Quart. 1910 iv. 113 and A. E. Housman ib. p. 119) /cat ddfpvrjv … tlSos avTbv eireaLTiaav, /cat ovtw aocpias 7tol7]tlkt]s eirep-cpopriTO (epiTrecp6p'i]To E. and ed. … ii. 188 ff., R. Folkard Plant Lore, Legends, and Lyrics London 1884 p. 404 ff.). It would,

265

266

which stands1 Zeus, with bay-wreath and sceptre, announcing to … the type of Hermes conducting Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite to … We are now in a position to gather up results and to venture … ZEUS Aphesios (?) and GE Themis (?) … and that Aphrodite would not be riding on a swan (A. Kalkmann loc. cit. p. 259)—lose

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Zeus and Dionysos … respective deities. Zeus and Ge Themis, the original possessors of … iv. Zeus and Dionysos. … that lets fly V and Ge as a fertility-goddess under the title Themis*, … pis. 9—16, 18 f., F. Courby ib. 1914 xxxviii. 327—350 pi. 6 f. and in the Fouilles de Dclphes … pediment was occupied by Apollon and deities of his cycle, the west pediment by … Themis, and thence into Themis alone,' and ib. iii. 13 ff. rejects the notion ' that Themis … Zeus and Dionysos … respective deities. Zeus and Ge Themis, the original possessors of … iv. Zeus and Dionysos. … that lets fly V and Ge as a fertility-goddess under the title Themis*, … pis. 9—16, 18 f., F. Courby ib. 1914 xxxviii. 327—350 pi. 6 f. and in the Fouilles de Dclphes … pediment was occupied by Apollon and deities of his cycle, the west pediment by … Themis, and thence into Themis alone,' and ib. iii. 13 ff. rejects the notion ' that Themis

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / IV: Zeus und Dionysos

268

Zeus and Dionysos … traction5. And his presence at Delphoi implies that a wave of … cp. Souid. s.vv. Bovxera and Qep.iv, et. mag. p. 210, 34 ff., Favorin. lex. p. 385, 31 ff.) … XvX"os, fi'^os, KTels ywaiKeios, <6's> (S? Euseb. loc. cit. 3 M. P.2 and cod. H. of Euseb. loc. … 'creation,' adj. ' who creates, creator,' and for the vocalisation of the root compares depia, … Thrace into Asia Minor, and spreading his influence and name from the Balkan district … Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 211 ff. and in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. inoff. … mysteres d'JSleusis Paris 1914 p. 445 ff.). Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. pp. 211 ff., 1410 and in

269

Zeus and Dionysos 269 … Crassus took the sanctuary of Dionysos from the Bessoi and gave it to the Odrysai (Dion

270

Zeus and Dionysos … Rhaskyporis in obedience to his god's command, and pursued him to the Chersonese— … Thessalonike in 1895 (J. II. Mordtmann in the Ath. Mitth. 1896 xxi. 100 f. no. 6), and … in his right hand and raises a reaping-hook in his left to gather a second. Under the … on Dionys. per. 575 and is repeated by O. Hbfer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2563. … and ]iaX\y]ifa.L0v rov YavvpLTjdovs Kai ^Ir/SrjaiyiaTris iraidos' oSros yap rov yevvqaavTa Oeacafxevos

271

Ba\y)v, i.e. ' King,' and that his title Evpvj3d\Lvdos meant 'Wide-ruling' (cp. Pind. Ul. 13. … 32 by O. Hbfer in the fahrb. f. Philol. u. Padag. 1896 cliii. 472, and.with the Phrygian … Carian ye\as, 'king' (Steph. Byz. s.v. 1ovdye\a), and even the Lydian Koa\8e?v, 'king' … 2. 717 f. no. 5685, 7 with n. ad loc). AEO on tetradrachms and drachms of Abdera … the Num. Chron. Third Series 1892 xii. 27 pi. 2, 10, M. L. Strack op. cit. 1. 1. 54

272

Phrygian vowel1 and pointing to the conclusion that Dionysos is … So Dittenberger Sylt. inscr. Gr.'1 no. 744, io [Aiov]v5os in a Rhodian inscription) and … \^ov\j% — *Aeovv<TLos. AaVwros (schol. Townl. //. 14. 325, et. mag. p. 259, 28 and 31), … (e.g. Ae6-/3ij"os, Deo-pus) and Dio- (e.g. Aio-oKi(3pios, Dio-bessi). P. Kretschmer in Ans … Mitth. 1912 xxxvii. 76 ff. pis. 2 and 3, cp. A. de Ridder in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1913 … 6 F. Winter 'Vase des Sophilos' in the Ath. Mitth. 1889 xiv. 1—8 and col. pi. 1,

273

Nysaia, and observes that Homer … or maid, and its masculine correla- … phos, ' Zeus' Man,'' Zeus' Hero,' not to mention a third, which dubs … etymology by attempting to work in vios, vuv, and other totally unconnected words. … shows Zeus seated to the right, in chiton and hiwation, with a fillet on his head, a thunder- … locution as Atos 0uis (cp. supra i. 7 n. 3 and Xen. an. 3. 1. 12 <pws p-eya ck Atos iSete (80(e).

274

with Pherekydes' description of Semele as Hye and the nurses of … Cat. Vases du Louvre iii. 811 no. F 385) representing the combat between Herakles and

275

he was doubtless well posted on the mythology of the god, and we … Xonnos waxes eloquent on the theme and makes Gaia address … Both fruitful rain and bloody snow alike : … The Indian host and cut men down like corn. … Birds Oxford 1895 p. 184 and E. J. Seltman in the Joum. Intern, a"Arch. Num. 1913

276

infant Dionysos 'was a second Zeus | And sent the rain-storm1.' … in the form of rain. And after all, nysai ' trees ' are compatible with … Waddington Asie Mineure v no. 1105 AI OC K E P B I OCPOY^OC k.t.X. and later

277

Dios and Dios Njsos … mean ' Son of Zeus' and would therefore readily form the Hellenic … 9 Deos-por in a military dedication of 123 a.d. found at Xanten and now at Bonn: … the compound Dionysos was originally Thracian and meant the same as Dios Nysos, ' Dios … 1911 xxxi. 161—215 and 1913 xxxiii. 97—104.

278

278 Dlos and Dtos Nysos … "Attl 'io-Tw and must be divided ATTIG (dat.) AAG I TOY (cp. adesto). Accordingly I … Among gods beloiv and gods above let him be devoted to Attis.

279

Dtos and Dios Nysos … 1896 no. 3 p. 4 takes p.e = fj.€T& and regards Seus /ce fe/xeXws as meaning 'himself and his … prefer A600C KG ZeM€AO)C "heavenly and Chthonian gods.'"

280

Dios and Dios Nysos … Usener4. Sir W. M. Ramsay in 1906 assumed a long vowel and … dios, etc. in the neo-Phrygian inscriptions cited above7; and his … (meaning unknown) seated with phidle in right hand, sceptre in left, and eagle on ground … Zeus enthroned to left with thunderbolt in right and sceptre in left hand (Brit. Mus. Cat. … (Dorylaos and Akamas ?), each of whom holds a phidle over a flaming altar, while an eagle … av[dpunrelov yeuovs' k.t.X.]. Sir W. M. Ramsay Studies in the History and Art of the … ■ ;) Sir W. M. Ramsay Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Provinces of the

281

Dios and Dios Njsos 281 … Aphrodite, and Augustus respectively1. But, since the tribe of Zeus … rated with grape-bunches4 and a plough3. He should therefore be … had given to Tros in exchange for Ganymedes and that it had passed to Priamos by way … Ganymedes and the eagle in the Vatican group after Leochares (Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. … regalia of Troy and that its presence ensured the protection of the Thraco-Phrygian Zeus. … hist. Alex. Mag. p. 136 Miiller) ap. Athen. 514 f), or golden planes and a golden vine

282

282 Dios and Dios Nysos … See further Boetticher Baumkultus pp. 212—214 (' Metallene Baume') and G. W. Elderkin … tQv tI[kv]\wv fiov (svvfxvaruiv irepi \ awrripias. The interest and importance of the find made … supplement my previous account by publishing a new and important stele, which he has … divided by a line of breakage passing through the eagle's neck and down along the front

Plate XIX

horseback, with altar, krater, and leafless tree, in which are eagle and snake,

283

Dios and D/os Nysos 283 … and a diadem round his head. He holds a thunderbolt in his right hand, a couple of … eagle and snake juxtaposed in friendly fashion. The unusual features of this stele are the … convention, and here it is not difficult to recognise the influence of Thrace {supra fig. 175).

284

Dios and Dios Njsos … hand, and a spear or sceptre in his left. Beside him is a tree (palm?), up which his snake

285

Dtos and Dfos Nysos … cap (so Wagener : Eisele says, a bowl-shaped helmet) and a winged caduceus, between … personage pouring a libation is—he supposes—the stephanephoros Glykon, and the sixteen … eighty plaques of thin silver foil, together with a coin of Gordianus and the statuette of a … lettres) Moulins 1889 xviii. 185—232 pis. 1—8, of which pi. 1, 1 and 2 = my figs. 181, 182, … TOC[C]fl[C] TPATOVB The river-god Maiandros recumbent to left, with reed and

286

286 Dfos and Dios Nysos

287

Dfos and Dtos Nysos … a rain-god. Sir W. M. Ramsay The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia Oxford 1895 i. … a wreath on its left, and a bucraniuni adjoining the inscription in front. This interesting … 133 b.C.), nephew and successor of Attalos ii Philadelphos (159—138 b.C.), says of

288

Dios and Dios Nysos … deity was originally named Dios and the latter Dios ATysos. Well … Baumeister Denkm. ii. 1217, E. Pontremoli and M. Collignon Pergame, restauration et … 1 SirW. M. Ramsay The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia Oxford 1895 i. 34. See also

289

Dfos and Dfos Nysos

290

Dios and Dtos Nysos … Abirkios and Theuprepia. … (the herni, the mask, the bust, the medallion, etc.), and custom (e.g. separate burial of the … Intailles et Camies Paris 1899 p. 44 f. no. in fig. and pi. 7, 111, Furtwangler Ant. … P- 3°3)> and divination by means of a severed head (head of Osiris floats to Byblos Loukian. … part. an. 3. 10. 673 a 17 ff. 7repZ be Kapiav (Kap..av E. Kap P. dpKablav Z.) ovtw to … 1903 xvii. 417 n. 1 is far-fetched and improbable. Better service has been done by … (Ail. var. hist. 13. 20), and that the cult of Zeus '07rA6o>uos is attested only for Methydrion, … a tribal list not later than c. 350 B.C. Hera, and perhaps Athena, shared the title with

291

Dios and Dfos Nysos … dea \ ' OirXoa jj.Lq, to Hera Aa.Kt.via. Hera ' OirXoa fxia was worshipped in Elis and Triphylia … 2 On the benedictio Graeca and the benedictio Latina see R. Sinker in Smith—Cheetham … Third International Congress for the History of Religions Oxford 1908 ii. 176). Possibly … fig ': if so, it was once sexual in character, the thumb perhaps representing the phallos and … corps.' But cp. the words (paivopirjpis and wapatpabecf, vwocpaiveLv as used in the passages … infra Append. M), W. R. Paton ' The Pharmakoi and the Story of the Fall ' in the Rev.

292

Papas and Attis … exhibited a fig, and was described by the devotees of Eleusis, not as a iepocpavTrjs, but as … With Zeus IId7ras or ila7ras of Bithynia (Arrian. frag. 30 cited supra i. 399 n. 3) and … had according to Phrygian custom two names, and her native village was Vekrokome,' … stones of common people : the top is ornamented in the style of a pediment, and there is … regards all these stelai as votive rather than funerary ; they may well be both) and Zeus

293

Papas and Attis … H. Hirt Die Indogermanen Strassburg 1907 ii. 587, E. H. Minns Scythians and Greeks … 1559) and probably also the ttottol of the Scythians {et. mag. p. 823, 31 f. 01 yap Sxtf&u, … printed in Bekker anecd. iii. 1433) and Dryopians (Plout. de and. poem. 6 Apvoires Se … Myth. iii. 2759 f., E. H. Minns Scythians and Greeks Cambridge 1913 p. xxxviii). … p. 414 f. Cp. P. Kretschmer Einleitung etc. p. 355, who does not mention Fick, and … 4 The simplest nursery-names for ' father' and ' mother' used by the ancients were

294

294 The Mother-goddess and her parearos … numerous tribes in all five continents1. And readers of Samuel … equated with such divinities as Adonis, Osiris, Dionysos, and the … 7ra? (7ra?) and /xcL (Stephanus T/ies. Gr. Ling. vi. 187 D f., H. van Herwerden Lexicon … Valckenaer corr. patre—a reading accepted by C. O. Mtiller and by R. Ktihner— … and especially E. S. Hartland Primitive Paternity London 1909 i. 195—199 (Maidu of … 4 F. Legge Forerimners and Rivals of Christianity Cambridge 1915 ii. 11 f., 26 n. 5.

295

The Mother-goddess and her pdredros 29$ … Fruitless and all forlorn, … Gottingen 1873 P- H^, misled by P. de Lagarde and F. M tiller, says 'eranisches Lehnwort.' … represented Kore, Demeter and her daughter being the Corn-mother and the Corn-maiden … surrounds the name HepaeQbvr]. L. Bloch in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1286 ff. and Gruppe … hypocoristic name. The crux, then, is to devise a suitable meaning for *ire'po-e. And the … of aweipw, cnrepfia, which appears with loss of initial a in 7rpu>£, irepKvbs, etc. and with … chapter on 'Lityerses' by Sir James Frazer (Go/den Bough*: Spirits of Corn and Wild … Adonis as the maturer crops (Porph. ap. Euseb. praep. ev. 3. 11. 12, 3. 13. 14, and ap.

296

296 The Mother-goddess and her pdredros … I must mingle and confuse, … took the first fragment to be written in dactylic and anapaestic measures. Hermann … (I should prefer to spell "Attt^s and IIa7T7ras: see P. Kretschmer Einleitung etc. pp. 350,

297

The Mother-goddess and her pdredros 297 … the hall of the Dendrophori2 adjoining the Metroion at Ostia3 and … ring-finger, holds a lagobolon ; his right, a bunch of corn, fruit, and … - On the Dendrophori of Italy and the Latin provinces see F. Cumont in Pauly— … the Ann. d. Inst. 1869 xli. 208 ff., Mon. d. Inst, ix pis. 8 and 8a.

298

298 The Mother-goddess and her pdredros … Graeco-Roman conception of Attis. Particular traits and adjuncts … Dionysos. The attitude of graceful repose would suit Adonis1. And,

299

The Mother-goddess and her pdredros 299 … prived himself7. Votaries of Kybele, Zeus, and Attis were wont to … 3 H. Dessau loc. cit. says 'arbores.' But C. L. Visconti he. cit. and H. Graillot … receptacle (??), set on or in the ground : behind him, his Phrygian cap. On the age and … ult. 79 ff. (Ixi. 525 a and 699 a Migne).

300

300 The Mother-goddess and her paredros … wearing a long-sleeved chiton and a himdtion drawn like a veil over … no. 9 statue [minus head and arms) belonging to M. Foucault. My fig. 192 reproduces

301

The Mother-goddess and her pare'dros 301 … by another, formerly in the Villa Mattei and now in the Vatican … wreath decorated with two medallions (busts of Kybele and Attis) with a rosette between … part of scallop, head and neck, part of left breast, left hand with wreath and parts of

302

302 The Mother-goddess and her pdredros … Myth. Kel. p. 1349 f., S. Seligmann Der dose Blick and Verivandtes Berlin 1910 ii. 1261".,

303

of his glory, and the very image of his substance1.' Outward cere- … success by W. Mannhardt Wald- und Feldculte2 Berlin 1904 i. 572 f., 1905 ii. 291 ft", and … from the woods, decked with violets and woollen bands, is like bringing in the May-tree … Spirits of Corn and Wild i. 24 f., supra i. 679), whose name—Prof. H. M. Chadwick … 511, 1 Attidi Menoturano, ro Attidis Minoturani, 512, 1 [Attidi Menotyranno]) and, as

305

pis. and figs, of which pi. 1 =my fig. 195 and pi. 2 my fig. 196, id. The Gosforth District: … stepped base, is circular in section below (40 ins round) but oblong above (6x5 ins) and … assigned them to s. ix A.D., and C. A. Parker now places them … back the wolf-serpents Hati and Skgll = Death on the pale … wolf Fenrir and the Midhgardh-serpent attacking the hart … the wolf-serpent Fenrir, whose jaw he rends open with left arm and right foot — The descent … tree") wounded by the javelin and given to Othin, myself to myself; on that tree, of

306

and criobolium2. In all the Zeus-cults of the Mediterranean world … (sc. vires) and Corp. inscr. Lat. v no. 6961 f. = Dessau no. 4158 f. (Taurini) viribus | Aeterni I … no. 1162 = Dessau no. 3870), Fons and (Aqua) Ventina (Corp. inscr. Lat. ix no. 3351 … and snpra i. 882 Index ii s.v. 'Testicles.'

307

to the flock of a divine ' Shepherd1,' and it needed no great stretch … of Antonios (216 A.D.) found by Sir W. M. Ramsay at the Phrygian Hierapolis and in its … Pope Leo xiii, and now preserved in the Lateran Museum at Rome. On both inscriptions … Schriften Leipzig and Berlin 1911 p. 538 observes, ' bei Aberkios hat man streiten … Ophites (F. Legge Forerunners and Rivals of Christianity Cambridge 1915 ii. 25 ff.) … hymn that betrays Ophitic influence addresses God as at once Father and Son of Himself

308

and raises the question : In what relation did the Phrygian Attis … duplicate the person of Attis {e.g. fig. 199), and argued that such … Attis has above his head a pair of double axes and an Amazonian shield, below his feet … shows two Lares in the guise of Attis with Phrygian cap and pedum flanking a dog and a

309

Cautes and Cautopates2. We have also to reckon with the funerary … favourite emblem of resurrection and, like Nike in a different setting,

310

' was visited by Galloi from Attis and Battakes, priests of the … Gr. inscr. sel. nos. 540, 20 and 541, 7).

311

163 B.C. and with Attalos ii before and after his accession in … an inscription from Pessinous of early imperial date3. And as to … toron is of much wider application, and no stress can be laid on … represented Atys and Kotys as sons of Manes10. Manes, the fore- … driven out by his father and took refuge with Kroisos, who purified him and received him … missed the boar and slew Atys. Kroisos in deep distress invoked Zeus Kaddpaios and 'E7r- … ■} H. Stein on Hdt. 1. 43, W. W. How and J. Wells on Hdt. 1. 34, E. Meyer in

312

(465—425 B.C.)3. Manes later passed as the son of Zeus and Ge4. … and ap. Choirobosk. in Hephaist. ench. 1. 7 p. 199, 5 Consbruch had Md^j^s as the … and in the Jonrn. Hell. Stud. 1920 xl. 197, 202 adopts the last expedient, takes Ados to

313

paratively weak, and, sooner than insist upon it, I would push … thyrai7, and Themisonion (?)8 is late and of no great significance. … which the Thraco-Phrygian Father and Son won their way to … pi. 26, 1 and 4 (horse bearing cap surmounted by star, etc.), Head Hist, num.- p. 664. … them, poppy-head and ear of corn), Imhoof-Plumer Kleinas. Mtinzen i. 292 no. 5, Head … s Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 495 pi. 57, 9 (Herakles and Hermes standing; behind

314

traders and Megdloi Theoi by Hellenic settlers. I further agree … prehistoric times the worship of Dionysos-Sabazios with his Satyrs and of Bendis- … islanders identified Esmun with the Thracian Dionysos-Sabazios and the Kdbeiroi with … 12 L. R. Farnell ' Kabeiroi' in J. Hastings Encyclopadia of Religion and Ethics … original Samothracian trio ' included, not only an elder and a younger god, later identified … the Transactions of the Third International Congress for the History of Religions Oxford

315

kersos 'He that cleaves with the Axe1,' and Axieros the 'Axe-Eros2' … Gaia, and Eros4. Pherekydes of Syros, not only recognised Zeus, … Gr. Spr.2 p. 152, Boisacq Diet. etym. de la Langite Gr. p. 270 f.) and need not concern … specialized form of the Ker ; the Erotes are Keres of life, and like the Keres take the form … 542 and in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3237—3256, G. Nicole in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. … 9. 27. 2, Theophil. ad Autol. 2. 12, schol. Ap. Rhod. 3. 26, schol. Theokr. 13. 1, and, … f3eias 137, 13 p. 61 Gomperz, made Chaos come first, then Erebos and Nyx, from whose … asserts that, according to Akousilaos, Eros was the son of Nyx and Aither. Sappho

316

Chthonia, and Eros1, but in a passage of profound significance … called him, figures also in Orphic literature both early and late4: … synonym of'Bakcheus,' whom they invoke as 'Sire of the gods and … If now we set the principal types of Father and Son over against … dvdy-KTjv is supposed by J. Burnet Early Greek Philosophy London and Edinburgh 1892 … Trismeg. ap. Stob. eel. r. 49. 44 p. 393, 18 Dike is sister of Ananke ; and F. M. Cornford … Chthonia, and Eros1, but in a passage of profound significance … called him, figures also in Orphic literature both early and late4: … synonym of'Bakcheus,' whom they invoke as 'Sire of the gods and … If now we set the principal types of Father and Son over against … dvdy-KTjv is supposed by J. Burnet Early Greek Philosophy London and Edinburgh 1892 … Trismeg. ap. Stob. eel. r. 49. 44 p. 393, 18 Dike is sister of Ananke ; and F. M. Cornford

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / V: The double Zeus

317

Father and Son … KHTcrvfiia (puveerai." The same passage is cited by Macrob. Sat. 5. 21. 12 and by Eustath. … repetitis ] hymnum Battiaden Phoebo cantasse Iovique and Steph. Byz. s.v. Ai5vfj.a\.,

318

rays in the moon1; and Lucian held that Didyma was named … a thunderbolt in his right hand and an … infra § 9 (h) i, and B. Haussoullier ' Le culte de Zeus a Didymes, la Bo^Za' in the

319

symbolises an alliance between Smyrna and ^--- … Lippert and his services to archaeology see C. Justi Winckelmann in Deutschland Leipzig … tion wrapped about his legs, holding Nike in his outstretched right hand and leaning his … Rasche Lex. ATum. iii. 675, iv. 829 records similar alliance-coins of Ephesos and … 7 A similar type of Zeus appears on ^«z.r?-autonomous and imperial coppers of … pi. 37, 1, 3 = my fig. 203). Sometimes he is flanked by Hera and Athena in a group … A IK6IA) enthroned to left, with kdlatkos, chiton, and himdtion: in her right hand is

320

(AVKOC and KATTP OC) with waves (Imhoof-Blumer Kleinas. Miinzen i. 268 no. 26 … another specimen Laodikeia, with a phidle in her right hand and the statuette in her left, … de numismatique 1908 p. i6r, Sir W. M. Ramsay The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia … Ramsay op. cit. i. 33, 50 f., F. Imhoof-Blumer Kleinas. Miinzen i. 265 ff., and

321

first christened Meilichios and Epidotes1, but later compared with the … Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Verus. The letters MVH may of … the gods described as 'EiriobT-qs and MecXix'os. … eVi riaucran'^ rou 'I/ceutou fxrjVLfxa drroTpeireiv tov 'EiridibTriv Xeyovres rovrov) and perhaps … 'OXvfxirla tovto | ddfiev yepas eVt Bcittou yevei) and so 'a liberal gift' (see Stephanus

322

form. But here each case has to be investigated separately, and we … Lakonike6, while Tetrdotos pure and simple occurs at Gela, appa- … 4 Other possibilities with regard to the origin and development of these multiple types … at the top and damaged in the last line but one)---\av\v yvvai\id ice t4kv\ois birep t\wv … and Apostol. r. 93. Cp. Liban. or. 11. 204 (i. 2. 507, 9 ff. Foerster) anent the shape of … 7 Entimos and Antiphemos, the founders of Gela (Hdt. 7. 153, Thouk. 6. 4, Athen.

323

(2) Fig. 2o8 = obv. Head of Zeus, with olive-wreath and olive-berries, to right; rev. … Jonrn. Hell. Stud. 1897 xvii. 79 pi. 2, 11, id. A Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins … found in the district of Tolna, Hungary, and now in the Forrer collection, M. Dessewffy

324

gold stateres and quarter-stateres struck by the Mediomatrici, whose … verse type a beardless Janiform head (figs. 211—213)1. And coppers … Rhenic, and British Celts recognised a god facing both ways. Such

325

founded in honour of the two-faced Janus. And here, when the day of celebra- … of Oxford6. And it must be admitted7 that the extant chronicle in … Salonae (Sa/ona) (?) to Padua, and now at Este) Iano Patri | Aug. etc. … the ground as in a trance, then jumping up as in a frenzy, and representing with their

326

326 lupiter Amhisagrus and … Celtic Dis was a god of beginnings, and that he had, like the Dis … teenth century was Janiform3, and has made it probable that at the … a distaff, drawing out the thread, and winding it again on the spindle; another walking, … Franchises': ' Upon this occasion the artizans of a corporation went in procession, and … names of England and Wales London 1915 p. 34 2.

