Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1925)

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Cook, Arthur B.
Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes — Cambridge, 1925

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Schmutztitel

I

A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION

Titelblatt

III

A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION

[Gedicht]

V

XAipe, TTATep, MerA 9AYMA, Mef ANOpoonOICIN ON€IAp,

Preface

VIII

ancient or modern, was of importance, I have not scrupled to give

IX

doubt that a better book on the same subject will some day be … the writing of Zeus irksome or unduly fatiguing. On the contrary, … as one of his latest writings a brief but masterly paper on ' Die

X

willing to devote themselves to the serious study of ancient religion … On several points of Egyptology I have consulted Mr F. W. Green, … found at Sardeis. On a few details of Indian cult I have been

XI

with interesting information on a point of electrical meteorology. … One or two friends have undertaken special investigations on … little church on the summit of Mt Ide in Crete and the night that

XII

served to throw valuable light on the Zeus-cults of the ancient … on a unique coin of Aphrodisias. In marshalling the evidence of … Akraios on a stater of Praisos and—a matter of greater moment— … A fine photograph of the profile of Zeus on Mt Juktas, taken by

XIII

him to our national collection. Miss J. E. Harrison, on quitting … photographed for me an unpublished relief on the Palatine. Mr R. B. … omphalos, here figured for the first time on English soil. And the

Contents of Volume II

XVI

(/3) Zeus duplicated on a gem ....... 318 … (77) Ianus and Iupiter on coins . . . . . . 331 … (0) Ianus bifrontal on coins ....... 367

List of Plates in Volume II

XIX

a Altar as represented on a coin of the Cretan community … b Small bronze altar resembling that on the Cretan coin . … Sabdzios on horseback, with altar, krate"r, and leafless

XX

riding on a swan, returns to Delphoi .... 460 … XXXVIII The main design on a krater from Canusium, now in the

XXI

The design on the cover is from a bel\-krater at Palermo (no. 2557 : Overbeck

Abbreviations

XXIII

On the one hand, the names of Authors have not been shortened, save by the omission

XXV

Brit. ALus. Alarbles = A Description of the Collectio7i of Ancient Marbles in the British

XXIX

Frazer Led. Hist. Kingship = (Sir) J. G. Frazer Lectures on the Early History of the

XXX

Essays on the History of Art by Adolf Furtwangler edited by Eugenie Sellers

XXXI

Harrison Myth. Man. Anc. Ath. = Mythology 6f Monuments of Ancient Athens being a … Ellen Harrison with an Excursus on the Ritual Forms preserved in Greek Tragedy

XXXII

Hermathena —Hermathena, a Series of Papers on Literature, Science, and Philosophy, … a chapter on the Red-figured Southern Italian Vases Paris 1924. … Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner ATum. Comm. Pans. = A Numismatic Commentary on

XXXVI

and Religion in Ancient Times. Elucidated by the Author's own Researches and

XLI

Mythology, and Geography based on the larger dictionaries by the late Sir William … Stuart-Jones Cat. Sculpt. Mus. Capit. Rome = A Catalogue of the Ancient Sculptures

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 1: Zeus lightens, thunders, rains, etc.

2

Str. What! d'you mean that Zeus is not god, Zeus in heaven, on whom we … sophers had at least some foundation in popular belief—witness the ancient and very

3

coward on a voyage ' pops up his head and asks the steersman if … God brings on day-break10. … 5 Theophr. char. 27 Jebb. 6 R. C. Jebb on Theophr. loc. cit. to. tou deou.

4

on Mount Parnes10, probably implies that omens were there drawn … 6 J. C. Lawson Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 1910 … on Mount Parnes10, probably implies that omens were there drawn … 6 J. C. Lawson Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 1910

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 2: The Diosemía or “Zeus-sign”

5

law-courts ceased to sit7. Thus in 420 B.C. the Athenians were on the

6

Zeus-signs occurred, Leonidas' men being forewarned held on their way with … odev ov depiis earl 'Pw/WoiS ovbev en Kvpovv......on ovk ^cftl vbfios 6 wpbs fitav re Kai … iKelvo Se eadwa^ eirl waarj rrj 'rjp.epa yiyveadai. tovto re ovv ibuhraTOv ev avru? rjv, Kai on

7

made excuses and pushed on ; but, when further a thunderbolt fell … and armies viewed such signs with alarm and on their occurrence … 'Exeaa/j-ia appears to be a Doric and perhaps Pythagorean (?) term, formed on the

8

black eagle in response to his prayer5. Hektor too relied on Zeus

9

Olympia : both were struck by lightning on the same day—a fact … 172 B.C. the Columna Rostrata, erected on the Capitol to com-

10

victims both on the Capitol and on the promontory of Minerva in … the death of Augustus, his statue on the Capitol was struck by … the following: 'a thunderbolt fell from a clear sky on his house and

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / I: Zeus Keraunós

11

its impress on philosophy ; for Anaxagoras regarded lightning as … the lightning-flash with the thunder-stone (on which see infra § 3 (c)).

12

that he will expend his fury on the sea or on mountain-summits

13

1 H. Usener in his Gottemamen Bonn 1896—one of the greatest modern works on … di cerli) or of ancient Lithuanian cult: the third, by the great personal deities of Greece … Polytheism' in Anthropological Essays presented to Edivard Burnett Tylor Oxford 1907 … bination of primitive ideas in the memorial of an Arcadian rite. On this showing there is … 1 H. Usener in his Gottemamen Bonn 1896—one of the greatest modern works on … di cerli) or of ancient Lithuanian cult: the third, by the great personal deities of Greece … Polytheism' in Anthropological Essays presented to Edivard Burnett Tylor Oxford 1907 … bination of primitive ideas in the memorial of an Arcadian rite. On this showing there is

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / II: Zeus Kataibátes

14

nexion of the title Kataibdtes with the lightning-cults of the ancient … we are to suppose—was originally the name of an ancient deity … according to a scholiast on Aristophanes, Hermes was not only … Holthenus had relied on Ov. met. r. 211 ff., id. 230f., fast. 3. 327 ff.

15

show Zeus enthroned on a rock4 with thunderbolt and sceptre,

16

usually the cult was a more modest affair. Thus on the top of … common on coins struck by the Philippi, and regular in ecclesiastical and Byzantine … the running ram above the temple of Tyche at Antiocheia on the Orontes (id. p. 222 … rather be taken to represent an akroterion, comparable e.g. with the eagle on coins of

18

was not missing, but inserted on a smaller scale. W. Kolbe, however, states (Inscr. Gr. … d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Classe 1905 p. 281 n. 1 suggested Taiafoxoi on the strength of Roehl … lloXidxot), which, as W. Kolbe points out, suits neither the space nor the letters on the … grains (ov\al, ov\6xvTai) on the ground before sacrifice originated in an offering to Ge as

19

W. H. D. Rouse in Folk-Lore 1899 x. 552). In Kos on the first day of the month Panamos … no. 3731, 8 ff. C. T. Newton The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British

20

Bechtel Gr. Dial.-Inschr. iii. 2. 177 in note on no. 4762 Aios Ka.Ta.Lfia.Teu, Itiscr. Gr. ins.

21

would-be Zeus1, first set foot on Athenian soil was consecrated to … tected on all sides by a fence3.' Built into the ruins of a Turkish … An almost identical inscription was discovered on a fragment of … <ppayp,a., euTi Be wpbs tc3 (3wfj.ip rip dirb rrjs re<ppas rtp pieydXcp. On this passage see

22

were places on to which a bolt from the sky had dashed down or … Zeus fell as a lightning-flash. The man on whom he fell was there- … x^piov rj iepov (regarding Kai dXXoi rives as a gloss on YloXepiiov, KaracrKacpev with L. Kiister … s.v. r/Xvaiov, cp. et. mag. p. 428, 30 ff. See further G. Bernhardy on Souid. lor. cit. and

23

Others inform us that victims of lightning were buried on the spot

27

upon Zeus came to her chamber on a chariot with lightnings and … either on the reverse or on the obverse of the vase.

28

The same author goes on to tell how Zeus took the bride whom he … 8 Diod.5.52. On the sources of Diodoros' fifth book see E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa

29

pouring the customary libations, offered sacrifices on the pillars to … on to tell us more concerning the Iapyges5. Probably he is … set up a pillar on which to do sacrifice to the god. But M. P. Nilsson in the Khein. Mus.

30

Longus (on whom see G. Wissowa in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv. 1630 f.) ap. interp.

31

Inscr. Gr. Arc. Lac. Mess, i no. n 54 (incised on the wall of a rocky niche at a place

32

Martius at Rome3. On the other hand, such Celtic deities as Ta-

33

torical work on Persia2, beguiled by an obvious etymology, had … detail6. Zoroastres—he says—lived the life of a recluse on a certain

34

by the thunderbolt on account of his friendship with God, buried … note on Dion Cass. 71. 35, G. Bloch in Daremberg—^Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 1468.

35

friend of God, carried up to heaven on a thunderbolt. They there-

36

Souls that thrice on either side … Souls that thrice on either side

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / III: Zeus und the Sky-Pillar

37

From Ocean's founts on golden car

39

But on this front the denizens of heaven … of a Latin prose work on astronomy (cod. Vindob. 2352) : the starry circle is here more

41

who penned an allegorical treatise On the Cave of the Nymphs in … Capricornus and Cancer are set at either side of the Milky Way, the latter on … 1 P. Capelle op. cil. p. 39 f. holds that this was the commentary of some Platonist on

42

sophical poem describes how he was conducted in a chariot ' on the … 5 On the Pythagoreanism of Parmenides see e.g. J. Burnet Early Greek Philosophy

44

on the outer surface of heaven, and as they stand they are borne round by its

45

came across a definite cult of Zeus conceived as residing in or on a … a notable pillar beside it1. And here too sacrifices were offered on … and Campanian vases, also, represent Zeus fulminant on the top of … before the temple of Iupiter on the Campus was blown down with

46

The list of portents for the year 96 B.C. includes an owl killed on … Rome. ' On the Capitol,' says Dion Cassius2, ' many statues and … for ten days, and a larger3 statue of Iupiter was erected on a yet … ancient hypaethral sanctuary of Iupiter Fulgur in the Campus (E. Aust in Roscher Lex. … 147 B.C. (S. B. Platner The Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome Boston 1904 … sense of colossal 'heads,' were dedicated on the Capitol by P. Lentulus (Plin. nat. hist. … 'J On the principle involved see Folk-Lore 1903 xiv. 270 f., supra i. 563 f. In 293 B.C.

47

The notion that the sky-god resided in person on the top of a … of Italian marble, now at Berlin, shows Iupiter enthroned on the … ' Minoan ' and the earl)' Germanic areas. On the one hand, we have

49

on a painted larnax found at Miletos (MiInto) in Crete (fig. 20)\ … {supra i. 624). A somewhat analogous design occurs on a gold ring found in a tomb of … is indicated by long locks of hair flying out on either side. In view of the very similar

50

On the other hand, the early Germanic sky-god plays a some-

51

libent[es m.]. These inscriptions were found in 1883 on two altars at Housesteads, the … has a small protome in front and sacrificial implements on the sides. Further, a semicircular … Mythologie Leipzig 1895 p. 213. Their view is based on the following evidence, (a) In

52

letter z, and in cod. Cotton. Tiberius D 18 (J. M. Kemble 'On Anglo-Saxon Runes' … British Islands London 1905 pp. 253, 268, J. A. MacCulloch The Religion of the Ancient

53

the sign and symbol of this sky-god that the ancient Saxons wor- … a great victory over the Thuringians at Scheidungen on the Unstrut.

54

that it might collapse on the top of him3. The classical authors bear

55

against Dardania, but were daunted by a big thunderstorm on

56

hunters into herdsmen and emerged from the forest on to the open … Polklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 1910 p. 194: 'The Callicantzari appear

57

tragenden Saule und eines rohgeschnitzten Gdtterbildes '). On the high-seat pillars of … gallische und auch germanische Gotter erhalten Votivinschriften.' He goes on to quote

59

perinde nomen ac bona ignorantur. On this passage see the sensible and cogent remarks … of the German peasantry celebrated on the First … It should, however, be noted, on the one hand

60

who carries an infant and a torch on a Roman tomb-stone now in the Vatican (H. Brunn … a reverse type on Roman imperial coins, sometimes erect, either holding a patera and a … girls with a third on her left arm—large bronze, no. 137 rev. the same legend and type—

61

children with a third on her knee—middle bronze, broken), or holding in one hand … who notes that the type recurs on coins of Iulia Mamaea, … of spring, for her chief festival at Rome was on March r, … his Histoire d'Arlon Arlon 1873 savs Iuno Cinxia) with her girdle: on these forms of

62

logie- Herausgegeben von H. Paul Strassburg 1900 iii. 332 f.). He looks down on the … which he can survey the whole world and hear all that goes on among men (J. Grimm … fagd) or the Furious Host (das wutende Heer). On windy nights in spring, or autumn, … districts he heads the- rout, not on foot or on horseback, but driving a chariot or coach

63

On the common equation of Wodan with Mercurius see J. Grimm Teutonic Mythology … occurs in Norse as porr (for * ponraz), on the larger fibula from Nordendorf in Bavaria

64

(Rome, dedicated by cives Batavi sive Thraces adlecti ex provincia Germania inferiori on … Falkirk, on the Antonine Wall, dedicated by a duplicarius alae Tungrorum) Herculi | … i. 364 f.). Hercules on the Viergotlersteine is regularly bearded (F. Hertlein Die Juppiter- … tion of him, a relief on a granite baptismal basin from the old church at Ottrava in Wester … 1910 p. 283). On the other hand, we hear of a Hercules Maliator [Corp. inscr. Lat. xiii

66

Holda would be Romanised as Minerva because both alike patronised spinning. On … spins their reels full for them over night; a slothful spinner's distaff she sets on fire, or … like a pillar' becomes, as we read on, the 'spindle of Ananke' (supra p. 44 ft). Had

67

cock perched on her arm, and a patera held in her right hand … 2 On this group see especially F. Hertlein Die Iuppitergigantensdulen Stuttgart 1910 … analogous representations of Iuno on other Viergottersteine make it certain that Haug

68

1 Perhaps a simplification of the tortoise, on which her foot rests in a Vierg'otterstein-

69

possibly it symbolises the sky itself. On the third side (fig. 27 c)1 … caduceus and one foot planted on the top of a pillar3. Now … Florence) mounted on a high pedestal has presumably furnished the sculptor of our relief

70

hand towards her head : (d) Mars, clad in tunic and cuirass, has a helmet on his head,

71

This might on occasion be left smooth (fig. 2g)% but was normally … own restoration is based on that of Prost, from which however it varies in the character … the Wochengbtterstein is in the case of this column replaced by a Sechsgblterstein, on

73

with his right hand steadies a basket of grapes on his head, and in his … Viergotterstein found on the same site {supra p. 67 ff. fig. 27) belong to

74

On the top of the column thus constituted was a sculptural … 2 -fig. 33 shows the heads on the capital of the column found in 1884 at Heddernheim

75

probably grasped a club (a suitable fragment was found), on which rested the right hoof … The rider wears a close-fitting jacket, which has a seam on the right side and reaches to … crouching figure, a young and beardless male, bears the weight on his hunched shoulders.

76

hi mat ion only, which is fastened by a brooch on his right shoulder and leaves the left

77

has a sword also slung on his left side1; and he sometimes2 carries … figure has large staring eyes and no beard : leaning on elbows and chin, he supported the … Kreis Ottweiler].' On the reliefs from Niederwiirzbach and Dunzweiler see Haug in the

78

second figure, beardless but male, lies on his back and turns his face towards the left side

79

rider, whose horse he supports on his shoulders or hands (fig. 42)2 or … even on his head. He is bearded or unbearded, but always male3; … bearded, and supports both forefeet of the horse on his hands.

80

on his knees and grasps two clubs, upon which the front hoofs of the horse are supported. … clubs, on one of which rests the horse's right forefoot.

81

attention to the giant, that the horse never tramples on the giant's back or front, that the … dowel-hole on the head of rider or horse more probably implies a metal spike to keep

82

or painting on the fiat, was translated into sculpture in the round,

83

here the god on horseback, with a thunder-drum (?),; beneath him, … represents a god on horseback attacking a giant with snaky legs. It is usual to dub this … 5 A group in common stone (height i-6om), found in 1895 inside an ancient cistern at … held a weapon. The forefeet of his horse are supported on the wings of a nude male

86

hand between the spokes2 of a wheel and resting his- left on the … v.s.(l.)m. On Luxovius see M, Ihm in Roscher Lex, Myth. ii. 2163 ('Es scheint der

87

and sometimes resting his left on the head of a nude female beside … - L(ovi)0(ptimo)M(aximo). So on the Viergottersteine of Brotzingen (Haugin the WesU … Kreuznach bis (id. ib. p. 124 [I]. O. M = Corp. inscr. Lat. xiii no. 7528), and on the … 3 I(ovi) O(ptinid) M(aximo) et Ltinoni Reginae. So on the Viergottersteine of Kastel

88

that heaven, the abode of the sky-god, rested on a world-pillar. … 1 I(ovi) 0(pti)no) M(aximd) Conservatdyri\ So on a Viergiitterstein of Rastel (Haug in … - Lovi Optimo Maximo et caeteris dis deabusq(ue) immortalibus. So on the Wochen- … 3 The idea of a woild-tree (on which see e.g. J. Grimm Teutonic Mythology trans.

89

afterwards adding the heads or busts on the … column (upper diameter o-i8m, height c. r6om), once mounted on a plinth, is decorated

90

Keller supposed—on the altar. Hertlein notes that the

91

The statue and the column here in ancient days adored

93

ing a pedestal (o'62m high), on which stood a bronze statue of … decorated the column, added their names on the cornice of the … 25—30 figs. 1—4, E. Strong ' On the storied column of Mayence' ib. 1913 ii. 321—332

94

p. 523) throughout the whole of their long development (on which see J. H. Krause … on the throne of Zeus at Olympia (Paus. 5. 11. 7) and at Megara (Paus. 1. 40. 4). … goddess is Rosmerta, the Gallic partner of Mercurius (on whom see the excellent article

95

ears on the side of Iupiter, two Silenoi wreathed with ivy and vine … appears as representative of the winter on Vicrgottersteine from Kreuznach (ib. pp. 109. … stone figure found in 1885 on the Petersberg near Treves (F. Hettner Die romischen

96

that Liber appears on the same drum as Nero, in compliment to the Emperor not averse … 1 f., no. 193, 9, no. 741, 1 f. with notes on no. 182, 1, B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt

97

and probably Hadrian (E. L. Hicks The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the … N6.QIAKX.fl on a copper of Tarsos) and various scions of the imperial house (supra i. … VepfxauLKi^ k.t.X.]), and he takes on occasion … on horseback to left. So luscr. Gr. sept, i no. 2713, 41, 49, 51 f. = Dittenberger Syll. … dev Tepu ras 7raTpt5os = C. T. Newton The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the

98

the name Tellus on the ground that Ceres must be recognised elsewhere. But that ground, … absurdly conjectures a Parca Itala standing on the head of a vitulns ! S. Reinach in the … with her foot on the head of an ox. But (a) Ceres is more probably the goddess with

99

Verticordia1, the former with sceptre and patera setting her foot on … standing on her cow {supra i. 619, O. von Sarwey—E. Fabricius Der obergermanisch- … gens Cordia, on which Venus appears as here with a sceptre in her left hand and the … mistress of hearts from the great mythological type of the -ipvxoaraa'ia (on which see … goddess meting out just measures like Aequitas or lustitia or Moneta, who on Roman … stylobates dedicated by the same persons to Mart. Volk. et deae saucti[s]s. Vestae. On … her ass (on which see G. Wissowa Gesammelle Abhandliengeu zur romischeu Religions-

100

' pillar of light'? Indeed, S. Reinach2 points out that on the column … ence on the great commemorative pillars of Rome and Constanti- … between 17 and 12 B.C. He would recognise on it the twelve deities of the Massiliotes, … whom vows would be made by travellers going on board … at Beneventum (on which see infra Append. N med.).

