Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1925)

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Cook, Arthur B.
Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes — Cambridge, 1925

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IN BERLIN

Schmutztitel

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A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION

Titelblatt

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A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION … reader in classical archaeology to the university

Preface

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Bright Sky and traced his evolution in that capacity from … some day by a third (already planned and partly written), in which … of the Sky-god and his cult as constituting one factor in the great … volume would do well to begin by reading pp. 840-858, in which

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it.' But in self-defence I may plead that I have made the foot- … it in full. I have also, with hardly an exception, cited all Greek … light. In fact I have come to hold that in deciphering religious … in Appendixes. The Second Part of Volume II contains a dozen … which allusion is made in the text. Anothercaseof thesort, Appendix

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subsections is due, at least in part, to the circumstances in which … to produce a certain mental attitude, the habit of thinking in … departments of classical study and in turn receives much illumina- … their help. Of those whose names appeared in the Preface to … taken from us in August 1920: I shall not soon forget how, shortly

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spirit in which they have hindered themselves to help me. … my friend Mr H. G. Brand, long resident in Tokyo, and again by … Assistant in the Assyriological department of the British Museum. … Queens' College, Cambridge. In dealing with Celtic and Germanic … Dr P. Giles, Reader in Comparative Philology to the University

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the wider experience of Prof. J. B. Bury ; and in regard to the … Dr L. A. Borradaile, University Lecturer in Zoology, has brought … Mr Ms C. Burkitt, Honorary Keeper of the Stone Implements in … the omphalos discovered there in 1913 by Monsieur F. Courby. … Prof. P. J. Harding pursued the same quest in libraries at home … made in 1923-1924 on Mt Hymettos, where he was able to locate

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highly important seal-stone from Melos, now in his possession. … Cambridge. Mr A. H. Smith furnished casts of several gems in … with numerous casts of coins in the McClean and Leake Collections. … verified points at my request, and in other ways have helped

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graphs of statues and reliefs in marble or stone were supplied by … service in various collections and galleries. … Museum of Art, New York. Others were taken for me in London

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drawings or sketches in black and white of 75 sculptures, 26 … The evidence that may be adduced in support of these restorations … In the complicated business of turning out proofs, paged proofs, … In conclusion, I have once more to thank the Syndics of the … In these days of enforced economy such generous treatment would

Contents of Volume II

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(y) The Didbletos or 'Zeus-struck' man in Elysium . . 22 … 03) The Sky-Pillar in Italy....... 45 … (k) The Sky-Pillar in Sardinia ...... 140

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{£) Attis in relation to Christianity...... 303 … (£) Iupiter and Ianus in the Salian Hymn ..... 328 … (tt) Ianus bifrontal in ritual . . . . . . . 374

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i. The double axe in ' Minoan' cult ..... 513 … (k) The double axe and other forms of Zeus in the East . 614 … ((p) Axe-blades and axe-hafts in the megalithic art of western … (/3) Modifications in the shape of the thunderbolt . . 764

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The Kyklops in Folk-Tales..... … The Dioskouroi and Helene in modern Folk-Tales

List of Plates in Volume II

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LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME II … Amphora from Nola, now in the British Museum : Zeus in … Krater in the Louvre : Zeus in pursuit of Semele . … Amphora from Capua, now in the British Museum : Orpheus … Polychrome hydria from Kyrenaike, now in the British … b Two aryballoi from Apollonia in Thrace, representing scenes … Mural painting in Chaldon Church, Surrey: the Ladder of … Hydria in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge : the Peliades … Hydria from Vulci, now in the British Museum: Medeia … XVIII Kraidr in the British Museum: Apollon honoured by the … Stele obtained by W. H. Buckler in Constantinople : Zeus … tree, in which are eagle and snake, surmounted by votive

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XX Bifrontal head (Ianus ?) in the Palazzo Spada at Rome . 327 … XXIII, 1—3 Janiform bust in the Capitoline Museum, probably repre- … XXV Hydria from Kyrenaike, now in the British Museum: Apollon, … borean Offerings in relation to early Trade-Routes for … now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts . . . 597 … XXXI Bronze statuette of Zeus in the Uffizi at Florence . . . 74^ … 2 Silver-gilt statuette from Macon, now in the British Museum : … XXXIII The Eastern Pediment of the Parthenon (Restored) in pocket at end … XXXVII Terra-cotta group from Gnathia, now in the British Museum : … XXXVIII The main design on a krater from Canusium, now in the

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XLII Amphora from Vulci, now in the British Museum : Laios, … (1) The relief as extant in the British Museum … from literary and monumental sources . . in pocket at end

Abbreviations

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This List of Abbreviations has been drawn up in accordance with two principles. … Am. Journ. Arch.—American Journal of Archaeology Baltimore 1885— , Second

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des Lebeyis der Griechen und Romer in Religion, Kunst und Sitte i—iii Munchen und … Etruscan, in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum … Brit. Mus. Cat. Byz. Coins. Wroth Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Corns in

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and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum London 1911. … Brit. Mus. Cat. Medallions= H. A. Grueber Roman Medallions in the British Museum … Etruscan and Roman) in the British Aluseum London 1921. … Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases = Catalogue of the Greek and Etruscan Vases in the British … Brit. ALus. Alarbles = A Description of the Collectio7i of Ancient Marbles in the British … descriptio F. M. Avellinii in earn adnotationes. Lipsiae 1850.

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Appendix continens defixionum tabellas in Attica regione repertas, ed. R. Wuensch

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bratum et in hac editione post tertiam auctam et emendatam a Josepho Furlanetto...

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Frazer Belief in Immortality = (Sir) J. G. Frazer The Belief in Immortality and the … Part IV. Adonis Attis Osiris Studies in the History of Oriental Religion. Second

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antiker Bihhverke in historischer Folge erklart. Bausteine zur Geschichte der … Bd. in. Abth.). Miinchen 1896. … E. A. Gardner Cat. Vases Cambridge — A Catalogue of the Greek Vases in the Fitzwilliam … P. Gardner Cat. Vases Oxford—Museum Oxoniense. Catalogue of the Greek Vases in … gegeben vom K. K. Militar-Geographischen Institute in Wien. 13 Sheets with

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Antiken Bildwerken. In drei Lieferungen. Miinchen, Stuttgart unci Tubingen … Gilbert Gr. Gbtterl. — Griechische Gbtterlehre in ihren Grundziigen dargestellt von Otto … Gruppe Cult. Myth, orient. Rel. — Die griechischen Citlte und My theft in ihren Bezieh- … Gruter Lnscr. ant. tot. orb. Rom.—Lnscriptiones antiquae totius orbis Romani in absolut- … Ellen Harrison with an Excursus on the Ritual Forms preserved in Greek Tragedy

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in Rome by Wolfgang Helbig translated from the German by James F. and Findlay … Wandmalereien in technischer Beziehung von Otto Donner. Leipzig 1868. … Hunter Cat. Coins = Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunteriau Collection University of … 1. CI. xvm. Bd. in. Abth.) Munchen 1890.

XXXIII

Jahn Vasensa?nml. AIiinchen= Beschreibicng der Vasensammljing Konig Ludwigs in der … Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. =Jahreshefte des osterreichischen archciologischen Institutes in

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Miinzensammlung in Wien aus dem Illustrationsmaterial der Bande i—xi des … Lippold Gemmen = Gemmen und Kamcen des Altertums und der Neuzeit in Vergros- … standig umgearbeitete Auflage herausgegeben von J. Geffcken und E. Ziebarth in … Matz—Duhn Ant. Bildw. in Rom = Antike Bildwerke in Rom mit Ausschluss der

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i. 3 Das Delphinion in Milet von Georg Kawerau und Albert Rehm unter Mitwirk-

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In xii. Priorum Imperatorum Romanorum numismata aurea, argentea, & aerea, … pon. max. in aedibus Vaticanis constituit monimenta linearis picturae exemplis … and Religion in Ancient Times. Elucidated by the Author's own Researches and

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iii Die Bildwerke in Stein und Thon bearbeitet von Georg Treu. Textband Tafel- … Henzen. Accedunt Indices rerum ac notarum quae in tribus voluminibus inveniuntur. … Pauly Real-Enc. = Real-Encyclopddie der classischen Alterthumsivissenschafl in alpha-

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suchungen in den Jahren 1895—1898, von Theodor Wiegand und Hans Schrader

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Roehl Inscr. Gr. ant.= Inscriptiones Graccae antiquissimae praeter Atticas in Attica … Guilelmus Studemund. ii Procli commentariorum in Rempublicam Platonis partes … disposuit, vertit, annotatione instruxit, de vitis scriptisque auctorum disseruit, in-

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Sitzungsber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wiss. in Wien Phil.-hist. Classe = Sitzungsberichte der … Smith... Revised throughout and in part rewritten by G. E. Marindin... London … and imperial: commenced by the late Seth William Stevenson...revised, in part, … preserved in the Municipal Collections of Rome. Phe Sculptures of the Museo Capitolino.