327

in his celestial and chthonian characters, the former mild, the latter … a thunderbolt in his left hand and a reversed … past and the future. Cohen Monn. emp. rom.- iv. 274 no. 197 says : 'Janus? ou Jupiter

328

328 Iupiter and Ianus in the Salian Hymn … simple. Ambisagrus is vulgar Latin for Ambisacrus3 and means … (£) Iupiter and Ianus in the Salian Hymn. … and P. Lejay in the Rev. Philol. N.S. 1917 xli. 185 ff. … 7 Proklos begins and ends a quasi-Ox^tivz hymn to Hekate and Ianus with the lines : … text as printed by the latest editors, G. Gotz and F. Scholl (1910). Within the last forty

329

Iupiter and Ianus in the Salian Hymn 329 … where 0 Zeul=o Sol and adoritf(n)sis is adjectival. … Janitor lane: bonus creator es, lane; and duonus etc. = bonus Ianus auclet, quo meliorem … At the end of the third line Bahrens has added es. After the fourth line he has sup- … defends the following text and translation : … Suppl. 1894 xxi. 332—Hi frags. 1 and 3 : … The third word in frag. 1 is either adoriso = adorTris or adoriso = adoreris. The frag-

330

330 lupiter and lanus in the Salian Hymn … (8) G. Hempl ' The Salian Hymn to Janus' in the Transactions and Proceedings of … *patulad-cb, substantive (Italic masc. uero-, ' door') and adjective in ablative case governed … To justify text and translation I would urge the following points. W. M. Lindsay Tke … Worterb. d. Gr. Spr? p. 273 and Boisacq Diet. itym. de la Langue Gr. p. 586: hence … Cameses and lanus were two indigenous rulers, who divided Italy between them … old cult-title Cameses or Camises meaning ' god of the Archway' (cp. ca?nera, caminus, and

331

Ianus and Iupiter on coins 331 … bronze (figs. 216—218)2 and in its subsequent reductions (figs. 219— … be cognate with the Greek irpbfj.os and the Umbrian promum ( = Latin primum) : for the … and 218 are from specimens in the Fitzwilliam Museum (weights 256*75 and 25575 grammes … 35-8, 18-36, 12-66, 1-1*64, 8-13 and 11-75, 12*69 grammes).

332

332 Ianus and Iupiter on coins

333

Ianus and Iupiter on coins 333

334

Ianus and lupiter on coins

335

But the relations subsisting between Ianus and Iupiter call for … opinion5. But M. Valerius Messalla, consul in 53 B.C. and an augur

336

' a power that controls the two Bears and sends divine souls to join … rrj'los: see further Kappelmacher in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 2842, and for Ianus

337

of space and time, but also the very remarkable description of him as … by G. Gotz and F. Scholl (1910) requires emendation. In the first half of it T. Bergk … diximus: Patrem, quasi deorum deum, etc., and Paul, ex Fest. p. 52, 12 f. Muller, p. 45, … minis Saltan's reliquiae Lundae 1888 p. 54 ff.), and we may take it as certain that Ianus- … and such passages as Aisch. suppl. 524 ff. Hvai, dvaKTWv, fiaKapuv \ fiaKapraTe Kai Te\ewv

338

His title Matutinus1 too acquires fresh point, and we can appreciate … sky pure and simple. Finally, this view of Ianus is borne out by … sobriety and seriousness, cp. Mart. ep. 13. 2. 10. … I ^31/11 'f '■ I i/1 f\ = ani : tineri, where Ianus (ani) is associated with Iupiter (tina), and in … Salii (Aristeides of Miletos frag. 8 (Frag. hist. Gr. iv. 322 Muller) and Alexander

339

side of the Piacenza liver are the inscriptions usils —' solis' and tivs =' lunae': see further … 8745 (menologium rusticum Colotianum) bis (Aug. and Nov.), 9241, 1). … reditur rcdhibetnr redintegratar et similia). And M. Terentius Varro, his contemporary … G. Wissowa in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 326 and in his Eel. Kult. R'dmr

340

In short, I conceive that Ianus and Iupiter were the sky-gods … became sub diu under the influence of diu (' by day ') and sub divo under that of divos … 3 My friend and colleague Sir W. Ridgeway in The Early Age of Greece Cambridge … an Umbro-Sabellian tribe, who were closely related to the Keltoi and represented the … Jlamen Dialis, wdiose title Dia-lis betrays his connexion with Dia-nus (Ianus) ; and

341

of a better name, I should term Illyrian1—and was retained by the … naturally turn to the scant}' remains of Doric literature and to Doric … Piso Frugi frag. 9 Peter ap. Varr. de ling. Lat. 5. 165) and Livy (1. 19) say is that Numa … p. 231, refers Dialis, not to Didmis, but to Dicspiter, the old nominative of Iupiter, and

342

davdiv U'ikos 6 koI Zeis, ov nal Aia KaXovcriv, and the remarkable line … (R. S. Conway 'A Third Eteocretan Fragment' in the Ann. Brit. Sch. … Tap on coins of Hierapytna and Polyrhenion [supra i. 149 n. 1 figs. 113, … Zava (sc. Euhemeros) and schol. in Tzetz. alleg. II. 4 in Cramer anecd. … and cod. Lat. Monac. 743 /cat Tav dopdrpiov (dopaTiov Vatic. 1759) … A. Nauck, W. Dindorf, though codd. M.V.P. and Eustath. in II.

343

Aar-Pl.) eKaurprjdds yvioirayei vupadi (cited by Souid. and Zonar. lex. … and Antoninus Pius Zavl, Roman empresses in general may well have

344

C. Petersen (1870)4, H. Usener (1900)3; and the equation has not … ' Child of Europa and of Zan the Great0.' … According to the Greek grammarians, Zdv was used by the later Aeolians and by the … 7Av (added by A. Lentz from Eustath. in Od. p. 1387, 28, in II. p. 114, 3 cited supra and … to and ivavriov) Zavbs Zrjvbs eiprjKaaf Xeyu 8i] on ovk erpexpav, dXX' efiLfirjo-avro fiera- … A. Kuhn ' Zevs, Zrjv-, Jan-us' id. 1858 vii. 79 b and H. Grassmann id. 1862 xi. 8 related

345

god was killed and eaten in the form of a bull3, there is point in … part of their mystic rites. When, therefore, the watchman in the

346

Bacchant, who instructed Dionysos and devised the Dionysiac equipment, fastened bronze … ixaadov to irivbfxevov) and as Kupifia (Athen. 482 e Kvfi/3a irorripiov ^ A.iroXXbbwpos (frag. 245 … 93 fiao-Tol Al) and Oropos (B. I. Leonardos in the 'E<p. 'Apx- 1889 p. 2 ff. no. 26, 11 … and D 10 a pair of mastoi by Sotades(?)), which appear to have been evolved from

347

Paxo and Antipaxo, off the mouth of the … in D. G. Rossetti's Troy Town) and sometimes certain … no. 4695. The stone measures 16 x i2mm- and is not de- … TedvriKe and later 6 [xeyas Tlav TedvrjKev, Euseb. praep. ev. 5. 17. 6 Yihv 6 /xeyas TedfTjKev,

348

with the tomb of Zeus in Crete2. And a copper coin of Bouthroton, … or an ox-head4. The ox indeed played a part in the foundation- … in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 1084 f. and H. Kiepert Formae orbis dntiqui Berlin … Gr. Myth. Rcl. p. 1501 n. 2 and others, refers the passage wrongly to the less famous … AevxaXiuvos ko.To.k\vo-p.bv = Souid. s.vv. Bovx^ra and Qipiv (in both passages reading

349

had pushed their way from north to south4 and were partially … of Tiberius6; and coins of Nikaia, struck by Marcus Aurelius7, Cara- … Overbeck Leipzig 1893 pp. 56—72 and in his Lex. Myth. iii. 1405, A. Jeremias ib. v. 69. … he would almost certainly have been called"Aduvis. And (b), as Reinach himself points

350

the name of this city occurs in the Byzantine history, and is still written by ecclesiastics, … 1843 p. 32 n. 27 and K. W. Dindorf in Stephanus Thes. Gr. Ling. ii. 1595 c accept … 5 See infra n. 6, and cp. the formation of evSiavos (Find. 01. 9. 146 f. \pvxpdv...

351

In Zds, the form of Zeus used by Pherekydes of Syros1 and … Theodos. can. masc. 1 (i. 125, 34 Hilgard) 6 Zds, Herodian. 7rept ovop-druv (ii. 633, 15 and

352

detects yet another name comparable with that of Ianus1. And … Atas see H. W. Stoll in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1011 f. and P. Natorp in Pauly—Wissowa

353

first Apollo and then Liber Pater3. Since the Spartan kings were … here discussed and the equations proposed : … Zan. Throughout the historical period Ianus was more and more … fact that he was ab origine the divine Sky and nothing more7.

354

accusative case *'DiariA. And in like manner the Cretans honoured … calf and a silver knife. To all he gave a share.' The cult of this … It needs an effort of imagination on our part to realise that the

355

Ianus denoted the sky as an arch or vault2; L. Preller and H. Jordan … The archway of Ianus in all probability forms part of the back- … p. 126. Cp. B. R. Burchett Jantis in Roman Life and Cult Menasha, Wisconsin 191N … So fniivft fid; and; tic (Stnfutyrung femes Dtenftes in Stem an ten ©au res Ianus geminus auf … ' an arch which has not been identified, and which was probably destroyed in the altera-

356

E. Brizio and P. Rosa1 with the ianus at the entrance of the Forum2. … etc., cp. Acron and Porphyrion ad loc. The best collection of the evidence, literary and … der Kaiserzeit Miinchen—Leipzig 1895 p. 16 with figs. 3 (restoration by L. Levy) and 4

357

(restoration by F. Hoffbauer) pi. 7 (ground-plan and perspective view), H. Kiepert et … 1 Morell. Thes. Num. Imp. Rom. i. 308 pi. 18, 19 ( = my fig. 243) and 20 ( = my

358

and 'second brass' (figs. 250, 251)3 of this emperor that we gain … which is filled by shut doors and adorned with a festoon. The long … the entablature, sometimes embellished with palmettes and scroll- … belief'1—a similitude borne out by its arched vault and its four … above suspicion. The first was derived from H. Goltz, the second from J. Oisel; and … 1 Morell. Thes. Num. Imp. Rom. ii. 72 f. pi. 4, 9 and 10, Rasche Lex. Num. iv. 506 f., … 2 Morell. Thes. Num. Imp. Rom. ii. 101 pi. 9, 18 and 19, Rasche Lex. Num. iv. 506 f.,

359

puzzle, the original character and purpose of the triumphal arch. … conveniently summarised and discussed by G. Spano'. Most recent … pis. 80—85 and numerous figs, (an article of capital importance). C. D. Curtis ' Roman … memorates the victory of Iulius Caesar over Vercingetorix and the capture of Alesia … It is noteworthy that both the earliest and the latest datable examples of triumphal … Roman Essays and Interpretations Oxford 1920 p. 73 n. 2 (id. ' Passing under the Yoke '

360

events of communal importance and placed under the protection of … by the four-sided variety of the latter3; and, if the ianus Geminns … 2 P. Graef loc. cit. p. 1889 ff. fig. 1991 describes and illustrates the four-sided arch … 3 P. Graef loc. cit. p. 1880 pi. 80 fig. 6 and pi. 81 fig. 8 gives a description, ground-

361

the heavenly vault1, and that the triumphing general whose statue … arch5 supporting the emperor's chariot and explicitly dedicated … behind them a long classical history, in which religious beliefs no … 1881 p. 59, 15 ff.) and again in 1863 (A. Pellegrini ' Arco di Trajano' in the Bull. d. Inst. … by R. Lanciani The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome London 1897 p. 193, may … urbis regionum xiv and notitia regionum urbis xiv reg. 1 (H. Jordan Topographic der

362

2 Sir J. Evans in the Num. Chron. Third Series 1896 xvi. 48 ft'. pi. 5, 2, Gnecchi

363

Tigillum Sororium and lupiter Tigillus 363 … (v) The Tigillum Sororium and lupiter Tigillus. … 161 Gordian iii, id. Gr. Miinzen p. 225 nos. 744 Macrinus and 744b pi. 13, 4 Salonina, … Domna, 207 pi. 28, 16 Maximinus, 208 pi. 28, 22 Tranquillina and pi. 28, 24 (=my … p. 237 pi. 37, 8 ( = my fig. 260) Philippus Iunior = Anson Num. Gr. v. 25 nos. 179 and

364

364 Tigillum Sorormm and lupiter Tigillus … beam across the street, and caused his son with covered head to … B.C. or later) and no doubt knew the locality well, states that … He that as it may, both Dionysios and Festus speak of two altars, … against the first of October—a day appropriate both to Ianus and to … 3 Aur. Vict, de vir. ill. 4. 9, curios/em urbis regionum xiv and notitia regionum urbis

365

of iamis1 and as such represented that primitive sanctity, the animate … five cubits high, which looked east and west in the ianus Geminus of … Stadt Rom* Miinchen 1901 p. 311, W. H. Roscher in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 21, and … speaks of ' ceremonies in honor of Jupiter Tigillus and Juno Sororia.' But the phrase … willigung, wie es scheint, des Jupiter Tigillus.'' And even that is more than we really

366

the Forum1. And such is the god as he appears on a bronze medal-

367

lamp stands with thunderbolt and sceptre underneath an arch resting … of course, his double face. On republican and imperial coins he … pi. 39 no. 1 and by F. Creuzer Symbolik tend Mythologie* Leipzig and Darmstadt 1841 iii. … no. 65 pi. 8, p. 13 no. 68 pi. 7, p. 16 no. 93, p. 62 no. 430 and no. 431 pi. n, p. 90

368

524 f. fig., Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Coins Rep. ii. 283 pi. 94, 5 and 6. Fig. 267 is from a … Since the Furii and the Fonteii are the only Roman families to put a Janiform head

369

with the types of Ianus and Mercurius, issued at Rome between … Patro («V)jetc.) and Fons (Corp. inscr. Lat. viii no. 2656, 2 aedem Fontis etc.). Iupiter, … fig. 269) in the Museo Kircheriano weighing 270-i5 grammes and pi. 36, 3 ( = my fig. 270)

370

twofold face a frankly feminine cast and, adding a corn-wreath, … Historical Roman Coins London 1909 p. ~,o f. pi. 10, 28. The correct attribution and … 4 Gnecchi Medagl. Rom. ii. 62 no. 92 and no. 93 pi. 84, 4 ( = my fig. 272), Cohen

371

For this bold and somewhat grotesque device a precedent may be … who a few years later (214 A.D.) visited Thrace and, posing as … ' Alexander and Antoninus'2.' A propos of Commodus, we must rule … ii. 351 no. 20 fig., Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Coins Rep. ii. 371 f. pi. ior, 13 and 14. … served under his father and brother, who both bore the name Cn. Pompeius Magnus, it … head in an oak-wreath, rev. the heads of his father and brother confronted (Morell. op. cit. … 3 E. Gerhard in the Arch. Zeit. 1861 xix. 137 pi. 147, 8 (=my fig. 276) and 9 with

372

first struck by Antoninus Pius in 158 A.D. (fig. 2'jjY and sub- … Kubitschek Rom. Medallions Wien p. 7 no. 57 pi. 4 (mounted and silvered to serve as a … in Midler—Wieseler Denkm. d. alt. Kunst ii. 4. 65 pi. 74, 960 and in the Arch. Zeit. loc. cit.

373

the god, brought from Falerii in 241 B.C. and … rom?vi\. 291 no. 474 fig. 'Jupiter.' This specimen is struck in two metals, yellow and … v. Commod. 14. 3), and observed that the Golden Age was represented on an aureus ol … iii. 154 no. 219), and by Commodus (Gnecchi op. cit. ii. 65 f. no. 125 pi. 86, 8, nos. 126 — … 4 Serv. in Verg. Aen. 7. 607 and 12. 198, Macrob. Sat. 1. 9. 13, Lyd. de mens. 4. 1 … Roman Life and Cult Menasha, Wisconsin 1918 pp. 28 f., 40.

374

than Ianus himself, dressed up in a two-faced mask, and people call him … the passage lies in its record of a Ianus-mask. And of this there is … sumably of sheep-skin, which reaches to elbows and knees, buttons … of the superstitions of the Gentiles. Against this practice Saint Maximus and Peter … 962 Migne), Aug. serm. ig'j ' de calendis Tanuariis, contra paganos ' and 198 ' de calendis

375

with a Gorgon's head in front and a goat (?) behind. On the ground … Salii advancing with knobbed staves and oval shields decorated

376

shields, and Doric piploi, perhaps represents them in the guise of Minerva singing the … rom. ii. 83, 416 ff. fig.) and denarii (Morell. Thes. Num. Fam. Rom. i. 372 pi. Sanquinia, … staff, and shield on which is the head of Mars, standing before a candelabrum and a cippus

377

but a jerkin and hose of sheep-skin. This was in all probability the … with the priests of Anagnia4. The combination of goat (?) and … round the neck and buskins on the feet, advance towards each … 1893 i. 69 no. 437 v ■ cvinti • arnt\ias • culsansi j alpan • turce and no. 438 v • cvinti ■ arn\-

378

parts of Ianus (Culsansf and Hercules in some forgotten drama. … double face ? Ancient and modern explanations being admittedly … has a statue made with two faces and sets it up in a corner of her house....This … Let us fit the new key into our rusty lock and see if the door will … - G. Herbig in J. Hastings Encyclopcedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1912

379

in the Hesiodic Aigtmios as 'looking this way and that way with … about to slay Argos in the presence of Hera and the heifer Io … and ap. Tzetz. in exeg. II. p. 153, 2iff. Hermann (printed after G. Hermann's ed. of … Jahn loc. cit. gives the find-spot of the vase as Ponte della Badia, and the subject of its

380

dresses him in a short chitdn with ornamental borders and a lion- … right and left, while a youth stands by as spectator (fig. 288)4.

381

god and a rebirth of Zeus, is sometimes represented on black-

382

with prominent eyes, thick lips, and braided hair3. Specimens of aes … noses and front edges of both busts are restored. On the top is a hole containing remains

383

design a beardless Janiform head wearing a pointed pe'tasos, and for … head on the obverse and a prow … of a beard and the presence of … 1 fig. and 2, Hunter Cat. Coins i. 3 no. 6, W. Deecke Etruskische Forschungen Stuttgart … schungen Stuttgart 1876 ii. 43 f. nos. 6oa and 6ob, 128, 147 f.

384

they could borrow his bifrontal type. And in the development of … mit epfxa, ep«a£ zusammenhangt.') ; and it is no doubt possible to assume that this word … Hermes was, bien entendu, a god of many parts, at once terrestrial and celestial. We … 1894 iii. 90—99), and P". Bechtel (Lexilogus zu Homer Halle a. d. S. 1914 p. 100), all … son of TloXu-KTwp, and that Lyk. Al. 679 uses RVapos as a title of Hermes himself (schol.

385

Hellenistic date, he has a wide hat on his head and a long staff in … shows a bearded and an unbearded head combined beneath a round … 18. 12 Xa'P'' '^P^V XaPL§&Ta, OLaKTope, dcorop iawi>, and such passages as //. 14. 489 ff., … Zeus, who slays dpyrjri Kepavvu {supra i. 31 n. 4). And if Hermes' epithet came to be … that the caduceus of the victor originated as a bipartite lightning-fork {infra § 3 {c) iv (/3) and … gratia for 'ApyocpbvTTjs and compares the epic dvbpei<pbvTri<; for dv8po<fibvT7)s (though U. von

386

like head-gear of Rugiwit7. And the Greeks themselves were capable … P. D. Chantepie de la Saussaye The Religion of the Teutons Boston and London 1902

387

entiated. And this differentiation may vary much in its degree. … head and a lock of hair by its left ear have been restored. … d. Inst. 1877 xlix. 199 n. 1 and 234 f. ( = id. Kleine Schriften Miinchen 1912 i. 145 n. 2

388

Zeus wearing an oak-wreath and acorns, with Hermes (?) wearing … wearing a petasos, and a bearded Dionysos, with … (fig. 297)12. We find a Janiform arrangement even of a tragic and … ' deux palmes et trois onces.' Greek marble. Both heads are wreathed with poplar ; and … 10 Cabinet de France no. 3277, published by V. Duruy History of Rome and the Roman … and Ceres'), A. Michaelis Ancient Marbles in Great Britain Cambridge 1882 p. 258

389

J. J. Bernoulli in the course of his great works on Greek and

390

Thoukydides1, Sokrates and Platon (?)2, Sokrates and Seneca3, … 6 Furtwangler Vasensannnl. Berlin ii. 1026 nos. 4044 and 4045 = z'^. Samml. Sabom-qff

391

and the type, with its numismatic analogues1, prepared the way … 2 E.g. Brit. Mus. Cat. Sculpture iii. 46 nos. 1622 and 1623 {Brit. Mus. Marbles ii

392

with a Maenad5, Triton with Libye8, and doubtless many more, in- … vations of 1885 at Nemi8 and now forming part of a private English … 1 Frohner Sculpt, du Louvre i. 220 nos. 198 and 199 (? really Dionysos and Ariadne). … cinum' in the Mon. d. Line. 1903 xiii. 303 ff. figs. 1 and 2 ; the latter only, by G. H. Wallis … 1909 iv. 109—127 with figs. 1—6 and pis. 5, A—c and 6, A—C (three photographs from … The shaft, found close to the bust, is also of marble (bardiglio) and bears the inscription

393

probably brought at an earlier date from the same locality1 and … pair of water-divinities, arguing that fins start from their brows and … She made me older and henceforth of features … in Ausonia 1909 iv. 109—127 with figs. 1—6 and pis. 5, a—c and 6, a—c, Stuart Jones

394

fish-forms were not inappropriate to a companion of Artemis and … clearly to be explained as oak-leaves, and that the alleged fins are not … older face, anxious and wrinkled, might portray the king-priest … ' Thus the identification of the leaves on the bust as oak-leaves, and with it … Hippolytum Aesculapius arte medicinae reddidit vitae, unde et Virbius dictus, and in his … p. 368 n. 3) the old Latin goddess of lakes and rivers, and father of Fontus (ib.) the god

395

grinning empty mouth as if to indicate that the sacred oak and with it the god … Nottingham armed with nettles, and they demand of passers-by to "show … Litteratur- Miinchen 1899 ii. 1. 315), and that of Dioskorides based on the same work

396

ste. W. S. Teuffel—L. Schwabe Xatov Kai deppLov (so cod, N. and A. Lacuna. The … with verbena officinalis, irepiaTepeoiv {itttios with verbena supina. And these identifications … 1882 ii. 367—369, H. Friend Flozuers and Flower Lore London 1883 i. 171, 313, 315, … ' Simpler's Joy,' 480 'Vervain' and 'Vervain, Base or Flat,' J. Cameron The Gaelic … Here it is in point to observe that both Pliny and Dioskorides compare the leaves of

397

ffktKTpov, 'UXeKTpa, 'HXe/crcop, 'RXeKTpvuv as Zeus 'the Glittering.' But??), and regard … Sir James Frazer (Golden Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 379 n. 5) and myself (Folk-Lore

398

Worterb? p. 478). Assuming that both Virbius and verbena were related to viridis (cp. … with figs. 1—6 and pis. 5, a—c and 6, a—c (= my pi. xxii, 1—3). Miss Morpurgo's results … and Nemi.

399

leaves1, that the eyebrows throughout are dentate, and that the … contends that the foliation under the eyes of the two figures and … 19023, are Hippolytos and Virbius, the mythical prototypes of the … Giant fighting Phoihe has horns in his hair and a left ear like a pointed leaf {Pergamon … lived in s. vi (?) a. d., was sun and pupil of the Latin grammarian Adamantius: see

400

Diana and the Oak … I should maintain that the oak was the tree of Diana, and that … by a grove of holm-oaks, the haunt of Picus and Faunus8. A 'very … between the Baths of Diocletian and the slope of the Quirinal towards the Viminal, which … urbis regionum xiv and the notitia regionum urbis xiv reg. 2 (H. Jordan Topographie der

401

Diana and the Oak

402

Diana and the Oak … Lariscolus have for obv. type the bust of Acca Larentia, and for rev. the Querquetulanae … on the 1. holds a poppy') pi. 55, 19 ( = myfig. 304) and 20. Fig. 305 f. are from specimens … cp. comix, Corniscae) and denotes 'Young larch.' Cp. the name M. Caesius Larix {Corp.