101

sceptre in right hand, borne aloft on the back of an eagle away from a reclining male figure

102

presence of the eagle as carrier; indeed the late motif oi Zeus seated or recumbent on an … on the Via Latina (E. Petersen in the Ann. d. Inst. 1861 xxxiii. 203 f., Mon. d. Inst.

103

the southern or principal relief on the marble base of his column, now in the apse … Rip. Reliefs i. 291 f.). This relief represents the Dea Roma seated on the right, the … a modem head and neck (A. Michaelis Ancient Marbles in Great Britain trans. C. A. M.

105

gous to the column of Antoninus Pius:!, a plain granite shaft, on which … for me, writes (June 19, 1915) : 'The figure on the Antonine column certainly holds an

106

Fig. 68 is from a specimen in the British Museum, on which Trajan is shown with a … The chief modern work on the column of Marcus Aurelius is E. Petersen—A. von

107

stood in the seventh region of Constantinople, on the third hill, which went by the name … region, on the seventh hill, which was called Xerolophos. It was begun by Arkadios in … 210 figs. But this appears to be our earliest example of a spiral relief being used on a

108

' uphill path ' of ancient faith1 convincingly … hemisphere, on the top of which stood the … come to the topmost height, and stand on

109

On boars as badges see Tac. Germ. 45, cp. hist. 4. 22, Plin. uat. hist. 10. 16, Fest.

110

' Balken,' J. H. Murray A Nezv English Dictionary on Historical Principles Oxford 1888 … a son of the Argive Temenos (on whom see H. W. Stoll in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. … 8 The trophy is very frequent as a design on Greek and Roman coins : see the classi- … Coins of Ancient Sicily London 1903 p. 156 f. pi. 11, 131", id. Historical Greek Coins … shield, kdrnyx); on the right, an axe adorned with an animal's head; across the field

111

Gr. inscr. sel. no. 300, 1 ff. on the lintel of a door, found in a Byzantine wall on the south … was also invoked as giver of victory on the Attic stage (Soph. Track. 303 S3 Zev Tpoirale, … <re/3ovai p.ev Ala, dyaXfxa de Aids KsXtikov i>\f/r)\i) dpvs, on which see Folk-lore 1906 xvii. … submission of 46 Alpine tribes. This great trophy was erected in 7/6 K.c. on the summit … Wesseling). On a paved platform (38111 square), bordered by boundary stones (12 a side),

112

alternating with military or naval spoils. And on the east face of the plinth was an in-

114

was a familiar sight to dwellers on the Thracian frontier. And … covers the place as on ordinary nights4.' It would seem that in this … the Roumanian district of Dobroudja not far from the site of Tomis (Kostendje), on the … Ultor possibly on the spot where in 87 A.n. Cornelius Fuscus had been defeated and slain … covered with scaledike tiles and topped by a hexagonal plinth (8m high), on which rested

115

drrb irb\eu>s /xtas ovtu KaXovfxevrjs. On Thracian tribes in this district see O. Hoffmann

116

of fire likewise appeared on the head of Saint Cuthbert (March 20),

117

Two golden bull's-horns stretch on either side—

118

spirits tread ; he shall attend, surely, on none but that Zeus who is named of … occurs on a bronze tablet from Agnone, now in the British Museum, as part of a lengthy

119

posed throughout in the dialect of Thourioi, the speaker goes on to … Kai da'repofiXriTa Kepavv(G))v. On this showing Kepavv&v is the participle of Kepawbw, and … the like, perhaps a much longer phrase. But on the whole I am inclined to think, with

120

cycle of life's changes1; I have set foot on the Milky Way2. In a … p. 34 f. ( = Kleine Schriften Leipzig and Berlin 1911 p. 95) goes off on a wrong tack. … J. H. Wieten op. cit. p. 97 ff. is more venturesome. On the strength (none too strong) of … having leapt out of the ring, the initiate next stepped quickly into a garland lying on the

121

3 (1) A fragmentary kylix with white ground, found in 1888 on the Akropolis at

122

legs are too short for that) on her right upper arm, a ladder beneath the bracelet on her … Thracian woman in a, but not in b, has a check-pattern on the front of her neck, the … Four out of the six are tattooed, one with a series of short strokes on either arm, another … and legs are painted with zig-zag patterns ; on either upper arm is a stag (' Hirsch' … These vases together with some others, on which the women are not tattooed, … a marble head from Amorgos with lines of red on forehead, nose, and cheeks (P. Wolters

123

a rosette of red dots on forehead, chin, and either cheek (Ch. Tsountas ' Ke<pa\i] iic … round her navel, and on her thighs (E. Pottier in the Rev. Arch. 1899 i. 10 fig. 7), and … Syr. 59 : supra i. 593 no. o). Mithraic 'soldiers' were marked on the forehead (Tertull. … J. Rhodius on Scribonius Largus composit. med. 231 (ed. Patav. 1655 p. 308 ff.), Schrader

124

gathering (P)1, such as that on a fine polychrome hydria from … Adonis, as Furtwangler op. cit. ii. 99 asserts. On the right another woman closely … marked by the presence of a thymiatdrion, which on a polychrome aldbastron from

125

'In tombs of the Ancient and Middle Empires small objects of wood and … irregular gen. plur. of congrex, or as acc. sing, of congregitis, a new formation on the

126

which served to mark the cardinal points. On this plate of iron lived the gods … of the mountains that the deceased might easily clamber on to it and so obtain … ascended into heaven. On one side of the ladder stood Ra, and on the other … do it, the model of a ladder was often placed on or near the dead body in the … the priests provided for the necessity of the dead by painting a ladder on the

127

Such beliefs were not without their influence on the receptive … § r]v irepi rrjs rod deov bvvdfiews on Kai xwpt? oxyp-arwv Kai %wpts o~wp.dru)v 6 2dpa7rts otos

128

on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven : and behold the angels of God … sanctuary on the summit—have undoubtedly a cosmic significance ', … nvde vvKra ovOeis evavXiferai dvdptlnruiv, on p.7) yvvrj p.ovvr\ twv einxupiuv, ttjv dv 6 debs … been laid on the number of stories or stages of which a zikkurat consisted, ...seven stages

129

essayed to pile Ossa on Olympos and Pelion on Ossa, ' that the

130

The column may be that on which the earth rests.

131

as to the reason why the ladder figures among other amulets on the … who sits on the back of a pig with her legs spread apart and a … 5 On Baubo see F. Lenormant in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 683, A. Schultz in

133

not there, but later had given himself up on account of us. And he came to the

134

Saint Sadoth (Feb. 29), who was martyred at Seleukeia on the … the end of the fifth century and is commemorated on July 17 (by … (cp. the sons of Herakles on the Orphic ' Underworld ' vase at Munich : Furtwangler— … golden apples on it (cp. Herakles and the apples of the Hesperides).

135

652 A.D. he was bound to a ladder, mutilated, and murdered on a … habits: he founded a fine church on the spot7. Saint Olaf king of … 1 KXi/j-ai; rod irapaSeiffov, Scala Paradisi (lxxxviii. 631 —1164 Migne). On it see

136

of Hohenburg on Mount Saint-Odile from 1167 to 1195 A.D., included … in tempera (c. 1200 A.D.), which was discovered in 1870 on the … advances to take the crown. On one side of the ladder we read : Draco iste insidiatur … 4 J. G. Waller ' On a Painting recently discovered in Chaldon Church, Surrey ' in

138

figure of Christ in the act of benediction, with the sun on his right, the moon on his left. … spikes, on which are seen several culprits marked by the emblems of their trades—a black- … two large demons, who are filling it with parricides and fratricides. On the extreme left … a Satyr, shoulders a two-pronged fork and is bent on picking off souls from the ladder. … Heaven with a scroll, announces the fulfilment of prophecy. Two other angels stand on … cross is on the lower edge of the painting, which measures 17 ft. 2 ins. in length by

140

Set up to heaven on earth ? … 1 H. W. Longfellow ('Cambridge Edition') London 1895 p. 186 f. with note on

141

But this conception of the sky as resting on four pillars is not in-

142

is a small edifice with a gabled roof, on the ridge of which are the … uplifted above the earth2, that the bird resting on the central shaft … lamp in the form of a bull-headed boat with a timenos on board : an enclosure with four

143

was the sky-god in feathered form, and that the birds perched on … Pater, who appears in a feathered head-dress on … on which stands a pillar with moulded base, club-shaped shaft, and

145

A fresco still in the triclinium of the 'House of Livia' on the

146

plinth. Over this trails a fillet. On it are a bucranium, a sacrificial … statues of females3, each with a metal spike on her head and a pair … decked with spoils of the chase. It is on record that this goddess

147

excavations of 1888—1890, on the end wall of a triclinium in the … emperor Tiberius, who was born on the Palatine (Suet. Tib. 5).

148

broad ribands. Raised on a square plinth at the foot of tree and

149

bears again a modius on her head, holds on her shoulder a short … the herm, and the statue on its plinth. More- … sented on the frescoes was a stout post, rising FlS- 89-

150

The landscape-paintings—not to dwell on the very similar land- … and behind them the curious May-pole here copied, which is also decorated by colours on … to the Diana-pillars of ancient Italy. This may, of … WujM world with a spindle resting on a half spindle (Ff. T.

152

xxvi. 105 f.), shows Hermaphroditos nursing the infant Eros, who arranges a wreath on a … ' Note on the mystica vannus Iacchi' in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1903—1904 x. 147,

153

which two tassels are hanging. A pair of timbrels is set up on the wall, a flaming torch

154

cucumber placed upon the disk. Adjoining the pillar-shrine on the right is a gateway, … garland : on the altar are offerings—a pine-cone etc. ; against it leans a blazing torch,

157

making the sky-column on its plinth within a ring of pillars or … be taken for a representation of the round sky resting on the sky- … History of Ancient Pottery London 1905 i. 129, and especially E. Breccia in the Bulletin … pi. 11, 3 = my fig. 97) : on a garlanded … seems to rest on a tree-stem; a syrinx is … branches or foliage. The pendants hanging from the disk would, on this showing, be

158

Cp. the sun suspended by cords on a Babylonian tablet [supra i. 262 ff.). J. Grimm … Terme, represents a rocky landscape with a stream spanned by a bridge. On the bridge … way consisting of a pillar and a pilaster with an architrave, on which is set a fluted jar.

160

resting on the side-supports. Such a supposition at least helps … selves, as figured on Etruscan mirrors, are the humanised side-posts, … his bay-tree, which grows through a Corinthian gateway ; (b) a richly decorated tripod, on

161

on the Etruscan mirrors5. And the use of a pillar before the doors … Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 910, 912, and last by A. C. Pearson on Soph. frag. 370 Jebb … inscribed 3I0s /xe hi<j\a.To and three blocks still standing on quadrangular plinths beside … H Supra pp. 29 ff., 45, infra p. 166. On pillar-altars in general see W. Robertson Smith

162

9 J. Millingen Ancient Coins of Greek Cities and Kings London 1831 p. 51 f. pi. 3,

163

oid capital, and occasionally an extra ring or rings on its shaft. … 1856 European Greece p. 9. On the connexion of Apollon with Ambrakia see the myth … no. 159 'AwoXXuvi 'Ayviem (sic) \ tov @oop.bv \ oi TrvXwvpoi (sic) | Ai____ on an altar of

164

Sir J. G. Frazer on Paus. loc. cit., after F. Back De Graecorum eaerimoniis in quibus … and thinks that the ceremony ' throws some light on the origin of Tragedy.' The problem … preserved for us the opinions of various commentators on Dem. in Mid. 51 f. (supra

165

6 ins., diameter 2 ft.) stands on a low … the music of a woman playing on a … dvddrip.a. Kai ovtos (ovtws Aid.) Karajx-qvvei on Awpiewv etrn ra (ra om. cod. Ven.) twv

166

were ab origine an lllyrian tribe1. On the whole it seems probable … part on both sides of the Adriatic, the Diana-pillars of Italy being … 1 See Sir W. Ridgeway 'Who were the Dorians?' in Anthropological Essays presented

167

and comparatively seldom emerge on the literary level. We must … reate head of Apollon and as reverse an Agyieus-^\\\-A.x set on the

168

monly supposed that this monument is represented on the coins of Megara (supra p. 162 … 2 J. N. Svoronos in the 'Ec/>. 'Apx- 1889 p. 92 takes the obelisk on the Byzantine coins … a pillar, on which rests a vase (L. Muller Numismatiqite de Vancienne Afriqite Copenhague

169

On Boio see G. Knaack in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. Hi. 633 f.

170

in ancient art, and they are many, not one has it surmounted by … on the altar; OP EXT AX, sword in hand, approaches him stealthily from behind the … battle on the Eurymedon (Frazer op. cit. v. 313, infra §"3 (a) iii (x)). The tripod on a … of white marble found on the last turn of the Sacred Way close to the bases of Gelon

172

upon it. The flattened top is best explained on the assumption that the apex was made in

173

1 On this much-disputed point see Frazer Paicsanias v. 316 ft"., F. Studniczka in … founded by Pythaeus (Telesilla frag. 3 Bergk4 ap. Paus. 2. 35. 2), stood on the way up to

174

3 Pankrates was at work on the walls of the opisthodomos and on the eastern end of … preoccupation de logique et de bon ordre a preside a leur repartition, on supposera que … sillonnent par endroits la surface. On apercoit encore 5a et la des debris d'un stuc … arriere assujettissaient solidement cette lame. On peut reconstituer ainsi ce qui s'est pro-

175

place a wooden stem, now lost. On the block are engraved four … lettre s. On lira done : [facsimile to scale J = my fig. 120] eyas.' 'S'il en est ainsi, on

177

on E, that is TvifTe, as the numerical base result- … the ancient church of S. Vigil in Tridentum, the modern Trento, Trent (L. Schmitz in … the Delphic E with the trinity of pillars represented e.g. on Phoenician reliefs from … 2 On which see A. Delatte JEtudes sur la litterature pythagorieienne Paris 1915

178

which we have already taken to denote the sky resting on its side- … erected at the gateway of the town with a pillar on either side of it … ' Cp. the Egyptian signs |||| and | j | | > which depict the sky resting on or falling

179

eagles on the omphalos} Can they too be explained in the light … old Greek commentator on the passage tells the orthodox tale :

180

days a pair of eagles was represented in mosaic on … perched awkwardly enough on the sides of a filleted

181

Apollon : between them is seen a plain omphalos set on a plinth,

183

names are recorded on a sacred boundary-stone from the same … On the left is Apollon Pythios: he sits on a tripod-throne with a … mere mortals and therefore figured on a smaller scale : they make … him, the six figures on the left (Apollon Pythios, Leto, Artemis, the Pythian priestess,

184

over his forehead and his foot supported on an altar. Behind him … thread ?3). On the right stands Acheloios, represented as a bull … with reverted heads were actually to be seen on either side of the

185

at Megara, where there was an ancient cult of Apollon Pythios'1.

186

The worshipper on the coin is probably Septimius Severus himself. … bow(?) in his left, standing beside a small omphalos, on which … about by oriental influence ; for an eagle on a sacred stone had in … mounted by eagles, or altar on which ravens '), J. N. Svoronos in the Joum. Intern.

189

{e.g. the eagle spying upon Semele), that others were probably modelled on the myth of

190

10. 7. 2). On another occasion the prize was secured by Eleuther (Paus. 10. 7. 3), perhaps … the famous lioness-ray/on in marble found at Knossos (J. de Mot in the Rev. Arch. 1904

191

the beginning of the fifth century B.C.6 That we are on the right

192

toutes les nations xxxi) Paris 1894 p. 331 f. : ' Quand on a coupe le nombril du nouveau- … 8 On kings impersonating Zeus see Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 299 ff., supra i. 853 f. Index,

Plate XI

(a) Altar as represented on a coin of the Cretan community.

193

He showed that the simplest form of sacred pillar, on the top of … 5 A. Michaelis Ancient Marbles in Great Britain trans. C. A. M. Fennell Cambridge

195

1 The fullest collection of passages, ancient and modern, bearing on this famous monu- … viz. that the feet of the tripod rested on the serpent-heads … pi. 9) ; restorations on the latter hypothesis, by P. A. Dethier

196

lebes resting on a central shaft, which is conceived as a bay-trunk … standing by a tripod, whose lebes again rests on a bay-trunk en- … on a columnar tripod of a much earlier type6. If it be objected that

197

by F. Adler on the Akropolis, which has a tri- … the Asklepieion on the S. slope of the Akropolis, formerly supported a choragic tripod of

198

'The tripod to be fixed on the impost, after boring holes for its'feet and running

199

tripod on the top of a pillar. Moreover, archaising reliefs of the

200

arch. Inst. 1906 xxi. 79 with fig. 3 on p. 82 from a photograph by W. A. Mansell & Co. … ix Arch. Anz. p. 26 f. fig., F. Studniczka id. 1906 xxi. 80 with fig. 2 on p. 79, Reinach

201

But if so, it follows that Apollon seated on his tripod is virtually … arch. Inst. 1906 xxi. 81 ff. favours the Pythion on the Ilissos with the Olympieion in the … terrace-wall rising from left to right, the small ancient-looking effigy of Apollon (Paus.

202

1 A fifth-century type of Apollon on the tripod is furnished by a relief in Pentelic … 0HKE, i.e. [6 deiva] Ba/cx'ou avedt)Ke. On it see further Friederichs—Wolters Gipsab- … details, occurs on a red-figured vase of the second Hamilton collection (Tischbein … Reinach Rep. Vases ii. 286, 2), which shows Apollon on the tripod, with a phidle in his

203

The figure of Apollon, isolated from this group, reappears on a handsome Apulian

204

Apollon in the customary garb of Zeus, seated as his prophetes1 on … of the sky as cava cortina on account of its likeness to the lebes of Apollon. The passage … supra i pi. xiii), and that this lid might on occasion be banded with the astronomical

205

vessel of s. iv a.d., on which we see Apollon in a loose transparent chiton standing … Vatican, shows Apollon, with lyre, bow and quiver, uplifted on a great winged tripod

206

is finely conceived by a fifth-century artist as sitting on the Delphic … S. Reinach, W. Helbig, hold that he is on his way from the land of the Hyperboreoi to … AITEY2!, with himdtion, bay-wreath, and fillet, propping his left arm-pit on a staff, … with Hauser that the female figure on the tripod is but a priestess (id. p. no 'Sie wird … Neapel p. 155 f. no. 1984), shows on the one side Orestes pursued by two Furies, on the

207

and lyre, on the omphalos : to the left we see Orestes, to the right Pylades, both in

208

p.kv Tivdio. LUTbprjTaL (so edd. icToprjcrev cod. A.) on /cat vodevdeiaa txpw^ Tore.