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The Year's Work in Class. Stud. = The Year's Work in Classical Studies igo6— … Tiryns = Kaiserlich deutsches archaeologisches Institut in Athen. Tiryns. Die Ergeb- … Verh. d. 40. Philologenversamml. in Gdrlitz= Verhaudlungen der vierzigsten Versammlung … und Antiken- Cabinetes in Wien Wien 1871.

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Wilmanns Ex. inscr. Lat. = Exempla inscriptionum Latinarum in usum praecipue … nunc primum in lucem edita, versione Latina, et notis illustrata. i—iv Hamburgi

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 1: Zeus lightens, thunders, rains, etc.

1

In the first volume of this work I endeavoured to show that … not always bright. As the rustic Korydon remarks in an idyll of … the bright sky to cover that of Zeus as weather-god in general. … than phrases of the type Zevs...vei. Transitional in character are such lines as Zei)s 5' … ' The Use of Sacred Names' in Transactions of the Third International Congress for the

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about by purely physical causes. A certain memorable scene in … Philosophers and would-be philosophers left the man in the … sophers had at least some foundation in popular belief—witness the ancient and very

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folk at Athens in the fourth and third centuries B.C., we turn, for … in this connexion. Thus, instead of the usual phrase 'day breaks9,' … avaKoragovros dpri rod deov. See further B. Gerth in R. Kuhner Ausfiihrliche Grammatik

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People say not only 'it rains1' but 'God rains2.' And in a love- … ' Such expressions as these are in daily use among the Greek … well understand that any sudden change in his aspect must have … It is used from the fifth century B.C. onwards to denote anything in … sent by Zeus are o-rj/j-ara in poetry (//. 2. 308 f., Theokr. 17. 71 ff.), a-rifieTa in prose … People say not only 'it rains1' but 'God rains2.' And in a love- … ' Such expressions as these are in daily use among the Greek … well understand that any sudden change in his aspect must have … It is used from the fifth century B.C. onwards to denote anything in … sent by Zeus are o-rj/j-ara in poetry (//. 2. 308 f., Theokr. 17. 71 ff.), a-rifieTa in prose

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 2: The Diosemía or “Zeus-sign”

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logical phaenomena of all sorts'2, until in the sixth century a.d. … law-courts ceased to sit7. Thus in 420 B.C. the Athenians were on the … in his Women in Parliament mentions as plausible reasons for not … The Chorus of Clouds in the play named after them take credit to … The allusion in the last line is presumably to the postponement of … with weather-signs in general and in the later mss. is entitled ALoarifxiai or irpdyvucris. … see further G. Knaack in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 395, 397).

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In my own country by barbarian hands … Thracians, begone: come back in two days' time. … thundered—that was bound to happen in the dog-days. So, when numerous … eirl p.ev rwv aWwv dirdvTWv t) iire'Tpeire Trpaxdrjvai nva, Kai iyiyvero ixr)5evbs in Kad' ^Kacrrov … (Serv. in Verg. Aen. 7. 141, 9. 630).

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of Attike in 426 B.C. because of a series of earthquakes3 and that of … were apt to drop the business in hand. This after all was natural … •^a/idfei, rj j3povTf). In any case cp. Aristoph. >iub. 579 f. rjv yap 77 tis e^oSos | /xr/devl j-iig … were current in the school of Pythagoras (cp. O. Casel De philosopliorum Graecomm

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than minatory. We have reason to think that in the far past Greek … not pass away without leaving sundry traces of itself in the national … black eagle in response to his prayer5. Hektor too relied on Zeus … cloudless sky8. Similarly in an ode of Bakchylides9 Minos, to prove … evoke a thunderstorm at will10. In early days this would have been … 3 I have elaborated the point in the Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 77 f. … 'isTopi with v.I. eKTOpi in schol. G2, et. mag. p. 383, 26 f.), 2a7r^>cb de tov Aia, Aeoi^S^s rbv … Zauberpapyrus Wien 1888 p. 103, 6, F. G. Kenyon Greek Papyri in the British Museum

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statue in his native town, the Italian Lokroi, and another at … Aristotle declares that the honours paid to Lykourgos in Lakedaimon were … who died later and was buried near Arethousa in Makedonia. Indeed, lovers of … In Macedonian dust thou liest low, … When a statue of Horatius Codes in the Comitium was struck, … place in the Area Volcani, and prosperity resulted for Rome7. In … dvarav arj/xaros iaTop'iav. In line 2 dwr]fj.<p'iaaas, the reading of Planudes, is preferable to

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victims both on the Capitol and on the promontory of Minerva in … by two marble portraits thirty feet in height. These statues were … akropolis, and sacrificed a white bull to Zeus in kingly fashion6.'

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / I: Zeus Keraunós

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been fairly inferred that in popular belief lightning was made of the … more than the bright white flash in its destructive capacity. … burning sky, it was part and parcel of Zeus. For Zeus in his early … p. 159, 57 ff., et. Gud. p. 86, 32 ff., Eustath. in 11. p. 786, 15 f. Modern philologists accept

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and leave mankind in peace, but is headed by the title Keraunou, … himself.' But, since the strength of Zeus is chiefly exhibited in the … H. Usener ' Keraunos' in the Rhein. Mus. 1905 lx. 3 ff. { — Kleine Sc)i7-iften Leipzig and … Mantinee' in the Monuments grecs pittite's par VAssociation pour Vencouragement des … Keraunos' in the Rev. Arch. 1876 ii. 50 f., Immerwahr Kult. Myth. Arkad. p. 25,

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ceived as flashing downwards ; in other words, it would be sacred … scholars. E. Holthenus in a letter to J. G. Graevius declared that it … conjecture provoked a reply from P. Burmannus the elder, who in … and Italy. Usener (ib. p. 286 ff. and more fully in the Khein. Mus. 1905 lx. 1—30 … he was absorbed into the larger personality of Zeus. The three stages in the evolution of … its validity in the Greek area see L. R. Farnell 'The place of the Sonder- Gotter in Greek … expressly deprecated by Usener—that in this remarkable inscription not only Keraunos … ceived as flashing downwards ; in other words, it would be sacred … scholars. E. Holthenus in a letter to J. G. Graevius declared that it … conjecture provoked a reply from P. Burmannus the elder, who in … and Italy. Usener (ib. p. 286 ff. and more fully in the Khein. Mus. 1905 lx. 1—30 … he was absorbed into the larger personality of Zeus. The three stages in the evolution of … its validity in the Greek area see L. R. Farnell 'The place of the Sonder- Gotter in Greek … expressly deprecated by Usener—that in this remarkable inscription not only Keraunos

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / II: Zeus Kataibátes

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dwelling in the depths of the earth and invoked by those who … regarded as himself the hurler of the thunderbolt. In other words, … Hierapolis in Phrygia9, etc.10 Indeed, it cannot be denied that the … 467-458 B.C.11 Zeus Kataibdtes himself appears in Greek literature … 3 L. Deubner in the Ath. Mitth. 1902 xxvii. 263 cites an imperfectly deciphered

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his title, which should rather be the god 'who descends' himself in … Zeus Kataibdtes did not often acquire civic importance. But in … KYPPHCTCON with mint-mark B in exergue, Hunter Cat. Coins iii. 134 Trajan, … Alexandros i Balas, king of Syria, struck in 148 B.C., which have as … Num. ii. 1166, Suppl. ii. 349, Head Hist, mem.2 pp. 766, 777). I figure a sample in the … with mint-mark A in exergue), Hunter Cat. Coins iii. 134^ Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius,