403

Diana and the Oak 403 … and in Lorraine it is believed that the beech is never struck by lightning (P. Sebillot … inconceivable that C. Passienus Crispus, a Roman of exceptional ability and distinction, … rex Nemorensis was even then playing a similar part. Diana's tree in the grove near

404

Diana and the Oak … (ii. 133, 30 ff. Vogel) ap. Euseb.chron. vers. Armen. (i. 287, 7 IT. Schdne)) and dedicated … the home of the Vitellii, descendants of Faunus king of the Aborigines and the goddess … Cambridge 1897 i. 221, 358. And G. Meyer Etyniologisches Worterbuch der albanesischen … 4 Hor. od. 3. 23. 9 f., 4. 4. 57 f., cp. od. 1. 21. 5 f. and Stat. silv. 4. 4. 16. When in

405

Artemis and the Oak … an oak-tree of noble girth3'; and in Roman times the image of … which a Diana-pillar, with Itknon, phallSs, and lagobdlon, is seen beneath an arched tripod … A. Meineke and O. Schneider, for <priy<+ inrb itpep.vy codd. U. von Wilamowitz- … enclosed within a paved temenos; and the building erected over it, by the restoration B, … was to be erected on the new platform' with p. 52 ff. fig. 13 ff. and Atlas pi. r f. See also … century building (D. G. Hogarth op. cit. p. 283 f. Atlas pi. 12) and again in the fourth- … p. 349 fig. 335, a, b, c, p. 429 fig. 391) and adorned with carving rightly or wrongly

406

Artemis and the Oak … his Ephesiaca Berlin 1843) and … mae 1688 and G. P. Bellori Notce … Marble : head, hands, and feet of … head, and the head of the top … and index finger of 1.; heads of … double tower, face, hands and

407

Artemis and the Oak 407 … The upper part of the chest is adorned with a gar- … sheath gradually diminishing in size and reaching nearly … The base on which the figure stands, and which … the base, to right and left of the stepped plinth, there were originally two rectangular

408

408 Artemis and the Oak … and makes it likely that the hands of the goddess were tethered by means of fillets (Hesych. … The fillets are most clearly shown on silver coins struck at Ephesos by Claudius and … = my fig. 310). And the general effect of the effigy is to be seen from a bronze coin of … Therma(s? -ios?) (S30), and Orgas (SO) (Sir W. M. Ramsay The Cities and Bishoprics

409

Artemis and the Oak 409 … with rich and varied fruitage hung upon it, made therefrom an image … may be safely regarded as a late and perhaps Egyptising addition : cp. the small nads on

410

Artemis and the Oak … Grammata aus Papyrusrollen, Inschriften, Gemmen etc. Wien 1886 pp. 1—38 and by R. … meter invocation beginning with "Apre/xi, (puis iepbv, and ending with some such phrase as … whose curled wings became successively heart-shaped, piriform, oval, circular, and whose … to the Greeks as TroXvpLaaros and to the Romans as multimammia (Hieron. in Paul, ad … Byzantion and Epicharmos frag. 127 Kaibel ap. Steph. Byz. s.v. Xtrci^?;, cp. Hesych. s.v.

411

Artemis and the Oak … black with pitch-pines and leaves of the evergreen oak1.' But in … us on a pedestal with stag, bow, and branch (fig. 317)4. Bendis, … doros, for his official services to her sanctuary and orgednes be … green Oak,' who speaks of herself as dvaa and evela, leaves certain vineyards to her diaaos, … avireXwv \ ir\edpa 5vu \ aijv res Ta<ppois \ oirus dTro<p\[epoj]vTaL aifxoi | —--and C Kai oi

412

Artemis and the Oak … And literary allusions tell the same tale. An Orphic hymn to … Arkadia6, but also speaks of her effigy as carved on ' pitch-pine and … forests of oak and drew its name from the fact8. On its shore, near

413

Artemis and the Oak … into the sea and lay buried in the precinct of his goddess5. Saron, … s.V7). aopuvis' eXdrrj 7raAcud and awpuvis' eXarrj. KaiiroXis. AI. Schmidt remarks : 'aopuvis … p. 26 f.. cp. id. Lakon. Ktilte p. 125 n. 3 and in the Festschrift fur Otto BenndorfWien … can swim well and take readily to the water (see e.g. R. Lydekker The Royal Natural … 4 Euphorion ap. schol. Dionys. per. 420 (cp- et. mag. p. 708, 51 ff.) and Eustath. in … enrb tov iv T:poi'Cr)vi. Sapam/coO ko\ttov= Phot. lex. s.v. Laptovia) and Epidauros (P. Kabbadias … vias with a numeral below and a circle, perhaps meant for a wreath, in the middle of

414

Artemis and the Oak … intimate with Artemis, had the entree of her dbatou3, and died a … tion of "Lapiovls; for "Zapwvis and 2<xpwW<x may both be derivatives of Zdpwv, a place-name … originally connected with 81ktvop (supra i. 541 n. 6); and the Hesychian gloss may rest … et jactus piscium,' etc.), and presumably also at Megara (F. Pfister Die mythische Konigs- … Atlas, (5) 'Aertos, son of "Avdas, in whose reign Troizen and Pittheus, the s^ns of Pelops, … (supra i. 71 ff.), and that the Arcadian Anthos was perhaps, like Anthos the son of

415

Artemis and the Oak 415 … wild-olive, growing near the sanctuary and known as the Writhen … entangled2. Ovid and Seneca speak of it as a mere stump: the … 2 Paus. 2. 32. 10 iiri BdXaacrav 8e tj\v ^Kpaiav (\pri(paiav codd. Angelicus and Ric-

416

Artemis and the Oak … citadel crowned by a distyle temple and flanked by a couple of … and P. Gardner Num. Comm. Pans. i. 47 pi. M, 4. The temple is that of Athena Sthenids … Suppl. iv. 271 no. 208, Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner Num. Comm. Pans. i. 47.

417

nected with Hippolytos by literature and art very possibly pre- … well known, has conjectured that such was the case and has immor- … 2 Robert Sari'.-Keifs iii. 169—219 pis. 44—56 and figs, in text. … He adds a background etc. of oaks and olives. … no. 3243 Dianae j Nemoresi Vestae | sacrum, etc.) and presumably had a perpetual fire … a natural oak-wood, and that therefore the tree which the King of the Wood had to guard … portrays the old King of the Wood and his younger rival, shows both of them plastered

418

and I was formerly disposed to question its validity1. I still … who lived in Italy from 1776 to 1799, describes the lake-side and … by Augustus ; its spreading branches hang over the lake, and produce a noble

419

to go over from Rome to Nemi and question the peasants on the … gigantic oak-tree, which grew on the banks of the Lake and was said to have … twenty-five in its hollow trunk and was believed to have been … ran down the book in the Biblioteca Vittorio Emanuele and on

420

Miss Knight went to Italy, and 1797, when Ratti brought out his … and how widely he was recognised, our meagre records do not permit … Diana, Virbius, and his successful rival3. As to the latter question, … view: see Folk-Lore 1906 xvii. 445 f., supra i. 274 f. And further reasons for adopting it … was certainly a beech-goddess in the near neighbourhood (supra p. 402 f. and especially … " Verbio was a beautiful youth, as good as he was beautiful, and he loved with all his heart

421

a priest of Virbius is mentioned in an inscription at Naples1, and … the name of a Laconian river4. And Pausanias says that the image … of Virbius ; and in his forbears Amfihz'sthenes and Amphikles I find … not believe in the power of devils, and was only too glad to get his love again, and so … of Fopdia (for uoi-dhiid) ^involves a sound Vu which the Latins disliked and would there- … 8 According to Walde Lat. etym. Wdrterb? pp. 55 f., 58 and Boisacq Diet, e'tytn. de

422

showing Ortkia might be rendered ' Goddess of Growth1' and … vault of heaven first produced a pair of pendant divinities and … ranean7, formerly called the pillars of Briareos8 and earlier still the … and would denote ' She who makes to grow.' Cp. Zeus 'Qpdilxrios (Dion. Hal. ant. Rom. … egg splits into Ouranos and Ge {infra Append. G). … 9 Euphorion and Charax frag. 16 {Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 640 Muller) ap. schol. Dionys. … 12 Iul. Valer. 3. 49 p. 157, 14 ff. Kuebler (two inscribed stelae of solid gold and silver … p. 29, 3 ff.) (two inscribed stelae of solid gold and silver respectively, twelve cubits high, … showing Ortkia might be rendered ' Goddess of Growth1' and … vault of heaven first produced a pair of pendant divinities and … ranean7, formerly called the pillars of Briareos8 and earlier still the … and would denote ' She who makes to grow.' Cp. Zeus 'Qpdilxrios (Dion. Hal. ant. Rom. … egg splits into Ouranos and Ge {infra Append. G). … 9 Euphorion and Charax frag. 16 {Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 640 Muller) ap. schol. Dionys. … 12 Iul. Valer. 3. 49 p. 157, 14 ff. Kuebler (two inscribed stelae of solid gold and silver … p. 29, 3 ff.) (two inscribed stelae of solid gold and silver respectively, twelve cubits high,

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / VI: Zeus and the twins

423

those of Herakles and Dionysos in India1, imply the belief that the … conceived as sky-props. And here a certain advance may be dis- … 1 The pillars of Herakles and Dionysos on Indian soil (Strab. 171) are sometimes … {Poet. Lat. min. v. 296 and 311 Baehrens) in like manner describes the pillars of Dionysos … I add what seems to be a northern parallel. At Cape Solfar in the southern part of … him to reclothe the same with flesh [cp. Frazer Golden Bough3: Spirits of Corn and Wild … south stood a tall square beam bearing the same marks : the lower part of it was driven

424

on some coins of Kypros (figs. 325, 326)2, Sardeis (fig. 327)3, and … 1 Hdt. 2. 44. Cp. supra i. 356 and 583 n. 2. … the time of Trajan or Hadrian TT£ P TAM H N H N 6TT I CT P I TJCL AAI fi N OC and … flanking candelabra, and paved semicircular court. For similar gold rings see L. P. di … enamel filling), p. 240 f. nos. 1640 and 1641 pi. 35 (reliefs of applique work). Cp. the

425

no. 1 Paris (' Between these columns and the central portion are burning torches') pi. 26, … 1 The best general account of the Paphian structure as figured on coins and gems is

426

4 Alii aliter. (1) E. L. Curtis—A. A. Madsen A critical and exegetical commentary … for deity, and they formed a part of that Phallic worship of which we are finding more … establish,'' the Stablisher,' and Boas, ' in

427

a pious Jew c. 250—350 A.D. (fig. 331)2. Jachin and Soaz appear … to the temple and the pillars of its colonnade are here shown in silver). Inscribed

428

of Dionysos and outside the temple set up two great statues-on- … and he has even attempted to decipher in that sense the Syriac … associate with him in cult Monimos and Azizos. Iamblichos, from whose ample … 'the Strong' ('aziz), and Monimos, 'the Beneficent' (jnounfm), … The Cult of the Heavenly Twins Cambridge 1906 p. 105 ff. pis. (2) and (3), id. Boanerges

429

Arabic divinities of the morning- and evening-star1. I would sup- … Pius (figs. 333, 334)3, and Tranquillina (fig. 3 35)4 Tyche, the city- … vtto tup oIkovvtuv ttjv "ESeacrav (E. Spanheim and W. C. Wright would again read … 103 and F. Cumont Etudes syriennes Paris 1917 pp- 269 n. 2, 353.

430

compared with Ares. If so, he was one, and the more important … giant and probably intended for the constellation Orion2, whose … Cat. Coins tocc. citt. hazards ' statue (of Aquarius ?)' and is followed by Head Hist. … ple in her right hand, the river-god Skirtosat her feet, and four stars round about her. … pi. 1 f. (' Stembilderkarte' and ' Sternkarte '). … corresponding with the morning- and evening-star. Thus the Sabaean god ' Athtar, ' equi-

431

Baitokaike (fig. 337)1 and elsewhere throughout the Syrian area … that each of the dpheboi was holding in both hands a torch (probably added in paint), and

432

B.C. led on to the view, first clearly enunciated by Parmenides and … arm, and connective pediment, but adds between the brothers their mother Leda (?) in a … 3 I figure a pair of belt-hooks, obtained by Mr E. J. Seltman in Capri, and now in

Plate XXIV

Etruscan mirror: the Dioskouroi with Leda(?) and Helene(?)

433

below, the earth, and called them Dioskoroi, adding a marvellous tale about … the two hemispheres, the one above the earth and the other below it, as Dios- … And men put pilot on their heads with stars atop, hinting at the arrangement of … than s. i A.D.) alludes briefly to the same ' Homeric allegory3.' And … and the hemisphere above, the earth ; they take it in turns to die, according to

434

birth to twins, and the infants themselves are called the children of

435

because the Sky itself, appearing alternately as Day and Night, is … times expressed in terms of Sun and Moon1, or—-for that matter— … dealer, which represents two warriors, with helmets, shield, and … and remarked ' the common relation of the brothers to alternating … Kuigdom Second Series 1853 iv. 261 f., 289 ff. with woodcut and col. pi. … (supra i. 721 pi. xli) and very possibly inspired by the Gigantomachy painted on the

436

436 Kastor and Polydeukes … the two Spartan kings were priests of Zeus Lakedaimon and of … cessive pair of kings related to Kastor and Polydeukes that, if both … at Paris, the chariot of Zeus has two white horses and two red, that of Ares three red and … 9 If so, no wonder that Aristomenes and his friend were able to impose on the

437

Kastor and Polydeukes 437 … but explains that, though buried, they were yet alive, and adds that … in the trunk of an oak7, and with his brother at once hastened to … ' He ceased, and before him came Zeus, and spake in this wise :—" Thou art … Aristarchos cj. rifxevov. See further infra p. 439 n. 1 and E. Abel Seholia Vetera in

438

Kastor and Polydeukes … and Pindar were alike indebted to the Kypria'1, of which certain … And then in haste … Kastor the mortal and Polydeukes the im- … lift the cattle of the Apharidai and … Idas and Lynkeus with the stele of Aphareus

439

Kastor and Polydeukes 439 … Then drew he near and smote the mighty oak1. … O' the bull9 and bear him groundwards. Yet once more … Howbeit bronze12 and far-flung thunderbolts … What time he15 bent his horn and fought his fight. … Twins' in-and-out career was not, as Pindar and Lykophron would … o^vtoltov yv to op.p.a. See also Tzetz. chil. 2. 710—716 and in Lyk. Al. 511. … ]- The spear of Polydeukes, which slew Lynkeus. 13 Idas and Lynkeus.

440

44-0 Romulus and Remus … immortal Polydeukes. And this contrast is best regarded as a … tether of the Spartan kings and the periodic test to which they were subjected [Golden … regno pararent inter se (so J. F. Gronovius for parent inter se codd. A.P.M. and cod.

441

Romulus and Remus 441 … the same ancient principle reasserted itself and possessed sufficient … tw[v—] I [--------] and provides a stemma (op. cit. p. 165).

442

442 Romulus and Remus … felicitas, 'the Luck of the Times1.' Again, Nero Caesar and … (fig. 342)3 and 40 A.D., as a pair of youthful horsemen closely re- … comua copiae and the horsemen, were imitated on bronze pieces … commemorate the birth of a son, t. Aelius Antoninus, in 147 a.d. and that of a second … BACIAEflC Y I 0 I) and 6 (traces of BACIAeflC YIOI, cp. e. Babelon Bibliotheque

443

Romulus and Remus 44.3 … often portray Romulus and Remus, the prototypes of all these … p. 507 fig., p. 708 ('Commodus and Antoninus, whom Faustina brought forth at one birth, … monete greche e i/nperiali romane Milano 1911 p. 93 nos. 1039 f. copper. Figs. 347 and

444

Zetes and Kalais … (77) Zetes and Kalais. … daughter of Erechtheus, the father of two winged sons, Zetes and … 5 Simonid. frag. 3 Bergk4 ap. schol. Ap. Rhod. r. 211 f. and Eudok. viol. 1021, Ap. … ZATAN, Leo Allatius and F. Bianchini ZATAN, L. Stephani ...AN) and in any case

445

Herakles and Iphikles 445 … the diverse characters of his children, Zethos the stern hunter and … and an apple (?) in the other (fig. 352)8. A. Heron de Villefosse … mann restored Z-^r^s) and Serv. in Verg. Aen. 10. 350 a Zetho et Calai (so G. Thilo: … p. 230, 55 ff. and et. mag. p. 411, 12 ff., cp. Hyg. fab. 7) or fdw (et. Gtid. p. 230, 54 f., … 7 For the case of Kteatos and Eurytos see supra i. 311, infra Append. F (1).

446

446 Herakles and Iphikles … arms1, clad in a lion-skin and grasping … fig- 51— my fig- 353) representing a warrior with four arras, four eyes in his head, and … double-headed male figure advancing to right, with club in right hand and bow in left, … four-armed male figure advancing to right, with heads looking different ways, bow and

447

(1897)- and B. V. Head (1911)3. … that Kastor was named after kdstor, the ' beaver6/ and recalls … 5 Id. ib. p. 147 cites Herakles and Iphikles, Agamemnon and Menelaos, .Hektor and … pp. 296, 302 f., 310. I am not concerned to deny the possibility, and even the attractive- … 8 Hes. theog. 154 ff. (Gaia, angry with Ouranos because he hated their offspring and

448

Bergk4 and Akousilaos frag. 29 {Frag. hist. Gr. i. 103 Miiller) ap. schol. Ap. Rhod. 4. … frag. 554 Schneider ap. Plin. nat. hist. 4. 52) or Apeiravov (Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 762 and … 54 {Frag. hist. Gr. i. 203 Miiller) ap. schol. Ap. Rhod. 4. 983 : Ap. Rhod. 4. 982 ff. and … C. von Holzinger ad loc.) and Apiiravov in Achaia (Paus. 7. 23. 4) were likewise con- … advice of Nyx made Kronos drunk on honey, bound him beneath the tall oaks, and gelded … the gods had vanquished the Gigantes, Ge in anger consorted with Tartaros, and brought

449

and pursued him to Mt Kasion in Syria. Seeing that he was wounded, Zeus then came … the fight round Mt Haimos and hurled whole mountains at Zeus. But the thunderbolt … Gaia, stole them, kept them in a hollow rock, and usurping the powers of Zeus (1. 295 … him, and together they'plotted the death of Typhoeus. Pan was to dress up Kadmos as … ground, and gives them to Kadmos. Kadmos handles the sinews and stores them in a … of Zeus. Meantime Zeus creeps into the cave, recovers his weapons, and conceals Kadmos

450

and so retires to Olympos, taking the gods with him. … Tyr v. the wolf Fenrir [who is bound with the fetter Gleipnir, made in part of the sinews … Horos, swallows it, and then restores it—the Egyptian explanation of a solar eclipse). … originally a euphemism for the aiboca A(6s, cp. Plout. de Is. et Os. 55 Tv<pQvos aibo7a and … 1 Another explanation, advanced by A. Lang Custom and Myth London 1884 p. 45 ff., … perhaps mutilates his father Set at the separation of earth and heaven. … lations of Kronos by Zeus and of Zeus by Typhon will be later repetitions of the same … ' Kibuka, the War God of the Baganda' in Man 1907 vii. 161 —166 with pi. L, 1—3 and … stool with a hollowed seat containing his lower jawbone, his testicles, and his phallos, in … und Tabu Leipzig—Wien 1913 (extr. from Imago 1912 i and 1913 ii) p. 120 f. ' Wer aber

451

certainly a recurring feature1, and may presuppose loss of virility. … tively male and female6. Whether Iphikles, sometimes called … distinguished Machaon as surgeon from Podaleirios as physician, and preferred the less … HodaXeLpiov. k.t.X. and IIoodAeta in central Lykia. The Greeks, however, here as else- … parallel is to be found in the case of Jacob and Esau. The analogy is indeed singularly … Kelfs iii. 2. 194 ff. pi. 50, 160 (bearded figure in right hand corner) and 160 a (beardless

452

Apollon and Artemis … naturally have occurred are Delos and Delphoi. At Delos we have … 4 Olen ap. Hdt. 4. 35 ^Qiris and " Apyq. … 11 Claud, de cons. Stil. 3. 253 ff. 0&7rts, 'EfcaepyT], and Aofci form a triad in Kallim. … 'A/xcl5okos and AaodoKos are comparable with the Thracian names MrjSoKos, ^irapddoKos,

453

Apollon and Artemis … L. R. Farnell (1896)2, who groups the cults of Apollon-and-Artemis … Delphoi and Pylai—in Orestes, the ' Mountain-man,' and Pylddes, … no. 475), has for its principal design the meeting of Apollon and Artemis. Apollon, … id. Greek Historical Writing and Apollo trans. G. Murray Oxford 1908 pp. 27—45.

455

Apollon and Artemis 455 … that the Delian Apollon was believed to winter in Lykia4, and that … Delos and Crete, and that it passed over from the islands to the main- … rare on the Greek mainland, much more frequent in the islands and … Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2174 f. and Frazer Pausanias ii. 195 f. … epideictic speech, in lettering of the age of Commodus, dealing with the mythology and

456

Apollon and Artemis … as Leto, and the recognition of Apollon and Artemis as her twin … and O. Jessen ib. vii. 2579, Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 939 n. 7, M. P. Nilsson loc. cit.

457

Apollon and Artemis 457 … came into Hellas with the invaders from the North, and aided by the … 2 A. L. Frothingham 'Medusa, Apollo, and the Great Mother' in the Am. Joum. … 13 C. O. Miiller The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race trans. H. Tufnell and

458

Apollon and Artemis … may have belonged equally to Thracians and Hellenes : Thomaschek's Die alteji Thraker … repeated by M. H. Swindler Cretan Elements in the Cults and Ritual of Apollo Bryn … gods of Homer's Achaeans are perhaps the patriarchal Zeus and his son Apollo ; next to

459

Apollon and Artemis 459 … archer draws near to Olympus all the gods tremble and start from … he was " invited," he took over into his cult the local gods and … ' When Apollon was born, Zeus arrayed him with a golden mitra and a … 2 M. H. Swindler Cretan Elements in the Cults and Ritual of Apollo Bryn Mawr

460

Apollon and Artemis … forth and Apollon is here, the lyre too brightens into a summer strain concerning … copy existed in the Stosch collection and passed with … bay-branch and quiver as he bears off the reluctant … kinthos Swaeiv.. .vwep kvkvoov (kvkvov cod. P. and ed. … Third Series 1887 vii. 57 f. pi. t, 22 Paris, id. ib. Third Series 1S90 x. 22 pi. 3, 3 Green- … style, found in Kyrenaike, preserved in the British Museum, and hitherto unpublished

461

Apollon and Artemis … regards the Satyrs and Maenads as mere 'personifications of nature' {Brit. Mus. Cat. … 312 Miinztaf. 5, u Lucius Verus ( = my fig. 360) and 12 Tranquillina, Waddington—

462

Apollon and Artemis

463

Apollon and Artemis … Entered their homes and supped with them, men say, … The feasting and the feasters' praise ; … iii. 633 f.) and from the epic Apollon by Simmias of Rhodes (W. Christ Geschichte der … a similar hecatomb at Apollon's altar. But Apollon came and threatened to kill him, … Phlegyas had married Alkyoneus), Artemiche into a iricpiy^ (a lark?), and Ortygios into … 191 ff. no. 70, 14 f. =J. v. Prott and L. Ziehen Leges Graecorum sacrae ii no. 75, 14 f. koX

464

Apollon and Artemis … And glad at heart go revelling now. … And far from Nemesis' despite … free from disease and old age, he means beyond all reasonable doubt … explains the part played by that hero in the myth. On the other … Scythians9 and is but a stranger in central Europe10. We may there-

465

Apollon and Artemis … by no ordinary route, Pindar's third Olympian*, written for Theron … Boreas,' had marvelled at its trees, and had been filled with desire … blunder common to Greek9, Latin10, and Hebrew11 writers. And we … Cambridge Philological Society i8g4 p. i4f., reported in The Academy 1894 xlvi. 404 and

466

Apollon and Artemis … ever, we accept Sir W. Ridgeway's explanation and with him suppose … Gulf and, leaning it against the image of Hermes Polygios at Troizen, … ask of the god whether wreaths should be awarded, and the god … 3 Caes. de bell. Gall. 6. 26. This and other classical references to reindeer are collected

467

Apollon and Artemis 467 … So he walled it round and wreathed the victors from its branches. … the north to Olympia is supported by both ritual and myth. Only, … ' The Eleans are wont to use logs of white-poplar, and of no other tree, for … white-poplar growing beside the Acheron, the river in Thesprotia ; and on this … 1 Cp. Dion. Hal. ant. Rom. i. 71 Adi/cX^s Mecnjptos, Euseb. chron. 1 (i. 195, 4 and

468

468 Apollon and Artemis … loved by Plouton and carried off to the Underworld, where she spent

469

Apollon and Artemis … it, brought it to the Upperworld, and showed it to Helios. The myth … and natives of the island spoke of the white-poplar as ' Helios' … Skopas und Verwandtes' in the Rom. Mitth. 1889 iv. 189—226 with pi. 8 f. and illustra- … Museu??i: Marbles and Bronzes London 1914 p. 6 pi. 21. … divrj, irvLyo/xai \ k.t.X. Large bronze coins issued at Rhodes between 88 and 43 B.C. have

470

47° Apollon and Artemis … and at Athens4 wore white-poplar. But the practice has ultimately … monly described as an oak-wreath; and such it might possibly be {Class. -Rev. 1903 xvii. … reports (June 24, 1921): ' I have looked at the coins of Rhodes you mention and have … care, but the essential difference between the oak and poplar (the pyramidical shape of … 5 So Dr W. Leaf in his note on 77. 13. 389. Cp. E. Step Wayside and Woodland

471

Apollon and Artemis … The striking effect of light combined with dark was, at least in part, … When Idmon, son of Apollon and seer of the Argonauts, died, his … Peplar (White), Poplar (White, Silver), White-bark.' Abele and its various deformations

472

Apollon and Artemis … of ' tall black-poplars and willows that shed their fruit3.' When … on leaves of myrtle, olive, and black-poplar6.' And the place where … writers, speaks of them as poplars9; and the Greeks almost with one … 5 Verg. Aen. 5. 134. Serv. and interp. Serv. ad loc. drag in Hercules, and even Hebe, … 9 Verg. Ae?i. 10. 190 with Serv. ad loc, cp. Hyg. fab. 152 and 154, Plin. nat. hist.

