Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1925)

Diana and the Oak

cult of the goddess was that on Mount Tifata some thirty furlongs
north of Capua1; and the name Tifata, according to Verrius
Flaccus, meant 'Woods of Evergreen Oak2.' Another of her
homes was Mount Algidus in Latium3, where oaks and holm-oaks
abounded4. And from Mount Algidus it is but a few miles to Nemi.
That being so, we may fairly surmise that at Nemi too Diana had
her favourite oaks.

In passing I may observe that this association of Diana with the
oak has left its mark on the art of the Graeco-Roman age. Land-
er Pass. Crisp.), may have done the same at Tusculum. In this connexion it must be
remembered, on the one hand that Latinus Silvius, who founded Tusculum (Diod. 7. 5
(ii. 133, 30 ff. Vogel) ap. Euseb.chron. vers. Armen. (i. 287, 7 IT. Schdne)) and dedicated
the beech-grove to Diana (Plin. loc. cit.), belonged to a dynasty of woodland kings (see
the Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 363 f., Folk-Lore 1905 xvi. 285 ff., Frazer Golden Bough*:
The Magic Art ii. 178 ff., 192, 379) and would be likely enough to institute such a
custom ; on the other hand that Passienus Crispus hailed from Vitellia (in Suet. v. Pass.
Crisp, read Vitelliensis for the meaningless Visel/iensis codd.), an ancient Latin town,
the home of the Vitellii, descendants of Faunus king of the Aborigines and the goddess
Vitellia (Suet. Vitell. 1), and would be likely enough to revive such a custom.

1 E. II. Bunbury in Smith Diet. Geogr. ii. 1207, P. Paris in Daremberg—Saglio Diet.
Ant. ii. 155, G. Wissowa in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 326 ff., id. Rel. Kult. Rom!1
pp. 247, 251.

2 Paul, ex Fest. p. 366, 8 Muller, p. 503, 14 f. Lindsay Tifata iliceta. Romae autem
Tifata Curia. Tifata etiam locus iuxta Capuam. Cp. Paul, ex P'est. p. 49, 18 Muller,
p. 43, 13 Lindsay Curia Tifata (so Scaliger for Curiati fana codd.) a Curio dicta est,
qui[a] eo loco domum habuerat, p. 131, 1 Muller, p. 117, 1 f. Lindsay Mancina Tifata
appellabantur, quod Mancinus habuit insignem domum, quae publicata est eo interfecto.
Paulus' information is ultimately derived from the dictionary of Verrius Flaccus {infra
Append. N init.). F. Buecheler in the Rhein. Mas. 1884 xxxix. 421 f. connects tifata
with the Sabine teba, ' hill' (Varr. rer. rust. 3. 1. 6), cp. R. S. Conway The Italic Dialects
Cambridge 1897 i. 221, 358. And G. Meyer Etyniologisches Worterbuch der albanesischen
Sprache Strassburg 1891 p. 430 s.v. 'limp' and in the Indogermanische Forschnngen
1892 i. 324 would relate teba to the Carian rdjSa, 'rock' (Steph. Byz. s.v. Tdficu). If
so, all these words are probably survivals from a pre-Indo-Europaean language, cp.
Walde Lat. etym. Worterb.'* p. 766 s.v. 'teba,' I. Thomopoulos IleXaayiKa Athens 1912
pp. 212 f., 419. But Walde op. cit.'2 p. 778 s.v. ' tibulus' suggests that tifata is akin to
tibulus, a variety of wild pine (Plin. nat. hist. 16. 39), cp. A. Ernout Les td^i/ients
dialectaux du vocabulaire latin Paris 1909 pp. 27, 75, 237 ('C'est done a l'osque que le
latin a emprunte le mot'). We need more light.

The woods of Mt Tifata are mentioned by Sil. It. 13. 219 Tifata umbrifero...monte.

3 E. H. Bunbury in Smith Diet. Geogr. i. 103, P. Paris in Daremberg—Saglio Diet.
Ant. ii. 154, C. Hulsen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1476.

4 Hor. od. 3. 23. 9 f., 4. 4. 57 f., cp. od. 1. 21. 5 f. and Stat. silv. 4. 4. 16. When in
458 B.C. Roman envoys were sent to complain of a treaty broken by the Aequi, they
were bidden to make their complaint to a huge oak-tree on Mt Algidus, under the shade
of whose branches the Aequian commander had his quarters (Liv. 3. 25 eos Aequorum
imperator, quae mandata habeant ab senatu Romano, ad quercum iubet dicere : se alia
interim acturum. quercus ingens arbor praetorio imminebat, cuius umbra opaca sedes
erat. turn ex legatis unus abiens ' et haec' inquit 'sacrata quercus et quidquid deorum
est audiant foedus a vobis ruptum nostrisque et nunc querellis adsint et mox armis, cum
deorum hominumque simul violata iura exsequemur ').