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Sometimes the god is seated in his temple (figs. 5, 6)1. But … the hill Perianti in Melos there is a rough rock-cut altar simply … The legend A IOC KA T6B ATOY KYPHCTfiN involves two peculiarities in … —I figure a sample in my collection (fig. 6). The latter, Kvprjurwi' for Kvpp7]<TTwv, is … in the Rev. Num. 1844 p. ti). Possibly the ram, when placed above a building, should

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that crops out from the Three Churches field in the same locality … " that descends in thunder and lightning3." ' Again, an oblong stone … A marble block from Koutipliari near Thalamai in Lakonike com- … 1 Sir Cecil Smith in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1897 xvii. 9 no. 22 with fig. ( = my fig. 7), … 5 M. P. Nilsson in the Rhein. Mus. 1908 lxiii. 315 (' sein Altar diente so zu sagen als

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that once in four years an offering of meal (?)4 be made to the god. … 1 So F. Solmsen ' Vordorisches in Lakonien ' in the Rhein. Mus. 1907 lxii. 329—338, … Arc. Lac. Mess. i. 245): ' Neque vero ullum vestigium in ectypo claro agnosci potest.' … ~S.TrapTLa.Tri. F. S. Forster in a letter to M. P. Nilsson (Gr. Feste p. 473) had conjectured … Taiafoxw- M. P. Nilsson in the Rhein. Mus. 1908 lxiii. 314 abandons the search for a … no. 4405 = Roberts Gk. Epigr. i. 261 f. no. 261 hiXrjlwls] (F. Solmsen in the Rhein. Mus. … grains (ov\al, ov\6xvTai) on the ground before sacrifice originated in an offering to Ge as

19

Dorians. In Paros at the northern foot of Mount Kynados close to … (A. Bouche-Leclercq Histoire de la divination dans Vantiquity Paris 1879 i. 182 and in … no. 3731, 8 ff. C. T. Newton The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British … magical papyri as an ingredient in binding charms (C. Wessely Griechische Zauberpapyms … Mus. pap. 46. 386 = F. G. Kenyon Greek Papyri in the British Museum London 1893 … rpifiovai xpucroi' Kal j fj.b\i(3ov \iirira (leg. XeTriSa) d>s dXevpa (in a recipe for gilding bronze)). … salsa hodie aut ture conprecatam oportuit, Cic. de div. 2. 37 caput est in iecore, cor in … Cereri) farra deae micaeque licet salientis honorem j detis et in veteres turea grana focos,

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was erected in the first century B.C.8 It is known also that Zeus … in Hist. Rom. frag. p. 70 Peter), far torrere, quoniam tostum cibo salubrius esset, id uno … unde in sacrificio mola salsa efficitur, p. 141, 31b Muller, p. 124, 13b Lindsay mola … interp. Serv. in Verg. eel. 8. 82 far enim pium, id est mola casta, salsa, utrumque enim … 1 O. Rubensohn in the Ath. Mitih. 1901 xxvi. 176 n. 1 Ai[6s] | KaTai.[f3dT~]eu, Collitz— … 3 S. A. Kumanudis in the 'E</>. 'Apx- 1889 p. 61 f. no. 7 [A]i6s [ [K]aTai(3aTov, Corp.

21

marble south of the Akropolis in or near the Asklepieion6. There … W. Dorpfeld in Olympia i. 84 (altar no. 31). … fi J. Delamarre in the Rev. Philol. 1895 xix. 129 f., S. Reinach in the Rev. Arch.

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2 2 ' The Zeus-struck man in Elysium … (7) The Didbletos or Zeus-struck man in Elysium. … both in name and in nature so many ' Elysian fields4.' Consequently … them round and leave them, so that their corpses are seen in a state of perpetual … 4 The lexicographers cited in the preceding note state that 'YLXvcriov is, according to

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In this connexion it should be observed that various myths … rites (Fest. p. 178 b 20 ff. Muller, p. 190, 7 ff. Lindsay itaque in Numae Pompili regis … 8 H. Usener in the Rhein. Mus. 1905 lx. 10.

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thunderbolt at the request of Poseidon2, was venerated as a god in … Aesculapius ut in deum surgat fulminatur. … 6 Vase-paintings that portray Zeus, brandishing a thunderbolt, in pursuit of a terrified

Plate 1

Amphora from Nola, now In the B(lt!sh Museum : Zeus in pursuit of Semele.

Plate 2

Krater in the Louvre : Zeus in pursuit of Semele.

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(g00—460 B.C.) from Nola, now in the British Museum (Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iii. 222 f. … no. E 313, Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 401 n.a, O. Jessen in Roscher Lex. Myth.

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to right, brandishing a thunderbolt in his right hand and grasping with his left the shoulder

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The critical moment in her myth is variously reported by the … brandishing a thunderbolt in his right hand and grasping a sceptre in his left. Semele … in the Louvre (G 412), past the climax of the fine style (460—440 B.C.) and largely … raised in astonishment, his left holding a staff. (b) Four men and women conversing. … formerly in the possession of the Neapolitan dealer Barone (J. de Witte 'Jupiter et … and chlamys worn shawl-wise, holding a thunderbolt in his lowered left hand, advances … The brown paste at Berlin usually cited in this connexion (G. Win,ckelmann Monu- … 2 Diod. 3. 64, Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 1. 12, 2. 292, Myth. Vat. 2. 79.

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slain1. The earliest definite version of the occurrence is in the … that Zeus descended upon Semele in the form of a lightning-flash. … Zeus went courting Semele4.' Nonnos too in his high-flown style … had burnt to dwell with him in heaven : … Semele was in fact a typical Diobletos. The Naxians declared that … 1 Hyg- fab- 167, Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 2. 71, 3. 274, 9. 425, Myth. Vat. 1. 151, … 8 Diod.5.52. On the sources of Diodoros' fifth book see E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa

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disappeared, but the babe survived. So, as is said in the case of … therefore erected in front of their doors a number of pillars cor- … points rather in the direction of Crete. One would like to know … set up a pillar on which to do sacrifice to the god. But M. P. Nilsson in the Khein. Mus.

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to the skin and wearing the garb of mourners, in want of all the luxuries that … to the effect that, when Minos was killed at Kamikos in Sikania, … Longus (on whom see G. Wissowa in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv. 1630 f.) ap. interp. … Discoveries in Crete London 1907 p. 12 f. … 7 Sir A. J. Evans in the Aim. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1902—1903 ix. 81 ff. fig. 58.

31

deity in question was, at least in Hellenic Tarentum, regarded as … interest to recall the fact that from Thalamai {Kotitiphari) in south- … In view of H. Usener's6 contention that teras (' borer' ?) meant … 1877 p. 19 f., J. Geffcken 'Die Grundung von Tarent' in the Jahrb. f. Philol. 11 Pddag. … 6 H. Usener ' Keraunos ' in the Rhein. Mus. 1905 lx. 12 f. ( = id. Kleine Schriften … Terdstios.' The niche is figured in Lebas—Reinach Voyage Arch. p. 32 pi. 25 (plan ib. … 8 The fact that Taras appears as a t^«.M-Poseidon (see e.g. Buslepp in Roscher Lex.

32

might compare the Tarentum or Terentum ('Hole'?) in the Campus … In Christian times it was believed that the victim of lightning" … C. Huelsen Topographie der Stadt Rom i/n A Iterthum Berlin 1907 i. 3. 477 ff"., H. Kiepert … 4 A. Holder Alt-celtischer Sprachschatz Leipzig 1904 ii. 1728 f., O. Hofer in Roscher … who inclines to the solution adopted in the text. … 7 For the form of the compound I. Kophiniotis (in 'Adrjvd 1890 ii- 695 an in Kcupot

33

of the Rufinian monastery in Bithynia, was said to have cured a … The survival of pagan beliefs is yet clearer in later Greek and … with the same explanation4. Dion Chrysostomos in a speech de- … the divine. They keep a chariot of Nisaean steeds7, the finest in … 2 E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Eeal-Enc. v. 654. … that some form of Av. zaodra (M.P. zohr) was brought in, with Gathic and Avestan star … 5 W. Schmid in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 872.