209

the Pythia as she sat on the tripod2 and filled her with his own

211

the preparations for the boiling of Pelias. On the left in foreign garb stands Medeia … which the younger sister is just placing in position before her. On the right stands the … further reliefs—on the one hand that of Hermes, Eurydike, and Orpheus (the best copy is

212

base on which, as on the Chigi base [supra p. 199 n. 2 pi. xii), stood a choragic tripod … Peirithoos. Nothing could be more appropriate than the representing of these myths on … Hamilton Vases i. 60 ff. pi. 7), which on the dispersal of the Deepdene treasures {Hope … the instructions of Medeia, though Medeia herself is absent. On the left the eldest sister, … against her cheek. On the right the third and youngest, in a Doric peplos with short … the Due de Luynes in Nouv. Ann. 1839 ii. 251) sees on a late black-figured lekythos now

213

that the curious custom of the Pythta sitting on the Delphic tripod

214

c. 310 B.C.), who is known to have written a treatise On Oracles"-: … /cat tov Kippaiov rpiwoSa /cat tov Qecrirpuiriov \e(3r)Ta, k.t.X. On caldrons and tripods at … TrapaKeipievov \e[3rjra.. dXXot §e (paaiv, on Q-q^aiois iro\epLov<Ti B6,a/3os p-avTis ifkelovs e<prj

216

showing favour to the Pelasgians in her reply on account of their kinship (for the

217

herd (cp. Paus. 10. 5. 7 and supra p. 189 n. 8), who noticed that his goats on approaching

218

seat in or on the caldron. I infer that the Pythia, like the Orphist,

219

mentator on Lykophron's Alexandra, says : … They dropped Bakchos the divine above the bowl on the fire1.' … Ae\0ot'...on Ta Aiovvcrov p.fkiq ffwapd^avres oi Tirades Tip 'AwbXXuvi wapidevTo ep.(3aX6vTts

221

in the fifth-century type of Apollon seated on the tripod (fig. 142)1 … derive the word cortina, 'caldron,' from corium, 'skin,' on the ground … In the course of his voyage he put in at Delphoi and inscribed on the tomb of

222

2 The notion, no doubt, is unique in ancient literature ; but so in ancient art is the … Real-Enc. vi. 930) Kal EtvoKparrjs (the famous philosopher of Kalchedon, on whom

223

Apollon redivivus. We have it on the word of Aristotle that the … 6 Aristot. frag. 186 Rose ap. Apollon. hist. mir. 6 and ap. Ail. var. hist. 1. 26 (on

224

put them as promised in a cloth on his horse. This fled with them to the serpent-king, … His right shoulder blade had fallen out of the bundle on his horse's back ; but the … neck, changed into its own form, and sprang on the girl and fastened on her ; and she

226

On this showing it would appear that the Pythagorean Apollon, … read their own meaning into the Crotoniate types, types which were fixed on other and

227

to Salmoxis by tossing him up in the air and catching him on the … 2 'AdavaTi^ovat. On the precise meaning of this term see I. M. Linforth ' Oi 'Adava- … B W. W. How and J. Wells A Commentary on Herodotus Oxford 1912 i. 335.

228

the sinews of Zeus had on one occasion been cut out and wrapped … cp. id. p. 1S1 a 1 ff.) <ir>epi tovtov Xeyerai on 'Ap/cas ecrriv 6 KaXXtcrroOs Kai Atos

229

back pierced by the arrow and the infant Arkas on the ground, the whole inscribed … on the bottom in lettering of the second half of s. iii a.d. [f]ate c\ pavlina d-v-s-

230

and saw that the child lying on its back was looking up at the sky, staring

231

238 ff. had corrected the punctuation of the epigram on this trophy by reading fj.va.ixd t

232

Oropos3, and is doubtless of ancient date4. The Aetolian League … the Hermitage Museum at Petrograd, represents Zeus Moirage'tes seated on a throne with

233

well as Apollon2, is an unsupported conjecture3. On the other hand, … But if Zeus left his mark on Delphoi, so did Dionysos. Plutarch … that it concerns not him alone but also Dionysos, who is partner on equal terms

234

his partner as taking on a variety of forms and shapes. Generally speaking,

236

1911 pp. 1 — 154. Roscher's investigations are valuable on account of the enormous mass of … to the ancient medical teaching of critical days, months, and years) are open to dispute :

237

cp. Arnob. adv. nat. 3. 10). At Sparta on the first and seventh days of every month the … is probable too that sacrifices were offered to Apollon on the seventh day of the month at … Laert. 3. 2). At Athens the Apolline festival of the Thargelia was held on Thargelion 7 … vision of Apollon, had abstained from his wife Periktione till on Thargelion 7 she gave … on the seventh day of the month (Plout. symp. 8. 1. 2). Apollon himself was entitled … cTTnscr. gr. no. 749 = Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.'1 no. 441). On the seventh day of

238

year on which the Pythia gave responses1. Later, Apollon was … Dionysos has intruded on Apollon, or Apollon has intruded on … need not be tinkered. Dionysos 'E/35o/j.eus {Inscr. Gr. ins. ii no. 123 on a round base … 2 On the airodrifiiai and the eVtciTj/xtat of the Delphic Apollon see W. H. Roscher Lex.

239

(A. B. Drachmann cj. €tttci pLeprj) ' rretpov (sic codd. rretpav ed. Rom. 1515) fxev, on

240

schol. Eur. Ale. i 'Ptavbs 5e (prjatv on eKci>e £5ov\evcrei' aiVa epuiv tov 'AS/xtjtok), who may

241

dvrjffKovras avrbv avajiitlxTKeiv and ap. schol. Pind. Pyth. 3. 96 Qepenvb-qs be on rovs tv

242

an ancient rectification of the calendar, which left its mark on a

243

fact, would naturally and inevitably lead on to the oktaeterfc.

244

ancient Delphic phratry, a phratry which in the following month … some extent Apolline, Apollon to some extent Dionysiac. On the … 1876 ii. 103 f. and in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 618, 623. On an Attic krater at … for an embroidered pattern and as such occurs on a variety of late Attic vases mostly … bay-branch on an Apulian kratir discussed supra i. 374 ff. fig. 287- A red-figured vase

245

appears elsewhere wreathed with bay, e.g. on a red-figured vase in the first Hamilton … on a rock : before her stands Hermes, behind her a second Nymph, who carries a sprig … figure of Dionysos reclining on cushions and a skin spread over vine-leaves beneath a … of the Hadrianic age on a seat in the theatre at Athens iepeus I Me\wo/u.evou | Atouvaov \ … the base of which rested on his left thigh {Brit. Mus. Cat. Sculpture i. 257 ff. no. 432,

246

on the ground at his left is a lyre, at his right a pair of pipes (Robinson Cat. Vases Boston … brabant B. G.), Hyacinthia vocantes, hedera coronantur Bacchico ritu. On this festival … with bay, resting his left arm on a round column with a debased Doric capital and

247

is found on a (/^aj-e'-autonomous copper of Alabanda in Karia (|. Friedlaender in the … on back, bow in lowered left hand, looking towards eagle on outstretched right hand,

248

standing, nude, quiver on back, bow in outstretched left hand, looking towards eagle … shows a long-haired youth, with an ivy-wreath on his head and a himdtion about his legs, … Apollon p. 325 no. 27, p. 330 Atlas pi. 21, 20). But a somewhat similar figure on a

249

top 'AirbXXuva be dvripr}p,evov ''OXvpirt/cds vikcls. On Apollon's match with the flautist

250

ewLXeXr/adal ixol 8okov<tl Kal tov Wv6lkov xptjct/aoO, bv avaypaepeL KafiaLXiuv (on whom see

251

was that of a man called Dionysodotos who in the mystic cult of Phlya (on which see

253

The best commentary on this passage is a series of early imperial … 6 KvWevs 'AttoWwv, 6 'HpiKCLTralos, 6 MijTts (an improvement on Mdcrapis), J. Barnes … ttoWov, cp. Aiovvaake^avdpos and the like (F. H. M. Blaydes' n. on Aristoph. ran. 499).

254

to boot:!, introduced his own head on similar large-sized coppers … Nike on the prow of a ship, holding wreath in right hand, palm in left, with rose

255

dikeia on the Lykos (c, 270 a.d.)1, but more probably composed … this festival may for ever be held on thy behalf. Give grace, moreover, to the … colossus of Rhodes and placed its head on his own statue !). But these accessories were

256

Elsewhere, commenting on Virgil's apparent equation of the sun … and activities. Hence, on the one hand, they identify Sol, Liber, and Apollo ; … Liber on earth, Apollo under the earth. And this is why we see three attributes

257

consideration in Greece, where the ancient wayfarer—witness Plat. rep. 496 o-—was glad

258

himdtion partly blue partly red, sits on the yellow-touched gold-

259

appears on imperial coppers of Mitylene {Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Troas, etc. p. 201 … snake coiled before him, Head Hist, num.'1 p. 562) and coppers of Antiocheia on the

260

cp. Zeus with Boule (?) on a copper of Neapolis on the Harpasos in Karia, struck by … APXflN • TTEP TAM H ... large vase on a table ; Inscr. Gr. ins. iii Suppl. no. 1393, 1 ff.

261

in her left hand a golden spear, on her head a golden red-crested … probably a warlike deity (Wide Lakon. Knlte p. 13 f.), who on some historic occasion, … usual good sense, made the meaning of the obverse turn on the nature of the horse-rider :

262

on the hydria at Karlsruhe" and for reverse the arrival of Apollon … A later moment is represented on a red-figured he\\-krata- of … 15. 4 f.). On the relation of palms to Apollon see L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu … iv. 316 suggest that Dionysos is greeting Apollon on his return from the Hyperboreans—

263

his shoulder at Dionysos, who occupies a subordinate seat on the … hand, a. rhy ton in the other. His former retainers seem bent on honour-

264

The displacement is well nigh complete in the scene painted on … Ov. ex Pont. 2. 5. 67 gustata (so A. confirming a cj. of R. Bentley in his n. on Hor. od.

265

ivy on her hair, grasping a couple of lit torches ; behind him, a … wreath on his head, a bay-branch in his right hand, and a bay-bush … Aphrodite on swan, Apollon, Hermes, Athena (?)), Inghirami Vas. fitt. iii. 70ft". pi. 235 … on a swan, cp. F. G. Welcker in the Rhein. Mus. 1847 ii- 4S)8)> L. Stephani in the … giudizio e le sue conseguenze per l'avvenire,' the figures being Hera, Zeus, Aphrodite on … Griechische und sicilische Vasenbilder Berlin 1877 p. 78 ft". fig.=my fig. 174 (a variation on

266

and that Aphrodite would not be riding on a swan (A. Kalkmann loc. cit. p. 259)—lose

267

From fragments found on the site it seems that in the sixth-century building the east … From fragments found on the site it seems that in the sixth-century building the east

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / IV: Zeus und Dionysos

268

cp. the same author's recent restatement of his views on the Eleusinian mysteries (Les

270

a revolt quelled by L. Piso, praetor of Pamphylia, in 11 B.C. (Dion Cass. 54. 34). On the … an old church at Melenikos (Melnik) on the S.W. flank of Mt Orbelos, brought to … nebrls. On his feet are Thracian boots. Being in a festive mood, he grasps with his right … on Dionys. per. 575 and is repeated by O. Hbfer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2563.

271

and \ai\as- 6 rvpavvos, vtto Avdwv, on which see Steph. Thes. Gr. Ling. v. 41 a). … ii. 1337). AEONYJ or AEOYNYX on tetradrachms of Maroneia c. 450—400 b.c. … [A] I EO i N[Y]| AOS on a tetradrachm of Abdera c. 478—450 b.c. (H. Montagu in

272

Kretschmer decides for the latter alternative on the ground that

273

Nyse'wn1. On this showing nysa … d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1898 xiii. 19 n. 8, H. B. Walters History of Ancient Pottery … shows Zeus seated to the right, in chiton and hiwation, with a fillet on his head, a thunder- … 4 J. Millingen Ancient Unedited Monuments London 1822 i. 91 f. pi. 38, 1, Muller—

274

perhaps open to criticism on two grounds. In the first place, … was so named because he flowed from Zeus on to the nysai or

275

writer of Attic prose'2, indited a book On the Festivals of Dionysos3, … Xonnos waxes eloquent on the theme and makes Gaia address … KaXeiTai. Was the (ppvyiXos (on which see D'Arcy W. Thompson A Glossary of Greek

276

nysai ' nymphs ' ; for nymphs may be tree-nymphs, and it is on … Hellenes. That view is based5 on the fact that, just as Hellenic

277

method of formation producing' on the one hand a compound, e.g. … be sought both on the Asiatic and on the European side of the … 10 Dios-cuthes on a large broken coffer from Reusilava or Orsilava near Kirlikova in … 1 On IIct7ras as the Thracian term for ' Father' see W. Tomaschek in the Sitzungsber. … Other examples are collected by F. H. M. Blaydes in his notes on Aristoph. ran. 499,

278

monly end with a curse on the violator of the tomb1. This curse,

279

3 The opinion of ancient scholars that Semele was but another name of Ge (Apollod. … Anomia Berlin 1890 p. 17ft". first established the conjecture on a sound basis by proving

280

(meaning unknown) seated with phidle in right hand, sceptre in left, and eagle on ground

282

in this locality is great. Malko-Tirnovo is within easy reach of Viza, the ancient Bizye, … tions is pretty uncertain. On the journey to London the, larger fragment was broken in

Plate XIX

Stele obtained by W. H. Buckler in Constantinople : Zeus Sabdzios on

283

The relief shows Zeus Sabdzios as a bearded god on horseback advancing towards an … as Sabdzios. All four attributes are found on the .SaMc^-monuments already noted … elsewhere an equestrian figure, unless it be he who on the well known but little under-

284

less, sits on a high-backed throne, with a band (?) round his head, a phidle in his right

285

with Zeus Poteos (fig. 187) of Dionysopolis on the upper Maiandros … a two-horsed vehicle. On the reins is seen an eagle; beneath the horses, a snake. The … tree. On the altar are piled round objects like loaves. Inscribed : Ztovs pire (185 of the … Philadelphia (Ala-Shehir) in Lydia represents Zeus Sabdzios seated on a throne, holding … to Zeus Kopv<paios of Philadelphia (on whom see infra Append. P). (4) In the winter … flanked on one specimen by a couple of grape-vines (fig. 186). Others symbolise the

287

high, o*33m broad, o-2om thick) is adorned with reliefs—a bunch of grapes on its right side,

288

Sir W. M. Ramsay, the highest living authority on Phrygia and all … It is noteworthy that on the Akropolis of Pergamon, south of the great altar of Zeus … the same author 's article on Phrygian religion in J. Hastings Encycloptcdia of Religion and

290

The Ideaof the Soul London 1909 p. 239) is responsible for much in ancient literature (the … ttclvtwv (cttl 8av/j.a<XT0TaT0v) on tQv deovpywv ddmeiv to cco/xa KeXevbvTiov, irX-qv rrjs KecpaXrjs, … Flinders Petrie Ancient Egypt Part iv 1916, from Megara Hyblaia, Syracuse, the Aeolian … aavres ci5 bvop.a r)v ev np toitu Rep/aSas, tKpivav. My note on this incident in the Class. Rev.

291

2 On the benedictio Graeca and the benedictio Latina see R. Sinker in Smith—Cheetham … Oxford in 1908 by my friend Dr |. Rendel Harris, who concluded an important address on … the fingers the kteis {vide my paper on ' CYK04>ANTHC ' in the Class. Rev. 1907 xxi. … avKocpavTeLv in its usual meaning : close at hand was the ancient altar of Zeus MeiAfx'os,

292

Phrygia meant 'Zeus-'—an assertion based on the Demosthenic … le sens du mot sycophante* in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1907 xx. 143 —163 (lepocpdvTrjs, on the … Phrygia (Sir W. M. Ramsay in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1884 v. 260 no. 12 on a small … cp. id. il>. 1884 v. 257 f. no. 8 on a similar stele found in the same place OvXwia 2d|/3(s … here published differed from the others in having a representation of the god on it: the … Domaszewski in the Arch.-ep. Mitth. r883 vii. 174 f. no. 17 on a white marble altar now

293

fiatjiX-qioi 1<Kvdai Kai tuj Ho<jei8euvi dvovcri. dvo/xd^eraL Se ~Zkv6l(jtI (on these names consult … note on Anon.per. pont. Eux. 13 (Geogr. Gr. min. i. 405 Muller) says of the Bithynian

294

California, ancient Irish, Indian Aryans, Egyptians, Kulin tribe of S.E. Australia, ancient

295

etym. Worterb.2 p. 728 f.). On this showing Uepue- would be cognate with our word … chapter on 'Lityerses' by Sir James Frazer (Go/den Bough*: Spirits of Corn and Wild

296

Some of the multiple corn-ears figured on coins of Bithynia, Kappadokia, Lydia,

297

of markedly feminine type, is reclining on a rock, whose hard … 1 C. L. Yisconti in the Ann. d. Inst. 1869 xli. 224 ff., A/on. d. Inst, ix pi. 8a, 2 … - On the Dendrophori of Italy and the Latin provinces see F. Cumont in Pauly—

298

which is encircled below by five rays (restored in their ancient … Zeus, as husband of Kybele2, appears on other monuments of

299

them1 and supported by others. On the front of the basket is in- … iii. 14845.) and their festival known as canna intrat on March 15 (Wissowa Rel. Kult. … receptacle (??), set on or in the ground : behind him, his Phrygian cap. On the age and

300

sents a priest wearing on his breast two medallions and an aedicula

301

genitals. Finally, he bears on his breast an aedicula with a half- … On such diadems see supra i. 22, cp. i. 354, and Brit. Mus. Cat. Jewellery p. 364

302

on the resemblance of the shell to the womb : the Greeks spoke of the scallop as ktels or

303

On this showing (to get back to Attis) the man in the tree was not conceived as ' a dupli-

305

forth Cross (C. A. Parker The Ancient Crosses at Gosforth, Cumberland London 1896 with … to serve as a sun-dial. Between the two crosses was a horizontal stone, on which was … catches venom in cup = Satan bound. Odhin on his horse … of serpents on Nastrand = Christ trampling on Satan. The … blind soldier with his lance stabs Christ on the cross. Head- … series. Endless interlacing = Symbol of eternity. Odhin on Sleipnir overcome by Fenrir … in point to notice an alternative explanation of the central scene on the eastern face.

306

on the part of the victim.' But, if those Eddie stanzas represent a genuine Norse belief, … head on one side, hdrpe and Phrygian cap on other side) natalici virib(us) | Valer(ia) … no. 3997), or worshipped on their own account (Corp. inscr. Lat. v nos. 1964, 8247, … Lat. no. 110 = Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. no. 4152 a marble altar decorated with reliefs (on

307

Pope Leo xiii, and now preserved in the Lateran Museum at Rome. On both inscriptions … pp. 83—85, W. R. Paton 'Note on the Inscription of Abercius' in the Rev. Arch. 1906

308

1856 xxiii. 49, Haakh loc. cit. p. 180); (4) A tombstone at Coblenz, on which each

309

stone from Andernach, on which each Attis has above his head an Amazonian shield

310

lius, when encamped in 189 B.C. on the bank of the river Sangarios, … the priest,' who carried on a correspondence with Eumenes ii in

311

toron is of much wider application, and no stress can be laid on … Adrestos. Thereupon Adrestos killed himself on the tomb of Atys (Hdt. r. 35—45).