473

Apollon and Artemis 473 … chariot-team by the reins and will next turn his attention to the … whose arrow would avenge the wrong done to Apollon, and by Iris5, … them. In this last desperate effort they and their vanished sister

474

474 Apollon and Artemis

475

Apollon and Artemis … top of it and a ladder leaning against it. P. Hartwig2 and H. Goez3 … a notion that is not Greek6. And Artemis is unexampled dans cette … Helios, and the two horses of Troilos can be duplicated for the … in front of him, is trying to tear away the fatal poplar-branches, and can hardly be viewed … inspired by a literary (but ;w/z-tragic) source, to which Ovid and Valerius Flaccus were … extracts from a fifth-century representation of Apollon and Artemis slaying the Niobids,

476

Apollon and Artemis … a ladder, a dancing Satyr2, and a dancing Maenad3. By dexterous … and the ladder. The action, doubtless, takes place on the banks … 1 For vintage-scenes as part of the Arretine potter's repertoire see H. B. Walters op. … originally called Eridanos, that he was renamed from his fiery fall, and that he gave his

477

Apollon and Artemis 477 … his kinsman Phaethon was changed into a swan and chanted his … Both Auriga, the 'Charioteer,' and O/or, the 'Swan,' are to be seen … find there, and that was flocks of swans singing on the banks. We were still on … men, you know, who were changed here from men to birds, and still sing in

478

47 8 Apollon and Artemis … lowed by new and glorified life

479

Apollon and Artemis … replaced by the Dioskouroi2 riding up from left and right, while … his shoulder and a snake4 at his side. Beyond him is another … tial river, and that not only in Australia8, Annam9, China1", … 7 All three are modifications of figures F (Hippodameia) and O (the handmaid) in the … 9 H. Gaidoz and E. Rolland in Milusine Paris 1884-85 ii. 154. … and visited Bactria (b.c. 138), was sent by the Emperor to discover the source of the … He did so, and the astrologer at once recognized the shuttle as that of the Weaving

480

Apollon and Artemis … it the ' River Jordan7.' And this name can be traced back for hun- … Damsel (a Lyrae); further declaring that on the day and at the hour when Chang received … the south of the north pole, and that fire and red are the element and colour, respectively, … fable, which is of Chinese origin, relates the loves of a Herdsman and a Weaving-Girl. … the pair as mortals, who were wedded at the early ages of fifteen and twelve, and who … Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 1493. 4 H. Gaidoz and E. Rolland loc. cit. ii. 156. … 6 G. Loukas <S?l\o\oyiKal k-wioKe\\tu<i Athens 1874 p. 135, quoted by H. Gaidoz and … 9 E. Legrand ap. H. Gaidoz and E. Rolland loc. cit. ii. 156 f.

481

Apollon and Artemis … the outset none other than the Milky Way, and that, when a different … spoke of this constellation as the Nile, and that many called it … 2 R. Brown Eridanus: river and constellation London 1883 p. 44 would connect the … 9 77. 14. 201 and 302 'ilKeavov re 8ei2v yeveatv /cat /uyrepa TtjOvv, cp. ib. 245 f. iroTa/j.oio

482

482 Apollon and Artemis … the forefather of the human race as he wakes at night and sees— … and branching across the midnight sky. Thus at Niixei in the Harz … Osiris and Isis respectively (Plout. de Is. ct Os. 34). The Egyptians believed the Nile, … 7 R. Campbell Thompson The Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia London 1903

483

Apollon and Artemis … 200 The gods Ka-Hegal, Shi-Dugal, (and) ... of Eridu … was plucked for medicinal use originally by the gods and later by … Its (branches) are of glittering lapis lazuli and stretch out over the ocean.— … marks his progress across the sky by streaks of fire and that once,

484

Apollon and Artemis … Into the mouth of the deep mere ; and still … Falls i' the heat. And maidens all around, … And left, at his Father's chiding, radiant heaven, … both interesting and important. The Keltoi, he says, regarded amber … name3. The oldest form of it seems to have been Apellon, and

485

Apollon and Artemis 485 … a Nymphaion with springs of hot water and bitumen2. Close by, a … fire (fig. 36c))5. And a copper piece, struck by Caracalla, shows the … 3 Plout. v. Sit//. 27 (here a Satyr was caught asleep and brought before Sulla, whom

486

Apollon and Artemis … He grew to man's estate, built the town of Oite, and established a sanctuary of … introduction, and Ovid4 a propos of the earliest Pythian games states … 2 Ov. met. 9. 329 ft", contaminates the story of Dryope with that of Lotis, and trans- … who cites Apollon 'Acrxpaios (supra p. 255, cp. Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 416) and Apollon … Apvpias as a barbaric name), Dryops son of Apollon (supra p. 486 n. 1) and Dryope mate

487

Apollon and Artemis … the poplar1 was the tree sacred to Apollon throughout central and … But, when I went to live for four years among the Slovenians of Gorizia, Ljubljana, and … in the Peiraieus) and dedications to MaXedras from Prasiai in Lakonike (Inscr. Gr. Arc.

488

Apollon and Artemis … Isyllos twice (ib. no. 950 C, 27 and 31) ends a hexameter with the appellative MaXedra. … Harris, like H. Usener Golternamen Bonn 1S96 p. 146 f. and S. Eitrem Die gottlichen … (Prasiai) MaXedra J MaXe'ats and no. 1519 (Tyros) 'AnoXovos e'/x [MaXeats] on a small … frag. 326 (ii. 278, 4 f. Lentz) and ire pi bvo/xaTuiv, ire pi tujv ets els (ii. 619, 6 ff. Lentz)). … 44. 3). Rasche Lex. Num. vi. 406 and Welcker Gr. Gotlerl. ii. 474 cite a copper of

489

Apollon and Artemis 489 … Megara and therefore a grand-daughter of Megara in Greece, maintained the worship of … Byz. s.v. Ypvvoi, cp. Yerg. Aeu. 4. 345). Here Kalchas and Mopsos were said to have … fell in with a better seer than himself, Mopsos son of Teiresias' daughter Manto, and died … Muller)), the numerical question concerned the unborn litter of a sow ; and that others … return from Troy was carried by a storm to Kolophon (schol. Od. 13. 259) and so en-

490

Apollon and Artemis … nian account of Kalchas' contest was brought over to Siris, and there perhaps attached to … apple-tree at Gryneia and the wild fig-tree at Kolophon were sacred trees, like that of … frag. 1 cited supra p. 466 n. 11), and are represented in connection with them on imperial … Agonistic table, on which are a crow, five apples, and a bay-wreath. Fig. 373, from a … to left with diskos and three apples in his hands. Across the field is TTV 01 A, p- 166

491

Apfbllon and Artemis 491 … Anson Num. Gr. i. 60 no. 683 pi. 10, i. 66 no. 724 pi. ri), and of Tralleis in Lydia … which are five apples between two prize-wreaths. In the field to left and right TTV0IA … including Eckhel Doctr. num. vet!2 ii. 311 f. and Rasche Lex. Num. iii. 586, Suppl. ii. … 'une pierre,' and ' un disque.' W. Wroth in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Crete etc.

492

492 Apollon and Artemis … F. Lenormant id, p. 129 fF., W. Wroth in the Num. Chron. Third Series 1884 iv. 29 … left hand, a spherical object in his right, and is accompanied by a hound. In the … Mt Styrakion in Crete (Steph. Byz. loc. cit., Eustath. in 11. p. 281, 13) with his how and … cfTvpa^ was a substitute for Xtfiavwrds, 'white-incense,' and suggests that on Greek soil … Aawt'a 23 mentions Apollonia as a later name of Eleuthernai, and notes that 6 (pvcriKos … imperial date have two storax-trees fenced round as objects of worship and flanked by … alia Strab. 570 f., and notes that the tree of Herakles is always larger than the tree of

493

Apollon and Artemis … rather than with Teutons. And who can assure us that Illyrians … north of Greece. And the context implies that it was located at … who stands facing us with a kdlathos on his head, a bow and arrow in his left hand, and … but A. von Sallet loc. cit. says 'in der R. Schale' and E. H. Minns op. cit. pi. 3, 16

494

Apollon and Artemis … H. Pedersen8 and in 1901 by O. Schrader'5. Pedersen accordingly … Belief in them arose in a land where and at a time when the word … in 1914 by R. Gunther and Daebritz12. In the same year Kiessling13 … to roads down the eastern side of the Adriatic, A. J. B. Wace and M. S. Thompson … 12 R. Giinther and Daebritz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ix. 260.

495

Apollon and Artemis … god worshipped with Artemis Basileia in Paeonia-Pieria, and the … Hyperboreans as a nucleus of myths and travellers' tales belong … 4 Miss G. H. Macurdy ' The Hyperboreans again, Abaris, and Helixoia' in the Class. … connexion with China see M. Mayer in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 2829 and E. H. Minns … last month of the year, and therefore falling probably in midsummer and about the time … carry the cereal offerings from one community to another, and whom Herodotus calls

496

496 Apollon and Artemis … the Macedonian Mount Bora and in Boreas the wind ' from the … in Dissertationes philologicae Halenses Halis Saxonum 1913 xxii. 228 and to E. Bischoff

497

Apollon and Artemis … way followed by the birds. And it is interesting to find that Sopho- … gulf and cross over to Euboia, where they are sent from town to town till they … over to the Arimaspians, and the Arimaspians to the Issedones; from these … The routes thus traced by Herodotos and Pausanias correspond, at … H. Gaidoz and E. Holland ' La Voie Lactee' in Melnsine 1884—85 ii- 151 ff. add Strada … ii. 2586 ff. and A. C. Pearson in his edition of The Fragments of Sophocles Cambridge … xviii. 76 f., infra § 3 (c) i (r), and cp. Hesych. s.v. AiyeipoTo/j.oi- idayeveh rtfes 'Xdrjvqaiv.

498

49 8 Apollon and Artemis … gifts actually consisted of amber2; and his suggestion is decidedly … 1 Cp. Sir W. Ridgeway The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards … - Welcker Gr. Goiter/, ii. 353 ff. Frazer Pausanias ii. 406 and Golden Bough3: The … W. Mannhardt op. cit? p. 285 and Mythologische Forschungen Strassburg 1884 p. 1 ff., … trans. O. L. Jiriczek Strassburg 1897 i. 51 ff. figs. 26 and 27, M. Hoernes Urgeschichte

Plate XXVI

The Western and Eastern Routes of the Hyperborean Offerings in relation to early Trade-Routes for Amber. See pages 493 f., 497 f.

499

Apollon and Artemis 499 … Orikos, Olympe, Ambrakia mark out the 'Way7' and point onwards … Oxford 1883 ii. r22 ff. no. 349=fnscr* Gr. ins. i no. 677 = !. v. Prott and L. Ziehen … XV. Dittenberger and L. Ziehen ad loc.

500

500 Apollon and Artemis … One,' ' the Pure One8,' and would be applicable to any deity of the … usage the fact that Thracian and Paeonian women, when they

501

Herodotos' translation of the Thracian Bendis3; and we have not the … Herakles brought thence the wild-olive and, as we have already … Herodotos' translation of the Thracian Bendis3; and we have not the … Herakles brought thence the wild-olive and, as we have already

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (b): Lightening as a flash from an eye

502

often regarded as the piercing glance of a fiery eye, and that the … and informs us that it means 'as a flash of lightning2.' This is … Homer alludes four times to the 6We <paeivw of Zeus (//. 13. 3 and 7, 14. 236, 16. 645), … Later writers usually lay stress on the eye of Zeus as the wakeful witness of right and … (W. Headlam, after F. Bamberger and T. G. Tucker, would read wpaKropd rot kotov. … ■7rvp(popr)\<jas with circle no. 40 (id. p. 189) and numeral X7'), as '07rrt\eris (Plout. v. lyc. … etc. (Bruchmann Epith. deor. p. 7, Gruppe Gr. Myth. Pel. p. 1198 n. 3) and her intimate

503

of Hesychios and the occurrence of analogous expressions elsewhere … The shoes that serve my foot as slaves, and while … i. 76 no. 511 pi. 38) and doubtless elsewhere. Silver was a metal specially appropriate … and Wilamowitz. E. E. Sikes and St. J. B. Wynne Willson adopt their cj. TrvpOnr' av.

504

shot from the jealous eye of Zeus. And, when we remember that the … Ber/. philol. Woch. Jan. 21, 1911 p. 75 ff. and in the Archiv f. Rel. 1911 xiv. 546, cp. … O. Waser in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3209 and in the Archiv f. Rel. 1913 xvi. 381, … worship and honour as an inalienable prerogative, may well have been his good eye. It

505

different route the conclusion that, lightning was part and parcel of … Sir John Evans3 and, more recently, C. Blinkenberg4 have show n … storm, and are consequently venerated as being of celestial origin. … lords of heaven and earth. They climbed a high mountain and flung … lose heart. He cut a great many reeds, bound them together, and so … in the air, and unites with it to make a uniform substance, which meets the vibrations … 4 C. Blinkenberg The T/nniderzceapon in Religion and Folklore Cambridge 1911 … Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 1910 p. 74 regards the incident of the … different route the conclusion that, lightning was part and parcel of … Sir John Evans3 and, more recently, C. Blinkenberg4 have show n … storm, and are consequently venerated as being of celestial origin. … lords of heaven and earth. They climbed a high mountain and flung … lose heart. He cut a great many reeds, bound them together, and so … in the air, and unites with it to make a uniform substance, which meets the vibrations … 4 C. Blinkenberg The T/nniderzceapon in Religion and Folklore Cambridge 1911 … Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 1910 p. 74 regards the incident of the

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (c): Lightning as a weapon

506

attempt to get up to heaven and destroy God. They piled one … but also astrapopelckia (Epeiros) and astrapoboida (Parnassos)6— … Germany, and among them an astropelekys set in gold9. Centuries

507

ing of an inscribed thunder-stone in the house1. And Pliny already … Solin. 20. 15, 23. 9, Isid. orig. 16. 13. 5, and Myth. Vat. 3. 8. 7 f. See further the passages … account, with some additions from Pliny, was hitched into hexameters and passed on

508

Philadelphia & London 1913 pp. 34, 134, 162, id. The Magic of Jewels and Charms

509

of softish black stone, not steatite, pierced with a hole and doubtless … 2 R. Mengarelli and R. Paribeni ' Scavi sulle terrazze sostenute da mura poligonali … "kr- 85, 3 and 4 ( = my figs. 386, 387), 276 fig. 101, 15.

510

a small celt of dark serpentine, half-sheathed in gold and fitted … later in the Tyszkiewicz collection, and … xliii) Berlin 1883 pp. 1—52 with cuts in the text and three pls. = «£ Kleine Schriften … Prof. I. M. Price and discussion by Dr W. H. Ward, in the Bulletin of the American … and criticised for me the readings propounded by other Assyriologists. He says: 'The … of the Sargonid dynasty of Akkad, is now in the British Museum and will be published

511

found in the Argolid and preserved in the Central Museum at … camp to Lord J. Bathurst, and presented by Mrs Milner to the … Stevens Flint Chips London 1870 p. 114 and Sir J. Evans The Ancient Stone Imple-

512

lower town at Pergamon and thence transferred to Berlin, comprise … Sir J. Evans The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons and Ornaments, of Great Britain? … Religioji and Folklore Cambridge 1911 pp. 16 f. figs. 5 A, 5B (from photographs), 108.

513

further and raise the question whether the like beliefs were already … to diametrically opposite interpretations1. And the assumption that … object in dispute, and to see how far our hypothesis will serve … ' The Double Axe and the Labyrinth ' in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 268—274.

514

ring found by Drosinos and P. Stamatakes in a complex of buildings

515

females approach, with gestures of adoration, bringing her lilies and … being an earth-mother might well hold poppy-heads5 and receive … lower part of the design gives us the earth, the upper part gives us … Gemmen i pi. 2, 20 gives a photograph of an impression, and ib. ii. 9 f. a bibliography … girt' {i.e. with girdle cutting deeply into the waist), and jSaduKoXnos, 'deep-bosomed' … Rhea receiving fruit and flowers from her nymphs (pace C. Schuchhardt op. cit. p. 277 f. … !) Tert. de cor. mil. 7, cp. Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway on his

516

To the left is a shield with human head, hands, and feet projecting … Tridda, two miles to the north-west of Phaistos, and now to be seen … xxi. 174 fig. 50) and the gold ring from Knossos (id. id. 1901 xxi. 170 fig. 48). Supra … 23 figs, in text and 3 minutely accurate coloured plates by Stefani ( = my pi. xxviij. The

517

shape imitates a wooden coffer, and is covered with a skin of fine … The decoration comprises four panels, two long and two short. … gold in her black hair, a white jacket sleeved to the elbow and … what resembling- an oinochde and a two-handled basket full of fruit. … and suggests the agnus caslus.

518

cated—as on the ring from Mykenai2—and marked with diagonals. … A. J. Evans in the Transactions of the Third International Congress for the History of … strong magnifying glass, and have no hesitation in identifying them as ravens : the one in … than ours and unknown to me (c. umbrinus), but I believe that it resembles the northern

519

skinned man, wearing his hair short with a fore-lock2, and clad in a … and the passages cited in the Thes. Ling. Lat. iv. 1079, 31 ^- See further D'Arcy W. … 1886 p. 150 ff., T. F. Royds The Beasts, Birds, and Bees of Virgil'1 Oxford 1918 p. 40 ff.).

520

which has seven strings and sides shaped like the necks of swans1. … trunk, thickly covered with green leaves5 and serving as the haft of … has rightly insisted on the contrast between the one bare stem and … 1 Clearly shown by A. Mosso The Palaces of Crete and their Builders London 1907 … palace at Phaistos (L. Pernier id. 1902 xii. 69 and 103), at Palaikastro (R. C. Bosanquet … schmiickte Obelisken') and to recall the fact that at Knossos Rhea had an ancient grove of

521

pillars one is noticeably larger than the other, and that its axe-head … Each has short hair and no clothing beyond a belt and a baggy … red tags and yellow border, which covers and conceals his arms. … it highly probable that the erect figure is that of a dead man, and … as an actual boat and live calves, not mere models. Later critics, without discussing the … of Klazomenai were designed to be set up on end uncovered and so hold the body upright,

522

the tomb, and by the dead man himself have been recognised by … axes of the sky-god and the earth-goddess were believed to ensure … Cretan prince was one of many who in their time played the part of … young god resembling Dionysos <f>a\\r)j> and swathed because phallic.

523

blue and yellow on a white ground, drawing a two-wheeled chariot, in … and her charioteer. … than leonine bodies, variegated wings, and high plumed crests. In it … ancients wrere mainly impressed by its bright colouring and its … and Provincial Names of British Birds London 1886 p. 75. Hence the Italian name

524

into the company of ravens'- and other garrulous birds8: in this … youth who in his lifetime had played the Dionysiac part. In the … and eight miles north of Zakro, in eastern Crete9. Its two long sides … a large lily-plant with three flowers. Those to right and left have … there is a slender column with base, capital, and abacus complete. … 1908 xix. 60 f. and F. von Duhn in the Archiv f. Rel. 1909 xii. 183^ that the pale … pis. 18 (=my fig. 393) and 19, G. Karo in G. Maraghiannis Antiquites Cre'toises Deuxieme

525

side. In the field is a lily-flower before it, a star above it. and, higher … coin-type2 and suggestive of the 'Minoan' sky-god3. Its intimate … and is analogous to the scene of the leafy axes on the sarcophagus

527

known as 'Late Minoan i' (c. 1500 B.C.) and again illustrates the … shaped like an open lily. And the space between axes and bulls' … 2 G. B. G[ordon] 'The Double Axe and some other Symbols' in University of

528

a fish and a scroll derived from three Triton-shells treated as ten- … Thirdly, the double axe had a religious significance for the … shape and colour, are obviously meant to represent the wooden sup- … appears to be the pendant, in the Campana collection, very inadequately described and … D Other examples of flint arrow-heads set in gold, silver, or bronze and worn as amulets … bine the virtues of the sky-god and the earth-

529

columns are not axes at all, but knobs for hangings, and compares the white-glazed and

530

' By June nth,' he says3, 'we had exhausted the Upper Grot and the Terrace, … men were sent to search the various patches of earth, carried down by water and … all found in the Lower Grot, and in almost every case in situ in the stalactite niches.

531

I immediately set others, especially women and boys, to examine the pillars … fibulae and an occasional votive double axe. These stood up edgeways in the … niche unexamined. Nor did we leave any part of the pebbly mud at the water's

532

niches proved empty, and the icy water too deep to be dredged, and by the … contains a central pillar formed of four square gypsum blocks and … probably belonging to the oldest part of the building, and the pillars thus marked … is represented as actually performing a structural function, and is in fact a "Pillar

533

such as those of the South-East House and Royal Villa at Knossos, that of the … that in all cases these stone pillars served a constructive purpose, and their … among the representations on Minoan and Mycenaean works of art1.' … associated with her. The combination of axe and tree, axe and … 2 We should perhaps compare the tall beam pierced by an iron nail and erected in … near one end. Inside stood the high-seat pillars, and there were pegs in them which were

535

on the one hand and the pillar-shaped goddess or 'Caryatid2' on … examples3; and many more might be cited. … of partial re-occupation ('Late Minoan iii'), and it was arranged as … with duplicated blades (fig. 405)7. And each … votaries and deities. To the left of the left- … with six figs, and pi. 4 f. … 8 G. Maraghiannis Antiquites Critoises Troisieme Serie Candie s.a. pi. 50 (part of

536

votary, whose type (a half-sitting posture) and technique (punctures … cylindrical base. She wore necklaces, armlets, and signets on her … file, and each with a dark band drawn across it. Her breast was … Third International Congress for the Hist07-y of Religions Oxford 1908 ii. 156 n. 1).

537

each of which was placed a goddess, or a pair of goddesses, and a … 1 Supra p. 521. 2 Supra p. 522, infra § 3 (c) i (£) and (0). . ,

538

consecrated horns and serpent, a terra-cotta female idol entwined … of bull's head-and-axe cut out of gold plate; some of these had a … 2 H. A. Boyd-Hawes, B. E. Williams, R. B. Seager, and E. H. Hall Gottrnia, … fig. 407) completed and enlarged to a scale off. … Frazer Golden Bough3 : Taboo pp. 293—317 ('Knots and Rings tabooed'), I. Scheftelowitz

539

with bucrania and ritual horns: both alike have a double axe set … fatcranzum-and-dixe denoted the sacrifice of an ox, and that a mul- … axe stands for the sky-god, and the ox-head for the sacrifice offered … service3 and buried in his name4; (b) that ritual horns appear to have … with the well-known ancient custom of offering to gods and heroes metal or terra-cotta

540

focus of life1; and (c) that the vital force of the divine beast was … Bucranium and double axe were for centuries associated in the … pi. 1, 18 ( = my fig. 411) and 24; 15, 16, 17, 19 ( = my fig. 412), 20, 21, 22, 23.

541

Marmora1 in 1840 described and figured a thin plaque of lead in the … treatment of the horns and eyes. … 3 ' The Cretan Axe-cult outside Crete' in the Transactions of the Third International

542

North Italy and Central Europe, because it represents the forehead … pis. 2 and 3, ' iv. Daunia (Fortsetzung) v. Tarent' ib. 1908 xxiii. 167—262 figs. 1—9

543

it be1, tends to become vestigial (fig. 416), and sometimes disappears … bands, including a frieze of birds and a row of ritual horns quite in … already come across literary evidence also of a 'Minoan' cult per- … Mykenai (fig. 18)5 and Knossos (fig. 19)6 and on the painted … and probably represents one of the cult forms under which he was … for an idol with raised arms(!), and H. B. Walters loo. cit. p. 267 speaks of 'a vertical … 2 Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases i. 2. 271 no. H 263 pi. 28, Transactions of the Third Inter-

544

god with wings on his shoulders2 and winglets on his heels, who is … and also as an ideograph is ""j. Thus or denotes 'god,' and ""j or | or ^'"j^ … I 'gods.' Birch, Brugsch, Budge and other competent Egyptologists hold that … ( = my fig. 420), who says : 'A roll of yellow cloth (for bandaging?), the lower part bound … wound round with cloth, and not the cloth alone ; but this idea is not as yet supported by

545

and a desert slope, together forming the word-sign for hr-t ntr (kher-t nether), ' that which … bol is found as early as the First Dynasty in Egypt (Petrie R.T.I., vn, 12, and Quibell, … of a cult-object or divinity representing a mountain with two or more crests. And New- … fig. 423), Transactions of the Third Inte?-natiotial Congress for the History of Religions

546

sented by axe and sceptre is perhaps Adad, who on a cylinder of rock-crystal in the … History of Religions Oxford 1908 ii. 184 f. fig. 3) and on other cylinders (W. H. Ward … Third International Congress for the History of Re- … r. 21.4), and the flint or flints taken by the Fetiales … Fig. 425. P- 92> 1 f- Miiller, p. 8t, 16 ff. Lindsay) and deemed … Fowler The Roman Festivals London 1899 p. 23 c, id. The Religious Experience of the

547

struck in silver by the Volcae Tectosages of Gallia Narbonensis and the Sotiates of Aqui- … Lugudunensis was associated with Iovis and Volcanus, and in Gallia Belgica with Mer- … the sign of an adze, either incised or carved in relief, and end with the formula : ' So-and-so … by a sacred adze (Corp. inscr. Lat. xiii p. 256). And E. Guimet E Ascia des Egyptiens … Thor. Two good examples from Hanning and Lseborg in Denmark were published by … 2 Kaineus once planted a javelin in the midst of the market-place and bade men count … Parthenopaios the Arcadian used to swear by his spear and reverence it more than a god … fices were offered to it daily, and a table was set beside it covered with all sorts of flesh … The oldest image of Mars at Rome was a spear (dopv, hasta) kept in the Regia and

548

the double axe qua sign and symbol of an anthropomorphic sky-god. … the ' Minoans.' Tradition declared that Kronos and Rhea had … brushwood were heaped together till they formed a stack three stades long and wide. On … as the image of Ares. To it was brought a yearly sacrifice of sheep and horses. Also one … baric rites and worshipped it as Mars, the chief of the steppes through which they roamed … one of his heifers limping, followed the blood-drops, and found the sword, upon which

549

Kouretes, when they fled from Kronos and concealed themselves … that originally one of the initiates was done to death and eaten by … Boisacq Diet. etym. de la Langue Gr. p. 349 f.), and xpwos from the root gher or gher … the weak grade Kp- and the suffix -ovo- ' (see further Append. A.). The connexion of … /tnjrTjs (sc. Zeus)), and of Prometheus (lies, theog. 546 Ilpo/xr/deus dyKv\op.r]Tr]s, 0. d. 48 … This interpretation has been in part anticipated by E. Hoffmann Mythen aus der

550

An analogous figure, at once weapon-divinity and divine weapon, … is a human head wearing a conical cap with ribs and rings, and … pound, but spoiled his explanation by an improbable, and indeed unnecessary, guess as to … draws attention to a coin of Tarsos, struck by Valerianus i (253—260 A.D.) and now at … Bithynie etc. Paris 1872 i. 358 f., ii pis. 49 and 50, 3, Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de VArt iv.