34

The star did so, but poured out upon him the royal fire1 in the … his remains, built a temple at the grave in Persia, where the fire … templa, in quibus ignem servant, Theophan. chronogr. 258 a (i. 474 Classen) /cat /cara- … (p. 434, 18 ff. Eyssenhardt) et pervenerit ad civitatem Thebarmam in oriente sitam, in … note on Dion Cass. 71. 35, G. Bloch in Daremberg—^Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 1468. … coepit, quo rudes atque ignari in stuporem miraculi traherentur, cupiensque augere de se

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statement in a somewhat earlier form. Mesraim (Mizraim), son of … friends of God. Rufinus' account is followed in the sixth century … in maius eum extollunt. exstructo enim sepulcro ad honorem eius tanquam amicum Dei

36

Souidas1 in the tenth century and 'Zonaras2' in the twelfth repeat … world view. In Makedonia it is thought that, if any one struck by … power, no longer in Elysium4. … least square with certain Pindaric phrases. In a context of Pytha- … Souidas1 in the tenth century and 'Zonaras2' in the twelfth repeat … world view. In Makedonia it is thought that, if any one struck by … power, no longer in Elysium4. … least square with certain Pindaric phrases. In a context of Pytha-

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / III: Zeus und the Sky-Pillar

37

Again, in an equally arresting fragment Pindar says : … - The same conclusion was reached by T. Bergk in the fahrb.f. class. Pliilol. i860 … 6 H. Gaidoz and E. Rolland ' Noms de la Voie Lactee dans differentes langues ' in

38

1 E. Casalis The Basutos; or, Twenty-three Years in South Africa London 1861 … possible good in great abundance.' J. G. Muller Geschichte der Amerikanischen Urre- … Leipzig 1880 p. 272 'die Milchstrasse teskowa drogaz (3So in Burg, eigentlich wol ptaskowa … by H. Gaidoz and E. Rolland in Mdusine 1884—85 ii. 154 f.] Infra § 3 (a) vi (X).

39

There is a road aloft in the clear heaven, … The populace in diverse spots may dwell ; … viam, quae me post vincula corporis aegri | in sublime ferat, puri qua lactea caeli | semita … the husband of Lea)...nunc desolatus et nudus non in lacteo caeli palatio, ut uxor mentitur … Matrit. A 16), with coloured pictures in the scholia, represents the circulus lacteus as … design with slight variations is found two centuries afterwards in the Vienna manuscript … locis : hac fronte (sic codd. A.N.P.T., a (in rasura) fronte codd. M.e.X., hac parte cod. Be.)

40

the time of Phaethon's catastrophe. Others saw in it a burnt path- … 1871 ii. 637) in fronte Palatii templum Solis. in eodem Palatio templum Iovis, quod … 3. i = Stob. eel. 1. 27. 3 p. 226, 9 f. Wachsmuth (Aet. 3. 1. 3 in H. Diels Doxograplii … For the Milky Way in relation to the sun see A. Kuhn Sage/i, Gebriiuche und Marchen … Olympiod. in Aristot. meteor, p. 66, 27 ff., p. 69, 33 ff. Stuve and Philop. in Aristot. … mundi | et puer in caelo ludit curruque (cursuque codd. L.C.M.) superbus | luxuriat

41

in neo-Platonic lore, and drawing perhaps from a single source1, … who penned an allegorical treatise On the Cave of the Nymphs in … Pythagoras4 are the souls, which—he asserts—are gathered together in the … in H. Diels Doxographi Graeci Berolini 1879 p. 364, 22 ff.) tuiv Tlvdayopeiwv oi /iev (oi p.cv … deest locus in cod. C. Stob.) eu.Trpi)(jfxod (KVKXoTepm—kp.irpy\ap.ov om. cod. P. Stob.). oi <5e … 4 In Quint. Smyrn. 14. 179 ff. the soul of Achilles appears to his son in a dream and … 5 Macrob. comm. in somn. Scip. 1. 12. 1—3. Cp. Favonius Eulogius disp. de somn.

42

description of the cave in Ithake1. Hence too Pythagoras holds that from the … in the direction of earthly bodies begins at the Milky Way. Wherefore also … For Pythagoras in mystic language calls the Milky Way 'Hades' and 'the … This belief in the Milky Way as a soul-road is found in several … the goddess6. The 'way' in question is not improbably the Milky … 4 Cp. a gloss of Placidus in Classicorum auctorum e Vaticanis codicibus editorum

43

souls traversing the Hades in heaven4.' Platon too is presumably … and from its summit behold sights of unspeakable splendour in the … Milky Way {supra p. 40, infra §3 (a) vi (\)). F. M. Cornford in his brilliant book From … 4 Philop. in Aristot. meteor, p. 117, 8 ff. Hayduck tovtoli koI reus tolovtols tt]v irepi … xf/vxo-i-, StjXovotl ix7) tceKadap/uevai dvrjXdov. See also interp. Serv. in Verg. georg. r. 34 … Iv ovpavip (Daebritz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 476 f.). The latter, in which

44

the family of the blessed gods go to and fro, each in performance of his own … no earthly bard has ever yet sung or ever will sing in worthy strains1. … In the Republic the same bright track is compared with 'the … of a ' pillar of glory ' or a ' pillar of light' filled with souls in process … in Loukian. Don. 50 {infra § 3 (a) iii (1)). Cp. also Anth. Pal. 7. 97. 1 f. (Diog. Laert.) … the straight light of the Milky Way (Prokl. in Plat. remp. ii. 130, 3 f., 194, 19 ff. Kroll, … olov Kiova, cp. Prokl. in Plat, reuip. ii. 199, 31 ff. Kroll). … ar]p 6 reXeios. 6 be dijp ovtos otOXos eurt <pwros, eTreiST) ye/xeL \j/vx&v tCov Kadapi^o/j.e'vwv. In

45

The Sky-Pillar in Italy 45 … (/3) The Sky-Pillar in Italy. … if somewhere in the neighbourhood of Kroton and Metapontum we … a pillar3. Altogether, it looks as though there were in south Italy … at Rome during republican days. In 152 B.C. a column standing … and priests: whereupon all the magistrates abdicated in a body4. … J. N. Svoronos in the Joum. Intern. et'Arch. … in the Arch. Zeit. 1874 xxxii. 107 expressly … sired. Vide Addenda in /tunc loc. For Theodoras' utilisation of past models see A. Briining … 4 M. Obs. 18 M. Claudio Marcello L. Valerio Flacco coss. turbinis vi in Campo

46

46 The Sky-Pillar in Italy … It appears that in 65 B.C. an appalling thunderstorm burst over … in position at the moment when Cicero was delivering his third … Pighius cj. in Capitolio for in Campo. But the change is unnecessary ; for there was an … urbis Romae aniiquae1 Berolini 1912 p. 20). Besides, the temple of Iupiter Slator in the … 1 Iul. Obs. 49 Cn. Domitio C. Cassio coss____bubo in Capitolio occisus. fulmine … accords ill with the singulars capite, columna, and (6) it is known that two capita, in the … 'J On the principle involved see Folk-Lore 1903 xiv. 270 f., supra i. 563 f. In 293 B.C. … 4 Cic. in Cat. 3. 19 ff. (20 simulacrum Iovis facere maius et in excelso collocare et

47

The Sky-Pillar in the 'Minoan' area 47 … (7) The Sky-Pillar in the 'Minoan' area. … biennio ante in Capitolio lupam Remi et Romuli fulmine ictam, signumque Iovis cum … scelerata non posse consilia, nisi Iuppiter rursus altiore in culmine figeretur, orientalem … A. J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 108 fig. 4.

