Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1925)

Gradual elimination of the thunderbolt 729

7rptDra... | Ttj re /cat 'HeXtos /cat 'Ypivves, at 6' vrrb yalav | dvdpibwovs tLvvvtoli, otis k
irrlopKov b/xbo-ffrj with W. Leaf ad locc.).

In s. iv b.c. and later the witness-group Zeus, Ge, Helios revived (Psurvived) in public
contracts, usually in combination with other deities recognised by the contracting parties
(e.g. (i) A. Wilhelm in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1898 i. 149 ft. line 2 f. (treaty

between Maussollos of Karia and Phaselis in Lykia) [---bp.b<r]avTes Ala KaV'AXiov Kai

Yav Kai I [---]. (2) Michel Recueil d1 Inscr. gr. no. 1316, I ff. = Dittenberger Syll. inscr.

Gr.3 no. 360, 1 ff. (oath of citizens of Chersonesos Taurike c. 300—280 b.c.) 6/j.vvoj Ala,
Yav, "AXiov, Ylapdevov, | [#]eous 'OXvp-rriovs /cat 'OXv/xrrlas | [/c]at r/pcoas baoL rrbXiv /cat
X&pav I /cat relxv ?X0VTL Ta Xepcro^acrtjrai', ib. 50 f. ZeO /cat Ya /cat'AXte [/cat] | IIap#efe /cat
deal'OXufiiTLoi. (3) Michel op. cit. no. 15, 20 ff. = Dittenberger Orient. Gr. inscr. sel.
no. 266, 20 ff. (pact of Paramonos and other mercenary leaders with Eumenes i of Per-

gamon) opKos bv ai/xocrev YLapd/xovos /c.r.X......b/xvvio Ata, Yrjv, | "HXtof, YlocreiSu), Ar)p.rjTpa,

"Apr/, 'Adrjvav 'Apelav /cat ttjv TavporrbXo[v] [ /cat tovs dXXovs deovs Trd[v]ras /cat 7rd<ras, ib.
51 ff. opKOS Yvfxevovs' 6/j.vvu) A[ta, r?)]i', | "PiXiov, ITocretSa), 'AttoXXw, Arj/xrjTpa, "Aprj, 'Adrjvav
Apelav /cat ttjp [Tav porrb]\\ov /cat rous dXXous #eoi>s ndvras /cat 7rdcas. (4) Michel op. cit.
no. 19, 59 ff. = Dittenberger Orient. Gr. inscr. sel. no. 229, 59 ff. (alliance between Mag-
nesia ad Sipylum and Smyrna c. middle of s. iii b.c.) bjxbaai be tovs jxev ep. 'Mayvrjalai

KaroiKOVs /c.r.X......bp-vvw Ala, Yrjv,"YLXtov," Apr], 'Adrjvav Apelav Kai rrjv TavporrbXov Kal