312

Lydian who wrote four books on Lydia in the reign of Artaxerxes i … ~Sldavew ; and this may be right, since Dionysios id. 1. 28 goes on to quote Xanthos … mean 'the Wolf,' and cp. Lyk(dbasT) Sozon on a ^aw'-autonomous copper of Themisonion

313

mine. The appearance of the Dioskouroi or their attributes on … id. The Ancient History of the Near East London 1913 p. 201, J. H. Moulton Early

314

of the very ancient axe-cult in the northern islands of the Aegean3. … 3 I have dealt with the matter in a paper on 'The Cretan Axe-cult outside Crete' in

315

or ' Axe-spirit3.' On this showing Axiokersa was an appellative … god on the occasion of his rebirth ; for the art-type of Eros is the art-type of souls in … ap-rra^eiv ras eppevas) or Erinys (Hesych. opva- 'Epivvs). On the relations of Eros to

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / V: The double Zeus

317

Aov[adpT]i 2tor?)pt(?)] the Greek half of a bilingual inscription on a marble base erected in

318

318 Zeus duplicated on a gem … after the Heavenly 'Twins2.' But such guesses, whether ancient … ((B) Zeus duplicated on a gem. … April 180 B.C. (?) with Herakleia on Mt Latmos, cp. infra § 9 (h) i), as 'Tertos (at Didyma :

319

Zeus duplicated on a gem … Steininger in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 2139) but also on occasion for men—witness … 1 P. D. Lippert Dactyliothec (Supplement) Dresden, Leipzig 1767—1776 1, 30. On … on the part of the gem-engraver. … left on a sceptre. Before him stands the Laodicean Zeus to right, with long chiton and … 7 A similar type of Zeus appears on ^«z.r?-autonomous and imperial coppers of

320

Zeus duplicated on a gem … but a comu capiat in her left (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Phrygia p. 317 pi. 38, 3). On … On yet another she is enthroned to left, with the statuette in her right hand and a comu … (E. L. Hicks The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum iii. 2.

321

Zeus duplicated on a gem … Dial.-Inschr. i. 133 no. 342 on a rock near the ruins of Pagasai EPIAO[TA]l£ … TPHIAOIEYI j AIOSAHTHPOIEITAIO, on which C. Henzen remarks:

322

for Aelius was sometimes spelled E/ius1, while Helius on occasion … rently as the name of an ancient Sicanian deity (?)7. … the new town at Antiocheia on the Orontes e/c Se dipiSuv TeTTapwv dXXrjXais awripiioa- … Syracuse no. 283, G. F. Hill Coins of Ancient Sicily London 1903 p. 150 pi. 11, 4), it

323

laureate, to right; rev. 4>IAIP TOY Youth on horseback to right, carrying palm-

324

chief town was Divodurum (Mettis, Metz) on the Moselle, have for ob- … issued by Cunobelinus at Camulodunum {Colchester) have on one … 2 Sir J. Evans The Coins of the Ancient Britons London 1864 p. 344 ff- pi. 13, 1

325

dicephalous deity lingered on through the … Geoffrey professes to be translating literally from a very ancient … of the festival of St. Almedha as celebrated on Aug. 1, Lammas Day (one of the four … now in the dance, which is led round the churchyard with a song, on a sudden falling on

326

but it is a very important thing, namely, the discovery on the spot … ' Sabbaths ' held on the four cross-quarter days4 he was represented … a distaff, drawing out the thread, and winding it again on the spindle; another walking, … those of each trade exhibited a kind of booth, or shop, on a car, in which there was one … derives Leicester from Leir-Cestre: on which, however, see J. B. Johnston The Place- … visage derriere la teste, comme on peint le Dieu Ianus,' ib. p. 132 f. ' elle diet qu'elle y … Hallowmas (Oct. 31), Candlemas (Feb. 2). On the Celtic May—November year see the

327

it came from a statue or from a herm. In the Palazzo Spada it is set on an ancient, but … remark that, of the two faces, the one here figured on the right is more like Zeus, the one … 9 E. Braun op. cit. inset on pi. 3b= Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 367 fig. 2 shows apparently

328

differently. A remarkable inscription engraved on a small altar … ' Sacred on both sides4.' It implies that the Iupiter in question was … The rapprochement between Ianus on the one hand and Zeus or … formation is the compound Am(p)sancius, on which see the Thes. Ling. Lat. i. 2017, 50 ff.

329

pressed lanusue uet as a variant on the third line transcribed ' ex uetusto codice.' The

330

Ian ; thou art the good Creator, | good lanus, | foremost, an thou wilt, of ancient kings.'

331

Ianus and Iupiter on coins 331 … showed a beardless head of Ianus on the obverse, and on the … Mr J. Whatmough, whom I consulted on the matter, proposes leu as vocative

332

332 Ianus and Iupiter on coins

333

Ianus and Iupiter on coins 333

334

Ianus and lupiter on coins

335

Juvenal addresses Ianus Pater as 'most ancient of the gods1.' … of fifty-five years' standing, began a treatise on Ianus with the fol- … B M. Messalla ap. Macrob. Sat. 1. 9. 14. On Messalla see further M. Schanz Geschichte

336

on coins of the gens Fonteia infra § 3 (a) v (0)) de iv ti3 irepi dyaXparcov icpopov avrbv olerac

337

rrdvres KuXeovcri. On Cassius Longinus (c. 220—273 A.D.) see W. Christ Gesckichtt der … best books in existence on the religion of Rome, comments : ' The phrase " Deorum" or

338

re (pywv, on which I have said my say in The Metaphysical Basis of Plato's Ethics Cam- … first marginal region marked on the bronze liver found near Piacenza in 1877 (id. pi. 1)

339

as an Etrusco-Roman moon-goddess (in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1011). [On the convex … of the Dianium on the Aventine as Ianium (Oros. hist. 5. 12. 6 Flaccus duobus filiis

340

1 On sub did, sub diu, sub divo see F. Solmsen Studien zur lateinischen Lautgeschichte … on the wrong tack. … tion of upper and central Italy was formed by the Ligurians, who were closely related on

341

the ancient sky-god and his consort of the Italian peninsula, there … on some more comprehensive principle. … :J Sir W. Ridgeway 'Who were the Dorians?' in Anthropological Essays presented to

342

B.C., found by R. C. Bosanquet in June 1904 on the altar-hill of Praisos … Tap on coins of Hierapytna and Polyrhenion [supra i. 149 n. 1 figs. 113,

343

Schneider cj. Ila^i. H. Stadtmiiller cj. Zr/vl on account of 11 e'iaro … religionum libro nono (on C. Trebatius Testa vide M. Schanz Geschichte … iii. r. 617 no. 4245, 403 on awMwtz-handles from Rhodes Zdviovos.

344

later Ionians : Herodian. rrepi /.lovrjpovs Xefews 6, 14 ff. (ii. 911, 7 ff. Lentz) on 5e ttoikiXus … vtto Fioiwruiv Kal Aevs sal AdV = Eustath. in Od. p. t387, 27ft. Kal on rroXXais evdeiais … 1833 ii. 4i3 = Cramer anecd. Oxon. iii. 237, 23 ff. iareov on rod Zrjv Zrjvos ecpvXa^av ol … to and ivavriov) Zavbs Zrjvbs eiprjKaaf Xeyu 8i] on ovk erpexpav, dXX' efiLfirjo-avro fiera-

345

teal Kop??, on ravrr/p /lev YI\ovtuv dpird^eie, Atjoi 8e pLiyeir] Zeus' iv ols 7roXX<x /j.Zv £ttpdrrero

347

Are we to conclude that this singular tale was ultimately based on … Isiac milk-bowl. On St Agatha of Catania as successor of … 1906 xx. 416 f. fig. 4). A gp2A.-rh.ytSn (supra i. 108) is substituted for the cymbal on

348

parable on the one hand with Europa's bull, on the other with

349

an obvious etymology19. On the whole, therefore, it may be inferred … the Syrian god would have been lamented as 6a/xo0s on the north-west coast of Greece—

350

Form dieses -e«-Stammes vertreten mit t?-Farbung des Suffixvocals in dfi-on-: *Aiwv,

351

menzubringen, vgl. z. B. Eustath. zu Horn. II. 21, 202 p. 1231, 28: iareov on e'/c tov … 7rept p.eTox&v 3 (ii. 784 n. on line 19 Lentz) = Choirobosk. epim. in psalm. 50, 22 Zds,

352

Alias' Kai Kpdaei, Atas. iareov Se on to Atas /cat Getas (Get'as /cat Atas cod. V.) did rod NT … p. 144, 54 ff. = Favorin. lex. p. 492, 13 ff. On the various mythical persons etc. named

353

I hold, then, that there was an ancient Illyrian (?) sky-god, who

354

The Persians on their mountain heights worshipped 'the whole … as resting on four pillars11, the primitive effigy of Ianus, the divine

355

vault3; and S. Linde in 1891, while improving on his predecessors' … the self-same word on the one hand of the god (Ianus), on the other … ground carved on one of the well-known balustrades in the Forum

356

(ground-plan), S. B. Platner The "Topography and monuments of ancient Rome Boston

358

but without the entablature, occurs on the reverse of aurei struck by

359

- The arch of Saint Remy, the ancient Glanum in Gallia Narbonensis, probably com- … 6 A. L. Frothingham ' De la veritable signification des monuments romains qu'on

360

had its separate ianus on the line of its own pomoerium {ianus … had its ianus, the porta triumphalis, on the enlarged pomoerial line … had side-windows (figs. 246—25 1), so on occasion had the triumphal … monument is roofed with a low dome resting on an octagonal cornice.

361

god uplifted on his mimic sky3. This suggestion is corroborated by … by R. Lanciani The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome London 1897 p. 193, may

362

various ancient goddesses of the earth appear either immediately … on a bronze medallion of Faustina Iunior (fig. 25 5)2 Isis is enthroned

363

nysos (?) on her arm and a goat at her feet, stands beneath a dotted … Diana-cults of central Italy, originally signified the sky raised on … be seen in ancient Rome, the Tigillum Sororium or 'Sister's Beam'1,'

364

(c. 10 B.C.), asserts that the beam rested on a couple of uprights5.

365

E. Pais Ancient Legends of Roman History trans. M. E. Cosenza London 1906 p. 156

366

the Forum1. And such is the god as he appears on a bronze medal-

367

Ianus bifrontal on coins 367 … (0) Ianus bifrontal on coins. … 1 pi. 1. Bellori's interpretation 'Jupiter Custos," on account of the dog curled up round

368

368 Ianus bifrontal on coins … on their denarii, and since both of them appear to have originated in Tusculum (for the

369

Ianus bifrontal on coins

370

370 Ianus bifrontal on coins … placed on his bronze medallions sometimes the familiar bust of

371

Ianus bifrontal on coins 371 … On it the emperor in the guise of Ianus, with one face bearded, the

372

372 Ianus bifrontal on coins … no. 8 pi. 42 that a specimen on which the god is apparently beardless (??) represents ' Le

373

Ianus bifrontal on coins … Ianus traceable on the coins of Rome is more … v. Commod. 14. 3), and observed that the Golden Age was represented on an aureus ol … (left hand on hip), no. 282 (right hand on hip). Cohen, who gives no illustration, simply

374

its influence on his ritual. Ioannes the Lydian, writing in the sixth … 'Our own Philadelphia still preserves a trace of the ancient belief. On the … Chrysologus declaimed; whence in some of the very ancient missals we find written in … can. 62, cone. Turon. ii can. 17, cone. Tolet. iv can. 11. On the other side read Liban.

375

wears a flat cap on his head. In one hand he flourishes a drum- … frieze of Greek marble found at Anagnia, on which we see (fig. 282)1

376

staff, and shield on which is the head of Mars, standing before a candelabrum and a cippus

377

round the neck and buskins on the feet, advance towards each … iias'• selan\sl tez • alpan \ turce (on which see W. Deecke Etruskische Forschungen Stuttgart

378

double face ? Ancient and modern explanations being admittedly … ' On the Slave Coast when a woman has brought forth stillborn twins, she

379

four eyes2' and portrayed on vases from s. vi onwards with a

380

wind-god, who recalls the Cilician Zeus Bdreios\ occurs on a red- … beard and hair on the one side are dark, on the other side light5.

381

double face is set on a pillar or post. Dionysos, himself a Thracian … god and a rebirth of Zeus, is sometimes represented on black-

382

noses and front edges of both busts are restored. On the top is a hole containing remains

383

head on the obverse and a prow … On the whole I incline to … 1 Garrucci A/on. It. ant. p. 25 pi. 47, 2, 3, 4, Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Italy p. ir nos.

384

him as Slclktopos apyeicpovrris—an old pre-Homeric tag (cp. supra i. 444). On the one hand,

385

For instance, on an engraved cornelian at Berlin, Greek work of … or TIXovtwv {supra i. 503 f.). On the other hand, a.pye'C<pbvTr)s almost certainly means … Since the foregoing paragraph was written an article on 'kpye'C(pbvT-r)s by P. Kretschmer … dvSpe'C(f)6vT7]s to have been formed on the analogy of 'Apyel'cpovT-rjs). ' Wir kommen also

386

parison with the beardless Janiform head wearing a helmet on … (pilion) turns about on our head1'.' We need not, therefore, hesitate … 5 Ioseph. ant. lud. 3. 7. 7 (on the high priest's mitre) /ecu 6 7rtXos be p.01 80 net rbv … Porph. ap. Euseb. praep. ev. 3. 11. 23 irlXov be irepudeo-av (sc. on the head of He-

387

the other light. Argos on the kratcr from Ruvo2 and Ianus (?)

388

wings on his head9. One in the Cabinet de … 4 A. Michaelis Ancient Marbles in Great Britain Cambridge 1882 p. 633 Richmond … and Ceres'), A. Michaelis Ancient Marbles in Great Britain Cambridge 1882 p. 258

389

J. J. Bernoulli in the course of his great works on Greek and

391

1 ft. 2 ins. Restored: the nose-tips), A. Michaelis Ancient Marbles in Great Britain

392

448 fig. 257, Burlington Fine Arts Club: Exhibition of Ancient Greek Art London 1904

394

F. Granger in 19074 threw fresh light on the problem by remarking … ' that, whether accidentally or not, the modelling of the moustache on … ' Thus the identification of the leaves on the bust as oak-leaves, and with it … 3 Accordingly I laid stress on the watery aspect of Ianus, husband of Iuturna [supra … met. 14. 320 ff.). It was said that, when the Sabines on one occasion attempted to force

395

'To quote a local example, on Royal Oak Day (May 29) boys go about … Litteratur- Miinchen 1899 ii. 1. 315), and that of Dioskorides based on the same work

396

C. Sprengel in his note on the passage from Dioskorides identifies irepicTepeuv bpffbs … On the folk-lore of vervain consult A. de Gubernatis La Mythologie des Plantes Paris

398

of the herm. She claims that the leaves on the breast of either figure

399

on the breast, that the lower edge of the long moustache has a leaf- … those of the quercus ilex. She remarks that the chest on either side … both heads are dentated, and that the appendages on head and neck … iii. 2. 37 Atlas pi. 29, 3); another, opposed to Parthenos, has long serrated leaves on

400

Tullius on the Aventine7, whose slopes in early days were shaded … facing the spectator, with lion-skin on his left arm, apples (restored) in his left hand, and

401

up the Fagutal onto the Esquiline1. The existence of oaks on the … T. Flavius j Successus | d.d., on which see G. Wissowa in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.

402

which rise five trees : the nymph on the left holds a bow, the nymph on the right a lily … may well be intended for larches. I therefore fall back on the view adopted by Eckhel

403

change from oak to beech seems to have taken place on the hill … malus, vitis, prunus, cornus, lotus.' Iupiter Fagutalis was worshipped on the Fagutal … his cult is known to have lasted on till the year 109 a.d. (Corp. inscr. Lat. vi no. 452 … on the enormous size of beech-trees in the lowlands of Latium. Nevertheless it is simply

404

cult of the goddess was that on Mount Tifata some thirty furlongs … oak has left its mark on the art of the Graeco-Roman age. Land- … custom ; on the other hand that Passienus Crispus hailed from Vitellia (in Suet. v. Pass. … were bidden to make their complaint to a huge oak-tree on Mt Algidus, under the shade

405

Similarly on Greek soil the earth-goddess, who under various … Leipzig 1890 pi. 69, Einzelaufnahmen no. 1480 Mitte with Text v. 113 by P. Arndt), on … made it probable that the first sanctuary on the site was in fact a small tree-shrine

406

one column on the 1. and the … three stags in the top row on … The relief on the base has been

407

the thymiaterion, most of the thymiaterion, part of the figure on the r. of it, and the lower … together, the arms held out parallel, and the face looking straight forward. On her head … On each forearm, which is covered by a long sleeve, … horizontally, on each side and in front, into five com- … The base on which the figure stands, and which … a relief showing two female figures on each side ap- … hand figure goes over the head ; the inner figure on … See further C. Menetreius op. cit." p. 10 pi. on left, Fig. 308. … d. oest. arch. Inst. 1909 xii. 173 ff. figs. 83—85 notes that on the upper surface of

408

appendages were solid supports called venta rests on Min. Fel. Oct. 22. 5 el Ephesia … The fillets are most clearly shown on silver coins struck at Ephesos by Claudius and … e?up. rom." i. 273 no. 1 fig.) or on coppers of Kadoi in Phrygia issued under the name of … of Neapolis in Samaria, struck by Faustina Iunior, on which the goddess has a head-dress

409

on leading a band of colonists from Athens to Miletos, was bidden … stags on either side, and fillets treated as dove-sceptres (G. F. Hill Some Palestinian … A figure so full of complex symbolism implies the growth of ages. The temple on top … e.g. on a bronze coin of Ephesos struck by Domitian (T. Schreiber in the Arch. Zeit.

410

back to the first or second century B.C.; for it occurs on an Ephesian amulet of terra cotta … at some date prior to the period 159—133 B.C. (B. V. Head On the chronological sequence … passed till it became indistinguishable from ebony. On some statuettes of the type known … Ancient History of the Near East London 1913 p. 327). Be that as it may, the scholiast

411

us on a pedestal with stag, bow, and branch (fig. 317)4. Bendis, … 1 Ov. her. 12. 67 ff., on which see P. Wagler Die Eiche hi alter undneuer Zeit Berlin … rensis (?) on Italian gems {supra i. 274 fig. 199).

412

son of Hippokrates, on Skirophorion 8 in the archonship of Lykeas, … combined the obverse Artemis with the reverse oak-wreath on the … Arkadia6, but also speaks of her effigy as carved on ' pitch-pine and … forests of oak and drew its name from the fact8. On its shore, near … Diana the image of the goddess was carved on every tree of three several kinds. If the poet

413

that some ancient trunk was viewed as her very embodiment2. … rashly assumes a Zeus $?ryos on the strength of Steph. Byz. s.v. Awbthvt) •.. .Kai tt\v … the name 'Apre/xiTos: on this symbol see further C. Blinkenberg in the Ath. Mitth. 1899

414

violent death on the margin of the sea. He is not indeed linked by … grieckischen Ortsnamen Wiirzburg 1888 p. 259), so that on this showing "Zapwvis, Zapwvia … on a confusion (cp. Hesych. s.v. adpboves' ev KwriyeTiKip p-eprj rtcd Slktuwv SyjXovvrai. The … on the western side of the Bosporos in the bay called Bathykolpos, the modern Boyukdere … Heidelberg 1907 p. 41 =id. Der Reliqnienkult im Altertum Giessen 1909 i. 41). On him … hung their clothes on an oak-tree before swimming across a pool to become were-wolves

416

former describes how the hero's sinews were caught on it1; the latter … hunting-spear and hound, leaning on a knotted tree-stump. An

417

triumphant resurrection made him a favourite theme alike on Greek … point, his argument admittedly rests on probabilities, not proofs5, … 3 In the death of Hippolytos as carved on one of the smaller sides of a fine Greek … Aen. 6. 203 ff., cp. ib. 136 ff., speaks of the golden bough as growing on an evergreen oak … ...of this ancient line' (ib. p. 379). (4) The double-headed bust at Nemi, which probably

418

Some years ago in looking through an old book on the Campagna … Description of Latium was Miss E. C. Knight, on whom see Dr R. Gamett's article in

419

to go over from Rome to Nemi and question the peasants on the … passage in G. Tomassetti's great work on the Campagna : … ran down the book in the Biblioteca Vittorio Emanuele and on … Esposizione della Croce on Sept. 24, a day which was celebrated in antiquity as Augustus'

420

account of Genzano. Its identification as an oak rests on the state- … 1 If it be objected that Genzano is on the opposite side of the Lake to Nemi, we must … ' There are a good number of apple trees on the slopes of the lake, some of them fairly

421

there was a Clivus Virbius in the immediate vicinity of an ancient … Latin Virbius'', both names being akin to the word arbor*. On this

422

1741, 22 ff. Tac. Germ. 34 locates the pillars on the German coast. … 1741, 22 ff. Tac. Germ. 34 locates the pillars on the German coast.