48

48 The Sky-Pillar in the 'Minoan' area

49

The Sky-Pillar in the 'Minoan' area 49 … on a painted larnax found at Miletos (MiInto) in Crete (fig. 20)\ … both the goddess and her maidens wear lilies in their hair {supra i. 623), and that the … {supra i. 624). A somewhat analogous design occurs on a gold ring found in a tomb of … scale off, in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 170 ff. fig. 48. … is indicated by long locks of hair flying out on either side. In view of the very similar

50

that the god in question is the 'Minoan' sky-god, who descends in … what similar part. His name in Old High German was *Ziu or … Latin deivos is a question hotly disputed by philologists1. In any … eingetretenen Ubergang aus der Klasse der Wurzelnomina in die a-Klasse.] mit Ent- … observes that the argument of O. Bremer ('Der germanische Himmelsgott' in the Indo- … but that in the opinion of Prof. H. M. Chadwick [The Cult of Othin London 1899 p. 2)

51

(in Marti Tkingso1 and Dinsdag"-, Tuesday) and, with more certainty, … libent[es m.]. These inscriptions were found in 1883 on two altars at Housesteads, the … germanische Himmelsgott' in Abhandlungen zur germanischen Philologie (Festgabe fiir … Himmelsgott' in Abhandhingen zur germanischen Philologie {Festgabe fiir Richard … manische Himmelsgott' in Abhandhingen zur germanischen Philologie (Festgabe fiir … Mythologie Leipzig 1895 p. 213. Their view is based on the following evidence, (a) In … called, not only ear, but also tir. (b) In other Anglo-Saxon alphabets T is used for the

52

tion is hardly to be found in Germanic myth. It might rather be … remarks, too important to be compressed into a footnote, will be found printed in the … in Melusine Paris 1884—85 ii. 153 n. 1 comment: ' Ce 110m n'est pas populaire; il ne se … presumably a participial formation resembling in both sound and sense r/p/jievos (aipco), the … 12. sie ist von mir in der abhandlung iiber Tuisto und seine nachkommen in Schmidts

53

Great in 772 A.D. destroyed one of their cult-centres near Eresburg … melsgott' in Abhandlungen zur germanischen Philologie (Festgabe fiir Richard Heinzel) … gott' in Abhandlungen znr germanischen Philologie {Festgabe fiir Richard Heinzel) Halle … hibebant. Truncum quoque ligni non parvae magnitudinis in altum erectum sub divo … and London 1902 p. 124^ renders 'a wooden pillar of unusual size in the open air, … that in Westphalia and Hesse the name Irmin still survives in a variety of popular sayings

54

divinities with due rites according to the error of their fathers. In … because Mars is called Hirmin, or in Greek Hermis,—a name still … Germanic sky-god, who was connected in legend with the Milky Way … Germanic belief. I would even risk the conjecture that in the hero … To this it may be objected that alike in time and in place the … implies the primitive notion that the sky stands in need of a visible … P- 395, 17 ff- Stahlin, Prokl. in Plat. remp. ii. 109, 8 ff. Kroll, cp. Arnob. adv. nat. … day Henny-penny was picking up corn in the corn yard when—whack !—something hit

55

of Central Europe. Strabon1 and Arrian2 both tell us that in the … braggarts. Again, in the year 179 B.C. an army of over thirty … Europe. They have at least left traces of themselves in the litera- … folk in the second century B.C., superstitious peasants or the like. … in Italy and at least the Megarians in Greece shared with Celts … 5 Cp. Plout. de facie in orbe hinae 6.

56

How that belief arose, we can only surmise. It may be that in … ('heaven-reaching,' as Homer1 calls it). And in the absence of … only, ending on New-Year's Day.) * The rest of the year they live in the lower world, and … nearly completed their task, when the time comes for their appearance in the upper world, … may collapse. Etc.), i. 352 no. 621 from Lasta in the deme Mylaon, Gortynia (The earth … with their axes and chopping the three columns. Etc.), i. 355 no. 623 from Gralista in … J. N. Svoronos in the Jotirti. Intern, d)Arch. Num. 1912 xiv. 252 and 280. It will be

57

1 A. Olrik ' Irminsul og gudest0tter' in Maal og minne 1910 pp. 1—9, summarised in … 3 A. Riese ' Zur Geschichte des Gdtterkultus im rheinischen Germanien ' in the West- … Postumus: for these deities see R. Peter in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 3017—3020 and Haug … 5 Haug 'Die Viergottersteine' in the Westdeutsche Zeitsclirift 1891 x. 9—62, 125—161, … Mars for Hercules and Minerva), 10 are quite irregular. See the summaries in Hertlein

58

the Roman fort (ffezdenmauer) near Kreuznach = Haug ''Die Yiergottersteine ' in the

59

cognised by the Germani in the time of Tacitus1. He supposes … = Haug ' Die Viergdttersteine' in the Westdeutsche … Sunday in Lent (W. Mannhardt IVald- und Feld- … that the title Regina is not found in the district of

60

who carries an infant and a torch on a Roman tomb-stone now in the Vatican (H. Brunn … Rbmer ii) Leipzig 1875 p. 23 f. and in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 582, 602, J. Vogel ib. ii. … clad in goat-skin (?), standing to right with patera and sceptre—silver), or raising one … in her arms—gold, no. 136 rev. ivnoni lvcinae s • c • Iuno standing to left between two

61

children with a third on her knee—middle bronze, broken), or holding in one hand … saulen (supra p. 57); and the lily held by Iuno in the last- '^r^ … Iupiter: cp. the collocation in Corp. inscr. Lat, vi no. 357 = Dessau Inscr. Lat. set. … Diovos castud. The second of these inscriptions proves that in the first we should not … warrant us in supposing that Iuno Lucina might reasonably appear in the entourage of … One detail remains to be cleared up. The object held by the Iuno of fig. 23 in her … ed. A. Neyen Luxemburg 1842 p. 192 that we have here Iuno Pronuba (G. F. Prat in … Mythologie der Griechen und Romer ii) Leipzig 1875 p. 67 and in Roscher Lex. Myth. … in the Zeitschrift fiir deutsches Alterthum 1886 xxx. 217—260, R. M. Meyer Alt- … another variety of torch, and ib. p. 144 n. 2 suggests that the goddess is engaged in

62

Deutsche Altertumskunde Berlin 1900 iv. 213), was himself also in all probability a sky- … of the Teutons Boston and London 1902 pp. 233, 286, 346, E. Mogk in the Grundriss … wore in his contest with the Fenris-wolf (E. Mogk in the Grziudriss der germanischen … Wodan still survives in popular imagination as leader of the Wild Hunt [die wilde … E. Mogk in the Grtindriss der germanischen Philologie" Herausgegeben von H. Paul … the Milky Way is believed to be the path traversed by the Furious Host and is called in

63

See further K. Dilthey ' Die Artemis des Apelles und die wilde Jagd ' in the Rhein. Mus. … E. Mogk in the Grundriss der germanischen Philologie'1 Herausgegeben von II. Faul … occurs in Norse as porr (for * ponraz), on the larger fibula from Nordendorf in Bavaria … des Donners' in his Kleinere Schriften Berlin 1865 ii. 410 ff. and in his Teutonic- … geschichte Heidelberg 1913 i. 275 11.86). In any case Donar was essentially a thunder-god. … p. 251 f.), brings to life again his team of goats that have been cooked in a cauldron … (Caes. de bell. Gall. 6. 21, cp. H. Rueckert Ctilturgeschichte des deutschen Volkes in der … Teutons Boston and London 1902 pp. 1036°., 235, 239 n. 3, E. Mogk in the Grundriss

64

in Hoops Keallex. i. 480, R. M. Meyer Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte Leipzig 1910 … The Religion of the Teutons Boston and London 1902 p. 235, E. Mogk in the Grundriss … fortium ' (Tac. Germ. 3). The Batavi in particular worshipped Hercules Magusanus … luscr. Lat. sel. no. 4629 (Betuwe in Holland) Herculi Ma|gusano et | Haevae etc. ; Corp. … See further supra p. 57 n. 3, F. Kauffmann 'Hercules Magusanus' in H. Paul— … gigantensdulen Stuttgart 1910 p. 146), and an inscription found at Brohl in j840 a.d. … p. 204, E. Mogk in the Grundriss der germanischen Philologie'2 Herausgegeben von … no. 6619 = Dessau Luscr. Lat. sel. no. 4627 (Obernburg in Bavaria) Herculi | Maliator(i)),

65

HeiddbergerJahrbiicher 1895 v. 55, followed by Dessau loc. cii., Boehm in Pauly—Wissowa … inscr. Lat. xiii no. 7944 = Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. no. 4745 (near Iversheim) in h(onorem) … in c[ustodia?], Corp. inscr. Lat. xiii no. 86n = Orelli Lnscr. L.at. sel. no. 2014 (Birten near … Lnscr. Lat. sel. no. 1461 (Beetgum near Leeuwarden in Friesland) deae Hludanae | con-

66

n. 2, F. Kauffmann ' Dea Hlu'Sana' in H. Paul—W. Braune Beitrdge zur Geschichte der … E. Mogk in the Grundriss der germanischen Philologie'1 Herausgegeben von H. Paul … 381—383). In Middle Dutch Frau Holda is called Verelde (for Ver Elde = Frau Hilde … In the- nursery-tales and popular superstitions of Germany Frau Holda plays a con- … in republican times had figured mainly as a mistress of arts and crafts, under the empire … At this point it is of interest to remember that in the Platonic myth the ' straight light