551

139 : 'their god was a lion, or rather a lion-man, a being in whom the bestial and human

552

mother. And that for two reasons. On the one hand, he is evidently … winged and sometimes Janiform god hasting on his way with a … nomous and imperial pieces in the first century B.C., show Kronos, … right and a sacred edifice to the left ('the prototype of the later Kybele and Rhea'). Id. … 1901 xxi. 163—168 figs. 43 and 44 f. further illustrates the ' Minoan ' seal-types of a god

553

Kronos, four eyes in front and behind, < two of them wide awake > and two … L. P. di Cesnola at Kourion in Kypros and now in the Metropolitan … id. M07i1i.gr. p. 442 nos. 13 and 13 bis Antiochos iv, no. 14 Antiochos v, Brit. Mus. … The context in general is discussed by Gruppe Cult. Myth, orient. Rel. i. 347 ff., and the … 63 f. pi. 4, 32 and 34, id. in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Phoenicia p. 135 pi. 17, 5

554

axe in his right hand, a hdrpe in his left, and is flanked by the fore- … heights in Greece2, Libye, Italy, Sicily, and the west" being … hammdn (supra i. 353 f.) was Latinised as Satumus and on occasion Grecised as Kronos … Here on the highest summit the god had a Umenos and an altar of masonry set against

555

copper coins, and no less than 365 votive inscriptions (a selection in Dessau Inscr. Lat. … Augtisto sacru?n or Saturno Domi7io or Saturno Sancto. And frequently the local epithet … and patera, with Sol and Luna in the spandrels, and ingeniously suggests that he is an … An island in the Ionian Gulf was known as Kpovla and gave its name to the Kpovia … (Dion. Hal. ant. Rom. r. 34). For the identification of Kronos with Saturn and its results … between this island and Kronos is, however, the tradition that, not merely the god's sickle

557

named after him, and that the memory of him as a rain-god1, … wich cj. v\pLirbpoLo) Kpovov). And nascent etymology connected his name with the words

558

The planet Kronos likewise brought rain, hail, wind, and thunderstorms (Epigenes of … as a god of thunder and lightning (C. Wessely Griechische Zauberpapyrus von Paris und … head of Kronos, bound with a fillet, and for reverse a thunderbolt between two corn-grains … of this coin with the back and recognise in the combined design a deity with his attributes.

559

The double axe and Zeus Labrayndos 559 … derived the Iapyges from the Cretan followers of king Minos ; and … (17) The double axe and Zeus Labrayndos, etc. … of her weapons, and gave it as a gift to Omphale. The kings, who, after Omphale, … weapon in Religion and Folklore Cambridge 1911 p. 121), were from time to time dug up … 1884 p. 32 f. and G. Radet op. cit. p. 136 n. 2.

560

560 The double axe and Zeus Lairdyndos … to the Amazons, the Lydians, and the Carians. … and even suggests that the second element of the compound -detis is probably for ZeiJs (cp. … in the Revue de Fhistoire des religions 1913 pp. 277—308, F. M. Bennett Religious Cults

561

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 561 … hero3, whose precinct4 and temple3 stood before the city". He was … rimnos8,' and gave his name to the local festival of the Tyrimneia9.

562

562 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … naked figure, long-haired and laureate, holding the axe in one hand … and ultimately with Helios. And here we note that a heroic figure

563

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 563 … at least flanked by sun and moon (fig. 445)'!, and is repeatedly seen … Coins p. 363 pi. 38, 4 f. says : 'Amazon (?),' and adds in a footnote : ' The Rider on these … p. 55 no. 85 Philippus Senior and p. 57 no. 91 Trebonianus Gallus; F. Imhoof-Blumer … 3 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lydia p. 157 no. 5 f. Tiberius and Livia, F. Imhoof-Blumer … female') of s. ii or i B.C., p. 162 no. 7 f. Claudius and Agrippina, F. Imhoof-Blumer op. … no. 13 Commodus, p. 164 nos. 16 and 17 pi. 17, 14 Gallienus.

564

564 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … a goddess (Demeter?), with kdlathos and long chiton, holding two … 6 Supra p. 563 n. 7 and p. 564 n. 1.

565

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 565 … Phrygia also. The labrys alone occurs on coppers of Eriza3 and … with its handle encircled by the snake and surmounted by a radiate … Kal Tavpos avTrj edvero irapa Avdois, d0' 17s rj ttoXis (the etymologies of Mdcr-Taupa and … 5 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Phrygia p. 2 no. 9 pi. 2, 3 and no. 10 of s. ii B.C. (?), Head … 6 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Phrygia p. 243 no. 93 pi. 31, 1 ( = my fig. 454) and no. 94 … and ivy-wreath; rev. tripod containing libes with three handles, surmounted by flat cover

566

566 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … that at Hierapolis he was called Lairbenos, and at Dionysopolis … fig. 465), 238 no. 69 obv. head of Demos, unbearded, 240 nos. 77 and 78 pi. 30, 8 obv. … i. 236 f. nos. 8 pi. 7, 31 ( = my fig. 460) and 9f., Head Hist, num.2 p. 676.

567

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 567 … Orta-Keui, Sir W. M. Ramsay and Dr D. G. Hogarth in 1887 dis- … Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia Oxford 1895 i. 115 no. 19, 41". (Hierapolis) [eS]o<rai> 8i oi … Ramsay in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1883 iv. 419 ff. no. 33 b = id. The Cities and Bishoprics … Sir W. M. Ramsay ' Artemis-Leto and Apollo-Lairbenos' ib. 1889 x. 216—230, id. The … 4 Journ. Hell. Stud. 1889 x. 217 no. r, 7 tcS Aaipp.r]uQ = The Cities and Bishoprics of

568

568 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … Lairbenos or Lairmenos, who was identified both with Apollon and … The Cities and Bishoprics of PJirygia i. 147 no. 37. … iepbs Ko\e(6e)is | eno 'AtoXXuvos Aei\ixy)voxi k.t.X. — The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia i. … ev^dfievos virep tov KoX\[a<r9]{i>TOs poos 81a to vaT[epri][[Kev]e k.t.X. = The Cities and Bishoprics … 5 Joum. Hell. Stud. 1883 iv. 380 f. no. 3, 3 f. = The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia … 6 Joum. Hell. Stud. 1883 iy- 3§3 no- 5= The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia i. 146 … Hell. Stud. 1889 x. 226 no. 18, id. The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia i. 152 f. no. 52,

569

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 569 … ' god,' Old Persian baga\ ' god,' and Sanskrit bhaga, ' lord,' but also … 2 Sir W. M. Ramsay The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia i. 153 : 'comparing Atta- … iavrbv KaXel = Aristot. mir. ausc. 152 and, much abbreviated, in Souid. s.v. 'Acrfiap-aiov, cp. … intumescit. D. G. Hogarth ' Modern and ancient roads in eastern Asia Minor' in the … landischen Gesellschaft 1856 x. 377 attempted to connect it with the Zend and Old Persian … Society's Supplementary Papers vol. iv) London 1890 p. 347, id. and D. G. Hogarth

570

570 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … 79, Folk-lore 1904 xv. 296, and especially ib. 1906 xvii. 53).

571

The double axe and Zeus Lairdyndos 571 … the double axe in his left hand and a phidle in his right (fig. 46/)4. … 1893), who adopts the corrections of J. N. Madvig and A. Emperius for cbs 6 k. /jlolWov … 'Put on the whole armour of God' (Eph. 6. 11, cp. 6. 13) and take 'the sword of the … id. Gr. Miinzen p. 211 f. no. 683 pi. 12, 21 Nero, id. Kleinas. Miinzen i. 230 nos. 6 and

572

572 The double axe and Zeus Labrayndos … Hittite sky-god, and in Graeco-Roman times commonly acquired … 314—313 B.C.5, and subsequently as an obverse or reverse type … describes the creature as 'Lynx or Panther (?)' and in Hist, num.2 p. 679 as 'Panther.' … Hellenica London 1856 Kings and Dynasts p. 20, Head Hist, num.2 p. 622. See further … 3 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Caria, etc. p. 129 pi. 21, 16 of s. ii B.C. and later, with rev.

573

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 573 … and laureate, on the other an eagle standing on a double axe8, but … 10 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Caria, etc. p. 181 pi. 28, 2 and 3 (=my fig. 475)1 Hunter

574

574 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … op. cit. ii. 2. 155 f. pi. 90, 19 f. and pi. 91, 1 silver didrachms, with similar types; Brit. … 12 and 15 gold Jiemistdtera, with obv. head of Apollon to right, laureate ; Brit. Mus. Cat.

575

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 575 … right hand and a tall sceptre or spear in his left: behind him is a … with obv. youthful head of Dionysos, 5 obv. EVPHM EON and TTOAE (magistrate's … :i Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Caria, etc. p. too pi. 17, 8 ( = my fig. 481) Augustus and Livia.

576

5 7 ^ The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … town he and his forebears were regarded as benefactors2. Hekatom- … whose old cult-image appears on the mintage of Mylasa. And who … some distance from the city. Here there is an ancient temple and a xdanon of … Mylasian decree of 367—366 B.C., found at Melasso and now in the Louvre) e-rre^ovXevae

577

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 577 … by Caracalla and Geta (fig. 485)1. Zeus Osogoa, clad in chiton and … 2 Zeus Osogoa, with trident, eagle, and crab, is seen on silver pieces issued by Hadrian … and another from the Leake collection (W. M. Leake Numismata Hellenica London

578

578 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … epigraphic or literary sources3. Inscriptions4, supported by a passage … p. 387 ff. (' Iupiter Osogoa') and discussed by O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1776—

579

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 579 … (10) Lebas—Waddington Asie Mineure no. 334 (from a decree of Olymos and … wreath and palm-branch, c eve8r;/j.rjffav 5e o[i'5e] | ewi dpx^pew llevdv[8pov tov i'lJXapyvpov, … and the three following inscriptions, viz. (2), (3), (4), date from s. i B.C. and deal with

580

580 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … wall of polygonal masonry set against the mountain-side and turned … recurs at Euromos6 and was not unfrequent in Asia Minor7. An … in Philologus 1908 lxvii. 188 f., and infra § 3 (c) iii. … Excavations at Ephesus London 1908 pp. 15, 294 f.) and by others in the fourth-century

581

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 581 … The Athenians tell a similar story of the wave on the Acropolis, and the Carians … 'Not only do bitter waters change their nature, but salt water as well, and so

582

582 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … 'I' the name,' quoth he, 'of Athena and the gods, … inscriptions from c. 200 B.C. onwards3, and is not altogether forgotten … fication the views of H. L. Ahrens7 and W. Sonne8, I took the name

583

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 583 … in the rain; that, when the rain collected into streams and rivers, … with Zeus. In 19041 I re-stated the same argument and sought to … of two other notable philologists, O. Hoffmann and P. Kretschmer. … and Boiotia was one of the oldest and most important centres of Poseidon-worship … TLorlddv or Horl8ds (Doric), Iloalda- in TioaiSriiov.. .aXcros (It. 2. 506) and Hoo-idrjiibv (Old

584

584 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … and more formal ITorei Aafov (Ilocret Aafov), whence the nominative IloTei-ddfwv, or a

585

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 585 … no. 2750. Michel Recueil <TInscr.gr. no. 802, Transactions of the Third International … with the double axe and inscribed Atos | AafipaiivSov, found in an island near Bafi on … done well by the worshippers and sanctuary of Zeus Labrdyndos, 5 ff. koX to re TrpoaTWLov

586

586 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … dos gave his name to the sanctuary Labraynda and subsequently … domain of Apollon and Artemis), 17 /cat t\ iepd yf/ 'AttoWwvos /cat 'Aprifiidos deQv Srj/xov … marble found at Mylasa) Atos Aa.fipevdov in lettering of s. ii B.C. beneath and about the … ' Ail. de nat. an. 12. 30 /cat iv tiS iepqi Si tov AafipavSeus Atos k.t.X. and Zet)s Si

587

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 587 … and Palaxos or Spalaxos came in consequence of an oracle to Karia … the Zeus Labrdyndos of Labranda and Panamoros from the Zeus. … found by W. Kubitschek and W. Reichel at Mastaura and published

588

588 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … called Labryandos and bade his host in memory of the visit erect a … Zeus: the joint designation goes back to Herodotos3 and probably … ' In descending the mountain towards Mellassa, we followed and continually … (accents amended). The b of balag and the /3 of (3e\eKvs, (3e\eKos, /3e\e/c/cos, an axe-shaped … ctkoi), ll7]\eyd>i> son of"A£ios (//. 21. 141), the Hr}\ay6ves in general, TlXaKia and 17 UXaKiavrj … 1—5 and Travels in Asia Minor and Greece Oxford 1825 i. 245 ff., who took the ruins

589

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 589 … rightly identified them with Euromos, and W. M. Leake Journal of a Tour in Asia … Reinach Voyage Arch. pp. 47 f., 149 Itin. pi. 65 and Archit. ii pi. 8, 1.

590

590 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … 12' from the ground outside, and 2' 3" … Budrum, and the mountains all round. … Fig. 494. large and well-built precinct. … decked with earrings and chains of gold3. … than 200 paces long ; and at the end of the wall a tower. The whole area covered by the

591

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 591 … ception of him as a storm-god and fertilising power. Labranda is … grumble at a shower. But the ancients knew better, and welcomed

592

592 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … had once played the leading part. In- … earth-mother, and that Zeus had to a … round throat, double axe and sceptre in either hand. The body … (Tresor de numismatique et de glyptique) Paris 1850 p. 52 f. no. 16 pi. 8, n and an

593

The double axe and Zeus Labrayndos 593 … the temple of Athena Alea and acquired in 1914 by the British … inscribed Zeus. He faces us, in chiton and himdtion, holding a double … Gaertringen in the Inscr. Gr. Arc. Lac. Mess, ii no. 89 and by F. H. Marshall The

594

594 The double axe and Zeus JLabrdyndos … Idrieus and Ada, show that they are the king and queen of Karia, … 3 This is recognised by both Foucart and Kuhnert locc. citt.

595

The double axe and Zeus Labrayndos 595 … the new, and the resultant deity—despite his beard—was regarded

596

596 The double axe and Zeus Labrayndos … divinity, at once bearded and breasted, advancing from left to right

Plate XXVIII

Marble head of Zeus Labrdyndos (?), found at Mylasa and now in the

597

The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos 597 … shortly before his death, made a detailed and penetrating study of … On the top of it is a round hole (5cm deep, by I—-iicm broad) and … the insertion. And, if a chiton, doubtless a himdtion also. Since the … found in the sculptures from the Mausoleum4. And Furtwangler … 3 The head of Zeus Labrdyndos wearing laureate kdlathos and … no. 1, and Imhoof-Blumer Kleinas. Miinzen i. 144 no. 1 silver of

598

598 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos … deity as the Carian Zeus Labrdyndos with kdlathos, chiton, and … Aghios Dimitri and Fasuli3, I found the ruins of an elliptical structure measur- … are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art at New York4, and were … of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus, and Branchidce London 1862 ii. r. 221), was … of antiquities from Cyprus New York 1914 p. 322 nos. 1914, 1915 and p. 550 no. 1914

599

The double axe and Zeus Labrayndos 599 … entrance. Near the other end, inside, against either wall and opposite each … These statues were votive offerings by a man named Oliasas1 and … and Artemis Laphn'a. Others7 have thought of the Cretan Zeus … of a double axe and an inscription in Cypriote characters, which has been read as … a title of Zeus at Thespiai (Paus. 9. 26. 7 f.), and of Dionysos at Troizen (Paus. 2.31. 5) … panther (?) (supra p. 575 n. 6); and it is on a lioness (?) or panther (?) that the Hittite

600

600 The double axe and the Labyrinth … the ' Labyrinth,' should be brought into the same connexion and so … element {labrys) and in point of its suffix {nth = nd)6. If, therefore, … sacred to the sky-god. And mimetic dances in his honour provide … why then should this alone have been termed 'the House of the Double Axe'? And … Prellwitz Etyiti. Worterb. d. Gr. Spr.'2 p. 256 and Boisacq Diet, etyni. de la Langue Gr.

601

The double axe and the labarum 601 … it was essentially the weapon of a god, not a goddess. And this … (1) The double axe and the labarum. … Maxentius had been proclaimed emperor, was approaching and that … of the worship of the god, and as such obtained its traditional name of \afivpivdos, the … and the prehistoric inhabitants of Crete, the cult of the divinity in question may be native … and G. Laubmann, after Cuperus and others, read Christum) in scutis notat. quo signo

602

602 The double axe and the labarum … mark upon his shields and so to give battle. He did as he was bidden and, set- … The sign intended is almost certainly f1, and it is highly probable … Saviour's passion' beneath his hand and 'the saving sign of the … litera, summo capite circumflexo {i.e. with a line drawn through the middle and turned … Library, of Nicene and post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church Oxford—New York

603

The double axe and the labarum 603 … sun, and bearing the inscription, Conquer by this. At this sight he himself … wreath of gold and precious stones ; and within this, the symbol of the Saviour's … standard made in imitation of it was more elaborate and involved … at the top of all a wreath containing the monogram >j<. And this … Family, and his Successors' in the Num. Chron. New Series 1877 xvii. 11—56 pi. r,

604

604 The double axe and the labarum … Christian monogram—>|< for CHRistos on the central band and ^ … were thus used simultaneously and indifferently, contends that $f is … are listed by T. Morgan and J. Romilly Allen5. Thus a fine mosaic … 4 See e.g. W. Lowrie Christian Art and Archceology New York 1901 p. 238 ff., H. … of Religious Knowledge ed. S. M. Jackson New York—London 1910 vi. 167 ff. … Remains in Great Britain Cambridge 1912 p. 19, and, for the accompanying inscriptions,

605

The double axe and the labarum 605

606

606 The double axe and the labarum … tiuse (402 A.D.), and later writers7—the word being Grecised8 as … Museum : A Guide to the early Christian and Byzantine Antiquities s.l. 1903 pp. 59—63, … :1 Textile fabrics of s. vi—vii (?) at Crefeld (O. M. Dalton Byzantine Art and Archaeo- … of a short fluted column or altar with a bucraniuifi at its base, while from right and left … 8 E. A. Sophocles Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods Boston 1870 … For notes 10, 11, and 12 see p. 607.

607

The double axe and the labarum 607 … tonic, Illyric, Armenian, &c. in search of an etymology.' And E. … shell—'The Sacred Monogram known as Labarum. Both name and … formal links between the labrys and labarum. Accordingly in 1908 … though not with the labrys, and had assumed that they were solar … bvofja^bfievov /cat (BatnXevov, d>s av etVot rts, tCjv Xonr&v avvdrffidrwi/ ' k.t.X. And Ducange … Theod. we should probably read the gen. plur. labororum and in carmen de Iona the … 1 E. Gibbon The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire London 1781 … 5 In the Transactions of the Third International Congress for the History of Religions

608

608 The double axe and the labarum … between Idbrys and labarum. Again, Schremmer justly demurs5 to … volume, to which I am indebted for several references both ancient and modern.

609

The double axe and the labarum 609 … Stone Age and the Bronze Age it was worshipped first as 'ein selb- … Pannonia and Raetia into Germany and Gaul ; that in the north … his victories to the possession of an actual labrys and finds a dis- … apple surmounted by the cross, and buried beneath its base a variety … p(ro ?). s(e ?). s(uisque?). 1.m), and Labants as the name of a Gallic soldier (Sil. It. 4. 232).

610

6io The double axe and the labarum … the axe of Noah as part of its 'inviolable treasure7'? … Kibotos from the end of the second to the middle of the third cen- … 'Father' and 'Son,' the other pair coloured yellow and blue, and … and Philip I., struck at Apameia, in Phrygia, with the legend NH6 ' in the Num. Chron.

611

The double axe and the labarum 611 … together the book of Kyranos king of Persia" and another book … 2 On ihe Phrygian conception of the Son as a rebirth of the Father and its relation to … Collection des anciens Alchimistes grecs Paris 1888 Texte grec p. joi, 13 n. and 17 … belonging to the dynasty of the Ke'ianides and living in the age of Solomon (J. Mohl in

612

612 The double axe and the labarum … continues: " Blessed plant, leader of the gods, mistress of earth, sky, and air, … cod. R. entitled ij/xvos eis fipvwviav. Those of sections 31 and 38 conclude with certain

613

The double axe and the labarum 613 … into a cup, empty it into a jar, whence all drink and depart with good cheer, no … noted. Its pictograph passed readily into linear forms, and thence … Latin Z, and the English Z2. Again, the monograms above cited … observed the double axe, a symbol of ancient and mysterious … Sicyonian \ epsilon (Roberts Gk. Epigr. i. 136), the Venetic, Sabellian, Etruscan, and

614

614 The double axe and other forms of … (k) The double axe and other forms of Zeus in the East. … the seventh century B.C. found in Rhodes and Karia. A fragment

615

Zeus2, grasping a pointed sword in one hand and a double axe in the … of large pitlwi and is once at least treated in a more advanced style … 2 A. Salzmann loc. cit. regarded the subject as a combat between Centaurs and

616

Zeus at Venasa, and the priest of Zeus Dakienos. The appellative of … AaKir-vbs with the modern Ilgin. Axes in jadeite and bronze have been found in the tell

617

axe-bearing Zeus, successor and heir of a yet more ancient sky-god. … through the successive phases of fetish, attribute, and symbol. In … use for tool or weapon, and therefore probably intended for purposes … of distribution and classifies the northern axes under three local … fur Ethnologie 1905 xxxvii. 519—525 with figs, and a map, id. 'die Doppelaxt aus Kupfer … 7 Sir W. M. Flinders Petrie Tools and Weapons London 1917 pp. 13—15 pi. 12.

618

of single blade found at Skogstorp near Eskilstuna in Sweden and … More ad rem is A. Blanchet's observation2 that over and over … 132 with figs., Sir J. Evans The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments,

619

to the west of a circular wall records the gift of an axe to Mars and … (fig. 517), and 'of Neptunus' respectively4. In Gallia Lugudunensis

620

620 The axe carried by priests and priestesses … mously heavy bronze hammers known as ' Iupiter-mallets' and be- … each other. The taller man wears a conspicuous earring and grasps … Ant. iv. 1167 n. 9 and by E. Meyer loc. cit. G. Perrot's original comparison with the

621

The axe carried by priests and priestesses 621 … adoration and supports on his left shoulder an axe crescentic and

622

622 The axe carried by priests and priestesses … cimen in bronze of similar shape2, and other examples could be … Reallex. p. 66 f. fig. 57, A. J. Reinach loc. cit., Sir W. M. Flinders Petrie Tools and

623

The axe carried by priests and priestesses 623 … priestesses bearing the double axe and the sacred robe of their … 3 G. Karo in the Archiv f. Rel. 1904 vii. 147 figs. 31 and 32.

624

624 The axe carried by priests and priestesses … resembling a four-spoked wheel decorated with dots and rays (the … and a crescent between them (the moon and stars ?), apparently … springs from her flat head-dress (fig. 527); and lastly a similar

625

The axe carried by priests and priestesses 625 … figures are described by R. C. Bosanquet4 as women ; and there is, … which he had made the wooden horse and thereby captured Troy5. … (fig. 530), and Antoninus Pius, have for reverse type Athena bearing

626

626 The axe carried by priests and priestesses … in detail—much to do with Crete and Cretan cult. Accordingly, we

627

The axe carried by priests and priestesses 627 … the hand of Damastes and carried it afterwards in token of his … 2 Soph. Aigens frag. 19 Nauck2, 20 Jebb ap. Poll. 10. 160 and Ilesych. s.v. Kearpa … G. Kirchner Attica et Peloponnesiaca Greifswald 1890 p. 64 n. 4 and O. YVulff Zttr … though that is perhaps implied by Plout. v. Thes. 11 and is commonly assumed as self- … 6 A late black-figured skyphos at Petrograd bears on both front and back a design, … Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 1011). And a red-figured kylix at Florence with cyclic illustrations … Al. 1378 avaKTos rod SpvrjKoirov with Tzetz. ad loc.) and took in hand a double axe (Tzetz.