Trj[p.] I M??Tepa ttjv SnrvXrjvrjv Kai ' AirbXXw rbv efi Yidvbois Kal tovs dXXovs deovs Trdvras /cat
7rd<ras /cat ttjv tov /3acrtXews 'EeXevKOV tv\i]v, ib. 69 ff. bjxbcrai be /cat ^,p.vpvalovs rots d7rd Ma-y-
vrjalas tov opKOV | Tovbe' 0/j.vvo) Ala, Yrjv ,"YLXiov,"Aprj, 'Adrjvav 'Apelav Kai tijv TavporrbXov
Kai Trjp, Mrj[Tep]a ttjv IjLrrvXrjvrjv Kai ' A(ppob'iTrjv 'ErpaToviKlba Kal tovs dXXovs deovs \ rrdvTas
Kal Trdaas. (5) Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.3 no. 196, 38 f. (Athenian treaty of 356/5 b.c.
with the Thracian Ketriporis, the Paeonian Lyppeios, and the Illyrian Grabos) [bpLvvw Ala
Kai Yrjv] KaVPiXiov /cat ITocret[5]tj /cat 'Adrjvav Kai \ ["Aprjv]. (6) Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.3
nos. 434—435, 87 f. (Athenian treaty of 266/5 b.c. with Sparta) [b/j.]vvco Ala, Y[rj]v,"HXi.ov,
"Aprj, 'Adrjvav 'Apej[t'ae, IlocretSu;, ArjixrjTpav]. (7) Dittenberger Orient. Gr. inscr. sel. no.
532, 8f. (Paphlagonian oath of allegiance to Augustus in 3 b.c.) bp.vvco Ala, Yrjv, "HXtof,
deovs 7rdfra[s /cat 7rd]J<ras /cat avrbv tov ~Ze^aa[r]bv). The same group was concerned in the
emancipation of slaves at Thermos in Aitolia (Inscr. Gr. sept. iii. 1 no. 412 = Michel
op. cit. no. 1421 = Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.2 no. 837 (deed of enfranchisement, s. ii b.c.)
YloXv<p(p)iov Avkov A\ivrj]aav ttjv Iblav dpeirT\rjv] j \_a7rrjX]evde[p]ti)o~ev vrr[b] Ala, Yrjv, "HXiop,
/j.rjbe[vi] \ \_p.rj]bev TrpocrrjKovffav /card tovs AItu>Xu)[v] | vb/xovs IcroTeXrj /cat e'vreL/xov) and on the
N. coast of the Euxine ((1) C. T. Newton The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in
the British Museum Oxford 1883 ii. 38 no. 180, 8 ff. = B. Latyschev Inscriptiones antiqtcae
Orae Septentrionalis Ponti Euxini Graecae et Latinae Petropoli 1890 ii. 53 ff. no. 54, 8 ff.
(deed of enfranchisement in the reign of Sauromates (?v=23i—233 a.d.), obtained at
Kerch) pierd be ttjv \_Qu\ji\v rj/xQv rj/xtov (sic) elvai avTijv eXevde [p]av inrb Ala, Yrjv, "HXtoi',
dveTrd<prj\y /ca]t | [d^veTrrjpedo~Trjv drrb r ep.ov /cat wavTos \ k\rjpo[v]b/j.ov. (2) B. Latyschev
op. cit. ii 208 f. no. 400, 10 ff. (deed of enfranchisement in 41 a.d., with name of Polemon ii
erased; now at Petrograd) ecp' u> rj dvirra\(pos /cat dveirrjpea<rTo\s] \ arrb rravTOS KXrjpov[b/j.]\ov
vrrb Ala, Yrjv, "HXto[f]). At Eresos in Lesbos the judges swore by Zeus and Helios
(F. Bechtel in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.-Inschr. i 103 ff. no. 281 b, 54 f. = Michel op. cit.
no. 358 C, 19 f. = Dittenberger Orient. Gr. inscr. sel. no. 8 c, 93 f. (formula of oath, end
of s. iv b.c.) oUtw irorjaoj j vol p.a Ala Kai "AXiov). H. Usener in the Rhein. Mus. 1903
lviii. 19 notes that in the group Zeus, Ge, Helios the sun-god is on occasion replaced by
Apollon (R. Dareste—B. Haussoullier—T. Reinach Recueil des inscriptions juridiques
grecques Paris 1891 i. 158ff. no. ioa, 4 = Michel op.cit. no. 1340^/, 4 (formula of oath
for judges at Knidos in s. ii or i b.c.) vai tov Ala Kai tov 'AttoXXoj tov Avk[lov Kai rdv Yav]).

At Athens the same tendency to swear by sky-god, sun-god, and earth-goddess can be
traced further back (cp. G. Hofmann De iurandi apud Athenienses formulis Strassburg
1886 p. 27 f., E. Ziebarth op. cit. p. 17 f.), the oath being by Zeus, Apollon, and Demeter
((1) Michel op. cit. no 1428, 14 ff. = Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.3 no. 41, 14 ft. (decree
concerning Erythrai, c. 465 b.c.) tojj. (3oXevo-bvTqy eKaq-jov 'Yipydpacn. 7r[pt]f ecrievat. [es