Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1925)

Dtos and Dios Nysos

279

P. Kretschmer1, and W. M. Calder2, who agree in rendering 'heavenly
and chthonian gods.' We may reasonably infer that in Phrygia the
earth-goddess Semele3 was associated with a sky-god known as

397 n. 1 translated /j.e focteXw by ' /xera reKvwv.' A. Torp 'Zu den phrygischen Inschriften
aus rdmischer Zeit' in the Skrifter udgivne af Videnskabsselskabet i Christiania 1894 ii
Historisk-filosofisk Klasse Christiania 1895 no. 2 p. 16 f., id. ' Zum Phrygischen' id.
1896 no. 3 p. 4 takes p.e = fj.€T& and regards Seus /ce fe/xeXws as meaning 'himself and his
family.' P. Kretschmer in Aus der Anomia Berlin 1890 p. 19 f., cp. id. Einleitung in
die Geschichte der Griechischen Sprache Gottingen 1896 p. 226, renders 5ecos 8iw%
' Himmel' and £ep.eXw ' Erdgottheit, Erde.' F. Solmsen 'Zum Phrygischen' in the
Zeitschrift fiir vergleichende Sprachforsclmng 1897 xxxiv. 54 f. understands 8eos 81ms as a
gen. sing. — Aids and £ep,eXws as a gen. sing. = Se^ieX^?. Sir W. M. Ramsay in the Jahresh.
d. oest. arch. Inst. 1905 viii Beiblatt p. 107 translates p.e diws fe/xeXws ri, p.e fe^eXw ice Seos
by 'among gods and men,' regarding the termination as that of a dat. plur. (-ojj rather
than -os).

4 G. Meyer ' Albanesische Studien ' iii in the Sitzungsber. d. kais. Akad. d. IViss. in
Men Phil.-hist. Classe 1892 cxxv. 11. 21 n. 2 says: ' Mir scheint, (lass in jener phry-
gischen Verwunschungsformel £epLtXw derselbe Casus sei, wie das parallele deos oder 8iws,
und zwareine Pluralform (in Nr. 25 bei Ramsay Phrygian Inscriptions, KZ xxvm, 381 ff.,
steht fJfMfXws), mit Nichtschreibung des -s, und dass die Formel bedeute : "bei den
irdischen und himmlischen (Gottheiten)." ' Cp. id. as cited by W. Gurlitt in the Gott.
gel. Anz. 1892 p. 514.

1 P. Kretschmer in theJahresli. d. oest. arc//. Inst. 1905 viii Beiblatt p. 79 n. 1 'would
prefer A600C KG ZeM€AO)C "heavenly and Chthonian gods.'"

2 W. M. Calder in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1911 xxxi. 207 f.

3 The opinion of ancient scholars that Semele was but another name of Ge (Apollod.
frag. 29 {Frag. hist. Gi. i. 433 Muller) ap. Lyd. de mens. 4. 51 p. 107, 1 ff. Wiinsch

(peperaL Se Kai ns p-vdos irepl avrov Kara rbv ' A7roXX65o>poe, cos efr; yeyovws in Aids Kal P??s,
rrjs Se Trjs QefieXrjs irpoaayopevopevris Sid to ets aurrju irdvTa KaTadepeXcoiadai, r\v Kara
avvaXXayyv ivos o~Toixelov, tou a, ^.e/xeXrjv ol 7roi??Tcu iv poar^yopevKacn, et. Gild. p. 498, 39 ff-
He/xeXr), 6e6s, 6ep.eXis, 8epLe\ii2ris ovaa. d(p.eXis r\ yrj Trpoaayopeverat ■ Sea to eV avTrj irdvTa
KOLTadtfieXiovaOai ■ Kal /car' evaXXayrjv tou 6 eis cr, ^le/neXr] ; Diod. 3. 62 op.oiws 8k Kal tt)v sk
—epteXrjs yeveaiv eis (pvaiKas dpxds dvdyovaiv, airo<f>aiv6fxev01 Qvwvtjv vtto tG>v apxawv tt\v
yyjv (bvopidodai, Kal TeOeladai tt\v irpoariyopiav [Kal del. H. K. A. Eichstadt] Hs/jl^Xtjv p\ev
dirb tov <jep.vt]v eluai ttjs dtov TavT-qs tt\v eiripeXeiav Kal Tip,rjv, Qvu>pt]v 8 dird twv duo/j.evwi'
avrrj dvaiuv Kal dvr)XQi>. Conclusions right : etymologies wrong) has been confirmed, not
only by modern mycologists (Welcker Gr. Gotterl. i. 434 ff., Gerhard Gr. Myth. i. 182,
505, Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. i. 660, O. Jessen in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 664 ft". A
notable dissenter is Gruppe Gr. Myth. Kel. p. 1415 n. 6), but—what is more to the
point—by modern philologists. V. Helm Kullurpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihrem
Ubergang aus Asieti nach Griechenland und /(alien sonde in das iibrige Europa1 Berlin
1870 pp. 24, 412 f. n. 15 conjectured that 1.ep.eXr\ was a Thracian word for ' Erde, Erd-
gdttin,' related to xa/"-a'> humus, etc. P. Kretschmer ' Semele und Dionysos' in Aus der
Anomia Berlin 1890 p. 17ft". first established the conjecture on a sound basis by proving
that the word really occurred in Thraco-Phrygian sources: ' Zur Deutung des zweiten
Begriffes fe^eXw kann uns die hesychische Glosse £ep.eXev fidpfiapov dv8paTro8ov <f>pvyes
behilflich sein, welche man mit Recht zu indogermanisch ghem-, skr. ksam-, avest. sdo,
Gen. zemo "Erde," slav. zemljd, lit. zeme "Erde," zemas "niedrig," gr. xO&v, Loc. X"/"0')
XdapLaXos, lat. humus "Erde," humilis "niedrig," heiuo homo "Mensch," humanus, got.
guma "Mensch" gestellt hat1 [!Die Bildung ist dieselbe wie die von phryg. /3/nVeXos,
Ku/3eA7j (auf einer phryg. Inschrift matar Kubi/e) und gr. x^ap-aXos, lat. humilis.']. Fick,
Spracheinh. a. a. O [A. Fick Die ehemalige Spracheinheit der Indogermanen Europas
Gottingen 1873 pp. 321, 416, 429].' This view, which links Semele with Nova Ze?nbla