628

628 The axe carried by priests and priestesses … road that led from Athens to Delphoi2; and, … if., Overbeck Gr. Plastik* i. 317 ff. fig. 77 M and fig. 84,

629

The axe carried by priests and priestesses 629 … ddai*, and that both names should be connected with the words … a pointed pilos with chin-band and a heavy cloak, who puts incense … tion at Delphoi) tov Aadv&dav (sic) and in J. Baunack in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.- … found at Delphoi, giving regulations for the phratry Labyadai and dating from the close

630

630 The axe carried by priests and priestesses … burner barks at the smoke. In the field is a bay-branch, and a … latter to the Roman Robigus, the Greek Apollon Erethmiios, and … loc. cit. fig. 2) and an Egyptian seal-cylinder at Berlin (H. Prinz Altorientalische Symbolik

631

The axe carried by priests and priestesses 631 … (sic) d£ii'<?7> lepo<pdvTov lis HXavros and other glosses cited in the Tkes. Ling. Lat. i.

632

632 The axe carried by priests and priestesses … his departure, by A. Hirtius3, aurei and denarii struck by Caesar4 … bearing the names of M. Antonius and M. Lepidus5 (figs. 540, 541), … ii. 473 nos. 6 fig., 7, M. Bahrfeldt Nachtrage and Berichtigungen zur Miinzkunde der … 6 Cp. e.g. a Persian axe-head of bronze, found at Ekbatana (Hajnadan) and now in … lviii. 9 fig. 10, Sir W. M. Flinders Petrie Tools and Weapons London 1917 p. 13 pi. 11,

633

The axe carried by priests and priestesses 633 … in design and size, but has a solid blade (fig. 543)2. The bull pre- … c. 82 B.C. show a togate figure erect between an eagle-standard and … thicker part above the blade is modelled in the form of a bull, whose hollow body is

634

634 The axe carried by priests and priestesses … corn-ear and a cadncens (fig. 545) or between a ship's prow on one

635

the Scythians5 and the Germans6, and were perhaps in the far past … That the axe-bearers of the Byzantine court10 had any such reli- … 2 E.g. by E. Babelon and H. A. Grueber. … by the rod and by the arrow') and especially O. Schrader Prehistoric Antiquities of the … instruments which possess and impart special virtues '). … 15 Id. ib. i. 374 fig. 323, cp. i. 375 figs. 324 and 325.

636

Bisenzio3. Amber beads in the form of double axes and hammers

637

Denmark and southern Sweden1: M. Hoernes2 and B. Schnittger1 … Mykenai8. And small double axes made of bronze plated with gold … dighed og Historie 1888 p. 291 ff. figs. 14 and 15 ( = niy figs. 549 and 550: scale i), … figs. 74 and 75 after C. Neergaard loc. cit., J. Dechelette Manuel d'arche'ologie prihistorique … jewellery and every other kind of ornament arose not from aesthetic but from magical … logical Institute of Great Britain and Ireland [908 xxxviii. 241 ff. pis. 19—25, id. in Sir … 7 R. Paribeni in the Mon. d. Lincei 1908 xix. 29 and 43 (cited supra p. 518 n. 1).

638

earrings of electrum3, and a bead of gold4 embellished with double … Tralleis (At din) in Lydia6 and referable to the seventh century B.C.7 … 2 Id. ib. p. 101 pi. 6, 15 and 29, pi. 10, 47.

639

roundels ornamented with the heads of rams and bulls, two heads … adorned with diagonals and zig-

640

these markings'had a special religious association1'; and I have … lightning3. A parallel might be sought in the crossed lines and … 3 On the zigzag representation of lightning among the Greeks and Romans see

641

token chthonian thunders, and the … 473—475 and by U. v. Wilamowitz-Mollendorff in Hermes 1899 … Real-Enc. iii. 2183, L. Biirchner and W. Ruge ib. iii. 2183 f.), and that he was brought … 3 A. Caecina ap. Sen. nat. qaaestt. 2. 49. 3 and Plin. nat. hist. 2. 138 f., cp. Manil.

642

impossible, but at worst improbable and at best … weapon, would tend to be decorated ; and its deco- … is the name popularly given in Germany and … no. 430. 10 and no. 516. 20 rrjs aarpairris ra /xdna : see also N. G. Polites op. cit. ii. … 2 C. Blinkenberg The TTiunderweapon in Religion and Folklore Cambridge 1911 p. 98 … between the birch and the thunder-god), E. Samter Geburt, Hochzeit und Tod Leipzig— … (Holstein), Virchow id. 1890 xxii. (77) figs. 1 and 2 (pattern in brick-work of a Saxon … Plant Lore, Legends, and Lyrics London 1884 p. 440, W. Schwartz Indogermanischer

643

mistletoe as fallen from heaven5, and suggests that, in their view, … lightning-rod ; and even its effigy in the brick-work of the doorway … iii. 1191, 1888 iv. 1346, H. Friend Flowers and Flower Lore London 1S83 i. 5, 73> … Revue des e~tudes anciennes 1919 xxi. 219-222 argues that the celt was a thunder-stone and … on a flat celt,' and refers me to L. Giraux ' Hache polie avec gravures sur les deux faces' … 8 Note, however, the combination of axe, pestle, and broom in the rites of Intercidona, … 10 Sir J. Evans The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons, and Or?taments, of Great

645

body, and two scalloped wings showing circular eyes. It re- … myth about the nail and the vein would be consistent with solid casting : there is as yet … fig. 193, Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de PArt vi. 968 with fig. 543. My figs. 561, 562 are from … mask, its uncanny squeak, and its fondness for honey, was early held to be an embodiment … Ultimately the brief life and the senselessness of the butterfly, which gets its wings singed … gems combine a large phallos with a butterfly and a snail : so on … p. 282 : the stone is inscribed KvBwv) and on a cornelian in the

646

Was the soul-butterfly popularly connected with the seminal fluid (/cpa/x/3t5es and Ka.fj.Trai … myth. 2. 9)) ? Or should we assume a play on cpaWos and <pd\\7] (Hesych. s.v. (pdW-rj- i] … 4 W. Reichel and A. Wilhelm ' Das Heiligthum der Artemis zu Lusoi' in the Jahresh.

647

(fig. 568)1. And yet another, made of bone, was acquired at Athens … and are almost certainly prophylactic in character4. J. Dechelette … d. oest. arch. Inst. 1901 iv. 49 figs. 67 ( = my fig. 567) and 68 (=my fig. 566) : ' Gefunden … or single. Thus A. Heron de Villefosse and E. Michon, among other acquisitions of the … vert clair. Grece' (Jahrb. d. kais. deulsch. arch. Inst. 1900 xv Arch. Anz. p. 157). And … 6 Cp. J. Dechelette op. cit. Paris 1913 ii. 2. 870 f. fig. 364, 1—4 and G. Eisen 'The

648

into mere pendants (fig. 570)1, and in the passage developed further

649

human arms, and it needed no great effort of imagination to trans- … Tribano near Padua (fig. 576)3 and two … 4 H. B. Walters in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Bronzes p. 53 no. 344 (from Italy) and p. 57

650

hammers1: the specimen illustrated was found at Villanova and is

651

and 106, G. Cotteau Le Pre'historique en Europe Paris 1889 p. 79, L. Pigorini in the

652

space two millimeters in depth1 and might be regarded as a cross … axe-gongs were made in terra cotta, and has published examples … The 'Minoan' axe in religious surroundings exhibits a marked … or the gold bucrania (fig. 409 c, d)h and the gold ring from Mykenai

653

Kronos and Zeus, on the other the solar Zeus and Apollon, either … solar and a lunar divinity.' … in a shrine (fig. 404)8, were reverenced as the signs of god and

654

lightning-fork2 into a thunderbolt, and thereby doubled the ability … blades and flower-like sepals, such as occur sporadically among the … of ceramic vessels (figs. 581, 582)5. The vessels and their contents … head consisting of a male and a female profile combined : the reverse … ( = my fig. 582) and 6 (=my fig. 581), a small basket-shaped vase and the lid of a large … nu?n.'1 p. 550. Figs. 585 and 586 are from specimens in my collection.

655

1 My friend and colleague Sir W. Ridgeway in his book The Origin of Metallic

656

lections of Berlin (fig. 589)1 and Glasgow (fig. 590)'2, exhibits the … a stepped base between two pillars3; and we may fairly infer that … fairness and acumen by G. Macdonald Coin Types Glasgow 1905 p. 23 ff. For my part, … Ilixi in Sardinia, Phaistos in Crete, Mykenai in Argolis, and Kyme in Euboia. These … ii. 1. 254). On the other hand, the evidence for the cult of the double axe in Crete and

657

Greenwell (fig. 592)1 and Sir H. Weber (fig. 593)3, portrays an … (pi. xxvii, by. Perhaps both in Crete and in Tenedos the bisexual … 5 Cp. the coin of Mostene showing a double axe between a bunch of grapes and two

658

coin was struck, grapes and a small Nike were kept dangling from … axe. And this, not only on the silver coins of Tenedos {e.g. figs. … and a bunch of grapes (fig. 597)4. The grapes imply a Dionysiac

659

servitor of king Dionysos1,' and—what is more convincing—that … no. 17, Leipzig 1912 ii. 111—117 (= Mythologische Bibliothek iii. 1 and v. 1), who dis-

660

369 and 357 B.C. have as their reverse type a warrior sitting a horse, … of three lyres). In both A and B, according to Schultz, the ' goat ' and ' dolphin ' are … containing bellows (dcr/cos) and tongs (napKivos) : on account of its contents the caldron … Berlin 1891 pp. 204, 208 ff. and Index s.v. ' Hammer') ; Charles Martel, whose gigantic … and other mountains by blows of his axe, etc. He is still worshipped in Malabar and the … figures only on the didrachm and the obol?

661

Dionysos and Ariadne. Other considerations too might be urged

662

wreath is of laurel and not of ivy. Perhaps, therefore, the heads … with a second Tenedos on the borders of Lykia and Pamphylia, … tique) Paris 1850 pp. 7 f., 17, 19, Babelon Monn.gr. rom. ii. r. 122 and 365 f.

663

and suggest that here in early days was a … curious combination of crab and double axe … was Dios, who was worshipped in twofold form as Father and Son … latter, stress beingr laid first on the older and afterwards on the … the " yellow-haired Achaeans " and the rest—but essentially the dark-haired, brown- … pp. 254—258 pi. 9, 1 and 5.

664

responding with the divine triad Zeus, Semele, and Dionysos … 1 For the Kabeiroi equated with Zeus and Dionysos see supra i. 112 n. 6, ii. 3 1 3 f. … Kabeiroi (?). Above are Sun, Moon, and two Stars; below, a series of constellations— … Stephanus Thes. Gr. Ling. iv. 748 c and O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. x. 1450.

665

adding that in Lemnos they were treated as gods and called … and the role played by the crab in religion2, mythology3, and … hardt Natursagen Leipzig and Berlin 1907—1912 i—iv Index to each vol. s.v. 'Krebs.' … (Archestratos frag. 8 Ribbeck ap. Athen. 104 F f., Aristot. hist. an. 5. 17. 549 b 15 f.) and

666

ages2, and has left traces of itself in modern folk-lore3. The … see A. Boucbe-Leclercq L'astrologie grecque Paris 1899 pp. 136—138 fig. 6 and Index … 2 Witness the story of Prodromos and the demons of the desert in F. Pradel Griechische … pLvpiovs XiXtous dvdpas Kal yvvatKas, fipi<$>r) dvapidp.-qra, dWov drrb Kafiovpiov, &\\ov and rQv … and Corp. inscr. Att. App. defix. p. xxxi n. i = D. Bassi—E. Martini Catalogns codicum

667

not he a smith ? and were not the smith's tongs or pincers com- … dismembered and even devoured by the kingK. This expectation … 2 Hesych. s.v. wvpaypa and irvpaypt) 7} Trvpdypa. … Babelon Monn.gr. rom. ii. 1. 1545 f. pi. 78, 4, Imhoof-Blumer and O. Keller Tier- tend … fluviatilis, a species of crab common in the sweet waters of central and southern Italy, … sign of the tauriform river-god, and compares the didrachm in- … crab's back were viewed as a bull's head by the ancients, and {b) that A~f"3 is f°r A "HE. … For the crab as an apotropaion on ' Gnostic ' gems etc. see Imhoof-Blumer and O. Keller

668

half forgotten, may underlie the later rationalised and romanticised … slay them both with an axe. And, when it fell out that his son was found in … axe on the one side and two heads on the other, to remind men of the fate of … which were worshipped, and by means of them adulterers were … (s. ix A.D.), and they in turn depend upon earlier and more reliable … to signify god and goddess respectively8: … 2 Aristot. frag. 551 Rose ap. Steph. Byz. s.v. Tevedos, cp. Phot. lex. and Souid. s.v.

669

' Kyknos the son of Poseidon had begotten two children, Hemithea and … native of Tenedos, and refer to an old tale-5. They say that Kyknos was a son of … set sail to find his son, meaning to confess his mistake and ask forgiveness for … " so-and-so cut this or that with a Tenedian axe." The Greeks declare that Tennes … The same version of the tale is given by Konon6 and Eusta- … marked like an axe. We gather from Souid. and Phot. lex. s.v. TeveSios ^vvrjyopos and

670

thios1, though the latter calls the brother and sister Tenes and … quently, when Tennes, after leading a life distinguished for virtue and … on discovering the facts of the case, slew Philonome, and himself … and Tenes, and, when he realised what he had done, slew Mnemon … three daughters—Molpadia, Rhoio, and Parthenos. Finding that … Nikainetos AvpKos and Ap. Rhod. Kavvos) see P. Friedlander in Pauly—Wissowa Real-

671

father's savage anger, fled to the shore and hurled themselves from a … Not only are the names Molpos and Hemithea in Tenedos balanced … formula is missing from the list drawn up by S. Baring-Gould and J. Jacobs in C. S. Burne … Day : Third Diversion ' Peruonto'), E. F. Strange Stories from the Pentamerone London … 8 A. and A. Schott Walachische Maehrchen Stuttgart—Tubingen 1845 no. 27. … dark iron house, escapes into the bright world. Here the eye of God falls upon her and

672

half a nose, half a mouth, half a body, one hand, and one foot. He asked his … inference that I wish to draw is rather that the myth of Tennes and … placed in a chest by his father and mother, and thrown into the sea (R. M. Dawkins … A. Chodsko Fairy Tales of the Slav Peasants and Herdsmen trans. E. J. Harding London

673

(between 41 B.C. and 17 A.D.) been run into the mould of a Marchen … bination of Tennes and Hemithea. His conclusion was, I believe, … Only it must, I think, be borne in mind that Tennes and Hemithea. … separate effigies, and that of Tennes at least had some pretensions … of gcd and goddess, seems to have led to a like result elsewhere.

674

the male face a snub nose and a pointed ear, thereby imparting a … strengthened by a third specimen, also at Paris, which shows a … of Attic weight. As to their types, the owl and its accompanying inscription are certainly … (G. F. Hill loc. cit. p. lxxxiv f.): but both at Lampsakos and at Athens the double head

675

points backwards to the 'Minoan' cult of Kronos and Rhea. Rhea … (31 B.C.) C. Proculeius, the partisan and friend of Octavian, struck … omits 5s (as does cod. D.) and reads ovtoos Medodios. S. Bochart Phaleg3 Lugduni Bata-

676

by a monogram of the Greek letters KO, and there is frequently … type of this interesting coin as a ray-fish. F. Imhoof-Blumer and O. Keller Tier- und … 'the absolutely harmless Roach' will not do, and agrees with J. van Leeuwen that the … sting-ray are well known in Melanesia generally and also in Queensland (e.g. British

677

The axe and the sacred oak at Dodona 677 … Throughout the Aegean and Adriatic area, as I maintain1, we … union essential to the fertility of men and beasts and crops. The … (p) The axe and the sacred oak at Dodona. … association of bird, axe, and tree. Moreover, the small votive axes

678

678 The axe and the sacred oak at Dodona … unmistakeable evidence of the axe being conceived as male and the … part of four thousand years. The tale is this2:— … priest set about felling a wild pear-tree with his axe. He hewed and hewed till … replied the priest, " I am a holy man and dare not do so." "That's all one to

679

The axe and the sacred oak at Dodona 679 … his mother whether what his brothers said about him was true. And she made … brought you this boy to serve you." The wife was pleased and said : " That's … to us ! " and handed him over to a baker. Here the boy ate all the bread that … marching along, he was astonished and said to the baker: " He does indeed eat … won thereby half the kingdom, and lived happily. But we here live more happily … Strong Man of the Wood' (J. Macdougall Folk and Hero Tales London [891 p. 187 ff.).

680

68o The sword and the … for purposes of purification, built there a temple of Apollon, and on … Roman lictor7, and the iron scimitar set up on numerous bundles of … she loved her own father, made him drunk, and consorted with him10. … 2 Varro and Cato ap. Prob. in Verg. eel. praef. p. 348 Lion. … A. Meineke in Philologus 1858 xiii. 510 f. proposed S,i<prjpovs \ifj.rju- and [ret] wept 'V-qyiov

681

image in its branches, attacked by two men with double axes and … caps, of whom one brandishes a double axe and the other kneels or … 624)4 a third man is present, with uplifted arms. A. Lobbecke5 and … and O. Keller Tier- tend PJlanzenbilder auf Miinzen tend Gemmen Leipzig 1889 p. 63 … ' simulacrum of Artemis Eleuthera, wearing modius and veil' (cp. Artemid. oneirocr. 2. 35 … 2 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Caria, etc. p. 36 pi. 6, 7, Imhoof-Blumer and O. Keller

682

682 The sword and the sacred tree at Rhegion … ' On Christmas Eve many a South Slavonian and Bulgarian peasant swings … need not have anything to do with Myrrha and her ' myrrh '-tree. … of the king as he sat upon a mound. He took it home and came to … Similarly in an Irish folk-tale7, when Fin and the Fenians were … 3 Text and critical notes in E. Wilken Die prosaische Edda Paderborn 1877 i. 149 ft'. … 1894 p. 484 ff. (' Fin MacCool, Faolan, and the Mountain of Happiness').

683

The axes and the sacred oaks at Dotion 683 … a tree-stump and said : ' Call your son Faolan (" Little Wolf"), and … and the tree-stump. With one pull he drew out the sword, and then … J. G. von Hahn's tale from Dodona and with the Volsung saga. … his followers with axes and hatchets, and invaded the grove. The … godlike form ; and Erysichthon's comrades horror-struck left their … fillets and tablets by the pious rustics. Though the Dryads had

684

684 The knife and the sacred oak at Phylake … on the part of Erysichthon's followers, while the perpetual appetite … them limb from limb, and invited the birds to the feast. From a … - What Kallimachos and Ovid relate of Erysichthon was by others related of Triopas … he laid waste the precinct of Demeter in the plain of Dotion, and used its timber to make

685

Axe-blades and axe-hafts in megalithic art 685 … the knife and so to the rust that was put in Iphiklos' drink2. But … ((f)) Axe-blades and axe-hafts in the megalithic art … that of Assyria, Egypt, Karia, Tenedos, and Pagasai4. S. Reinach … handle, the blade alone, and the handle alone. It is impossible for us to deter-

686

686 Axe-blades and axe-hafts in the … axe-blade (fig. 62$)- and axe-handle (fig. 626)3 were regarded as … Baden (Morbihan), J. Dechelette op. cit. i. 605 f. fig. 241, 608, Transactions of the Third … Cacem) showing in low relief a sword, a club (?), and the head of an axe with recurved … from Defesa), M. Hoernes^. cit? p. 214 ff. fig. 1 (the slab from Defesa, and two others). … suelle de VEcole d"'Anthropologie de Paris 1894 p. 291 fig. 80, Transactions of the Third

687

ithyphallic male bearing an axe (fig. 62S)2, and on the other hand

688

688 Axe-blades and axe-hafts in the … The designs hammered on rocks high up in the Italian Maritime Alps, described and … during the earlier part of the Bronze Age (Sir A. J. Evans in The Athenceum Dec. 25,

689

(upside down)), and had almost certainly some religious or symbolic value. Figs. 630, 631

690

Like ship-stays, and himself far off would stand … And shoot a shaft through the axes, twelve in all, … petitions in Greece were often religious in their origin; and it may … den friihesten Metallperioden.' And J. Dechelette op. cit. 1908 i. 587 ff. treats them as … d'Epone, Seine-et-Oise' in VAnthropologic 1894 v. 152 f. figs. 7 and 8 (=my fig. 629),

691

and rescued from that predicament by wild ducks, was re-named … home was Arkadia, especially eastern x^rkadia, and Lakonike. Here … of the lovers, and that a very primitive and obsolete incident of wedding ritual assumed this … 1909 xlii. 232 f. I tentatively advocated this view in the Transactions of the Third In- … i Didymos ap. Eustath. in Od. p. 1422, 6 ff. and schol. Oil. 4. 797.

692

water-fowl, and points out that her other titles Arnakta, Arnaia, … the axes of the sarcophagus from Hagia Triada*, and the bird on the … and many another popular name for him all over Europe bears witness … the woodpeckers is strong and chisel-shaped, and is thus admirably adapted for hewing … Boanerges Cambridge 1913 pp. 330 ff. ('Woodpecker place- and person-names'), 4i6f.

693

of Thrace, armed with a double axe {fie'lekysf, pursued Prokne and … axe (pelekys), pursued Aedon and Chelidonis till Zeus transformed … 31, Ov. met. 6. 666, 673, Ach. Tat. 5. 3 and 5. 5, schol. Aristoph. av. 212), Aristophanes … J. E. Harrison in the Transactions of the Third Internatiotial Congress for the History of … king on earth: he ruled over Assyria and took as title the name of the planet Kronos.

694

wards and became ruler of Italy. Then Zeus, quitting Assyria, followed Kronos, who … The Assyrians changed his name to Baal or Bel, set up a statue of him, and worshipped … ant of his was Zoroastres the famous astronomer, who prayed that he might be struck and … from the tribe of Iapheth (Japheth), and passing over into Thrace died and was buried there. … Pikos Zeus (Ulkos ovtos 6 Zevs) was the greatest deceiver, charlatan, trickster, and magician … and involves obvious inconsistencies (Belos is both son of Kronos and son of Zeus; he is … earlier chroniclers such as Georgios Monachos (s. ix) and Georgios Synkellos (s. viii). … vlbv ai/Tov TLeiKov tov Kal Aids 'irri fxb'. toutov de <paai Tives 'TUpp.iji', k.t.\. and ib. 237 c (i.

695

viz. 38 B (i. 68) arwa avveypd-^aro XeptrjpLovios 6 Baj3v\divcos Hipo-r)s and 38 c (i. 69) 6 Si … restored from the Exc. Salmasii in Cramer anecd. Paris, ii. 386, 11 ff. and from cod. Paris. … 8e e'f aur-^s 6 Hlkos Zeus vlov, Sv uvop-aae BrjXov 81a to d^vrarov elvai); Aphros and Cheiron … KaXovai,' irepl ov o~vveypa\paro AioScopos 6 aocpuraros xPol>oypo-cPos)i and of the €K\oyal io~Topi£ov … Berolini 1875 i. 174 ff. and, with a Greek retranslation, by C. Frick Chronica minora Lip- … from Adam to the death of Kleopatra, represents the XpovLKa of Hippolytos enlarged and … If this is really an extract from the Xpovoypacplaioi Sex. Iulius Africanus,—and it must

696

Papyri London 1903 iii. 36ff. no. 412, 59 ff.: but see B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt ad loc), … source, and the entire context, in which UIkos 6 ical Zeus, brother of Ninos, is said to have … donian, and the Roman. The chronographer that first brought Rome into this scheme … of date to the foundation of Rome and might, I suppose, be regarded as a vassal of Assyria; … bcl.piha.ti "lord of a province," passed into Hebrew as i"^?? pechd "governor," and As- … 1912 ii. 2. 802 n. 1] probably is the woodpecker commonly called kuzazu and hanzizitu

697

the Greeks and busied with this myth in the fifth century B.C.2, would … Those who see in Odysseus a former fire-god6 or sun-god7 and in … IIi/cos 6 Kal Zevs as the Greek translation of Hadadrimmon [supra i. =.77) and Picus as the … Tievs finds its ultimate explanation in an actual Cretan cult, and that this cult was known, … Rhein. Mus. 1888 xliii. 541 ff., Gruppe Gr. Myth. Ret. p. 92 n. 4, and others, makes out … 5 77. 2. 829 Type'iys opos aiirv with Eustath. in II. p. 356, 11 ff. and especially Strab.

698

(fig. 632)*, and the swan (or duck3) was, according to J. Dechelette4, … insisted that, to the Greeks of the classical period, Odysseus and … the axe, whether double or single, was over a large part of the … children; and will say of them, when they come in, that they are as like their … swan (or duck), and a griffin respectively. Weight: 9^62 grammes.