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / VI: Zeus and the twins

423

altar of Zeus on Mount Lykaion were likewise in all probability … 1 The pillars of Herakles and Dionysos on Indian soil (Strab. 171) are sometimes … the blood of the victim, were commonly set up on the place of sacrifice.] Towards the

424

on some coins of Kypros (figs. 325, 326)2, Sardeis (fig. 327)3, and … here and elsewhere (fig. 330)6 they are treated as candelabra, on … Cesnola Cyprus: its ancient cities, tombs, and temples London 1877 p. 390 no. 10

425

1 The best general account of the Paphian structure as figured on coins and gems is

426

2 W. Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the Semites'1 London 1907 p. 487 ff. … on the Books of Chronicles Edinburgh 1910 p. 329: 'These pillars were in Solomon's … and more traces in the ancient world...even to the Israelites these pillars were symbols

427

ad duas lauros, on the via Labicana three miles out from Rome, … however, he goes on to suggest that Georgios Monachos de Basilio Jfacedone 14 (p. 844,

428

From pillars with personal names we go on to pillars with … inscription graven on the more southerly shaft6. Further, he has … demolished {supra p. 427 n. 1) and that ctttjAt? in late Greek means ' statue-on-pillar ' and … Kovpwv ££a> rod vaov eis Tip.r\v ovt&v, 'Afupiovos re Kal Zrjdov. On the force of arr/Xas see … 155. Prof. Burkitt, on the strength of a fresh photograph (id. pi. 1), rules out the

429

port Dr Rendel Harris' main contention by pointing out that on … goddess, faces towards a column, on which is a small male figure

430

on the turreted crown of the goddess in the attitude of a fighting … as F. Cumont3 suggests, originally distinct divinities on their way … MHTKOA 6A6CCH NOON. The city-goddess is seated on a stool with a small tem- … 5 F. Cumont Etudes syriennes Paris 1917 p. 269 n. 2 : 'On pourrait, il est vrai, se

431

on the citadel of Edessa were conceived as sky-supports. For at … solar eagle carved on the soffits of sacred lintels2.

432

earth overarched by a solid sky resting on side-props, further de- … his treatise On the Decalogue (c. 40 A.D.), says : … the pattern on the two shields can be claimed as stellar. Length o'245m. Breadth o'i i6m.

433

their life on alternate days1.' … And men put pilot on their heads with stars atop, hinting at the arrangement of … Julian attacks it in his oration on The Sovereign Sun (361 A.D.):

434

this notion along with others in his commentary on the Homeric … I would dwell for a moment on some aspects of this mytho- … the name of Tilo—that is, the sky—on a woman who has given … crvpLcpcoviav tQv drravTivv. On this see A. Delatte Etudes sur la literature pytkagoricienne

435

lances, riding side by side on a black horse and a white horse to- … light and darkness.' F. F. Ravaisson4 in 1875 pointed out that on … (supra i. 721 pi. xli) and very possibly inspired by the Gigantomachy painted on the

436

sources from which, on my showing, the Dioskouroi derived their … Homeric allusion to the heroes' burial may well be based on hard … either as stars in the sky or as the sheen of spears on earth.' But Herodotos' language … 9 If so, no wonder that Aristomenes and his friend were able to impose on the

437

were living and dead on alternate days. This remarkable arrange- … i)/j.ii>os (J. B. Bury rightly restores the Doric acc. pi. from the scholia on r/fxevos codd. B.D.

438

various points Pindar is intentionally improving on the tale as told by the Kypria : … he is seated (juxevov) on a stump of oak.

439

Shall welcome guestlike on alternate days,

440

4 On this intricate problem see Th. Mommsen 'Die Remuslegende' in Hermes 1881 … Class. Rev. 1921 xxxv. 20 well compares the two crowns set out on the couch depicted

441

on his brother's throne, and ever afterwards reigned with this effigy … the same ancient principle reasserted itself and possessed sufficient

442

the type is clear, for it recurs on gold and copper (fig. 341) coins of … are represented on second brasses, struck under Caligula in 37 … comua copiae and the horsemen, were imitated on bronze pieces

443

on gold, silver, and copper (fig. 347) coins of Faustina the younger2, … of the empress in 161 A.D.3, sitting on one and the same throne-like … which on many examples (fig. 348) are seen glittering above the

446

on the Kestros in Pisidia, which portray … apparently other eyes on his arms: he carries two swords and two round shields. Height … on which a bird seems to be perched. Round his shoulders is flung a lion-skin. ' Lowenhaut

447

her children take vengeance on their father. Kronos, her youngest son, alone dared the

448

called Meliai. The genitals tossing on the deep caused the white foam, aphros, amid … dwb Kpovidao cnSripov). On the fish 7ro/x7riXos, which together with Aphrodite sprang e/c … advice of Nyx made Kronos drunk on honey, bound him beneath the tall oaks, and gelded … wings all over his body, bristly hair on his head and cheeks, fire in his eyes. He attacked

449

hdrpe from him, and cut the sinews of his hands and feet. He lifted Zeus on his shoulders … and fitted them on to Zeus again (Tlv<ptl>v 5e rais ffireipais irepnrXexdels KaTeaxev o-vtov, Kal … sky on a chariot drawn by winged horses. Brandishing his bolts, he pursued Typhon to … from his cavern the sinews of Zeus, which during their former fight had fallen on the

450

the use of vevpa in Athen. 64 B (with J. E. B. Mayor's note on Iuv. 10. 205). … 4 figs, in text (Kibuka and his brother Mukasa, who lived on one of the islands of Lake

451

standing, Schwartz has fastened on a possibility that merits con- … implying weakness in the feet (on the Francois-vase Hephaistos' distorted feet are white : … the genitalia (see J. Skinner A Critical and Exegetical Co??imentary on Genesis Edinburgh … 5 On oi wepi ''EtiriiJ.eviSrfv see A. Dieterich Abraxas Leipzig 1891 p. 130 n. 1 ('neu-

452

its actual occurrence. Two ancient cult-centres where it might … were not twins12. On the whole, it seems most likely that Opis and … etc. (F. H. M. Blaydes on Aristoph. ran. 608). AcloSokos was perhaps changed into the

453

on Delos as the mainstay, if not the cradle, of their connexion, … welcome the god, having a bow and quiver on her back, an arrow in her left hand, and

455

rare on the Greek mainland, much more frequent in the islands and

456

his ancient haunt and attend the new local rites. Nilsson further … children may be attributed to Hellenic settlers on the coast of Asia … p. 442 f. For a summary of W. H. Roscher's voluminous papers on the subject see supra

457

native oracular god on the western and southern coasts of Asia Minor … and 600 B.C.7, she took on the typical form of Medousa, her wings … G. C. Lewis Oxford 1830 i. 227 ff. (p. 230 : ' The most ancient settlements of the Doric

458

G. Murray at first (1911)3 laid stress on the epic formula of appeal … complex make. On one side he is clearly a Northman. He has

459

connexions with the Hyperboreans....On the other side Apollo … and Ionian Delos; he has his place in almost all of the oracles on … Apollon, stepping on to the chariot, urged the swans to fly to the Hyperboreoi.

460

2 For Apollon (a) drawn by swans or (b) riding on a swan see L. Stephani in the

Plate XXV

on a swan, returns to Delphoi.

461

bay-branch, sits between the wings of a swan, which is about to alight on the flowering … hand, seated on his swan {Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Pontus, etc. p. 128 no. 34 Iulia Paula,

462

Similarly Zeus was on occasion conceived as drawn by a team of eagles {Brit. Mus.

463

Yet princely Perseus on a bygone day … asses being sacrificed to the god. On reaching Babylon again he too was minded to offer

464

Notice two points. On the one hand, when Pindar speaks of a … explains the part played by that hero in the myth. On the other

465

daughter straight from the pyre to the Hyperboreoi ; on which … 4 Bakchyl. 3. 58 ff. 5 Sir R. C. Jebb on Bakchyl. 3. 59.

466

the oldest known representation of the 'hind,' that on a 'sdHY-fibula … myth that Herakles cut his club from a wild-olive on the Saronic … on the local tradition of the Olympic seers9 preserved by Phlegon … 1 A. C. Pearson on Soph.^ra^. 89 Jebb. … 4 On the range of the olive see V. Hehn Kulturpflanzen und Haitsthiere in ihrem

467

But on the victor's head set a fruitful wreath of wild olive, … the thigh-pieces of the victims on logs of white-poplar. Herakles found the … trees. Thus tamarisks are most numerous and flourishing on the banks of the … The ancient derivation is rejected by modern philologists (L. Meyer Handb. d. gr.

468

to grow first on the banks of the Acheron, for the wild-olive to do the same on … The interpolator of Servius' commentary on Virgil has preserved

469

from this tree that Herakles on his return from the nether regions … 2 The best preserved example of the type (on which see B. Graef ' Herakles des

470

grows in modern Greece5,' had in ancient times a variety of … 5 So Dr W. Leaf in his note on 77. 13. 389. Cp. E. Step Wayside and Woodland

472

The woods of Persephone on the further side of Okeanos consisted … Aeneas on the anniversary of his father's death held a contest for … assume that popitlns means popidus alba. W. Hirschfelder in his note on od. 1. 7. 22 f.

473

potter M. Perennius, which subdivides into two distinct scenes. On … Tethys the wife of Okeanos, his grandmother3. Helios4, on horse- … on the ground. The scene is completed by the cause of Phaethon's … ning the storm. On the left is the transformation of Phaethon's sisters. … of Ancient Pottery London 1905 ii. 483 f. fig. 218, F. Oswald—T. D. Pryce An Intro-

475

tion-scene is occupied by a spiral column with a rosette on the … ornamental column5. I do not agree with this estimate. On the one … fleeing maiden (Tethys). He knows how to represent Troi'los on … Ancient Pottery London 1905 ii. 493. … probably that carved by Pheidias on the throne of Zeus at Olympia. For other views see

476

known elements. Hence the appreciation of our critics. On the … though it must be admitted that the poplar-sprays on the bay-leaved … and the ladder. The action, doubtless, takes place on the banks … 4 H. Goez /oc. cit. p. 478. For examples of composite trees on moulded ware from

477

nightly on the Milky Way8. Lucian in his little work On Amber or … find there, and that was flocks of swans singing on the banks. We were still on … memory of their ancient art." But they only jeered at me : "Are you going to lie

478

myth was never forgotten by ancient art. A fine sardonyx cameo … Helios2, a youthful figure on … was repeated on sarcophagi of

479

On the left we see Phaethon standing before the seated Helios to … conceived as on the cameo, except that Helios on horse-back is … hints at Okeanos. Above sits Helios, his head resting on his hand … Himmelsgewdlbe (vgl. Matz, bull, dell' inst. 1869, 67) sitzt Helios...' is on the wrong … Gingis of New South Wales, tribes on the Darling River). … girl weaving. On his asking what place this was, the girl gave him her shuttle, telling

480

Damsel (a Lyrae); further declaring that on the day and at the hour when Chang received … The Herdsman is a star in Aquila. The Weaver is the star Vega. They dwell on opposite … however, Cod, taking compassion on her loneliness, gave her in marriage to the Herds- … No mortals might pollute it by their touch, except on the seventh day of the seventh … Latin name of the Milky Way. But this rests on a misunderstanding of Mart. Cap. 15

481

entitled to do) on the statement of Hyginus3 that some authorities

482

Thirdly, the Milky Way is on occasion compared with a tree,

483

On the whole I conclude that several traits in the myth of Phae-

484

No bird can wing its way on pinions light … Such as are dried by sunlight on the sand. … Then all that wealth is tumbled on the tide … Borne on the eddies,—tears past numbering … apellon, ' a black-poplar6/ On this showing Apollon would be a

485

Illyria, which possessed not only an ancient cult of Helios1, but also … c. 100 B.C. onwards on the standard of the Roman denarius, represent … on a coin of Alexandreia in the Troad, which might be either a

486

Dryops, son of the river Spercheios and the Dana'id Polydora1, reigned on … Apollon on his way through Thessaly3 acquired the bay as his … Coins of Ancient Sicily London 1903 p. 132 f. pi. 9, 4, Head Hist, num.2 p. 133). A

487

= id. The Ascent of Olympus Manchester 1917 p. 36 ff. relies on data which might be … Apollon MaXedras on Mt Kynortion, cp. M. Frankel in the Inscr. Gr. Pelop. i no. 925, … Trvpo(po\prjo-as with later addition of Kal Ovpavlas, on which see Frankel adloc, no. 1 179, 1 … Lac. Mess, i no. 927 Xdp;X(X)os aveQy]Ke ruk MaXedrai on the base of a bronze statuette of

488

(Prasiai) MaXedra J MaXe'ats and no. 1519 (Tyros) 'AnoXovos e'/x [MaXeats] on a small … fully in the Patmian scholia on Thouk. 3. 3 published by I. Sakkelion in the Rev. Philol. … Pagai, the other port of Megara, struck by Septimius Severus, on which appears Demeter

489

Dial.-Inschr. iii. 2. 238 f. no. 5213 on a tufa-base with a small cornice QevXXos Ylvppla \ … 26 f. no. 3046 = Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.'1 no. 7 =. r on a tufa-block from the left a/ita … (4) In the grove of Apollon at Gryneia in S. Aiolis was an ancient oracle (Steph. … near Kolophon in the grove of Apollon KXdpios, which likewise possessed an ancient … of vexation. Kalchas had asked Mopsos how many figs there were on a certain wild … concil. dear. 12). According to another version, Amphilochos son of Alkmaion on his

490

the same name—sitting under a wild fig-tree, and asked him how many figs were on_thg … frag. 1 cited supra p. 466 n. 11), and are represented in connection with them on imperial … table, on which is an urn inscribed TTV0IA containing two palms. Beneath the table

491

Similar type: but the urn on tha^table contains five apples, and beneath the table … rev. fvHTPOTT [ANK]VPA'E IEOTTV0I A Agonistic table, on which is an urn, … Bust of Tranquillina to right; rev. TPAAAI ANflN beneath an agonistic table, on … 748 ; and its resemblance to the apple held in the hand e.g. of Aphrodite or Venus on … Talos on coins of Phaistos and the stone-throwing Minotaur on coins of Knossos (supra i.

492

left towards a height on which grows a storax-tree. The god carries a bow in his … cfTvpa^ was a substitute for Xtfiavwrds, 'white-incense,' and suggests that on Greek soil … ATT on the copper of Eleuthernai {supra fig. 376)), and thence to conclude that the globe … The Apollon of Eleuthernai appears also on silver coins of the neighbouring town

493

some point on the Amber Road2. Already in neolithic times one … who stands facing us with a kdlathos on his head, a bow and arrow in his left hand, and … 2 On the various routes by which amber from the north reached the south of Europe

494

the rivers Haliakmon and Axios is the ancient Bora* or modern

495

nor the false (ancient) derivation can explain the fact that the … an entrepot for amber in ancient days, has also developed this … •5 S. Casson ' The Hyperboreans' in the Class. Rev. 1920 xxxiv. 1 ft'. On the suggested … light on the darkness : he notes the name of the Macedonian month 'TTrepfteperaios, the

496

On the whole, it seems probable that originally the Hyperboveoi … d. Lykier 1887, 78. Zielinski N. Jahrb. ill 87.' Daebritz goes on to urge that the Mace- … 'Greek Inscriptions from Thessaly ' in Ann. Arch. Anthr. 1910 iii. 155 f. no. 7 on a

497

Pausanias4, having occasion to mention Prasiai, a small township on … Prasiai there is a tomb of Erysichthon5, who died on the voyage as he was

498

Dniester. The position of the various stations on the Hyperborean … W hether the neolithic borings and cup-marks found on pieces of

499

lished the oracle8. Apollonia in Illyria was left as a milestone on the … elder. E. E. Sikes on h. Ap. 369 justly cp. Emped. 327 Karsten (frag. 22 Diels) r/XeKrwp, … 5 C. T. Newton The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum … Real-Enc. i. 2827 f., G. Hirschfeld id. ii. 112) found Apollon aheady established on the

500

on Mount Athos whose inhabitants were called Macrobii*—a title … god and earth-goddess respectively. On reaching Delphoi, Phoibe … ethical development: on the one hand, his clarity, specialised into

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (b): Lightening as a flash from an eye

502

Later writers usually lay stress on the eye of Zeus as the wakeful witness of right and … II, apophth. Lac. Lyc. 7) or 'OTrriXia (Olympiod. in Plat. Gorg. 40 icrropurai yap on

504

exhibition of the evil eye on the part of Zeus. … reflections on the cornea as due to an inward fire and, since this fire … 4 On the eye as seat of the soul see E. Monseur 'L'ame pupilline' in the Revue de … I have noted the following ancient allusions to the good eye of deities : Kallim. h. Ap.

505

3 Sir J. Evans The Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain*1 London 1897 p. 56 ff. … Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 1910 p. 74 regards the incident of the … 3 Sir J. Evans The Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain*1 London 1897 p. 56 ff. … Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 1910 p. 74 regards the incident of the

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (c): Lightning as a weapon

506

mountain on the top of another. So, when God saw that they would … reports this Zakynthian tale, comments on its similarity to the … on which see Sir J. Evans op. cit." p. 59.

507

the Magi, is to be found only on a spot struck by lightning2— … libamenta non amburi, alib. Pliny's remarks on the ceraunia are served up again by … account, with some additions from Pliny, was hitched into hexameters and passed on

509

writer on precious stones. … worn as an amulet (fig. 382)1. A very ancient votive deposit from … has a partially bored hole at one end, was found on the breast … 1904 xiv. 616 with fig. 75 (on p. 606) =my fig. 382, C. Blinkenberg op. cit. pp. 22 f.

510

4 G. F. Kunz ' On the ancient inscribed Sumerian (Babylonian) axe-head for the … Museum of Natural History 1905 xxi. 37—47, I. M. Price 'An ancient Babylonian

511

Christy collection, is covered on both faces with ' Gnostic' inscriptions … Stevens Flint Chips London 1870 p. 114 and Sir J. Evans The Ancient Stone Imple-

512

on both sides with magical formulae, the text of which is virtually … C. W. King 'On a Ceraunia of jade converted into a Gnostic talisman' ib. 1868 xxv.

