Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1925)

Ianus an older Iupiter 337

being either the father of Aion1 or Aion's very self2. Now if we
assume—as, I think, we are justified in assuming—that Ianus, like
Iupiter3, was, to begin with, simply the divine Sky, we can under-
stand, not only all the foregoing attempts to interpret him in terms
of space and time, but also the very remarkable description of him as
' god of gods ' contained in an extant fragment of the Saliari hymn4.

1 Lyd. de mens. 4. 1 p. 64, 6 ff. Wtinsch Aoyyivos 8e Aiwvdpiov avrbv ep/j-r/vevaaL /3id-
ferat wo~el tov Ai&vos 7rarepa = Souid. s.v. 'lavovdptos '.. .66ev Kal 6 Aoyy?vos Aiwvdpiov
avrbv epixf)veOcrat fiid^erai, dwavel Aiwvos warepa. Cp. Tzetz. posthom. 770 ff. dw8eKa.Tr/
fxev 'ir\v /ir/vos Qapyri\iQvos, \ tov p Aiwvapiov kik\t)o~k€(. /ulsv Aoyyivos, [ 'la.vova.piov 5' dvipes
rrdvres KuXeovcri. On Cassius Longinus (c. 220—273 A.D.) see W. Christ Gesckichtt der
griechischen Litteratur3 Munch en 1898 p. 756 ff., Sir J. E. Sandys A* History of Classical
Scholarship2 Cambridge 1906 i. 338 f.

2 Lyd. de mens. 4. 1 p. 64, 12 ff. odev 6 MetrcraXas [supra p. 335) tovtov elvai tov
AiQsva vofii^ec' Kal yap irrl rr)s tt€[xtttt/s tov /urjvos tovtov (sc. Jan. 5) eoprrjv AlQvos eirere\ovv
oi wd\ai. Cp. Plin. nat. hist. 34. 33 et aevi esse deum indicent. Supra i. 192 n. 1.

3 Supra i. 3 n. 2, 6 n. 3, 10 f. See further Folk-Lore 1905 xvi. 260 ff.

4 Varr. de ling. Lat. 7. 27 ab eadem voce canite, pro quo in Saliari versu scriptum
est cante, hoc versu : 'divum empta cante, divum deo supplicante.' The line thus printed
by G. Gotz and F. Scholl (1910) requires emendation. In the first half of it T. Bergk
cj. em pa, E. Bahrens parentem, S. Linde latum patrem, B. Maurenbrecher patrem : in
the second half Grotefend cj. supplicate, C. O. Muller supplice cante. The most satis-
factory reading is that of E. Bahrens (Poet. Lat. min. vi. 29): diuom parentem cante, |
diuom deo supplicate. Cp. Macrob. Sat. 1. 9. 14 Saliorum quoque antiquissimis car-
minibus deorum deus canitur [sc. Ianus), 1. 9. 16 cur Geminum invocemus, supra iam
diximus: Patrem, quasi deorum deum, etc., and Paul, ex Fest. p. 52, 12 f. Muller, p. 45,
24 Lindsay cited supra p. 335 n. 9.

Fortunately doubt does not extend to the words divom deo (pace C. M. Zander Car-
minis Saltan's reliquiae Lundae 1888 p. 54 ff.), and we may take it as certain that Ianus-
was styled ' god of gods.' My friend Mr W. Warde Fowler, who has given us two of the
best books in existence on the religion of Rome, comments : ' The phrase " Deorum" or
" Divum deus" is indeed remarkable, and unparalleled in Roman worship; but no one
acquainted with Roman or Italian ritual will for a moment suspect it of meaning " God
of gods" in either a Christian or metaphysical sense' (The Religious Experience of the
Roman People London 1911 p. 140). H.Jordan Kritische Beitrdge zur Geschichte der
lateinischen Sprache Berlin 1879 P- 222 lenders 'der Gott aus der Zahl der ungezahlten
Himmlischen,' comparing the epic b"ia de&wv [Ennius ann. frag. 51 Baehrens sancta
dearum, Verg. Aen. 4. 576 sancte deorum]. S. Linde De lano summo Romanorum deo
Lundae 1891 p. 27 ff. argues that we have here a common Indo-European phrase for 'greatest
of the gods': he cites the Sanskrit locution devo deva-nam ('god of gods'), the Old
Persian khshayathiya khshayathiydnam (' king of kings '), the Greek fiaaiXevs /3a<ri\^wj'T
and such passages as Aisch. suppl. 524 ff. Hvai, dvaKTWv, fiaKapuv \ fiaKapraTe Kai Te\ewv
Te\\eLOTaTov Kp&Tos, 6'X/3if ZeO, Pers. 666 (iicriroTa dearrorov cpdvrjdi (sc. Dareios, master of
our master Xerxes), 675 SvvdTa Svvdra (so cod. M. with schol. dvTi tov SvvdcrTa. ovvdo-Ta
SvvdaTa cett. M. Haupt cj. Svvdara dvvao-Tav. S. Linde cj. ovvaTa Swardv), Plaut. capt.
825 regum rex regalior, Trin. 309 victor victorum cluet, Hor. epist. 1. 1. 107 rex denique
regum. The fact is, these cumulative expressions are found, not merely with adjectives in
the superlative (Soph. 0. T. 334 co KaKwv /ax/acre, Hor. sat. r. 3. 136 magnorum maxime
regum: other examples in R. Kiihner—B. Gerth Ausfiihrliche Grammatik der griechischen
Sprache Hannover—Leipzig 1898 ii. 1. 21, 339) or even in the positive degree (Soph.f. C.
1237 f. tva irpoiravTa | Kct/cd. KaKixiv ^vvoiKei: other examples in Kiihner—Gerth locc. citt.),
but also with substantives (O. Riemann—H. Goelzer Grammaire comparee du grec et die

C. II.

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