699

said them too. Casaubon's theory that the "wine-skin" and "hatchet" … of these charms, including an excellent little hatchet (fig. 633)4. And … Sir J. E. Sandys (London 1909), leaves text, translation, and notes unaltered, so far as … 2 Theophr. char. ed. by J. M. Edmonds and G. E. V. Austen London 1904 p. 58. … gold bulla, fourteen gold medallions of various emperors, and other objects of interest, … I made a sketch of one of these trinkets many years ago, and mentioned it once as the … 7 Plin. nat. hist. 30. 8 and 11 distinguishes two writers on magic named Osthanes,

700

appellations of the Egyptian god Thoth was Astennu and asked : ' Is not the name of

701

{lapis Gagates) and, if this was not consumed, announced that the … the axe and the burnt jet is not indicated and leaves room for con- … Ptolemaic period, and that Ostanes the god then gave rise to Ostanes the priest of … v. 398 f. carries the matter from Greece into Italy and makes it probable 'that Pliny … Philadelphia & London 1913 pp. 91 f., 263 f., id. The Magic of Jewels and Charms

702

red-hot coals on an axe and to step across it with the infant in her … or discover secrets: it twisted and turned in answer to relevant … out-poise, or weigh down the other; then they pray'd, and repeated the Names of those

703

writers of the sixteenth century and later, have doubtless a long … 2 My friend and colleague Prof. R. H. Kennett draws attention to one curious case: … pounds beyond the place where the offence was committed, the offender was tried, and, … 1878 xii. 339) and in a description of the Boundaries of the Liberty of Fordwich in … A pole-axe formed part of the escutcheon of Sir Hywel in commemoration of his doughty … (in pre-Celtic times?) the custom to kill off the aged and infirm by means of a club or … analyses a Gaelic folk-tale, which involves this motif and notes that such mallets are still … Bargates, Leominster, where four small almshouses, founded in 1736 and since rebuilt,

704

stone in their pocket during stormy weather and, if thunder were … they hear the first rumblings of thunder and feel the first drops of rain, bring out … and an Apolline oracle quoted by Eusebios from Porphyrios calls

705

His shield was thunder and his corselet cloud, … and the modern Greek sailor with his eye on the storm-cloud will say … with a spear". And, since he was worshipped as Slrdtios, 'Lord of

706

kings and people of Epeiros plighted their troth4, was a form of the … centuries as one appropriate to the sky-god7; and Zeus Areios was … Third Series 1896 xvi. 95 f. pi. 7, 12 ( = my fig. 636), Imhoof—Blumer Kleinas. Afunzen … presence of Hephaistos at Olympia is unexpected, and his relation to Zeus "Apetos very

707

and an eagle at his feet (fig. 63c))3. Other pieces struck by the same … propvgnatori (or propvgnat) and iovis propvgnator

708

and known to the Romans as Iupiter Imperator'\ a manifest transla- … figure—again with spear reversed—on bronze coins and medallions … 5 Cohen Monti, emp. row.2 vi. 142 nos. 127 and 128 fig., Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth.

710

supported on a rock and his arm thrown up in astonishment at the … surrounded by leafage and flanked by a couple of doves. It will be … difficulty. The suggestion of myrtle and dove would hardly have been made, had it not

711

of a Roman house at Lyons, represents Iupiter, nude, bearded, and … frequent and effective device. In his outstretched right hand, now … swelling of the abdominal wall above the hip, and the Schivtmg of the whole figure betray

712

Iupiter, grasping a bolt in one hand and a spear in the other, … with a relief of Iupiter holding a thunderbolt in his right hand and … god was a suitable adornment of the light-giving lamp3, and his … important Attico-Ionian amphora found at Caere in Etruria and … who single-handed attacks three Giants. Agasthenes is down and … Buda-Pesth, which has a fine bust of Zeus (eyes and lips originally incrusted), without … 2me Serie Paris 1901 p. 68 f. no. E 732 pi. 54 (views of front and back from photographs),

Plate XXX

fighting Agasthenes, Ephialtes, and Hyperbios.

713

and that the weapon brandished in his right hand appears to be a … O. Jahna, J. Overbeck4, and M. Mayer5—three highly competent … striking; and that the lines engraved on the bolt can be paralleled … Labranda near Mylasa Zeus was worshipped as Strdtios, and his … 1 On this type-form see Overbeck op. cit. Zeus p. 341 ff. and H. B. Walters in the

714

phiktiones, between 205 and 202 B.C., in honour of Antiochos iii and of Antiocheia in … surmounted by crescent, holding phidle and torch (A. v. Sallet in the Zeitschr. f. Num. … 3 Corp. inscr. Gr. ii no. 2720 (Stratonikeia) a decree of the people and senate … ~Sa(k)paaov (?), iepia At[[6s "Zepdwibos (?)] and his two sons Thrason 13 f. [dp%iepe'a tw]v … 5 Steph. Byz. s.v. Xpvaaopis, Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 1590, 19, no. 1591, 44 and 56, ii

715

father of the eponyms Idrieus1 and Mylasos2. Philon of Byblos … the suffix -vor (= -phoros), and this ' Golden' deity was the great … be spelled6), and a further assumption that either of them was ever

716

the amphora figured above (pi. xxx) even Hera and Athena are … sdor6. And Chrysaor, Chrysaorios, Chrysaoreus occur as theophoric … Forth sprang Chrysaor huge and Pegasos … Bearing the thunder-peal and lightning-flash … And had for son three-headed Geryon.

717

and Pegasos spring simultaneously from the severed neck. The … wingless Pegasos, as do Baumeister and Smith—Wayte—Marindin locc. citt. But Over-

718

Kypros, which forms part of the Cesnola collection at New York, … Chrysaor and Pegasos are already free from her neck, the former … 3 and 4 ( = my fig. 657), Reinach Re'p. Vases ii. 49, 2 and 4, E. Kuhnert in Roscher Lex.

719

been fitted out by the Nymphs with wings on head and foot, and these presuppose a divine

720

particularly happy, and is abandoned in favour of a duplicated … of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. ignored

721

emphasised that what brought Chrysaor and Pegasos together in … 2 Hannig's views have been summarised and criticised by Gruppe in the Berl. philol.

722

authority and falls into line with the folk-concepts of various … sword or dagger, never—be it observed—with bow and arrows2 (like … Chrysaor, and Pegasos. In no. 1, 'The young king of Easaidh Ruadh,' the hero beheads … 3 For the various explanations and classifications of thunderstorm phenomena put

723

opKioi deoi, and none more so than Zeus (Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. 69 f., O. Jessen in … Ss bpKwv I 6v7)Toh Ta/xias vevop-icTTai) and his child the personified "Op/cos (Soph. O.C. 1767 … Zeus 'Op&Tpt.os is known from a treaty (s. ii B.C.) between Hierapytna and Lyttos … Hierapytna and one of its colonies (Corp. inscr. Gr. ii no. 2555, u ff. = F. Blass in … 7rdcras- /c.r.X.), and from a third, somewhat later, between Gortyna and Hierapytna on … tector of Laws and Treaties' (prjrpai). ' The epithet would then be of Elean source (cf.

724

Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1246^ In addition to literary allusions we have extant dedications … bridge 1897 i. 417, C. D. Buck A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian Boston, U.S.A. 1904 … aufs Beste zu empfehlen scheint.' And Walde Lat. etym. Wbrterb. 2 p. 289 s.v. 'fido' says: … then, the road that leads to Umbria and limiting our enquiry to Rome, we find that the … Lipsiae 1870 pp. 212, 37 ff. and 260, 16 ff. ( = commentum Einsidlense in Don. artem … open-air worship (supra i. 117 ff.), and his relatives took after him. The oath by Dionysos

725

" Iuppiter Sanci, tibi istum vitulum votivum sisto" '). Cakes called summaualia, and … 200 audiat haec genitor, qui foedera fulmine sancit with Serv. ad loc.). And Dius Fidius … bidentalium) occurs on the base of a marble statue, found at Rome in 1879 and representing

726

and holds a thunderbolt in each hand. Beside this image it is the custom for the … justly and will take no bribes, and that they will keep secret what they know … He spake, and cut the boar's throat with pitiless bronze. … its right, and very ingeniously compares a bronze in the Baduitt collection at St Moritz … Cleaver' (cp. jindo, fidi, bi-fidus, etc.) and was only later, by dint … Ilelene under the guise of Zeus and Athena (Iren. c. haeres. 1. 23. 4, Hippol. ref. haeres. … C. f. har(uspex) de stipe Iovi Iurario.....[mjonimentom) and at Brixia in Cisalpine Gaul

727

In view of the epic parallel adduced by Pausanias and of the con- … due to primitive insistence on his power as a storm-god, and that … Der Eid Leipzig 1902 pp. 121 ff., 145 n. 7, 147 n. 1, 155 n. 1 and Index p. 225 s.v. 'Zeus,' … The formulae used by the Greeks in the affirmations of everyday life are collected and … vit. auct. 22), one of w wpos rod Alos (Plout. symp. 5. 7. 4), and one of irpos rod Aids tov- … (3) Very common are the phrases vrj {rbv) Ala, vai p,a {tov) Ala, and p.a {rbv) Ata, of … /cat tol iivrj Ata" /cat "fia Ata") and was even, accoixling to some grammarians, colloqui-

728

Xa/j.(3dveiv \ rjp.a% jxbvov del vrj Ata • /cat yap oi Oeoi cod. R has vrj 51' (sic). Dindorf here and … 1886). Accordingly, we seldom find a public oath by Zeus pure and simple (R. Heberdey … 'OXv/xirios in a fifth-century rhetra of Elis (W. Dittenberger and K. Purgold in Oly?npia … a third-century decree of Kalaureia (Michel Recueil d'Inscr. gr. no. 178, 28 f. = Ditten- … with him either the domestic sanctities of the hearth (Od. 19. 303 f.) and table (Od. 14.

729

In s. iv b.c. and later the witness-group Zeus, Ge, Helios revived (Psurvived) in public … no. 266, 20 ff. (pact of Paramonos and other mercenary leaders with Eumenes i of Per- … nesia ad Sipylum and Smyrna c. middle of s. iii b.c.) bjxbaai be tovs jxev ep. 'Mayvrjalai … with the Thracian Ketriporis, the Paeonian Lyppeios, and the Illyrian Grabos) [bpLvvw Ala … /j.rjbe[vi] \ \_p.rj]bev TrpocrrjKovffav /card tovs AItu>Xu)[v] | vb/xovs IcroTeXrj /cat e'vreL/xov) and on the … vrrb Ala, Yrjv, "HXto[f]). At Eresos in Lesbos the judges swore by Zeus and Helios … At Athens the same tendency to swear by sky-god, sun-god, and earth-goddess can be

730

Demeter, and Zeus (Demarchos frag. 89. 25 Sauppe ap. schol. in Aischin. c. Tim. 114 … Whether this group had ab initio any cosmic significance is very doubtful. Zeus and … Poseidon, and Demeter, divinities of sky, sea, and land. ((1) The heliastic oath in Dem. … The epic appeal to Zeus, Athena, and Apollon (supra p. 458 n. 4) was said by some … 1". Mid. 198 e,aot fxev vr) rbv Aia /cat rbv 'AttoXXoi /cat rr\v 'Adrjvav /c.r.X. and perhaps by the … Kai wdaas), that of the Delphic Labyadai (supra p. 233 n. 7), and that of the Achaean

731

throughout classical times Zeus becomes less and less the impetuous … and Knossos, ii. 723 n. o Hierapytna and Lyttos, etc.), and it would be easy to multiply … of iv B.C. between Praisos and Stelai in Crete) opvvoj A?jl[fa Aiktouov, IIoTjetStDea, … Journ. Arch. 1897 i. 230 ff. no. 36, 19 ff. (treaty between Sybrita and Gortyna) [---At]a … Reichhold Gr. Vasenmalerei i. 161 ff. pis. 31 and 32 c ( = my fig. 663), E. Buschor Greek

733

so high and his onset, motived by love not hate, is less furious. On … souls of Achilles and Memnon in the presence of Zeus (fig. 665)3.

734

with the gift of immortality2. And here she intervenes, imploring … Ridder, and Hoppin are wrong in supposing the \jjvxoo"raffLa t° be that of Hektor and … the Egyptians {supra p. 99 n. 1), and perhaps the Babylonians (A. Jeremias Handbuch … the fates of Trojans and Achaeans (II. 7. 68 ft.) and, again, the fates of Achilles and … Hektor fled, yvw yap Atos Ipa rdXavra (II. 16. 658) ; and men weary of the fight, ewijv … gov 5' iiriirav £vybv Ta\dv\rov), and in his tyvxocrTacria showed Zeus aloft on the tkeologeton … with Serv. ad loc. and Macrob. Sat. 5. 13. 39. … and Memnon in Quint. Smyrn. 2. 540 ff. The syncretistic Virgo weighs life and justice in

735

a grand impartial figure, clad in chiton and himdtion, with a knotted … only holding a sceptre, but also seated on a throne. And this very … seated on a magnificent throne and Herakles encouraged by Athena

736

splendid kelebe at Bologna, sceptre and phidle are retained, but the

737

Nicole1, P. Ducati2, and J. C. Hoppin3 to the ' Talos painter,' and … Eros whispers of her coming wedlock. Hera, proud and resentful, … receives his heroic son. Wreath, sceptre, throne are there, and … erect with a thunderbolt in his raised right hand and an eagle on … bade them draw up a list of their possessions, took a tenth part from each citizen, and told … luxury and audacity of the Corinthians, from Theophr. rrepi Kaip&v 2 (frag. 128 Wimmer)

739

Klearchos of Rhegion (c. 520 B.C.) and still to be seen at Sparta in … Another brilliant little bronze from Dodona (fig. 66g)4, detailed and … he would dedicate xpvaovv dvbpidvTa. He won ; but, being short of gold and seeing the … Corinthians begged leave of the Eleans to grave on it the name of Corinth and, when met … his sons and widely known as to Ku^eXtScDv dvdd7)p.a (?a hexameter tag). It was kept in … H. Hitzig and H. Bliimner (Lipsiae 1901) ii. 287). … Stradonitz and H. Winnefeld Bronzen aus Dodona in den honiglichen Museen zu Berlin

740

meant for an eagle and a thunderbolt in the other hand. On his head too is set

741

independence in 458 B.C. And there is much to be said for E. … coins of Messene struck c. 369—330 (fig. 673)6 and c. 330—280 B.C. … no. 37. I figuie the Paris and McClean specimens of the earlier coin and the Berlin specimen … A. Lambropoulos in the Zeitschr. f. ATum. 1895 xix. 210, E. Babelon loc. cit. p. 893, and … by the Leontines Hippagoras, Phrynon, and Ainesidemos (Paus. 5. 22. 7 with Sir J. G. … their stronghold and settled at Naupaktos, a town given them by the Athenians, who had … Coins pp. 156, 159 pi. 8, 25, Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner Num. Comm. Paus. ii. 67 f.

742

pose and with the same attributes2. The sturdy god of the earlier … coppers of the town issued after 146 B.C. (figs. 675—67s)6 and again … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Peloponnesus p. 110 pi. 22, 6 ( = my fig. 674) and 7, Head … 6 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Peloponnesus p. 18 pi. 4, ii ( = my fig. 675) and 14 ( = my

743

in the old familiar scheme. Since Zeus Itkomdtas1 and Zeus Pats'2 … Zeus militant with bolt and bird occurs sporadically throughout … Chron. Fourth Series 1902 ii. 323 f. no. 13 pi. 15, 13 ( = my fig. 680), Imhoof-Blumer and

744

to the chiton4\ and such a garb (where not a mark of foreign … below knee ; left foot and ankle. Height 3! ins. Fig. 682 is from a photograph by … own pe"plos and puts on the chito7i of Zeus. The passage was admired in antiquity (Eustath.

745

both strength and tranquillity. A large clilamys falling over the left … in II. p. 599, 32 ff.) and even allegorised {id. ib. pp. 600, 3 ff., 719, 21 ff.) ; but later … Greek sculptors rarely represented Zeus in chiton and himdtion (supra i. 86 f. fig. 55 … head turned towards the supporting leg, the correct and clearly-marked musculature of

746

the chlamys (fig. 685 and pi. xxxii, i)2 or dispensed with it altogether, … locality, preserved at Constantinople and published by M. Collignon in the Bull. Corr. … grower at Macon in 1764 together with other statuettes in the same metal and about

747

but tended to move the right hand from the side and raised the left

748

in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2884 f. fig- '6 and in his Der schoene Mensch im Altertum? … Richter in the Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 1907 ii. 18—20 fig. 4 and in

749

though the left hand, which should carry the spear, is empty and

750

Ktmstmyth. Zeus p. 149 f. ('Zehnte Gruppe') nos. 64 and 65.

751

late reliefs4 and bronzes (fig. 690)5. But it had … (id. ib. i. 109 f. pi. 44, 2), and two small lamps of acanthus- yig. 690. … and situla. In the niche sits, and doubtless sat, a second Lar stretching his right hand

752

a long ancestry behind it1 and its hold upon life must be attributed … counterpart, born when he was born4 and throughout associated with … thunderbolt and eagle it is … and K. Wernicke9 to be a … fragment The Eagle 6 'And like a

753

phidle-\ and Zeus was conceived as the propitious recipient of his … and knew well how to appeal to local sentiment by taking accepted … his right hand and a sceptre in his left was an old Attic type'5 taken … Walters loc. cit. and in his British Museum : Select Bronzes London 1915 pi. 19 with text … 217 ff. pi. 65 a) gives Zeus both thunderbolt and sceptre (upper part restored). In most … Red-Jig. Vases ii. 233110. 6), shows Zeus with thunderbolt and eagle-sceptre seated among … no. b, Atlas pi. 1, 13 (Zeus only)), had Zeus with winged bolt and sceptre seated between

754

Installed in this unique position it was naturally copied and re-copied … (e.g. fig. 692)1 and gems (e.g. fig. 695)'2, but also from numerous … p. xxiii f. regards the coins here given as figuring the colossal Zeus and suggests that the … Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. no. 4082), and a third I. o. m. | Taviano [ et dis deabusque | pro … normal and exceptional design. Fig. 694 is a burnt onyx in the British Museum, formerly … tion (Sale Catalogue London 1921 p. 16 no. 85) and is here shown to the scale f : the

755

etc. (pi. xxxii, 2)2, which formed part of the Macon find mentioned

756

1 H. B. Walters Brit. Mus. Cat. Bronzes p. 170 no. 909 and in his British Museum: … Lucilla and now in my collection. … 4 Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus pp. 126—128 ('Dritte Classe') nos. 22 and 23

Plate XXXIV

enthroned with a sceptre in his right hand and a thunderbolt in his left.

757

even more of the sceptre and even less of the thunderbolt; for the … and an eagle flying before him (figs. 700, 701)6. The Olympian … Cassel and Leipzig 1904 p. 105 f. figs. 10S, 109, the seated Zeus from the eastern pedi- … some object unknown in his lowered right, and then adds : ' The figure may be safely … (obv. countermarks: Gorgoneion, hind foot of mule to right, and a third, rev. F A retro-

758

and the sceptre in the god's left hand, but replaced the winged … right hand, and the thunderbolt omitted. P. Gardner conjectured … the left upper arm, and the dropping of the thunderbolt were perhaps … simile published two mutilated columns of papyrus (pap. 263 and 264 of the Geneva … out their commission of the Zeus Olympios ; and, on being condemned about four years … etudes ancienues 1911 xiii. 125 ff. And, though Nicole's interpretations are not all

759

Miinzen der Kaiserzeit' in the Zeilschr. f. Ntim. 1912 xxx. 363—382 pi. 10, and infra … larity of marble, style, and proportions makes it practically certain that the bearded head

760

least a quiet dignity of its own, and must doubtless be classed as a … very possibly, as Overbeck suggests, carried a Victory. And the … choose for the purpose the great cult-statue at Olympia—and the … Deepdene [Hope Sale Catalogue 1917 p. 32 no. 205) and now in the Fitzwilliam Museum … and gilding.

761

Olympia, harked back to the more ancient and popular type of … the newer and nobler creation of Pheidias ? Just here an interesting … coins of Antiochos iv are discussed and illustrated infra Append. N sub fn.

762

sceptre in his left, the right leg in advance, and the … policy of welding together his Hellenic and bar- … wall-painting from Pompeii3 and a well-mouth at … 2. 1—42 with 28 figs, and 1 pis. … caonia, etc. p. 172 nos. 57 and 58 … and Monographs 1921 iii. 15 pi. 1, … :' Supra i. 34 pi. i and Frontis-

763

The sceptre (for both painting and relief postulate a sceptre in the … formerly in the Castellani collection and now in the British Museum (F. H. Marshall … petals, above in a Corinthian capital with leaves, volutes, and flowers all complete. Above … of the Corinthian capital point to a much later period, and F. H. Marshall loc. cit. … Tarentines against the Lucanians, Bruttians, and Messapians, struck at Tarentum … bolt and spear-head {Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Thessaly etc. p. 110 pi. 20, i ( = myfig. 710), … 87 n. 6 and Folk-Lore 1906 xvii.. 158 ff.).

764

must needs be the All-wise. And what of the All-terrible? His … partite. The bipartite sort, which is the commoner and probably the

765

Western Asia Washington 1910 p. 128 f. fig. 368 b and in M. Jastrow Bildermapp, zur … Fig- 715 from a cylinder (W. H. Ward The Seal Cylinders etc. p. 171 fig. 456 and in … and Me?norial-tablets in the British Museum London 1912 p. 7 tf. pi. 21, M. Jastrow

766

and 50, W. J. Hinke op. cit. p. 30 … 1189 B.C.) found at Sousa and now … Habba and now in the British … Fig. 724 from a Hittite stele of dolerite (height i'28m), found in Babylon and referred

767

either end (figs. 728—730)3. And under the Sargonid dynasty … with axe and lightning-fork. … and pi. 41, a ( = my fig. 725), … Tesub standing with axe and … and the "Thunderbolt"' in … vases etc. and in shapes com-

769

ward through Asia Minor into Ionia, and thence into the mainlands … (884—860 B.C.) and now in the British Museum nos. 28, 29 (A. H. Layard A second … Mosul (A. H. Layard Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babyloii London 1853 … Fig- 730 from the dolerite stile of Esar-haddon (682—669 B.C.) found at Sinjerli and … hand. Cp. the Susian god with bovine horns, axe, and double fork [supra i. 578 fig. 447). … bud. The god holds also by a couple of cords an ox (the beast of Adad) and a dragon

770

end to end. Between 650 and 550 B.C. it brought the potter, for … Malthayiah, 60 miles or so north of Mosul (A. H. Layard Nineveh and its Remains … deities confronting the king ; they are characterised as deities (Adad ? and Marduk ?) by

771

to Olympos, where Zeus and Hera are seated … And this floriform fashion once started had a considerable vogue … The popularity of the lotos in this connexion was due in part, … out, was sometimes regarded by the ancients as a flower1'. And the

772

Primitive belief and, its first cousin, poetic imagination still share the same idea. … Swinburne Atalanta in Calydon London 1896 p. 13 'I dreamt, and saw the black brand … sharp spikes outstart; | And with blood for dew, the bosom boils ; | And a gust of sulphur … logie des plantes Paris 1882 ii. 202—211, 255, R. Folkard Plant Lore, Legends, and … night-blooming, since it is said to open just after sunset and to close on the following … Egyptians London 1904 ii pi. 26) and with the guardians of its viscera (Lanzone op. cit.

773

springeth up from the divine splendour that belongeth to the nostrils of Ra,' and ib. 81 B : … flowers and -buds are represented as rising out of the mummy Osiris at Philai (Goodyear … from a specimen of mine, formerly in the Pro we collection) and Antinoos on a bronze coin … lungen klassischer Altertiimer in Rom Leipzig 1913 ii. 424 f. no. 1872)). Gold and silver … Thirdly, the lotos was associated with the sun and solar deities. Horos is depicted as … midst of its leaves in the town of Chmun (Hermopolis magna) and didst lighten the earth,

774

3, 9 ; cp. 44, 2, 6), Thothmes iii is portrayed presenting lotos-flowers and geese to a … represented with a lotos-flower on his head (Lanzone op. cit. p. 385 ff. pis. 147 and 148, … suns sprang from his navel, and in the midst of this lotos appeared Brahma (Bhdgavata- … Lakshml, the bride of Vishnu, first emerged from the troubled waters of ocean and landed … that of Brahma, and that of Vishnu's avatar Krishna. … J. Grimm op. cit. 1882 i. 183, 1883 iii. 1191, 1888 iv. 1346, 1672, 1790 n. 1, and H.

775

Friend Flowers and Flower Lore London 1883 i. 72 f., 164 ff., 343 collect the names of … fug, the field eryngo Donnerdistel, and a tangled vegetable growth Donnerbesen (supra … the wild poppy is called fleur du toni (at Liege), fleur di tonir, tonir, tonoire and placed … land] it was wont to be called the Thunder-flower or lightnings ; and children were afraid … Dianthus inodorus, 'carnation' (Theophr. hist. pi. 6. r. 1, 6. 6. 2, 6. 6. ir, 6. 8. 3 and … to a Pontic variety of nut (Hermonax and Timachidas ap. Athen. 53 b—c, cp. Hesych. … vain (supra p. 397 n. o : but English Jupiter's Distaff'is yellow wild clary, and Jupiter's … an Ionic poem of s. iii a.d. printed in F. S. Lehrs' ed. of Oppian and Nikandros Parisiis … dergriechischen Mythologie Innsbruck 1890 p. 268 f. (' Heilige Blumen des Zeus') and F.