67

plinths found mainly in the north-western portion of the Gallo- … Wodan's consort (Venus), and in this latter capacity is associated … Avesnes, in 1725 A.D. and now preserved at Brussels (fig. 27)* … cock perched on her arm, and a patera held in her right hand … 4 Haug ' Die Viergottersteine' in the Westdeutsche Zeitschrift 1891 x. 147 no. 183,

68

shod in sandals, and one of them rests upon a footstool1. She is … 1 Perhaps a simplification of the tortoise, on which her foot rests in a Vierg'otterstein- … O. Keller Die antike Tierwelt Leipzig 1913 ii. 250, A. Frickenhaus in the Jahrb. d. kais. … or sitting, with an apple in one hand, a sceptre in the other, and sometimes a star in the

69

in the background—Mercurius, who rushes from left to right with … windy nights in autumn might be heard sweeping along the Milky … Above the Viergotterstein, at least in the case of large and … days of the week5. These deities, arranged in a series from left to … 1 A drawing of this plinth made for B. de Montfaucon and preserved in the Biblio- … - For Diana in sleeveless attire accompanied by her hound see Haug ' Die Viergotter- … 5 See L. Lersch ' Der planetarische Gotterkreis' in the Jahrb. d. Vereins t>. Alter-

70

77—85, ib. 1879 v- 1—6, F. Hettner ' Juppitersaulen' in the Westdeutsche Zeitschrift … deities (a) Saturnus wears hose, sleeved garment with girdle, and veil; in his right hand

71

1 Haug in the Wesldentsche Zeitschrift 1890 ix. 33 no. 12 Castel near Mayence … 2 Haug in the Westdeutsche Zeitschrift 1890 ix. 28 no. 4 Metzingen, id. ib. 1890 ix. … The restoration by E. Arnold published in the Jahrb. d. Vereins v. Alterthums- … in the Wasserwald, at Butterstadt near Hanau, and at Treves (Hertlein op. cit. p. 84). … the Wochengbtterstein is in the case of this column replaced by a Sechsgblterstein, on … 7 Fig. 31 is a sandstone column, some 3'50m high, found in 1838 at Neuenheim near … preserved in the Museum at Karlsruhe. The shaft is embellished with vine-leaves and … Fig. 32 is a drum of white limestone, o'84m high, found in 1726 at Les Fontaines,

73

a thyrsos in her left hand, and with her right pours the contents of a … out the Mediterranean area see S. Gsell in the Atti del II Congr. di

74

full-face, whereas Vespera and Matutinus are more often shown in … 2 -fig. 33 shows the heads on the capital of the column found in 1884 at Heddernheim … summary of the evidence, and succeeds in establishing his interpretation as against … 5 By far the best account of this group is that given in F. Hertlein Die Jnppiter- … 6 Group in Jura-limestone (height without base o"86mj, found at Ehrang in 1890 and

75

1 Group in yellowish grey sandstone (maximum height o'jS"1), found at Ehrang in … his hips (edge visible in good light); whether it was sleeved or not is uncertain. His belt … This group was found together with a Viergdtterstein and other fragments in the same

76

either a thunderbolt (pi. iii)1 or a spear (fig. 37)2: in one case he … shoulder bare, stands erect in a small chariot : his left hand originally held the reins, his … 1 Group in red Vosges sandstone (original height c. 070111 to o'8om), found in 1908 in … grasps in his raised right hand an iron thunderbolt (length o-45m) with tines. The horse, … restoration of the group (followed in my pi. iii).

77

(E. Wagner in the Westdeutsche Zeitschrift 1882 i. 39, F. Hertlein op. cit. pp. 17, 31, 38, … 1 So in the group found at Butterstadt near Hanau (F. Hertlein op. cit. pp. 5, 33). … Kreis Ottweiler].' On the reliefs from Niederwiirzbach and Dunzweiler see Haug in the

78

sceptre (?) in right hand, six-spoked wheel in left; a small bird beside his right foot). … 2 Group from a column (c. 4'50m high) found at Butterstadt near Hanau and now in the

79

his legs end in snakes with snaky heads of their own ; and he … i'i5m> .breadth o'5im). It was found in the forest of Hommert and is now in the Nancy … by P. Morey in the Me'moires de P Acade'mie de Stanilas 1867 p. 143 ff. with pi. facing

80

1 Thus e.g. the group found at Ladenburg in 1865 and now in the Museum at Mannheim … 2 Group in stone (height o-66"\ length of plinth o,44m) found at Pforzheim in 1872 and … Similarly in a group (height o-37m, length o"40m) found at Dalheim (F. Hertlein op. cit.

81

This curious group has beyond doubt preserved to us in Ro- … 1 F. Hertlein op. cit. p. 28 ff. proves conclusively, as I now think, that the type in

82

other lines. The provincial sculptor, bound to express himself in … in one case with a second giant beside him". Further, when this … und Feldkulte'2 Berlin 1904 i. 567—602, M. Ihm in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 274—277, … 4 This feature of the Gigantes is discussed by E. Kuhnert in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. … e A group from Pfalz (?) now in the Museum at Mayence (F. Hertlein op. cit. pp. 18,

83

An exceptional group from Grand in the canton of Neufchateau … 34, Midler—Wieseler—Wernicke Ant. Denkm. i. 78 f. pi. 8, 3, E. Babelon in Daremberg— … of Eumenes ii. Zeus in a chariot drawn by four horses drives over two serpent-legged … Midler—Wieseler Denkm. d. alt. Kunst ii. 52 pi. 7, 78a = my fig. 45, L. Stephani in the … group Poseidon and Polybotes on the strength of Paus. 1. 2. 4. But the weapon in the … 4 An oinochoe of s. iii. B.C. from Canusium published by PI. Heydemann in the

86

Equally bizarre is a group from Luxovium {Luxeuil) in Germania … mentioned together in an inscription from Luxeuil'*. But in any … Stat. ii. 532 nos. 3 and 6. Found at Luxeuil in 1755. Local stone. Height 5 ft. … v.s.(l.)m. On Luxovius see M, Ihm in Roscher Lex, Myth. ii. 2163 ('Es scheint der

87

to Iuno the Queen3,' in one case 'to Iupiter Best and Greatest, the … IVochengbtterstein of Havange (Haug in the Westdeutsche Zeitschrift 1890 ix. 34 f. no. 15, … (Haug in the Westdeutsche Zeitschrift 1.891 x. 30 f. no 50 [I.O. M.] et I[uno]ni Re[g(inae)]),

88

Preserver1,' in another ' to Iupiter Best and Greatest and to all … have held the same opinion in a slightly different form, speaking … has been discovered in Roman wells or beside a spring or river5. … F. Hertlein op. cit. p. 81 n. 1 [(et) I. R.]), Mayence bis (Haug in the WestdcutscheZeitschrift … I.JR.), Mayence quatcr (id. ib. p. 123, cp. Korber in the Westdcutsche Zeitung 1906 xxv … 1 I(ovi) 0(pti)no) M(aximd) Conservatdyri\ So on a Viergiitterstein of Rastel (Haug in … gbtterstein of Agnin (Orelli—Henzen Inscr. Lat. set. no. 5653, Haug in the Westdcutsche … London 1898 pp. 59 ff., 238) and have left traces of themselves in France (P. Sebillot Le … 8 F. Hertlein op. cit. p. 85!., following up an observation by F. Plettner in the West-

89

the earlier plan by restricting the deities in … Iuno (fig. 52)? or Hercules, Minerva, Iuno in … selben, wo diese sehr selten sind, wie in der Kolner Gegend' … discussed. This convenient nomenclature is more possible in … 6 So in the case of the smaller column from Heddernheim … 8 Id. ib. p. 157 f. I figure the limestone altar, column, and statue found in 1880 at

90

Iuno in combination with him'2. … schrift 1907 xxvi. 321) exhibits the same three deities in the

91

inscribed with careful letteringof Diocletian's age (284—305 A.D.). In … The statue and the column here in ancient days adored … who wrote in the reign of Arnulf, as a thing ' of … vat I primae \ provinciae \ rector. F. Haverfield in the English Historical Review for July … Britain London 1903 p. 29 f. ' Higden, following another of King Belinus's roads in … which in Gloucestershire and North Wiltshire still bears the name of the Ermin Way.'