514

on the lower terrace of the Akropolis at Mykenai and now preserved

515

Immediately in front of the goddess and represented on a much … of vine-shoots on its head and a lion-skin beneath its feet1'. More- … !) Tert. de cor. mil. 7, cp. Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway on his

516

to occur on a clay sealing found by D. G. Hogarth in a 'Minoan'

517

white stucco. On this ground the designs were drawn in yellow and … a table-altar, on which lies a spotted bull bound with red bands. … red. She extends her hands over a small basin or basket, placed on … olive or a laurel. But in the A/on. d. Lincei 1908 xix. 42 f. he decides for an olive. So

518

cated—as on the ring from Mykenai2—and marked with diagonals. … of the double axe. That here, as on the Mycenaean ring, it was … sented on the axes of this sarcophagus as pigeons or ravens. But in the J\lon. d. Lincei … an eagle on one side of the sarcophagus ('on dirait d'un corbeau ou d'un aigle'), but … for raxews Kai iirLTpox^s codd.) (pdeyyofievos Kai Kpovuv ras irre'pvyas Kai Kporwv auras, on

519

figures at the point of junction are standing back to back. On the … imbrem. On Verg. georg. r. 410 ff. see W. Warde Fowler A Year with the Birds- Oxford … death and disaster' or that the birds on the sarcophagus are ' the raven spirits of Hades... … axes on handles. Obvious objections to this view are (1) the very different treatment of

520

and she carries a pink pole, on which are slung two particoloured … gold. It rests on a base between two pedestals, one consisting … has rightly insisted on the contrast between the one bare stem and … schmiickte Obelisken') and to recall the fact that at Knossos Rhea had an ancient grove of

521

double axe as depicted on the sarcophagus are performing rites … of Klazomenai were designed to be set up on end uncovered and so hold the body upright,

522

said to have perished as a prince in Crete3? On this showing the … Worship of a double axe erect on a | Worship of a double axe erect on a

523

blue and yellow on a white ground, drawing a two-wheeled chariot, in … on a red ground is drawn by a pair of griffins with canine rather

524

of its motives are repeated on a painted earthenware larnax found … appears, on closer inspection, to be not a flower at all, but an

525

(d) exhibits a griffin with wings like those of the bird on the opposite … or less probability. The double axe set upright on a stepped base … connexion with the lily recalls the Mycenaean ring, on which a … and is analogous to the scene of the leafy axes on the sarcophagus

526

A superb jar, found by R. B. Seager on the island of Pseira in … 1 R. B. Seager Excavations on the island of Pseira, Crete (University of Pennsylvania:

527

beneath its handles, other axe-forms. The main frieze, on its … Minoan I' age, obtained by Seager on the neighbouring island of … between the sacred horns3. On the example here reproduced (fig. 396)

528

same explorer on a clay sealing from the Cnossian palace, represents … 4 See e.g. Sir J. Evans The Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain" London 1897 … stem of a golden lily3, on which rests a disk

529

stamens of the lily-plant on the sarcophagus from Palaikastro'-. The

530

have the talus in the Lower Grot searched before leaving the place, and on the … and pebbles, it always was worth while to break through. While engaged on

532

were, so to speak, hafted throws light on another group of 'Minoan' … Commenting with great acumen on that signature he had said: … block, in the palace wall, with a trident incised on the top of a double axe (' Middle

533

Period excavated on the south-east borders of the Palace. Here in a small … house on the hill of Gypsades, and those in the two small rooms at Phylakopi— … among the representations on Minoan and Mycenaean works of art1.' … or incised on a stone pillar, is sign and symbol of the god, whereas … been standing in the temple. The image of Thor was carved on one of them. He declared

535

on the one hand and the pillar-shaped goddess or 'Caryatid2' on … follows (fig. 404)e. On the floor of stamped clay were bowls and … of a double axe. On either side of these horned

536

fact that she had a plant design painted on her back, closely re- … perhaps meant to recall the spread tail of a bird. On her head rested

538

ment of a pithos, on which a double-ax and disk are modeled … Vasiliki and other prehistoric sites on the Isthmus of Hierapetra, Crete Philadelphia 1908.

539

with the well-known ancient custom of offering to gods and heroes metal or terra-cotta

540

1873 on the site of Olbia in Sarmatia3. They are fiat lead castings … axe of the ancient Cretan religion. Again, Count Albert de La

543

altogether (fig. 417). That we are on the right track in explaining … as an armed deity descending from above on the gold signets of … axe on the Mycenaean ring, very justly remarked : ' It stands in a

544

god with wings on his shoulders2 and winglets on his heels, who is … are simply superposed on the figure without organic connexion.

545

symbolised by a knobbed sceptre and an axe set upright on a high-backed throne. Behind

546

sented by axe and sceptre is perhaps Adad, who on a cylinder of rock-crystal in the … History of Religions Oxford 1908 ii. 184 f. fig. 3) and on other cylinders (W. H. Ward … the symbol of a god lasted on into the Persian period, … ancient oath by Iupiter Lapis (Polyb. 3. 25. 6 ff. Ata … Roman People London 1911 p. 130. I have said my say on the subject in the Class. Rev.

547

urns are covered with a tile of marble or terra cotta on which is the representation of an … suggests that the adze on the Gallic tombs was, like Thor's hammer, the tool of a

548

local cult are on record. Istros the historian, a learned follower of … settle down in the winter. An ancient iron scimitar (aKLvaK-qs) set on the stack was viewed … of Makedonia, introduce a short sword of La Tene type over' the horse on the reverse … 1 See an eminently reasonable article on ' Weapon-worship ' by A. Lang in the Morning

549

too in his work On Crete told how the cave on Mount Ide called … KovprjTuv ovop.aadrjvai, on tov Kpbvov auTols <peuyovo~i, /cat eis avrb Karaovelo'i (F. Sylburg … friend Dr P. Giles, whom I consulted on the matter, kindly sends me (Oct. 22, 1911) the … Kronos himself is addressed as 'Peas irbai, <yep.ve \lpop.rjdeu, on which see M. Mayer in

550

/xtjtt/s. Hoffmann, I conceive, was on the right track as regards the first half of the com- … appears on coins struck by the two quaestores urbani, who administered the cierarium

552

mother. And that for two reasons. On the one hand, he is evidently … identified with the youthful god standing on a lioness (?) in the large … winged and sometimes Janiform god hasting on his way with a … of wings. He stands resting his right hand on a sceptre and wearing … warrior-goddess on a mountain-top flanked by two lions, with a male worshipper to the

553

quietly closing, and four wings on his shoulders, two of them as it were spread … assigned two wings upon the shoulders, on the ground that they shared in the … sword, is stabbing a lion—a type which recurs on a silver bowl … Jidrpe of the post-' Minoan' Kronos on certain coppers of Ake

554

out that Kronos, like Zeus, was worshipped on mountains, many … 49 f. irdyov | Kpbvov, 11.25 lrap' evbevbpoj...bx9ip Kpbvov), on the top of which the Basilai … hammdn (supra i. 353 f.) was Latinised as Satumus and on occasion Grecised as Kronos … Carthage on a two-peaked mountain, which still bears the name Djebel Bou-Kournein.

555

published the finds made on this interesting site. They include some 60 terra-cotta lamps, … on Italian soil see G. Wissowa in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 432 ff.

558

if not also as a lightning-god (fig. 436)1, lingered on into classical … €TTLTr\eov 'ApuxroTeXrjs {frag. 191 Rose) dveypa\pev, olov on … 115 ap. Phot. bibl. p. 343 b 21 f. Bekker on QoiviKes Kal Xvpoi tov Kpovov "HA /ecu B77X … Zei's 5" t) yevtais, X670S 'Ep/x^j | k.t.X. from a poem on the seven planets). … London Wien 1888 p. 98 pap. Par. 3102 (ipovTOKepavvoirdTwp, on which A. Dieterich … ii. 1553 fig. 5, G. F. Hill Coins of Ancient Sicily Westminster 1903 p. 128, Head Hist.

559

' Minoan' sky-god had here passed on the double axe of bronze to

560

types of axe occur on Hittite monuments5. The double axe in par- … 3 Hippolyte, daughter of Ares (Schol. 77. 3. 189, Hyg. fab. 30), has a double axe on

561

axe appears by itself on bronze coins of Seleucid and

562

rimnaios Apollon3.' Apollon Tyrimnos is seen on bronze coins of … on horseback likewise bearing the labrys occurs on the bronze

563

(fig. 446)7, sometimes escorted on his way by Hermespsychopomposij) … Coins p. 363 pi. 38, 4 f. says : 'Amazon (?),' and adds in a footnote : ' The Rider on these

564

In any case he is a hero on his way to becoming a god. Indeed, … snake (?) in her right hand and leans her left arm on a double axe

565

holds grape-bunches and corn-ears1, had on Lydian soil come to be … Phrygia also. The labrys alone occurs on coppers of Eriza3 and … of Hierapolis represent the double axe erect on a two-stepped base … fringed with spikes (?); above, and on either side, three stars ; attached to tripod, on left

566

sopolis, where he appears not only on coins2 but in a small

567

Hierapolis, and Motella, used to repair for worship to the ancient … covered the ruins of a small temple on a hill 700 feet above the … of Phrygia Oxford 1897 ii. 566 ff. nos. 467—469 B on the second side of a marble altar

568

Koula shows another axe-bearer on horseback named Apollon

569

intumescit. D. G. Hogarth ' Modern and ancient roads in eastern Asia Minor' in the … Lectures on the Religion of the Semites'1 London 1907 p. 182, with much greater probability,

570

of Zeus Bozios on copper coins … 'A/3o^rjv\Q evxyv- On the possible sites of Babai and Abozena see G. Radet in the Archives

571

double axe, we can hardly determine. On coins of Tarsos Sandas … 'Put on the whole armour of God' (Eph. 6. 11, cp. 6. 13) and take 'the sword of the … an Apolline rev.—on a coin of Hierapolis referred to the Hadrianic age (Imhoof-Blumer

572

on the Lykos ^z^z'-autonomous coppers issued by Pythes in the … On the whole, I conclude that in Phrygia, as in Lydia, the … the simple labrys occurs first on small gold pieces of the satrap … on coppers of Alinda6, Euromos7, Mylasa (fig. 471)8, Orthosia9, … Cp. the pantheress with thyrsos on coins of Orthosia [Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Caria, etc. … 155 f. pi. 90, 14 on gold twenty-fourths with obv. head of Apollon, laureate. … 10 Brit. Mus Cat. Coins Caria, etc. p. 25 pi. 5, 1 f. after 166 B.C., with rev. cuirass on

573

(s. iii or ii B.C.), which has on the one side a head of Zeus long-haired

574

344 B.C.)1, on silver and gold by Pixodaros (340—334 B.C.)2, and … Zeus facing us with a kdlathos on his head, a double axe in his

575

6YPflM€nN eagle on thunderbolt. … sembling a goat recumbent with fore-foot raised'...'The animal at the feet of the god on

576

bearing Zeus on the coinage of Karia, hailed from Mylasa, of which … and it is highly probable that the Zeus whose effigy he struck on … whose old cult-image appears on the mintage of Mylasa. And who … a village on the mountain, where the pass runs over from Alabanda to Mylasa, at

577

From this it appears that the Mylasians were devoted on the one … with double axe found as a symbol on Alexandrine tetradrachms … 2 Zeus Osogoa, with trident, eagle, and crab, is seen on silver pieces issued by Hadrian … similar figure of Zeus Osogoa, with trident and eagle, in a tetrastyle temple occurs on

578

2 C. R. Fox loc. cit. says: 'a bird on a pedestal.'" But T. Schreiber Be7nerkungen zur … = Michel Recueil d'Lnscr. gr. no. 1204 (on a fluted column from the temple-precinct, … (4) W. Judeich in the Ath. Milth. 1890 xv. 260 no. 13 (on a fluted column from the … (on a fluted column from the temple-precinct, s. i b.c.) "EiiriTvyxavwv [ ApaKovrldov |

579

arbitrators—on whom see T. Thalheim in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 570 f.—, in the

580

century Artemision at Ephesos (Hdt. 1. 92, E. L. Hicks The Collection of Ancient Greek

581

'There is an ancient legend that a wave of the sea appears in this sanctuary. … A fragment of Theophrastos' treatise On Waters, preserved by … do whole rivers, as for example that on Kithairon, beside which is the sanctuary

582

Once on a time the flute-player Dorion … brated on his behalf5. … 4 Eustath. in II. p. 763, 50 f. (on //. 9. 457 Zei>s re Karaxdbvios k.t.X.) ort Zeus /ecu

583

premiere partie du nom est formee du theme iro, qu'on retrouve dans 7rora/x6s, -kotos, … Zeus de l'element humide. Ces tentatives d'etymologie ne sont qu'ingenieuses, et on ne

584

parable with such expressions as irdrvia "Hpr/, irorvta "H/3?;. On this showing the proper

585

Potei-Ddn, etc., 'Lord Zeus.' And on the whole it seems to me more … 1 On AS as an ancient pet-name (' Lallnamen') of the earth-goddess see P. Kretschmer … of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum Oxford 1893 iv. 1. 79 f. no. 904 … with the double axe and inscribed Atos | AafipaiivSov, found in an island near Bafi on

587

and, being overtaken by night, slept on the banks of a river which … triumphantly quotes3 a dedication to Zeus Spdloxos on a small altar

588

crossed and re-crossed an ancient paved road, the large stones differing from … But when Eisler loc. fit. goes on to detect double axes in the YleXacryoi ( = *n.e\ay-

589

mountains, the ancient Mount Latmus, according to Kiepert. A principal ravine

590

disastrous defeat by the Persians under Daurises on the banks of … ruins on this site. He saw a portico with twelve columns standing, now probably thrown

591

to his cost. He reached Mylasa on March 20, 1840, 'in a violent

592

superposed on that of an indigenous … serves for us the type of the cult-image at Labranda on a larger scale … enlarged fig. on p. 53 : 'il porte une longue barbe et laisse voir deux mamelles de femme.' … sceptical of the whole design. I fail to detect any breasts on the two examples of the coin

593

its counterpart on the second relief (fig. 497)1. That is a sunk panel … necklace. On his chest, and apparently outside his chiton, he has six … Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions hi the British Museum Oxford 1916 iv. 2. 116

594

offering made by, or on behalf of, Carian royalty. Besides, how … men. One of these, on returning to his native town, consecrated to … verbreitet war.' On Zeus Strdtios in Kappadokia etc. see in primis F. Cumbnt ' Le

595

consolations1.' On occasion, no doubt, the old order triumphed over

596

et que nous ne pumes faire enlever. On n'en apercoit done, dans notre reproduction, … et cependant barbue. On peut rappeler que Zeus Stratios a ete parfois venere sous la

597

have seen1, placed an improved type of him on the satrapal coinage. … On the top of it is a round hole (5cm deep, by I—-iicm broad) and … seated female, on the left. The nearest stylistic parallels are to be … bay-wreath with diadem occurs on a copper of Mylasa issued by

598

'another range of hills west of these ruins [sc. Amathous], on the summit of … statues, upon two of which an eagle was carved. I discovered also on the bases

599

Zeus Labrdyndos (?) on a copper of Keramos is accompanied by a lioness (?) or … eXacppiov (sc. Aios), 266 no. 26 e\a(pptov (sc. Aios). On the Cnidian month 'E\d<ppios see

600

1901 p. 294 n. 1, id. The Ancient History of the Near East London 1913 p. 53 n. 6, id. … Aaupeiov, a 'Passage place.' On this showing Aafiupivdos, Aaj3pdvvda would signify

601

careful to add that October 27, the anniversary of the day on which … tolinus'\ were drawing to a close. These contests began on October … derivation either way. On the hypothesis of racial affinity between the people of Caria

602

cross' on his right hand, a Latin inscription imputing his success 'to … the first of these two is surely excluded by summo capite; for, if X he laid on its side as

603

was struck with amazement, and his whole army also, which followed him on … means of a transverse bar laid over it. On the top of the whole was fixed a … was in the habit of wearing on his helmet at a later period. From the cross-bar … children on its upper part, beneath the trophy of the cross, and immediately … the Christian standard. C. M. Kaufmann2, building on the labours … 3 F. W. Madden 'Christian Emblems on the Coins of Constantine I. the Great, his

604

the monograms and crosses found on the coinage of Constantine … Christian monogram—>|< for CHRistos on the central band and ^ … variations of shape, not on coins alone, but on monuments of all

605

1 J. Buckman—R. W. Hall Notes on the Roman Villa at Chedworth, Gloucestershire

606

Rome1. Here St Peter and St Paul appear as supporters on either … dit tissu Paris 1909 p. 20 fig.) represent the Dioskouroi standing side by side on the top

607

this acute suggestion obviously depends on the possibility of citing, … Christ'), J. B. Bury Appendix 19 on chap. 20 of Gibbon op. cit. London 1896 ii. 565 ff.

608

volume, to which I am indebted for several references both ancient and modern.

609

military signum, bearing the ancient name of labarum, to which later

610

of Constantine's Forum1. But it is a charred ruin'2. The statue on … 306 A.D.). When we remember, on the one hand, the role played by … p. 271 s.v. ' Colonne de Constantin' (elevation on p. 69 fig. 12), id. Sancluaires de … Good illustrations in F. W. Madden ' On some coins of Septimius Severus, Macrinus,

611

2 On ihe Phrygian conception of the Son as a rebirth of the Father and its relation to

612

musical phrases, on which see C. E. Ruelle ' Le chant des sept voyelles grecques d'apres

613

on the axe of Epeios in such a way as to resemble its two-bladed … observed the double axe, a symbol of ancient and mysterious … 2 Other forms that fall to be considered are the Iberian l>j<l tM X mem on coins

614

Another semi-oriental form of Zeus appears on red relief-ware of

615

visible. Other fragments from Datcha on the Carian coast reverse … Centaurs in Ancient Art (The Archaic Period) Berlin 1912 p. 85 gives reasons for dis-

617

on the Genetaean headland adjoining the Pontic river Genes3, derived … axe-bearing Zeus, successor and heir of a yet more ancient sky-god. … barism or at best dimly discernible on the fringe of advancing

618

132 with figs., Sir J. Evans The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments,

620

demolishing an ancient heathen temple on an island in or near … interpret. On the left a couple of men clad in short tunics confront … 2 Corp. inscr. Lat. xiii no. 6730 = Dessau Inscr. Lat. set. no. 4615 (on an altar found

621

adoration and supports on his left shoulder an axe crescentic and … sceptre and ring on the rock-cut reliefs of Bavian (Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de V Art ii. 636 ft.

622

3 See Sir J. G. Wilkinson A popular account of the Ancient Egyptians London 1854

623

from Kato Zakro (fig. 524)'2, on which G. Karo:i recognised ' Minoan ' … fig. 523, scale \) speaks of the figure on this intaglio, found near 'the Court of the Oil

625

of Crete, is on occasion equipped with the double axe. Simias of

626

(on whom see G. Roeder in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 156 ff.).