776

parts of the Graeco-Italic world. Ionian art in the east and Etruscan … autumn rains, and thunder-peals in particular, hardened these tubers (Theophr./rizo'. 167 … Zeus and Hera.

777

such flames in red, and it may be presumed that this variation on … 666)5. And ultimately a second pair of wings was added to … p. 70 ff. pi. 10—11 (exterior: Gigantomachia, part of which = my fig. 741), Overbeck Gr. … Vases i. 124 no. 19), who was at work during the first third of s. v B.C. Zeus, in chiton … Cambridge Mass. 1918 p. 102, Hoppin Red-fig. Vases ii. 60 f. no. 13 fig. Date : first third

779

And H. Usener1 rightly insisted that the phrase attests a long- … round incendiary arrows. A. Conze and P. Jacobsthal5 suggest a … thunderbolt9,' and its Virgilian equivalent, cum fulmina torques10, … And Mr C. T. R. Wilson, our first authority on the subject of … 7 R. F. Crook ' Did the ancient Greeks and Romans understand the importance of … (o.d. 52, 273 (v.I.), frag: 5. 1 Rzach), and sporadically later (Bruchmann Epith. deor. … 1907 i. 74 f. and in his Lex&logus zu Homer Halle a. d. S. 1914 p. 312, followed by Boisacq

780

became extremely popular in Hellenistic1 and Roman times {supra … These three modifications of the lotos—flames, wings, and spiral … develop into pinions of various shapes and sizes. The thunderbolt is,

781

(pi. xxxvi, 7). Now again it furls them completely and relapses … (pi. xxxvi, 3), but early in s. iv involves the wings and sepals as … notice. A stater issued by the mint of Zeus between c. 471 and … thunderbolt of Zeus as in part serpentiform. The lord of the aigis … fly with head, eyes, body, wings, and legs complete (pi. xxxvi, 5). … of course arrived in swarms and fastened on the carcases. This … 2 C. T. Seltman loc. cit. igii xi. 108 with no. 157 pi. 5, BT3 yu ( = my fig. 742) and

782

tended to disturb the ritual and was therefore undesirable. But to … Biting flies meant coming storm3—and who could tell? The safest … gorged with the blood of the ox, took themselves off, and contrasts … poured out, and flesh hung up, yet retired discreetly across the … Antiphanes the comedian, who lived five centuries and more before … special benefit of the flies. As time passed and men ceased to … donnerpuppe, perhaps because he likes to live in oak-trees, and it is believed that lightning

783

disease, the Eleans invoke a god called Myiacores and that, if he … had summoned the god Myiagrus, who kept the flies away, and had … and Zeus figure in the version preserved by Pausanias6: … suggested to him, that he should sacrifice to Zeus Apomyios. And so the flies … morphism, and the winged thunderbolts of Greek art lead up to a … ap. Apollon. hist. mir. 8), and from Mt Carina {v.I. Carina) in Crete (Plin. nat. hist.

784

and extending his right towards a small male figure, who seems … Brontes and Steropes and bare-limbed Pyracmon. … Italy and Sicily, as Jacobsthal4 observed, the central spike of the … 1 P. Gardner in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Greek and Scythic Kings pp. lviii, 70

785

for an arrow-head, starting from the centre of its lotos-flower. And

786

(7) The thunderbolt of Zeus and the trident of Poseidon. … trident in this way2. But the point is not, what the Greeks and … or terra-cotta tablets found at Penteskuphia near Corinth and … two of them a very suspicious lightning-flash, and the third a trident ! Unfortunately the

787

and the trident of Poseidon 787

788

susceptible of a different interpretation. Trident and sceptre alike

789

and the trident of Poseidon 789 … part of C. Robert1, announced that Poseidon's trident ' must be … and that the mark of Poseidon's trident to be seen on the zYkropolis … He too quoted the lines from the Iliad and laid stress on the resem- … mythologist E. H. Meyer10 and in 1909 by the historian E. Meyer11.

790

In 1911 C. Blinkenberg1 devoted a chapter to the subject and con- … brought in from Assyria, and that it was therefore interpreted … 1 C. Blinkenberg The Thunderweapon in Religion and Folklore Cambridge 1911 … senting flames, a tripartite thunderweapon was evolved and was carried east and west from

791

and the trident of Poseidon 791 … 19187 and 1921s, all accept this hy- … Cp. Brit. Mns. Cat. Coins Greek and Scythic Kings p. 159 f. pi. 29, 10. Civa, with three

792

trident-mark to the hypaethral bidental, and indeed the whole history … and more irregular, at a little distance from them. These marks— … is improved and completed by A. Michaelis in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. … See also T. Rice Holmes Ancient Britain and the Invasions ofJulius Caesar Oxford 1907 … neolithic and aeneolithic art of Spain (M. C. Burkitt Prehistory Cambridge 1921 pi. 38).

793

and the trident of Poseidon 793 … or 'the Kettle of Giant Galaffre2'; and at Faux-la-Montagne the … Poseidon, when he struck the Akropolis-rock and thereby created … second passage states quite definitely that both at Athens and in … Studien zur hebraischen Archdologie and Religionsgeschichte Leipzig 1908 p. 19). … with scholl. ad loc. and C. von Holzinger's note. … o-eio-p,oL. The association of Athens with Arkadia is noteworthy and points perhaps to a … 12 See the inscriptions and texts cited by O. Jahn—A. Michaelis Arx Athenarum

794

Euripides, he was slain by a blow of Poseidon's trident and hidden … he, the lightning-god, had entered the earth; and that this same … Poseidon was a lightning-god. Once, and once only, in the extant … shows Athena with her lance and Poseidon with his trident standing opposite to each … 5 Sir A. J. Evans in the Num. Chron. Third Series 1896 xvi. 109 ff. pi. 8, 7 ( = ray

795

and the trident of Poseidon 795 … dolphin and scallop-shell of the reverse side. On grounds of style … the town and, along with it, their former coin-types of the dolphin … 762—764) show Poseidon brandishing his trident and Zeus brandishing his thunderbolt in

796

read Tlo<roi5{ai') ? Cp. Babelon Monn. gr. rom. ii. r. 1431 f. no. 2132 with n. 3, and

797

and the trident of Poseidon 797 … 1 Brit. Mas. Cat. Coins Peloponnesus p. i66pl. 30, 21 (=my fig. 758) and 22, Head

798

He grasps a thunderbolt in his right hand, and a trident in his left, … thunderbolt of Zeus(?) and Zeus with the trident of Poseidon (??)5. … significance of this attribute is free from serious doubt, and some … BYlANTUflN] E[TTI] AXnTT[IOY] with two countermarks (obv. R and … 4 A. Mau in the Ann. d. Inst. 1884 lvi. 320, Man. d. List, xii pi. 7, 3 and 5 ( = my

799

and the fork of Hades 799 … Flashed lightning round, and o'er it the forked blade0. … And Sophokles mentioned it in his Lovers of Achilles : … The hero had been taught to use this engine by Peleus, and … 1 R. Munro The Lake Dwellings of Europe London, Paris, and Melbourne 1890 p. 157 … forked form' from graves at Nebesheh dated c. 650—500 B.C. and regarded as those of … Chipiez Hist, de PArt iv. 741 f. fig. 359, Sir W. M. Ramsay The Cities of St. Paid … 6 /lias parvafrag. 5 Kinkel ap. schol. Pind. Nem. 6. 85 and schol. //. 16. 142 a[x<pi

800

But neither Achilles nor Kastor spells Hades, and the only … F. G. Welcker took the pair to be Ploutom and Persephone2. But

801

and the fork of Hades 801 … E. Braun in 1837 drew attention to the fact that Rafael and

802

hand, and conjectured that this detail must have been taken from … a modius decorated with oak-leaves and acorns ; he has at his right … and Plouton by the attributes added below on the front—a trident, … Vienna7, Paris8, and Wurzburg9. Unfortunately their genuineness is … 10 Michaelis described the Woburn Abbey specimen as ' new ' : Dubois, Wieseler, and … in 18512, and again in 1857s, confirmed his

803

and the fork of Hades 803 … and Victoria. To judge from the style, these deities were referable … a thunderbolt and a trident in his left hand, and a two-pronged … 4 E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1837 ix. 256, 257, 274, G. Dennis The Cities and … bearded personage, who wears a large hat inscribed ICTO and carries ' un bastone bifor-

805

and the fork of Hades 805 … terrena^), wielded presumably by some chthonian deity6. And … 1 Supra p. 227 n. 4. For a better reading and rendering of the Getic name see … E. Gerhard Uber die Kunst der Pkonicier Berlin 1848 p. 38 f. pi. 5, 1 and 7. … Herakleitos, Aristotle, and Poseidonios—held that lightning was primarily due to telluric … § 4 (d) Zeus Bpovrwv), and Greek art on occasion treats lightning as the attribute of such … Cassel and Leipzig 1904 pi. 4, R. Heberdey Altattische Porosskulptur Wien 1919 pi. 3,

806

(s. iii A.D.); and the learned scholiast on Persius couples it with … Italy and the trident of Greece were respectively descended from … is accepted by A. Nauck (Soph. frag. 659) and A. C. Pearson (Soph. frag. 727 Jebb). … and the Sophoclean passages. As to the shape of a /xdfceAXa opinion varied : Apollon. … ,j Bident and trident are sometimes exchanged. Sen. H.f. 564 ff. makes Hades attack

807

Zeus was recognised in literature4 and had numerous cults from … Zeus, Kepavvia an unknown goddess. W. Drexler ib. ii. n 17 detects Resef Hes and … 1863 Suppl. ii. 609 ff. proposes daTpo(3o\r]devTiov in the sense of ' struck by lightning' and

808

Ad Kepa[v]vicp \---on a marble base with oak-wreath and fillets, ib. ii. 243 no. 329 … temple of Apollon ; lettering crowded and late). … two bucrania, festoons, ewer, patera, Gorgoneion, etc. and inscribed Ad | l\epavv'up j

809

ritual and hymns. Probably the object of their veneration was an … to act as keraunophoroi or ' thunderbolt-bearers4.' Silver and bronze … have rev. a thunderbolt bound with a fillet and placed on a low stool [Brit. Mus. Cat.

810

and M. Iulius Philippus the younger2. Their reverse type shows a … of the Anatolian mother-goddess3 or her consort4. And the thunder- … and sculpture of the west6. A silver coin of Vespasian issued in the … gold12 and sjlver coins with the same design (fig. 775)13. Trajan, a … Diet. Rom. Coins p. 400 fig. Not recognised by Cohen, and therefore suspect.

811

would-be Iupiter1, 'restored' the types of Vespasian- and Titus3 … bolt in his right hand and a headless spear in his left, while … round his neck, and an eagle at his feet. … an eagle is perched on the thunderbolt, and the throne is flanked by a pair of globes. The

812

the king of gods and men. On a stool or couch, the posts of which … it is seen a transverse sceptre ; and a powerful eagle mounts guard … missili siciliane' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1878 1. 32 f. nos. 6 and 7 pi. F (=my fig. 779, a, b):

813

ii. 1610 fig. 3624 (with inscription AC I PE (?) for accipe, retrograde; found in Spain, and … at Athens), British Museum: A Guide to the exhibition illustrating Greek and Roman Life

814

as king1 with purple robe, silver sceptre, and regal diadem2 was a … old zoistic conception of Zeus Keraunos*, but the rise and spread … each case by a diminutive pyramid and often inscribed with the … hand, a thunderbolt (?) in his left, and a rayed nimbus round his head ; (c) a veiled goddess, … i. 387 ff. and in the Comptes rendus de PAcad, des inscr. et belles-lettres 1902 p. 235 ff. … auTTjpias avrov (sic) Ke t]_Qiv t'Stcov], but hesitates between MctXax/3?)\y, BrjXip, and

815

applied to Zeus both in literature4 and in cult. … Pythion and the Olympion : here, for three days … tt)v darpawriv and crrpoird (so T. Bergk for crrpoiri) cod.)- darpawf).

816

fice, inscriptions of the second and first centuries B.C. tell how … veGiv KaraXoyov. Strabon in turn was the source of Steph. Byz. s.v."Apfia and Eustath. … "Appa, Hesych. s.w. daTpairri 81 "AppiaTOS and cV "App.aT0s, Bekker anecd. i. 212, 16 f.), … from c. 300 B.C. onwards the head of Apollon is replaced usually by a head of Zeus, and … matique de la Crete ancienne Macon 1890 p. 40 pi. 3, 10 and 11, cp. p. 38 pi. 3, 1, Head

817

tripod, and the fetching of need-fire—were doubtless a later revival … shipped under the fuller title ' He that Thunders and Lightens2/ … G. Seure, who during the-last five and twenty years has done … The evidence for the Pythais has been collected and discussed by J. Toepffer 'Die … Athenian and Delian Documents, ill' in Klio 1909 ix-. 304 ff., A. Boethius Die Pythais:

818

his name and nature1. The monuments in question comprise seven … right hand and an eagle on his outstretched left arm. Beneath his … Nude bearded (?) god, brandishing bolt (?) in raised right hand and extending left arm, … 2ovpa evxv"' Bearded god, with chlamys, brandishing bolt in raised right hand and ex- … Seure first as At[i] Zia/xerpa and later as [0e]uk Zta/^erpfaJXis with compendium of aX. … uninscribed. Bearded god, with chlamys, brandishing bolt in raised right hand and

819

Mo/cct7ropis bdpov. Zeus, bearded and wearing himdtion, stands towards the right, with a

820

two-horse chariot, which carries also a draped and veiled goddess. … probably drawn from the Gigantomachy1. And here it is of interest … 3 Marble relief, found in 1875 near the church of S. Eusebio at Rome, i.e. on a part

821

recognisable by his effeminate limbs and abundant hair. G. Seure … by one Dionysios (nomen omen) ' to the god Zberthourdos and to … her jokes and is herself described as a Thracian4 or a Bacchant"',

822

etc. and might denote either ' brilliance' or ' lightning.' For the … Gebelefzis™, and urges that *ZibelesoArdos, Zibeleizis, and Zalmoxis … and emending a disputed sentence of Cicero's accordingly13.

823

power and an earth-power—witness on the one hand his thunder- … first part of this compound, it has occurred to me'—he says—'that … parallel use of the sound and of the symbol zeta to express it. We

824

evidence from China, India, and Wallachia of lightning conceived … Zeus and compared his lightning to mere midday heat3. Thereupon … The second part of the compound presents greater difficulty owing to the variant readings. … and thus simplifies matters, making the form a variant between -uovpbos and -doupdos. … tested sound-law, is not inconsistent with other evidence, scanty as it is, and we may

825

Strikes the sea-farer's keel, and the burning stroke … Zeus' and carefully explaining that this means ' by the thunder- … time (? Early Iron Age) and in a place (? Thessaly) when and … 2 Eteokles and Polyneikes, both sons and brothers of Oidipous.

826

In anger twists his bolt and plies his lash … And speedily they passed across the plain. … ported respectively a caldron (lebes) and a boy {pais) grasping a … Eustath. in Od. p. 1760, 58 ff. I have quoted and discussed these passages in the Journ.

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 4: Zeus and the thunder

827

§ 4. Zeus and the Thunder, … gods and giants took place, sacrifices were offered to Lightnings, … question were prophylactic6 and meant to avert the danger of being … of Sir J. G. Frazer, H. Hitzig and H. Bliimner. A. G. Bather and V. W. Yorke in the … el J>s o'l llvdayopeioi cpaaiv d.7reiX^s eveKa rois if r<2 TaprapL:}, oirws cpofiwvraL and Iambi, v.

828

But Thunder and Lightning early developed into Sondergotter. … morphism. The Theogony speaks of ' Brontes and Steropes and … painted the unpaintable too—thunders, lightnings, and thunderbolts, … and Lightning with flashing eyes7.' Finally these daemonic personi- … represents Bronte and Sterope surrounded by clouds9. Bronte has … of Lightning and Thunder so scares the Dragon1- that he lets the … p. 9 f. quotes variants from Kypros, Crete, the mainland of Greece, and Korkyra.

829

snakes, and refuses to draw him up : … and the god below,' but ' One thing she could not make out—-who … thunders ; after which there is silence for a while, and then the god … And the gods spoke as they are wont to speak0. … 2 J. C. Lawson Alodern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 1910 … 7 See the conversation between Strepsiades and Sokrates in Aristoph. nub. 382 ff.,

830

to Zeus as his chariot and say "O Zeus the Charioteer.'" Another: … 1 Zeus in the Iliad has his 'well-wheeled chariot and horses' {supra i. 338 n. 1, where … team aloft' (though it would describe horse or chariot more naturally than driver) and

831

and art1, but it enters into ritual and mythology of long … Nonnos and compares Eur. frag. 943 Nauck'2 ap. Macrob. Sat. 1. 17. 59 ■nvpLytvr\% 5i … Babelon Monn. rdp. rom. ii. 636 and 654 Index s.vv. … A Hellenistic group in terra cotta, found at Gnathia [Fasano) in Apulia and bequeathed … the knees; his head is inclined to his 1., r. hand extended with open palm, and in 1. he

832

a bronze car. In time of drought they shook this car and prayed … grapher of s. iii B.C.; and his account is confirmed by the fourth- … rain from the sky7, and that water was spilt from the amphora as a … 5 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Thessaly etc. p. 16 nos. 3 and 4, Furtwangler Masterpieces of … a green cornfield and, wishing to eat the grain, waited till it grew dry, thereby forgetting … sent to get water for a libation from a fountain. He saw beside it a fig-tree and waited for

833

was at once a thunder-god and a charioteer (fig. 785)6. … and twice at least on monuments of the Kyzikos district. A marble … in his lowered left, and an eagle at his feet. Near him, on a smaller … that, he indulged in lust. Apollon in anger turned him black and so shaped his crop that … lematic Kesselwagen or ' caldron-chariots' of the late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age.

834

shoulder1. Between the two deities appears a flaming altar. And

835

thunder-stone' and ' lying prone' in the appointed place had been … chief cults of northern and eastern Phrygia was that of Zeus … 4 At and near Nakoleia (Sir W. M. Ramsay in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1882 iii. 123 f., … 1900 xxv. 409 f. no. 19), Giimbet (id. ib. 1900 xxv. 416f. no. 29), at and near Inonii (id.

836

as 'Great' and ' Holy1' and 'Hearer of Prayer,' he is called 'the … The small sides of the monument have vases and a vine-stem.

838

bucrania, a garland, a vine-stem) and bearing an inscription ' to Zeus … it will be remembered that in Orphic, and therefore Thraco-Phrygian, … Bearing in mind, then, the Dionysiac and quasi-Orphic nature of … women carrying a jug and a bowl respectively. Panther, jug, and … and is sometimes equipped with the lyre10. But it would, I think, be … (Orpheus in the Underworld, which is represented by a tiger-like Kerberos and two

839

shumlu, between Brouzos and Dorylaeion, was dedicated to Zeus … sake god ; and it is at least possible that in Phrygia, as at Delphoi2, … of Bronton dedicated a speleum*, and Phoibos the last occupant of

840

Thunder and Lightning now lies behind us. But, lest I be accused … and in the Hellenistic age was brought into connexion with other … heavens and come down in the form of a bright blinding flash … and of his elysia or enelysia, sacred precincts where none might tread5, … and associated by Platon in Pythagorising mood with 'a straight … Thunder and Lightning now lies behind us. But, lest I be accused … and in the Hellenistic age was brought into connexion with other … heavens and come down in the form of a bright blinding flash … and of his elysia or enelysia, sacred precincts where none might tread5, … and associated by Platon in Pythagorising mood with 'a straight

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / Retrospect

841

Diana-pillars of Italy1 and the Agyietis-pilla.rs of Greece2, threw … a custom still traceable in various parts of Greece9, and safeguarded … at Delphoi and connected with the death of Dionysos14. … 'He that lets fly16,' and the earth-goddess Ge Themis (J), 'She that … boiled in the Delphic tripod, and buried beside it19. Thus the … prophetes'^ (if the one was Aphesios, the other was aplictor'^) and … of Greek religion. And the gods whom the Delphic succession

842

Zeus and Ge were purely Hellenic. Their counterparts in the … Dios the son to be a rebirth of Dios the father. And this conception, … and her child5. It even suggested a reason for the speed and success … and perhaps signified that the divine Sky wss bright by day and

843

A section on Zeus and the Twins showed first how the supports … Sky, appearing alternately as Day and Night, is essentially of a* … suggested rather a terrestrial abode in or near Thrace1'1. And this … Thesprotia18, and the metamorphosis of the Heliades into black-

844

Illyria and Epeiros marked out the 'Way' by which the god … Delphoi and specialised by the Greeks into a sun-god9; (6) that he … prefaced a collection and discussion of the data with regard to the … 5 J. Rendel Harris The Ascent of Olympus Manchester 1917 p. 64 f., id. Origin and … la Saussaye The Religion of the Teutons Boston and London 1902 p. 127 f., R. M. Meyer

845

phagus from Hagia Triada (here interpreted afresh)2 and on that … passim^,—motifs appropriate each and all to the weapon of a sky- … hdrpe to the Italian Saturn9. An analogous figure, part deity, part … belonged in turn to the Amazons, the Lydians, and the Carians, … Boghaz-Keui and by his successor Herakles (Sandas) at Tarsos15.

846

of Zeus Osogoa, whose attributes the eagle, the trident, and the crab … abnormal figure, which recurs at Snzcasa in Kappadokia5 and is … nexion of Idbrys and Labyrinthos, we maintained (1) that the Carian … types and reliefs discussed above, the reputed axe of Noah1?, the

847

Further examples of the double axe in the east1 and in the … pontifical axes7. And it was held that the lictor's axe in particular … consists in diagonals and zig-zags probably derived from lashings10, … case of Tenedos16, and saw that to treat the double axe on its coins … earth-goddess20. Their local names were Tennes and Hemithea,

848

in the earth-mother's tree1 could be traced here and there in Hellenic … comrades in the oaks at Dotion5, and the knife of Phylakos in the … and sword. Lightning therefore came to be viewed on occasion as … Iupiter Militaris, Iupiter Impei-ator, Iupiter Victor, etc.15. And the … Axe, spear, and sword by no means exhausted the armoury of

849

the part played by Zeus in relation to Greek oaths, private and … pre-Pheidiac type and placed upon his silver money a seated Zeus, … and as such underwent modifications of shape from time to time … wings, for the eagle was the lightning-bearer11. And its central

850

flowers4, and examined the singular cult of Zeus Apomyios5. … concluded (1) that Greeks and Romans of the classical age doubt- … and we can see some fitness in the later fusion of Zeus-Poseidon … with thunderbolt, trident, and fork—this last implement being prob- … In short, it was argued that the bident of Italy and the trident … Athenion (103—100 B.C.) bore the device of a thunderbolt and the

851

and a snake at his feet:!. One relief showed him in his chariot … Demeter—a mythical figure born of a misconceptionfi. And Zbel- … investigate his relation to the thunder11. Lightnings and Thunders … being conceived as divine animals, the horses Bronte and Sterope, … in Thessaly16, certainly entered into Thessalian ritual17 and myth18.

852

district1, that of Bronton in northern and eastern Phrygia2. As … of the reborn Zeus. Cretan timbrel and Phrygian lyre had between … And here we pause. It might have been supposed that the … of human life somewhere and somehow Zeus sat enthroned to mete … Supreme, which in every place and at every moment is engaged … found at Canusium iCanosci) in 1851 and now preserved in the

853

serene and splendid. He is seated, with tiara, sceptre, and sword, … council-chamber, then, there is debate and foreboding. The third … Olympos, here indicated simply by the rising ground-line and a … the wrong shape for a brick of gold and must be viewed as an orator's platform (firjua).

854

On the left are Artemis riding a horned doe1 and Apollon with … in her hair, and a pair of torches in her hands. This is Apd\te\ … Thunder and Lightning as a power that on sundry momentous … and in his Vasensamml. Neapel p. 578 n. 9. … text I follow the excellent edition of A. C. Pearson The Fragments of Zeno and Cleanthes

855

That live and move on earth can copy God. … 1 am indebted to Prof. Pearson for the following new and attractive solution (June 17, … of yevbpecrda, and I don't like to suggest confusion with Aratus.' … Plout. de and. poet. 11 8el be p,r)8e tQjv bvofxaTwv d/xeXcos aKoveiv, dXXd tt\v /xev KXedvdovs

856

Obeys thy lead and wills to do thy will8. … The universe, larger and lesser lights. … " U. von YVilamowitz-Moellendorff and J. von Arnim keep the -rrvpoevra dei^dovra of … in their system are hopelessly confused and contradictory, as may be seen from an

857

Order disorder, and turn hate to love". … One law through all, which bad men scorn and scape. … Others on ease and bodily delights. … kixkov and &XXo. C. Wachsmuth restored avoi kolkov &\Xos eV a\Xo. U. von Wilamowitz-

858

And glittering bolt5, save men from folly's bane. … 4 C. Wachsmuth, A. C. Pearson, and J. von Arnim prefer the spelling Kvj3epvas.

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