92

(le Bourg d'Angst near Eu) in Neustria mentioned in an eighth- … in terram magna virtute immissus, qui nimio cultu, more Gentilium, a rusticis colebatur. … putrefactus, nimio fragore & magno impetu subito ad terram cecidit, atque in semetipsum … cum in eum unanimiter magno furore erupissent, & extensis brachiis colaphos ictusque … tent! Deo deservirent. Et in ipso eodemque loco postea in honorem B. Walarici basilicam … ' Die grosse dicke und mechtige hohe eiche, in welcher der teuffel sein gespenst hette und … war (tool cod. A) gleich in 3 teil geteilet, in iglichem wie in eim gemachten fenster stundt … ynne das bildt Potrumppi und het vor sein cleinot eine slange, und die wardt in einem … todten kopff vonn eim menschin, pferde und ku, und diesen zu zeiten in iren festen in eim … Simon Grunau's good faith has been doubted or denied, especially in regard to these … But he lived as an itinerant Dominican friar early in the sixteenth century in that part of

93

Roman camp at Mogontiacum {Mayence) in 1905 and now preserved … carving7.' This lower plinth was in effect a Viergotterstein. It … J. Voigt Geschichte Preussens Kdnigsberg 1827 i. 580 ff., 595 ff., P. Wagler Die Eiche in … 3 K. Korber 'Die grosse Iuppiter-Saule von Mainz' in the Mainzer Zeitschrift 1906 … alone were permitted in the vicinity of the Roman camp (A. von Domaszewski in the … Inferior respectively, were recalled by Nero in 67 a.d. (Dion Cass. 63. 17, cp. Tac. ann. … 7 A. von Domaszewski in the Arehiv f. Rel. 1906 ix. 304 = Dessau Riser. Lat. sel.

94

Lat. sel. no. 3060 a marble altar from Lescure (Ariege) inscribed /. 0. in. \ anctori \ … in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 2712—2741, J. A. Hild in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. … representative of spring, viz. a May-festival of Iupiter in the Gallo-Germanic area … by M. Ihm in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 209—225). E. Maass in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch.

95

upon a stone base: her owl is visible beneath her left hand. Fortuna, draped in a sleeve- … found at Mayence in 1832, which is dedicated [/.] 0. m. \ \Iti\noni Reginae \ [For~\tunac … stone figure found in 1885 on the Petersberg near Treves (F. Hettner Die romischen … the latter (supra p. 63 n. 1). A Gallic Iupiter approximating in type to Hercules has

96

Castor and Pollux, all three being sons of Iupiter who in various … Greatest is his consort Iuno the Queen1, standing sceptre in hand … et I Gen. loci), whose cult survived in the Gallo-Germanic region till the seventh century … Gr. inscr. set. no. 370, 1, W. Wroth in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Pontus, etc. p. xxv,

97

lower drums aright, we must view them from the front, bearing in … Rhodes frag. 1 {Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 326 M tiller) ap. Athen. 148 c, Eustath. in II. p. 776, … Coins iii. 72 ff. pi. 68, 2—10, Mead Hist, num.- p. 766 f. fig. 337) ; and in later times … (see W. Quandt De Baccho ab Alexandri act ate in Asia Minore culto Halis Saxonum … made by F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Revue … Theophanes, the friend of Cn. Pompeius Magnus, in Inscr. Gr. ins. ii no. 163/', 1 ff. … Kparopi I Katcrapt 3ao-Tu> | 'EXe[i>j0ept'w], G. Cousin and G. Deschamps in the Bull. … = Dittenberger Orient. Gr. inscr. sel. no. 457. Domitian in Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 … 'EXev8e[p]iov apxovTo[s | e]f 'AOrjvaLS k.t.X. Hadrian in Inscr. Gr. ins. ii nos. 183, 185, … KTio-\TTj xa-pwT-qpLov, G. (}. Tocilescu 'Neue Inschriften aus Rumanien' in the Arch.-ep.

98

Plenty in the train of Victory.' The side-figures emphasise and … "2,efkurr6v ?]. Antoninus Pius in archaising inscriptions from Sparta etc. quoted infra … durch die offentlichen Sammlitngen Idassischer Altertiimer in Rom3 Leipzig 1912 i. 142 … Daimon as a snake wearing skhent and holding in its coils poppy-heads and corn-ears. … 1 This identification is made by Airs Strong in the Rev. Arch. 1913 ii. 324. Others … and S. Reinach call this figure Pax. Mrs Strong in the Rev. Arch. 1913 ii. 326 proposes … Gallia Aquitanica, the province being famous for its trade in leather ! Quilling no less … (b) she holds an object which may be a double torch, (c) a statuette in the British Museum, … corn-ears (supra n. 2), (b) Reinach's Ceres is holding no torch, but a sceptre in her left hand,

99

displaying her banner2. Below these in turn is Victor}', who having … Above her come two other deities closely associated in Gallic in- … 1 K. Korber saw in this figure lustitia ; A. von Domaszewski, Aequitas. A. Oxe … O. Crusius in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1143 f., R. Holland ib. ii. 2674 ft"., O. Waser ib. iii. … It is, however, probable that in imperial times Venus with the scales was regarded as a … 1243 ff., Suppl. iii. 28; f. Moneta : II. W. Stoll and W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. … right to insist in the Rev. Arch. 1913 i. 29 that the disputed figure is simply Vesta with

100

travel back to Platon, in whose cosmic scheme ' Zeus, the great … - S. Reinach in the Rev. Arch. 1913 i. 29. … A. von Domaszewski 'Die Iuppitersaule in Mainz' in the Archiv f. Rel. 1906 ix. … Demeter, Persephone, Dionysos. This whimsical idea is brushed aside by E. Maass in

101

Copper coins of Selinous (Traianopolis) in Kilikia, struck by Septimius Severus and … sentation of a wreath and two palm-branches. A base found at Kyaneai ( Yarvoo) in Lykia … a wreath-bearing Nike in his right hand, a sceptre in his left … sceptre in right hand, borne aloft on the back of an eagle away from a reclining male figure

102

Maximinus; ib. iii. 522 no. 867 Philippus Iunior), in the stucco relief of a vaulted tomb … no. 942, p. 156 nos. 1046, 1047, 1048 pi. 31, 1049 (CP- m>* 64 from a fine specimen in … p. 37 f., L. Deubner ' Die Apotheose des Antoninus Pius' in the Rom. Mitth. 1912 xxvii.

103

the southern or principal relief on the marble base of his column, now in the apse … klassischer Altertiinier in Romz Leipzig 1912 i. 74 f. no. 123, Mrs A. Strong Roman … personified Campus Martins reclining on the left : the former uplifts her right hand in … In the Hope collection at Deepdene was a fine statue of Zeus, erect with an eagle

104

1 Bronze medallions struck in the year 168 a.d. have as their reverse type a colossal

105

have ' a colossal statue of the Lmperator...holding a spear in his right hand.' I illustrate … plaster casts taken by order of Napoleon iii in 1861-1862 a.d. Reinach Rip. Reliefs i.

106

bibliography in H. Kiepert et C. Huelsen Format urbis Romae antiquae3 Berolini 1912 … Domaszewski—G. Calderini Die Marcus-Sduleauf Piazza Colonna in Rom Miinchen 1896 … regionum urbis reg. 7 (in Hesycbios of Miletos ed. Orelli p. 316), Anonymos -warpta. p. r7 … Bekker, Georgios Akropolites annal. 5 p. n Bekker, and the poems in later Greek de … monographs are E. Miintz ' La colonne Theodosienne a Constantinople' in the Rev. Et. Gr.

107

forth in stately sequence or effective episode the deeds by which … This marble column was erected by Theodosios i in 386 a.d. to commemorate his successful … ConstaniinopolitansR Parisiis 1711 ii. 506 ff. pis. 1 —18, and in reduced form by Reinach … 103 c (in Kodinos ed. Bekker p. 188), Marcellinus Comes chron. ann. Chr. 42 r (li. 924 B—C … 'Die Saule des Arkadius in Konstantinopel' in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. … in all probability represented the war of 400 a.i). against the rebel Goth Gai'nas. The … large scale to represent human figures in continuous action.