627

6 A late black-figured skyphos at Petrograd bears on both front and back a design,

628

the performers of an ancient ' Minoan ' lustra- … this was an ancient ritual costume. But ? … de Qrjcrevs apt,vv6/j.evos ireKeKei tovs Keuravpovs. So on a vase- … or they were relics of the ancient ritual, as observed in the

629

logical Museum at Munich. On it we see (fig. 535) a man wearing

630

on a tJiymiaterion with his right hand and shoulders a double axe … temple on Mount Aitne had an ever-burning fire and a precinct full … 3 As shown on a razor from Carthage (A. L. Delattre in the Comptes rendus de VAcad,

631

pita1. The pontifical axe that appears on denarii struck by

633

grooves a hole is pierced, probably for a rivet, and two further holes are left, one on each

634

corn-ear and a cadncens (fig. 545) or between a ship's prow on one … perhaps in Egypt after 31 B.C. for Caesarion, exhibit the horse on

635

may be compared with the horse on the bronze axe-heads from … is shaped like a half ellipse with two large holes in the blade : on it are two small lions

638

heads showing a ball on a plinth composed of four double axes2,

639

1891 p. 459 fig. 402 ( = my rig. 555: on a … (a) Double axe on vase-fragment; (b) Bronze … axe on cornelian from Kaboiczi, enlarged).

640

Joum. Hell. Stud. 1903 xxiii. 204 fig. 15 (double axes on vase-fragments from … 3 On the zigzag representation of lightning among the Greeks and Romans see

641

chevrons that appear on Charon's hammer in a tomb-painting at … 1905 viii. 191—202 with two figs., J. C. Lawson Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek

642

' thunder-besom' marked on the walls of old- … funkelndem Blick'). On lightning as a flash from the eye of a deity see supra p. 501 ff. … On the folk-lore of brooms in general see F. Kunze ' Der Birkenbesen ein Symbol des … smithy, Holstein), id. ib. 1890 xxii. (554) (Vierlande, on houses dated 1618 and 1626 A.D.).

643

growth on the boughs of trees1, such parasitic plants being deemed … the plant left on the oak by the lightning was nothing less than … on a flat celt,' and refers me to L. Giraux ' Hache polie avec gravures sur les deux faces' … 6. 9), on which see E. Samter Geburt, Hochzeit und Tod Leipzig—Berlin 1911 pp. 29 fdF., … 10 Sir J. Evans The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons, and Or?taments, of Great

645

sembles the moths on the golden disks (figs. 561, 562)1 and plaques2 … 4 On the soul as a butterfly or moth see O. Jahn Archaologische Beit rage Berlin 1847 … of the soul and as such is represented on the gold-work from Mykenai. In the Alexandrine … approaching an ithyphallic herm, while a peacock is seated on the … p. 282 : the stone is inscribed KvBwv) and on a cornelian in the … (Furtwangler Vasensamml. Berlin i. 222 no. 1684 : on the right,

646

wing would serve as a powerful prophylactic. Thus the axe on … spring from the dew that falls on cabbages (Aristophanes of Byzantion hist. an. epit. i. 36

647

4 An analogy is afforded by the swastika found as a decorative device on axes, double … figured by the same author in his article on ' Button Beads—with special reference to those

649

the thing suspended on either side of the latter is ' a man or ape crouching and holding

652

(fig. 579, a). The Solino gong is decorated on both sides with circles, … double axes with twofold blades, as on a clay sealing found near

653

declares that the duplicated blades of the double axe on the gold … that an ordinary double axe on its wooden handle came to be

654

5 R. B. Seager Excavations on the Island of Pseira (University of Pennsylvania. The … with some exceptional features (pattern on stephdne, handle of axe).

655

sentation of it on certain remarkable specimens published by

656

double axe standing on the uppermost of three steps between a … Sir W. Ridgeway's views on the whole subject have been criticised with admirable … inconsistent with the belief that they were sacred objects also. On the one hand, J. N. … ii. 1. 254). On the other hand, the evidence for the cult of the double axe in Crete and

657

we are reminded of the way in which on the sarcophagus from Hagia

658

of the reverse with a couple of adjuncts—on one side a handsome … axe. And this, not only on the silver coins of Tenedos {e.g. figs.

660

Dionysos Pclekys, Dionysos the ' Double Axe,' at Pagasai on the … wrongly conceived as on the ringing vessel, not in it ; and ' dolphin' is a blunder for … containing bellows (dcr/cos) and tongs (napKivos) : on account of its contents the caldron … figures only on the didrachm and the obol?

661

divinity as a bearded figure seated on a bull with a drinking-horn

662

i has on the obverse a bearded head of Dionysos (?), on the reverse a … ivy. On those coins, however, on which the head is wreathed, the … On the whole, I should summarise the situation as follows.

663

with a Zeus of the sky, inheritor of the ancient ' Minoan' double … latter, stress beingr laid first on the older and afterwards on the

664

They are apparently associated with a Dionysiac Zeus on a bronze plaque from Rome

665

n. on the Hesychian gloss. … Wissowa Real-Enc. Suppl. iii. 1033 ff-) appears first on fibulae of the Geometric period … G. Fiorelli Giornale degli scavi di Pompci Napoli 1861 p. 16 pi. 3, 6). Thalassa on a … lobster's or crab's claws,' ib. p. 177 no. 971 sea-god (?): 'he has lobster's claws on his … 'Aura/cos or "AaraKos, a town on the Gulf of Olbia in Bithynia, had as eponym

666

astrology1 was serious enough,—it even lingered on into the middle … 1 On Cancer, 'the Crab,' as a sign of the zodiac {supra i. 66, 235 n. 2, 759 nn. 2, 6) … pleasure. The story is a variant of the Beast-bridegroom formula, on which see e.g.

667

late J. R. McClean, but involves two doubtful assumptions: {a) that the markings on the … For the crab as an apotropaion on ' Gnostic ' gems etc. see Imhoof-Blumer and O. Keller

668

Aristotle's work On the Government of Tenedos'2: … axe on the one side and two heads on the other, to remind men of the fate of … mediaeval collections of ancient Greek proverbs. Thus Makarios

669

into a chest, and cast them adrift on the .sea. The brother and sister got safely … inhabitants of Alexandreia on the mainland of the Troad.' … 3 On votive double axes of bronze found at Delphoi see supra p. 628 f.

670

on discovering the facts of the case, slew Philonome, and himself … We fasten on this last statement as an indication that Hemithea … dedicated the babe on the altar of Apollon. The god hid the child, … 8 Diod. 5. 62 f. On the widely different account given by Parthen. narr. am. 1 (after

671

Doralice in the chest on board ship).

672

or that will take place. On his way home he saw the princess again and tried the

673

head closely resembling that on the early coins of Tenedos (fig. 607)6.

674

heads surmounted by two lion-heads with lion-skins depending on

675

copper coins in Korkyra with a head of Zeus on one side and a … ring, is obviously derived from that of Athena on Attic tetradrachms etc. … W. W. Baudissin Adonis undEsmun Leipzig 1911 p. 489 n. 3 falls back on 'ein Ortsname.' … 8e dvo, avSpeiav re /cat yvvaiKeiav, /cat atootd re biacrd, appev /cat Orfhv. k.t.X. On Zeus Belos

676

Leeuwen, commenting on Od. 11. 1346°. (ed. 2 Lugduni-Batavorum 1917), argues that

678

by J. G. von Hahn at Jdnina, close to the site of the ancient

679

took the mules, went with them into a coppice, brought his axe to bear on the … on, the bear-child grew stronger and stronger. This great strength began to … to the myth of Herakles, belongs to a very ancient stratum of

680

for purposes of purification, built there a temple of Apollon, and on … Roman lictor7, and the iron scimitar set up on numerous bundles of … .. ,'£lplwv(os tpyov) on the strength of Diod. 4. 85. See further J. Alberti and M. Schmidt … 10 On the significance of such incest see the convincing remarks of Frazer Golden

681

runs away (figs. 621, 622)2. On specimens struck by Saloninus

682

' On Christmas Eve many a South Slavonian and Bulgarian peasant swings … If this be the dromenon portrayed on our coins, it is obvious that they … at Fintra, a ship sailed into harbour with only one woman on board.

683

her with his axe, being bent on fashioning the timbers of a house … on him a hunger that nothing would satisfy.

684

those present protested: Erysichthon beheaded him on the spot, … on the part of Erysichthon's followers, while the perpetual appetite … on the severed portions beside Iphiklos6. The boy being terrified … 3 On the development of the myth see O. Crusius in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1373— … 4 Erysichthon occurs as the name of a Giant, probably the adversary of Demeter, on … 6 Trapayevofxtpov de aiyvmov, wapa tovtov fj.avda.veL 8rj on fyvXands wore Kpioiis Tefxvuv … arose from a gloss on wapd rep 'TQlicXip, in which case Apollodoros will agree with schol.

686

signs ; but the fact that they appear on monuments dedicated to the shades of

687

bination (fig. 627)1. If we take into account on the one hand the … ithyphallic male bearing an axe (fig. 62S)2, and on the other hand … shown are incised on La Table des Marchands at Locmariaquer and on the allee couverte

688

The designs hammered on rocks high up in the Italian Maritime Alps, described and … fig. 209, 7—12, M. Hoernes op. cit? p. 216 with fig. 2 on p. 215). They appear to be the … 1897, p. 890, id. ' The European diffusion of pictography and its bearings on the origin of

690

Now on the wooers will I lay this task :

691

Thus E. Meyer7, laying stress on the common Greek belief8 that she … too regards it as certain that Penelope was an ancient goddess whose … 2 On the TT7]ve\o\p see D'Arcy W. Thompson A Glossary of Greek Birds Oxford 1895

692

episode of the axes donne a penser. It recalls the birds perched on … commonly breeding in hollow trees10 and hammering on the ground

693

king on earth: he ruled over Assyria and took as title the name of the planet Kronos.

694

consumed by celestial fire, and bade the Persians venerate his bones on pain of losing their … his own behest, built him a temple and a tomb, on which they inscribed tvdabe Kelrai 8avcov

696

is known to have been on intimate terms with Abgar ix of Edessa (179—216 a.d.) and his … then be an attempt or attempts to make sense of his misspelt name. On this showing the … an ancient Italian power, who appears in tradition sometimes as a bird, the woodpecker, … but he was a monarch of no particular importance. Mr N. McLean, whom I consulted on

697

an appellative of Zeus, who is known to have taken on occasion the … Terete, an epithet of the mother-goddess worshipped on a mountain … at least by tradition, to the chronographer who first tacked the history of Rome on to that

698

ancient world recognised as a visible token of the sky-god. Accord-

699

On this Sir Richard Jebb remarked : 'Some child's-game, of which … Pliny6 mentions, on the authority of 'Osthanes7,' that one species … 3 On these irepiairTO. or Treptafj.fxa.Ta see O. Jahn in the Ber. scichs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. … surmounted by two panthers or tigers on either side of a krate'r. … 7 Plin. nat. hist. 30. 8 and 11 distinguishes two writers on magic named Osthanes,

700

upon his historicity. C. W. Goodwin 'On the name Astennu' in the Zeitschrift fur

701

jecture2. J. Dalechamps3 in 1587 said that the jet was placed on a … 2 On the virtues of jet in general see G. F. Kunz The Curious Lore of Precious Stones … 3 On Plin. nat. hist. 36. 142 : 'Axinomantiam. Ea fit gagati imposito securi candenti.'

702

red-hot coals on an axe and to step across it with the infant in her … questions2. Again, a hatchet poised in equilibrium on a pole was … forms of axinomancy : ' On suspendait une hache a une corde ou on la posait, le manche

703

(W. A. Scott Robertson 'Archaeological Notes on Thanet' in Archaologia Cantiana … called a taper-axe, on to the land'). Cp. the throwing of a hammer, which in old German … take this hatchet and knock him on ye head." ' The rhyme is but the English form of

704

to the sky. Peasants on the farms near Beuvray in Saone-et-Loire, as soon as … ancient Greeks as the spear of Zeus. Pindar, ever on the look out … XvptKT] Movcra /caXet, ws ola /cat dopari xP^y-tvov ai)r<j), Kada 5r]\oi /cat 6 cppdaas on ivayKOi-

705

and the modern Greek sailor with his eye on the storm-cloud will say … At Hydisos in Karia Zeus Areios, the 'Warlike,' appears on a

706

ancient Epeirote thunder-god we cannot definitely assert; but it is … "Apetos explains the varying tradition that Oinomaos sacrificed on such occasions to Zeus

707

remarkable tress of wavy hair above the forehead (fig. 638)-'. On … (fig. 641 )~D. It is probable that Zeus Otlrios, whose sanctuary stood on … military titles. On imperial coins with the legends iovi … pp. 134, 164, 223 Miinztaf. 2, 27, Miiller—Wieseler—Wernicke Ant. Den/on. i. 98 b

708

For a similar figure on a silver dekdlitron of Syracuse (215—212 B.C.) … figure—again with spear reversed—on bronze coins and medallions … of Ancient Sicily London 1903 p. 196 fig. 68, Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus pp. 131, … Iupiter Stator (on whom see E. Aust in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii.

710

head of Zeus with his double axe, stands aloof on the right, his leg … 1 His pose recalls on the one hand that of Hephaistos on a black-figured amphora in

711

A Gallo-Roman bronze, found by labourers in 1914 on the site … second century A.D., rightly insists on its fine, almost Greek, style3, … divines denuees de tout caractere officiel, on voit des attributs qui sont comme vides de

712

shield borne on his left arm is fringed with twenty bristling snakes … thunderbolt, spear, or sceptre, between the horns of the crescent and below it on the … zur jonischen Vasenmalerei Prag 1899 p. 38 f., H. B. Walters History of Ancient Pottery

713

Nisyros) on his left shoulder and a trident in his right hand., dis- … striking; and that the lines engraved on the bolt can be paralleled … We are on surer ground, though in a less Hellenic atmosphere,

714

6 On this league, which was called to Xpvaaopeiov (or XpvaaopiKov) o-v<jTr^ia, see

715

On the whole, it seems probable that the Carian Zeus Chry-

716

had quite a penchant for arming their deities with the sword: on

717

(fig. 655)1, shows Perseus on horseback riding off with the Gor- … 1 Brit. l\Ius. Cat. Terracottas p. 132 no. B 365, J. Millingen Ancient Unedited Monu- … beck toe. cit. rightly points out that Perseus is on horseback just because Bellerophon

718

head in a wallet {kibisis), turns his back on the moribund Medousa … a naked infant kneeling on the ground, the latter a winged horse … i. 22 ff. pi. 2, L. P. di Cesnola Cyprus: its ancient cities, tombs, and temples London 1877

719

been fitted out by the Nymphs with wings on head and foot, and these presuppose a divine

720

column on an olpe of black glazed ware from

721

Muller) ap- schol. Ap. Rhod. 4. 1515 Trj dp-try) or sickle (so on a 'Lucanian' hydrla from

723

7rdcras- /c.r.X.), and from a third, somewhat later, between Gortyna and Hierapytna on

725

~Lafiiv<av yXuxro-rj is not conclusive (R. S. Conway op. cit. i. 357). But, on the whole, it … nos. 3472, 3473) or decuria biJentalis (ib. no. 3474), on which see E. de Ruggiero

726

a sacrificed animal on which an oath had been taken should not be eaten by … 344 B Migne)) declares that a statue on the Tiber-island dedi- … Iupiter lurarius, worshipped at Rome on the island in the Tiber (Dessau op. cit. … perhaps akin to Dius Fidius, who is known to have had a cult on the Tiber-island

727

Such was the ancient custom. At the feet of the God of Oaths is a bronze … due to primitive insistence on his power as a storm-god, and that … 3 On Zeus in relation to oaths see further E. von Lasaulx Der Eid bei den Griechcn

728

tablet recording a decree of Assos passed on the accession of Caligula in 37 A.D.) op/cos

729

/j.rjbe[vi] \ \_p.rj]bev TrpocrrjKovffav /card tovs AItu>Xu)[v] | vb/xovs IcroTeXrj /cat e'vreL/xov) and on the … lviii. 19 notes that in the group Zeus, Ge, Helios the sun-god is on occasion replaced by

730

H. Usener 'Dreiheit' in the Rhein. Mus. 1903 lviii. 17 ff. dwells at length on the

731

He wears a fillet on his head and a chlamys over his shoulders. Typhon, a mon-

733

appears quaintly enough on the shoulder of the vase1 as a woman … so high and his onset, motived by love not hate, is less furious. On … 1 J. D. Beazley loc. cit. notes: 'this is the only lekythos where the figure on the

734

gov 5' iiriirav £vybv Ta\dv\rov), and in his tyvxocrTacria showed Zeus aloft on the tkeologeton

735

only holding a sceptre, but also seated on a throne. And this very … to render the god mild as well as majestic. As such he appears on … seated on a magnificent throne and Herakles encouraged by Athena … 4 This clumsy combination occurs first on a stdmnos in the Louvre (G 370) by the

737

is found again, with a suggestion of greater repose, on the be\\-krater … of ancient sculpture. His earliest extant effigy, a bronze statuette … Corinth, he would dedicate all the property of the Corinthians. On becoming master, he … a similar allusion, and finally a current epigram (Cougny Anth. Pal. Append. 1. 4) on the

739

image to Zeus at Olympia, but died before he had carved his own name on it. The

740

'A little farther on is a Zeus turned towards the rising sun, holding a bird

741

0 In 455 B.C. the Messenians besieged by the Lacedaemonians on Mt Ithome quitted … were so deeply indebted, and brought it with them on their ultimate return to Messene,

743

3 On the possible implications of such an annual tenure see Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 394 ff. … 7 (1) On coppers of Kierion in Thessaly, struck after c. 350 B.C. {Brit. Mus. Cat. … Caria, etc. p. 162 pb 25, 8, Head Hist, num.- p. 626). (5) On

744

on a gem1. From time to time efforts were made to soften the rude … (Mionnet Descr. de mid. ant. Suppl. ii. 392 no. 1133). (9) On a copper of Serdike in … due d'Orleans with an affected, archaistic version of the type—Zeus on tiptoe, etc.). … own pe"plos and puts on the chito7i of Zeus. The passage was admired in antiquity (Eustath.

746

height, etc. If we may base an opinion on this superb bronze, the original must have

747

other bronzes, by a peasant at work on his vineyard. For other examples of careful

751

sometimes carried on the sky-god's hand. For … earlier than c. 150—200A.D. Iupiter, for so we must call him, stands on a semi-octagonal … stoup for holy water). On one side of the niche a short pillar supports the moulding. On … lauream accepimus. On the eagle as lightning-bearer see D'Arcy W. Thompson A Glossary

752

with base (ancient) io| ins. Patina: dark green. Fig. 691 is from a photograph by

753

his own genius. A Pheidiac masterpiece is always on the one side … Vases ii 103 ff. no. B 147, W. Henzen in the Ann. d. Inst. 1842 xiv. 90—103, A/on. d. … Thetis and Heos, who supplicate him on behalf of their sons. Cp. also supra p. 274

754

the throne embellished, the footstool pushed forward) it lasted on … figs. 3 — 6, etc. I add, on account of their handsome thrones, a couple of coppers issued

755

bolt on the lap of Zeus is ornamented with two Corinthian capitals. PL xxxii, 2 is from a

757

Another long-established1 type was that of Zeus seated on a … similar Zeus appears seated on a throne with a himdtion about his … ap. schol. Aristoph./ax 605, on the text of which see R. Scholl 'Der Prozess des Phidias'

758

7<D2)2 with an obverse design of Zeus seated on a rock, the sceptre … out their commission of the Zeus Olympios ; and, on being condemned about four years

759

parts of throne-back. Height (with base): o-62m. On the base is AIIOAAON (Corp. inscr.

