Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1925)

288

Dios and Dios Nysos

and Dionysos were but different aspects of the self-same god. As
Sir W. M. Ramsay, the highest living authority on Phrygia and all
its ways, expresses it. 'The father and the son...are merely com-
plementary forms of the single ultimate form of the divinity as
male1,' or again 'the character and personality of the God-father
and God-son pass into one another in such a way in the divine tale
or drama, that no clear line can be drawn to separate them-.' This
essential unit}' saute aux yeux, if—as I have supposed—the former
deity was originally named Dios and the latter Dios ATysos. Well
might Christianity take root and flourish (we know that it did3)
among a people, who had already learnt that the Son was in the
Father and the Father in the Son4. One of the earliest extant
representations of our Lord, the tombstone of Abirkios and his
wife Theuprepia, erected c. 300 a.d. at Prymnessos (Seu/un) in
central Phrygia (fig. 188)5, shows Him as a youth raising His right

Nikephorion outside the city), vop-iaav res tovtov avrwi a^ioy Kai irpi-wovTa tottov vtrapxeiv,
5ierafd/xe da 5e clkoXovOws tovtols Kai irepi tfvtrtQy Kai iroinrwy /ecu ixvarripiuv | tQiv irireXov-
[xevwu Trpo 7ro\ea>s clvtw if tois KadrjKovai xaipois Kai tottols' | enorjaa/jiev Be avrov Kai iepea
5ia yevovs 'Ad-qvaiov rbv e/xov (a slip for tov avyyevrj tov ep.6v, as Frankel saw), elVe^etcu
Ka[i] | Ka\oKaya$iaL diacpepovra Kai tt}i wpos ij/xas iriareL' k.t.\. = Michel Reciteil iVInscr.
gr. no. 46, 31 ff., 45 ff. — Dittenberger Orient. Gr. inscr. sei. no. 331, 31 ff., 45 ff.).

In this connexion it is not without significance that P. Aelius Aristides, a native of
Hadrianoi in Mysia, who had studied rhetoric under Aristokles at Pergamon (Philostr.
Aristid. p. 83, 25 ff. KayseT), remarks : t)'5?; 8e tlvuv ijKovaa Kai erepov \6yov inrep tovtwv
6tl avrbs 6 Zei)s (ty 6 Awvvaos (Aristeid. or. 4. 29 (i. 49 Dindorf)). The allusion is in all
probability to the Thraco-Phrygian god called by the Pergamenes Zeus BctK^os or Zeus
Za/Safios, whom Stratonike, wife of Eumenes ii, had introduced from the court of her
father Ariarathes iv Eusebes, king of Kappadokia (<-. 220—c. 163 B.C.).

It is noteworthy that on the Akropolis of Pergamon, south of the great altar of Zeus
[supra i. 118 ff.), stood a Hellenistic temple of Dionysos (Kadriyefxuv ?) with a prostyle
tetrastyle facade of quasi-Doric order (R. Bohn Der Temfel des Dionysos zu Pergamon
Berlin 1885 (extr. from the AbJi. d. berl. Akad. 1SS4 Phil.-hist. Classe), E. Fabricius in
Baumeister Denkm. ii. 1217, E. Pontremoli and M. Collignon Pergame, restauration et
description des monuments de Vacropole Paris 1900 pp. 55—,57, K. Ilachtmann Pergamon
Giitersloh 1900 p. 26).

1 SirW. M. Ramsay The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia Oxford 1895 i. 34. See also
the same author 's article on Phrygian religion in J. Hastings Encycloptcdia of Religion and
Ethics Edinburgh 1917 ix. 900 ff.
■ - Id. The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia i. 140.

3 See e.g. Sir W. M. Ramsay The Church in the Roman Empire Befo?-e a.d. ijo
London 1893 pp. 37 ff., 90 ft., 146, 436 ft"., id. The Cities of St Paul London 1907
p. 315 ft"., and especially id. in J. Hastings A Dictionary of the Bible Edinburgh 1900 iii.
863—869. Cp. also F. Cumont Pes religions orientales dans le paganisme remain1 Paris
1909 p. 75 ff., T. Eisele ' Die phrygischen Kulte und ihre Bedeutung fiir die griechisch-
romische Welt' in the Neue Jahrb. f. klass. Altertum 1909 xxiii. 620—637.

4 John 14. 10.

6 Sir W. M. Ramsay The Church in the Roman Empire Before a.d. jyo London 1893
pp. 440—442 with pi. ( = my fig. 188), E. Legrand—J. Chamonard in the Bull. Corr.
Hell. 1893 xvii. 290 no. 98, F. Cumont ' Les Inscriptions Chretiennes de l'Asie Mineure'
in Ale'langes 0?Archeologie et d'Histoire 1895 xv. 278 no. 190, Sir W. M. Ramsay The Cities