Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1925)

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Ianus an older Iupiter

His title Matutinus1 too acquires fresh point, and we can appreciate

to the full the lines of Horace :

Sire of the morning (do I call thee right,

Or hear'st thou Janus' name with more delight?)

Who introducest, so the gods ordain,

Life's various tasks, inaugurate my strain2.

Moreover, the Roman conception of Ianus thus falls into line with
that of the Etruscans, who, as Varro admits3, took him to be the
sky pure and simple. Finally, this view of Ianus is borne out by
the most probable etymology of his name. Corresponding with
the series

» Divianai Diana'3 lana6

latin Syntax Paris 1897 p. 123 n. 5 quote Eur. Andr. 520 ff. kcli yap dvo'ia \ fxeyaX-q
XeiireLV ex^pous tx0p'2v, j e^bv tcreiveiv [Plat. Tim. 41 A deol dewv, thv iy&) drifxiovpybs warrip
re (pywv, on which I have said my say in The Metaphysical Basis of Plato's Ethics Cam-
bridge 1895 p. 92 ff.]). If Ianus was the animate Sky, there was special justification for
the phrase: the living abode of all celestial beings might well be termed divum deus.

1 The epithet is transferred from Ianus to Iupiter, or rather to Domitian occupying
the place of Iupiter (see Folk-Lore 1905 xvi. 314), by Mart. cp. 4. 8. nf. gressu timet
ire licenti | ad matutinum nostra Thalia Iovem. There is, of course, a connotation of
sobriety and seriousness, cp. Mart. ep. 13. 2. 10.

2 Hor. sat. 2. 6. 20 ff.

:; Yarro frag. 134 Funaioli ap. Lyd. de mens. 4. 2 p. 64, i8ff. Wiinsch 6 de ¥>app<x>v iv
Tjj TeatjapeaKat.deKaTT] tQv deiojv wpayp.6.TLOv rpr\aiv avrbv [sc. tov 'lavbv) irapa Oovctkois
ovpavbv \iyeadat Kai 'i<popov iraarjs irpd^ews /cat Tloiravuiva (iroirawva cod. B.) did rb iv rah
KaXevSats ava<pipe<r8ai irbirava.

YY. Deecke Etruskische Forschungen Stuttgart 1880 iv. 24 ff. identified the am of the
first marginal region marked on the bronze liver found near Piacenza in 1877 (id. pi. 1)
with the Ianus mentioned among the deities of the first region (ib. pi. 5) by Mart. Cap.
45—an identification corroborated by the equivalence of uni in the second marginal region
of the liver (ib. pi. 5) to Iuno among the deities of the second region (ib. pi. 5) in Mart.
Cap. 46. Deecke (ib. p. 25 n. 22 a) further observed the occurrence of the name in
A. Fabretti Corpus inscriptionum Italicarum Aug. Taurinorum 1867 no. 2279, 3 pi. 42
I ^31/11 'f '■ I i/1 f\ = ani : tineri, where Ianus (ani) is associated with Iupiter (tina), and in

the same connexion cited, not only Plutarch's derivation of the river 'Avviusv (the Anio)
from an Etruscan king "Avvios, the father of SaXi'a mother of 2a\tos the eponym of the
Salii (Aristeides of Miletos frag. 8 (Frag. hist. Gr. iv. 322 Muller) and Alexander
Polyhistor frag. 26 (Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 230 Muller) ap. Plout. parall. Gr. et Rom. 40),
but also the Etruscan gentile name ani, ane, anie, aneie, anei (C. O. Muller Die Etrusker
Stuttgart 1877 ii. 470ff.) and the Latin Anius, later Annius (see now E. Klebs in Pauly—
Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2261). C. Thulin Die Gbtter des Martianus Capella und der
Bronzeleber von Piacenza Gieszen 1906 p. 22 f. in the main accepts Deecke's results, and
adds: ' " Anlautendes j fallt im Etruskischen, mit Ausnahme des volaterranischen Dia-
lektes, ab" (Pauli, Bezz. Beitr. XXV 1899, S. 218); beibehalten ist es z. B. in der Inschrift
Not. d. Scav. 1892 S. 261 ..iane.., wo vielleicht auch der Gott gemeint ist.'

Perhaps the puzzling Anigemius of Orelli—Henzen Inscr. Lat. sel. no. 5" 1 = Corp.
inscr. Lat. iii no. 5157 (Noricum) genio | Anigemio | cultores | eius | v. s. 1. m. should
be regarded as an Etruscan form of the Ianus Gemmus worshipped in the same district
(Corp. inscr. I^at. iii no. 5092 a (Noricum), supra p. 324 n. 3).

4 Varr. de ling. Lat. 5. 68 hanc ut Solem Apollinem quidam Dianam vocant; Apol-
linis vocabulum graecum [alteram], alteram latinum et hinc quod luna in altitudinem et