760

drachms (fig. 704)3 on the one hand with the federal coins of Arkadia, … patched by a modern restorer. Such legs are frequent in representations of ancient couches

761

Olympia, harked back to the more ancient and popular type of … to me (Aug. 27, 1921) that on some of the coins struck at Tarsos

762

eagle-bearing Zeus of Alexander1, seated as he is on a throne … Lastly Greek art produced on Italian soil a fresh

763

This would seem to be the only ancient Greek sceptre in existence1 (A. Sorlin-Dorigny … left, or right, and monogram NIK, rev. TAPANTINON eagle on thunderbolt, usually with

764

to the subject distinguishes two varieties of ancient oriental repre-

765

M. Jastrow op. cit. p. 105 pi. 51, no. 189) : Ramman standing on a bull with a lightning-

766

no. 29) : lightning-fork on a shrine … no. 39) : lightning-fork on a crouching … 1 First on a fragmentary kudurru … on a humped bull with a lightning-fork in his hand.

767

lightning-fork on a bull. … headed dart on prehistoric

769

of Greece and Italy, borne on the broad tide of oriental influence, … Jastrow op. cit. p. 30 pi. [4, no. 48) : Adad standing on an ox with the double fork in his

770

on one side, a pair of winged bulls on the other, we must not jump … appearance as the Greek thunderbolt on the vases of Ionia. An … notes that on one of the tympana from the Idaean Cave, referable to s. viii B.C., 'Ashur'

771

on richly embellished thrones. Zeus (fig. 734) … throughout the Hellenic world. It lingered on even into imperial

772

burst on fire | As a branch bursts in flower, and saw the flame | Fade flower-wise,' R. … night-blooming, since it is said to open just after sunset and to close on the following … and 199, A. Erman Life i?i Ancient Egypt trans. H. M. Tirard London 1894 p. 425 fig.).

773

appear on coins with head surmounted by a lotos-flower (list in Rasche Lex. Num. iv. … from a specimen of mine, formerly in the Pro we collection) and Antinoos on a bronze coin … 1 (Berlin). Cp. the lotos-wreath of Antinoos on a relief in the Villa Albani ( L. Dietrichson

774

[supra i. 241, 341), supported on a lotos (Goodyear op. cit. p. 6 f. pis. 1, 5; 5, 5—7 ; 43, … nostrils of Ra, and he goeth forth from the horizon on each day, and the gods are sancti- … its significance is less readily perceived (on its decorative usage see A. Griinwedel

775

and Thor-hjalm ; on Dartmoor the Potentilla Tormentilla, a plant used as a febrifuge, … in the timbers of the roof, while on the festival of the Assumption (Aug. 15) bunches of … The reason for such names is sometimes obscure, but often turns on a fancied resem-

776

The lightning-lotos on Greek soil underwent three distinct … inside a Gorgoneion on red ground, outside an assembly of gods on white ground (E. Gerhard

777

such flames in red, and it may be presumed that this variation on … single calyx, as e.g. on the bronze reliefs of the chariot at Perugia3, … and chlamys, steps on to his four-horse chariot and quits Olympos (pillar), escorted by

779

And Mr C. T. R. Wilson, our first authority on the subject of … The Academy (quandol) that the winged bolt on the coins of Elis is derived from the … 7 R. F. Crook ' Did the ancient Greeks and Romans understand the importance of

780

twist—are all to be found on the wonderful series of silver coins … a detail on coins issued from c. 510 B.C. by the mint of Zeus … 1 E.g. on an Apulian kratir at Naples (Heydemann Vasensamml. ATeapel p. 591 ff. … - The arrangement of the coins on pi. xxxvi is not primarily chronological, but typo-

781

c. 452 B.C. makes the sepals on the upper half of the bolt curl over … which on many specimens occupy a like position. If Aischylos … of course arrived in swarms and fastened on the carcases. This

782

living animals on Greek soil5. Aelian tells us that the flies, when

783

Boarium3; for the hero, on distributing the flesh of the sacrifice, … 7 H. K. E. Kohler's attempt to identify 'Jupiter Apomyos' on an engraved gem of

784

armourers at work on some complicated engine of destruction. It … half arrow-heads or hooks came to be added on the side spikes of … 2 Supra p. 11 ff. Whether the naked boy with a torch, who on the Naples … nos. 3—6, Hunter Cat. Coins i. 177 nos. 2, 3 pi. 13, 2, 4—6, G. F. Hill Coins of Ancient

785

however, to be found on Attic black-figured vases belonging to the

786

Observing that Poseidon's trident, as represented on votive pinakes

787

the sceptre. On the former and larger question I have already

788

Of the forms here tabulated the most abnormal is no. 25, which occurs on the kylix by

789

In 1898 O. Gilbert, undeterred by an emphatic protest on the … and that the mark of Poseidon's trident to be seen on the zYkropolis … He too quoted the lines from the Iliad and laid stress on the resem- … lx. 27 n. 92 ( = id. Kleine Schriften Leipzig—Berlin 1913 iv. 494 n. 92) observes that on

790

that ancient seat of civilization. Together with the axe (in western Asia Minor the double- … Dr Blinkenberg says : ' The actual altar is 1\ feet high, its surface 7^ x feet. On the

791

storm-god Rudra, as represented on coins of the Indo-Bactrian

792

three small holes lying on a curve together with a fourth, larger … traces of cult on the Athenian Akropolis. The exact significance … See also T. Rice Holmes Ancient Britain and the Invasions ofJulius Caesar Oxford 1907

793

impress of the Devil's spoon and fork is yet visible on a dolmen … a synonym of Zeus. More than that, a learned schdlion on the … Kubbet es-Sachra in Jerusalem. Certain round holes, apparently 'cup-marks,' on its … Bonnae 1901 p. 66 f. on Paus. r. 26. 5. Erechtheus is already replaced by Poseidon in

794

chasm, on the advent of Poseidon, had been re-interpreted as his … fig. 757), G. F. Hill Coins of Ancient Sicily London 1903 p. 70 pi. 4, 8, id. Historical

795

dolphin and scallop-shell of the reverse side. On grounds of style … and the scallop. Now Zankle was an ancient foundation of the

798

with Zeus is complete. Similarly on a brown paste at Berlin

799

lance is held by a Lycaonian warrior carved on the stele of Ikonion5. … as its home. It is then not inappropriate that Kastor, depicted on … fig- 39> I2> L. Savignoni in the A/on. d. Line. 1903 xiii. 93 f. fig. 6 (from a pile-dwelling … described on the label by Sir W. M. Flinders Petrie as a two-pronged spear, is almost … dLwTVxoi. yap ohvvai /xlv rjpMov | 'AxiAXtji'ou boparos. On the text see A. C. Pearson's note.

801

The type is common enough on the coinage of Lydia2; but … On Greek soil, then, there is no relevant evidence. It remains

802

ancient monuments since lost1. F. G. Welcker … and Plouton by the attributes added below on the front—a trident, … the amulets on a Tarentine cake-mould in the British Museum11. … 6 A. Michaelis Ancient Marbles in Great Britain trans. C. A. M. Fennell Cam-

803

of an ancient Roman aqueduct. Near it the year after were found … from the Etruscart Charon4. But O. Waser in his monograph on

804

cuto in cima,' on a red-figured krater noted by G. Henzen in the Bull. d. Inst. 1856

805

J. E. Harry on Eur. Hipp. 1201, states that ' fipbvTetov is used by the modern Boeotians

806

fork1.' True, several of the ancient grammarians expressly derive the … In short, it would appear that Iupiter on the Picentine tile has

807

cpav(o)vs, which together with no. 36 = 0. T. Newton in The Collection of Ancient Greek … iTr\6r)<xe\v Kep\avvL\u) on a small stile broken at the top). … 7r6Xei, I drip-uL, bp.ovoiai, \ k.t.~K. on a marble base of Roman date. See also supra n. ^ … mantic inscription on a marble block at Ormelle (Tefeny), of which face iii, 7 reads [Aibs

808

tov dpeif/avTos \ evxV" on a small marble pillar at Yaguerdi near Thyateira. J. Keil— … Topalar, below a relief representing an eagle (the appellative 'Aepiu is on an erasure of … Ad Kepa[v]vicp \---on a marble base with oak-wreath and fillets, ib. ii. 243 no. 329 … (11) Kalymna (C. T. Newton in The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the … (16) Alban Mt (Inscr. Gr. Sic. It. no. tn8 Ad Kepavvlui on a rude altar found at the … Furrina on the east slope of the Ianiculum, adorned with two eagles, two Ammon-masks,

809

type (fig. 771) a large thunderbolt bound with a fillet and placed on … have rev. a thunderbolt bound with a fillet and placed on a low stool [Brit. Mus. Cat.

810

on its box-like seat is a winged thunderbolt erect in a ^wj/-human … year 77 or 78 A.D. represents a winged thunderbolt lying on a draped … golden thunderbolt of fifty pounds' weight presented on the advice … of the type ('Large thunderbolt of Zeus Keraunios resting on roof of shrine [within which,

811

honours7, issued silver coins of similar stamp (fig. 7/6)8, on which … a palm-bearing Victory places a wreath on his head (Morell. … an eagle is perched on the thunderbolt, and the throne is flanked by a pair of globes. The

812

the king of gods and men. On a stool or couch, the posts of which

813

2 For the thunderbolt as a device on sling-bullets see also Inscr. Gr. Sic. It. no. 2407. … (with inscription AEEA[I], cp. Corp. inscr. Gr. iv no. 8529, a; found on the Akropolis

814

An eagle on a thunderbolt is the device of a sling-bullet published by W. Vischer … right hand, a circular shield on his left arm, and a turban (?) round his head. Above (c) … avedrjKev']. Semiramis is here the goddess Semea or Sima, on whom see O. Hdfer in

815

Zeus Astrapaios on the city wall between the … no. 33 (at Ieni-Keui on the northern shore of the lake of Nikaia) [dya]6rjL rvxv1 | [---]

816

have been an ancient one, for it had already passed into a proverb … Delphoi, and brought back a sacred tripod on a chariot, together … information from Apollodoros' note on the Boeotian Harma (//. 2. 499) in his work -rrepi … p. 1226 n. 1): see e.g. Eur. Ion 285 n/xa acpe {sc. the Long Cliffs on the N. side of the … Grypos) has rev. a winged thunderbolt resting on a tripod (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Seleucid

817

impression that we have here to do with an ancient cult of Zeus. … again on an oblong altar of Roman date found in Thera3.

818

right hand and an eagle on his outstretched left arm. Beneath his … on which an eagle is perched, over a four-sided pillar. Height : o-i6m. … tending left arm, on which an eagle is perched, over a pillar (probably not a tree). At his

819

extending left arm, on which an eagle is perched, to touch a pillar. At his right side, on … twisted bolt in his raised right hand and an eagle on his extended left, beneath which is

820

shows the same god still brandishing his bolt, but mounted on a … 3 Marble relief, found in 1875 near the church of S. Eusebio at Rome, i.e. on a part

821

bolt. But this time he is grouped with a younger god on horseback, … was not improbably founded on a misunderstanding of this cult-

822

Slavonic sver-d-, 'to twist, to bore.' On this showing we should, … Surus, Surio), pointing out that on one of the reliefs already men- … with correction on p. 2250, Dessau Inscr. Lat. set. no. 4077 with correction ib. iii. 2

823

power and an earth-power—witness on the one hand his thunder-

824

1 Mr Atkinson subsequently supplied me with a ' Further Note on ZifieXcrovpSos. … 7 Mooney follows C. von Holzinger, who on the strength of Hesych. 707711X6?^

825

The scholiast3, commenting on Lykophron's word ' scourge,' re- … on a four-horse chariot11. More than that, his lightning-lash was not

826

Beneath their feet, as on they came, earth groaned, … 2 Hes. theog. 853 ff. Nonnos on the same theme repeats the metaphor ad nauseam

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 4: Zeus and the thunder

827

7 E. Riess in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 42 f. (on the strength of Aristot. anal. post.

829

Mr J. C. Lawson by an aged crone, who was rain-making on the … Phaedrus also, describing a scene on the Roman stage, says : … 2 J. C. Lawson Alodern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 1910

830

On which Hesychios comments: ' The thunder is thought to be the

831

supra i. 337 f., and cp. the place "Apfia on Mt Parnes (Append. B Attike). … ii. 287, 1, cp. H. B. Walters History of Ancient Pottery London 1905 ii. 18, 188). … Fleming): 'Zeus in four-horse chariot, on a large plinth. His figure is visible as far as … is represented by a high narrow box on a base, with an arched railing round the front and

832

two ravens perched on the car; and enquirers were told that two … Methymna said that on Lepetymnos, a mountain of Lesbos, there … their reverse type an amphora resting on a car (fig. 788)4. Some

833

that is a legitimate assumption; he appears, moreover, on later … and twice at least on monuments of the Kyzikos district. A marble … On the raven as a weather-prophet in antiquity see supra p. 518 n. 4.

834

below is the figure of a man lying prone on his face. The inscription

835

ceedingly common on the Phrygian uplands3.' Hence one of the

836

Father god2' and ' the Victorious Father3,' on the strength of which … bust of Zeus in relief, with an eagle perched on his right shoulder. … Phrygia in which he is mentioned occurs on a gravestone11. Those

838

story the infant Zagreus sat on a throne grasping the thunderbolt … shows a youthful lyre-player seated on a rock-cut throne, against

840

not always bright, went on to observe that Zeus god of the bright … (Didbletos), though he lay blasted and blackened on the ground, was … as resting on a sky-prop8—a conception which helped to explain, … not always bright, went on to observe that Zeus god of the bright … (Didbletos), though he lay blasted and blackened on the ground, was … as resting on a sky-prop8—a conception which helped to explain,

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / Retrospect

841

light on some perplexing phenomena of popular cult, e.g. the wooden … central stem11. On this sat the Pythia as bride of Apollon12—a usage

842

series of problems concerned with the relation of Zeus on the one … The view here maintained is that an ancient Illyrian(?) sky-god

843

A section on Zeus and the Twins showed first how the supports … arched by a solid sky resting on side-props gave place to the … poplars on the banks of the Eridanos19—the poplar, white or black,

844

on his journey southward he was associated with different trees in

845

was seen falling from heaven to earth, as on a gold ring from … posting along through the air with wings on shoulders and heels … the crooked blade' (for so it should be rendered), passed on his … a wide area of the ancient world. … On coins of Thyateira and other Lydian towns it is carried by the

846

In Karia the cult of Zeus had probably been superposed on that

847

west2 did not detain us long; and we passed on to discuss the axes … became axe-shaped pendants and took on sundry animal or human … case of Tenedos16, and saw that to treat the double axe on its coins … which appeared on the obverse of the Tenedian coins21.

848

and sword. Lightning therefore came to be viewed on occasion as … thunderbolt, now resting on a spear13. Zeus Strategos of Amastris

849

hand. But that primitive insistence on the storm-god's power was … with eagle and sceptre, closely resembling Zeus Lykaios on the … there for the first time on vases of Ionian fabric9. Among the … spike took on a spiral twist, to suggest the lightning's rotatory

850

on the symbolism of the lotos3, collected the names of thunder- … was supported on the one hand by parallels from India9, on the … was represented as fulminant on a' fifth-century coin of Zankle11.. … bolt bound with a fillet and resting on a cushioned stool19—a type

851

attack with a thunderbolt in his right hand, an eagle on his left, … its mark on Greek poetry from Homer to Oppian9, but called forth at … were on occasion treated by the ancients as momentary gods

852

seated on the rocky throne of his god, himself imitated the thunders … on the godlike task of turning chaos into cosmos. Not a few of … emplify each by a single characteristic product—on the one hand

Plate XXXVIII

The main design on a krater from Canusium, now; in the Museum at Naples : the doom of Dareios.

853

table, on which are letters corresponding with our £ s. d> His … on a throne worthy of a god. Indeed we recall how Aischylos … Before Dareios on a circular plinth of gold stands an anxious- … already determined. We see the gods assembled on the summit of … leaning on his lap, points to a stately draped figure led forward by

854

On the left are Artemis riding a horned doe1 and Apollon with … not improbably the Persians of Phrynichos8, for on the circular … Thunder and Lightning as a power that on sundry momentous

855

That live and move on earth can copy God. … 1 Corrections either save or sacrifice yevos Icrixe'v. On the one hand, J. J. Scaliger … lxvovs. On the other hand, F. Gedike cj. £k aov, A. Meineke cj. yevbpecrda \byov,

856

Nay, nought on earth befalls apart from thee, … 9 Kleanthes is building on the foundations of Herakleitos (supra i. 28 n. 6).

857

Some bent on money-making's reckless quest, … Moellendorff, on the ground that honours, wealth, and pleasure were not /cara but … k.t.X.), whose title—perhaps a variant form of 'O/xoXuii'os, 'Ofj.oXwos (A. Boeckh on the

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Information about OCR text

The significance of Ianus' double face 379

But, if so, we might reasonably expect to find other sky-gods
duplicated in the same manner. Argos, who in his earliest form
appears to have been a sky-god comparable with Zeus1, is described
in the Hesiodic Aigtmios as 'looking this way and that way with
four eyes2' and portrayed on vases from s. vi onwards with a
Janiform head. An Attic black-figured amphora, formerly in the

possession of the art-dealer Bassegio at Rome, depicts Hermes
about to slay Argos in the presence of Hera and the heifer Io
(fig. 286)3. A red-figured be\\-krater from Ruvo, in the collection of
R. Barone at Naples, shows a similar group of Hermes attacking
Argos, though here Io is a horned maiden and Hera is omitted
(fig. 28yy. The earlier vase gives Argos two bearded faces, and

1 Supra i. 32, 458.

Hes. frag. 4 Flach, 188 Rzach teal oi iTriaKoivov "hpyov iei Kparepov re p.eyav re \
TtrpaaLV cxpdakp.olcnv bpihp.evov 'evda ko1 'ivOa, \ a.Ka.p.o.Tov oi oi Copae dea p.ivos, ovSi oi
vwvos j wLTrrev eiri fi\e<papois, <pv\aKrjv §' i\ev ep-irtoov aiei ap. schol. Eur. Phocn. 1116
and ap. Tzetz. in exeg. II. p. 153, 2iff. Hermann (printed after G. Hermann's ed. of
Drakon of Stratonikeia tie metris poeticis Lipsiae 1812). Supra i. 311 n. 6, 462. Cp.
Kratin. X\avbtrTa.i frag. 1 (Frag. com. Gr. ii. 102 f. Meineke) ap. Hephaistion. enchir. r. y
p. 7, 4 f. Consbrueh Kpavia. Stcrca (popelv, 6(pda.\p.oi 5' ovk apidpLarol.

3 O. Jahn in the Bull. d. Inst, 1839 p. 21, E. Vitet in the Rev. Arch. U846 p. 308 ff.
fig- 2 ( = my fig- 286), Lenormant—de Witte EL mon. ccr. iii. 266, K. B. Stark in the
Ann. d. Inst, i860 xxxii. 330 f., R. Schiine ib. 1865 xxxvii. 150 n. 1, Overbeck Gr.
Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 476 f. Atlas pi. 7, 9, K. Blondel in Daremberg—Sagiio Diet. Ant.
i. 418, Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 367, K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. ii. 793.
Jahn loc. cit. gives the find-spot of the vase as Ponte della Badia, and the subject of its
reverse as Plerakles killing the Nemean lion in the presence of Athena and Hermes.
Vitet loc. cit. states that the vase was found at Bomarzo near Viterbo, and that its reverse
shows Herakles and Iolaos fighting three warriors (PGeryones).

4 G. Minervini ' Argo bifronte, dipinto di un vaso di Puglia' in the Bull. Arch. Arap.

Fig. 286.

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