Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1925)

Zan an older Zeus

349

the cow of Ilos at Troy1 or the ' Adiounian bull' in Crete2. It seems
likely enough that in this district, peopled with Illyrian tribes3, which
had pushed their way from north to south4 and were partially
Hellenised by contact with their neighbours, Zeus represents Zdn—
a name reappearing in the Zanes of Olympia5. When Zdn had
dropped out of popular parlance, a story involving his half-forgotten
name might well become attached to Pan. Epitherses, who told
the tale, was a grammarian of Nikaia in Bithynia living in the reign
of Tiberius6; and coins of Nikaia, struck by Marcus Aurelius7, Cara-
calla8, Macrinus9, Elagabalos10, Severus Alexander11, Maximinus12,
Gordianus hi13, Philippus ii14, Trebonianus Gallus15, and Gallienus1",
make much of Pan17. Moreover, the Orphic Theogony of Hellanikos
had long since identified Zeus with Pan18, misled by what seemed
an obvious etymology19. On the whole, therefore, it may be inferred
that Plutarch's story really does postulate as its original source the
liturgy of Zan the Great20.

1 Supra i. 468 n. 9.

2 Supra i. 468 n. 8, 635. See further G. F. Hill in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1916 xxxvi.
138 ff. ('Cattle in Foundation-Myths').

3 A. Philippson in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 2722.

4 A. Fick Vorgriechische Ortsnamen Gottingen 1905 p. 142 f., G. Dottin Lcs anciens
peuples de VEurope Paris 1916 pp. 152 f., 155.

5 Supra p. 343 s.v. Zaves.

c L. Cohn in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 221.

7 Waddington—Babelon —Reinach Monn.gr. d'As. Min. i. 418 f. 110s. 153 pi. 70, 19,
155 pi. 70, 20, 156 pi. 70, 21, 157 pi. 70, 22.

8 Eid. ib. i. 454 no. 444 pi. 78, 26. 9 Eld. Id. i. 467 no. 544 pi. 81, 14.

10 Eld. lb. i. 469 no. 561. 11 Eld. lb. i. 474 nos. 593 pi. 82, 21, 594.

12 Eld. lb. i. 480 nos. 640 pi. 83, 28, 641, 642 pi. 83, 29.

13 Eld. ib. i. 4S7 no. 697 pi. 84, 32. 14 Eld. lb. i. 492 no. 739 pi. 85, 25.
15 Eld. lb. i. 496 no. 770. 16 Eld. lb. i. 506 no. 838 pi. 87, 32.

17 See further F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Intern. d'Arch. Num. 1898 i. 26, 28 ff.
pi. B', 17 (M. Aurelius), 18 (M. Aurelius), 19 (Macrinus), 20 (Maximinus), 21 (Caracalla),
W. H. Roscher in his Lex. Myth. iii. 1368.

J8 Infra Append. G. Cp. Orph. h. Ap. 34. 24 ff., Apollod. frag. 44 b (Frag, hist. Gr.
Lv. 649 Miiller) ap. Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 16 (ii. 174 n. Lion), Cornut. theol. 27 p. 49,
4 ff. Lang. See also W. H. Roscher ' Pan als Allgott' in the Festschrift fur Johannes
Overbeck Leipzig 1893 pp. 56—72 and in his Lex. Myth. iii. 1405, A. Jeremias ib. v. 69.

]a lldv — irav !

20 I regret that I find myself unable to accept the admirably ingenious hypothesis put
forward by S. Reinach ('La mort du grand Pan' in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1907 xxxi.
5—iy = ld. Cultes, Mythes et Religions Paris 1908 iii. 1 —15), according to which the
words heard off Paxos were 9AM0T2 9AM0T2 9AM0T2 IIANMErAS TEGNHKE,
' Tammuz, Tammuz, Tammuz the Almighty is dead.' But (a) it is highly improbable that
the Syrian god would have been lamented as 6a/xo0s on the north-west coast of Greece—
he would almost certainly have been called"Aduvis. And (b), as Reinach himself points
out, the precise epithet iravfxiyas is not known to occur as a divine appellative except in
a Byzantine (first half of s. xii -A.D.) description of Zeus (Theod. Prodr. Rhod. et Dos. 8.
116 c5 Trdjj.ij.eya ZeO). See further G. A. Gerhard ' Der Tod des grossen Pan' in the