108

filled with modern meaning. In the case of … position recalls that of the immortals in the … To follow in their train. … Valerius Flaccus, in which they are ascribed … 2 After C. Chipiez in Daremberg-—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. … right in regarding: them as a Germanic tribe.

109

they had their parallel in the trophy-stand … For wheels as solar emblems in the bronze and iron ages see J. Dechelette Manuel … in vexillis et in foederibus apud veteres Romanos Magdeburgi 1748, J. Grimm Teutonic … giant in the Museum at Wiesbaden), R. Forrer Reallex. p. 194 rig. 165, id. Keltische … in fact the same

110

a son of the Argive Temenos (on whom see H. W. Stoll in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. … and London 1902 p. 126 ff., E. Mogk in the Grundriss der germanischen Thilologie'2 … fied list in Rasche Lex. Num. x. 201—255, and, for illustrations, Anson Num. Gr. ii. … vovpi/xos? Nike with hammer and nail fastening helmet to trophy. I figure a specimen in … Athena in crested Corinthian helmet; rev. BO I LlTfl N trophy. I figure a specimen in the … s E.g. infra § 3 (c) i (p.) an aureus struck at Rome in 49 B.C. (Brit. Mus. Cat. Pom. … 8 The best collection of evidence with regard to trophies is that by A. Reinach in … i] "Hpa, did to ra rpbiraia.. .pr\ fxbvov Ad dvarideadai dXXd /ecu rrj "Hpa, Tzetz. in Lyk. Al.

111

Gr. inscr. sel. no. 300, 1 ff. on the lintel of a door, found in a Byzantine wall on the south … at Attaleia in Pamphylia (Corp. inscr. Gr. iii Add. no. 4340 /] 5 ff. Fatov AikipvIov, … engraved cornelian of Augustan date, in my wife's possession, to … In the res gestae divi Augusti 19 p. 22 f. Diehl aecUs in Capitolio Iovis Feretri et Iovis … Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 365, A. Reinach in Daremberg—Saglio Did. Ant. v. 497^). … Reallexikon des klassischen Alterlumss Leipzig-Berlin 1914 p. 50, A. Reinach in Darem- … submission of 46 Alpine tribes. This great trophy was erected in 7/6 K.c. on the summit … stood a plinth (27™ square, 5m high) supporting a rotunda (i8m in diameter, c. 13™ high)

112

scription (quoted in full by Plin. nat. hist. 3. 136 f.: fragments in Corp. inscr. Lat. v … Tropaeums von Adamklissi' in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1898 i. 138—142 figs. … Darstellungen von Germanen ' in his Intermezzi Leipzig und Berlin 1896 pp. 49—77 with

113

von Adamklissi' in the Sitzimgsber. d. kais. bayi. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Classe 1904

114

Greece was Thrace, and that the myth in question reached Platon … Altertums* Leipzig-Berlin 1914 p. 9, A. Reinach in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. v. … 2601—2603). It was erected probably in 103 A.D. by Trajan, and it was dedicated to Mars … MaKeSovia), Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 937 Kp^crrci^<77> -koKls QpaKTjs. KpyaTwvT] 8e 77 Op&Krj

115

blaze or shaft of light. Similarly in the Bakchai of Euripides the … touch. Again, Thrasyboulos in his nocturnal march from Phyle to … In view of the kinship between Thracians and Phrygians it … neighbouring streams- Kouphos and Lykokapros. Thereupon, in … drrb irb\eu>s /xtas ovtu KaXovfxevrjs. On Thracian tribes in this district see O. Hoffmann … O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2441 ff., cp. H. W. Stoll id. ii. 3227, K. Wernicke in … '■' Xen. Hell. 2. 4. 11 f. Topographical discussion by A. Wilhelm in the Jahresh. d. … Symeonis Metaphrastae de eadem re libello in the Analecta Bollandiana I'aris-Bruxelles

116

A similar manifestation is recorded in the life of Saint Sabas … that another Cappadocian, Saint Basil the Great, appeared in a … Die Anfange des Heiligenkults in der christlichen Kirche Tubingen 1904 p. 267. … Magni | Auctore (ut vulgo creditur) S. Amphilochio) In extasi ergo factus, vidit … [J. E.] Nieremberg[ius] De [miris ef] niiraculosis \naturis in Europa Antverpice 1635]

117

Livinus of Ghent (Nov. 12) at his baptism in Ireland3. A column … 'Enough ; the man has gone his way, to live the life they tell of in the Isles … 4) vidit in visione noctis columpnam quasi igneam usque ad lectuli ejus pavimentum

118

More definitely Orphic are the gold tablets from Corigliano2, in … 2 Three small plates of gold obtained in 1880 from graves in the territory of Thourioi … Petelia gold tablet' in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1883 iii. 111—118, id. Laminette Orfiche … Berlin 1911 p. 91 ft.), O. Hoffmann in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.-Inschr. ii. 161 f. … Athens 1912, A. Delatte 'Inscriptions orphiques sur tablettes d'or.' in the Mitstle Beige … Musurus : M. Schmidt ad loc. cj. that there is a confusion in the text between evKXrjis- … Antipatros : O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 1055 (.). But Ei"/coAos as epithet … or Artemis Etf/cXeta (O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 996 ff.), the festival

119

star-flung Thunderbolt1/ In the oldest and most accurate of the … Diet. Ant. ii. 849 f., O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 861—869. Supra i. 212, … best solution of the textual problem is still that of G. Kaibel who in i, 6 would bracket … ' star-flung (rather than ' star-flinging ') Thunderbolt' is Zeus in his destructive capacity— … i, 6 f. darepo(3Xijra KepawCbv, ii, 8 and iii, 9 f. do-repoTrrjra KepavvQv. O. Hoffmann too in … (do-Tepo[3\riTa=*dcrTepoTroS\rjTa by haplology). G. Murray in Harrison Proleg. Gk. Rel? … correction kt) Kepa\vvo. L. Raclermacber in the Rhein. Mas. kji? lxvii. 474 ff- admits

120

cycle of life's changes1; I have set foot on the Milky Way2. In a … clkivtjtol Kara kvkXov, Orph. frag. 223, 1 f. Abel ap. Prokl. in Plat, rernp. ii. 339, 1 ff. … Norvin's Index p. 263 s.v. kvkXos), Orph. frag. 226 Abel ap. Prokl. in Plat. Tim. iii. … dv Xij^aL rat dvawvevaai kclkot^tos." k.t.X., Simplic. in Aristot. de caelo p. 377, 12 ff. Heiberg … Miss J. E. Harrison in her Proleg. Gk. Rel? p. 592 f. gets nearer to the truth. … Psell. t'ivo. ire pi 5aip.6vwv do%a£ovaw "EXXyves; (printed in Psell. de operatione daemonum … that the initiate at Thourioi was placed in a circle of fires or surrounded by torch-bearing

121

1 M. Radin 'Apotheosis' in the Class. Rev. 1916 xxx. 44—46 acutely remarks that … 3 (1) A fragmentary kylix with white ground, found in 1888 on the Akropolis at … 1898 p. 154 f., O. Gruppe in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 1184 fig. 9, Furtwiingler—Reichhold

122

uplifted in his right. His assailant holds in her right hand a double axe (missing portion … (2) PI. v, a ' Nolan ' ampho7-a from Capua, now in the British Museum {Brit. A/us. … (3) A ' Nolan ' amphora from the Durand collection, now in the Louvre (Pottier Cat. … A. Flasch in the Ann. d. Inst. 1871 xliii. 127, O. Gruppe in Roscher lex. Myth. iii. … (5) A red-figured stdmnos from the Campana collection, now in the Louvre (Pottier … A. Flasch in the Ann. d. Inst. 1871 xliii. 127, O. Gruppe in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. … presuppose—as O. Gruppe in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 1184—r 188 points out—' eine … chin (C. Blinkenberg ' Antiquites premyceniennes' in the Mhnoires de la Socie'te royale

Plate V

aAmphora from Capua, now in the British M^um: Orpheus attacked by Thracian women

123

de VArt vi. 741 ff. fig. 334), a female (?) head in painted plaster from Mykenai w ith … J. Boehlau ' Die Jonischen Augenschalen' in the Ath. Milth. 1900 \xv. 50 ff. fig. 10 ' ein … op. cit. p. 350 no. 1120). On a terra-cotta antefix from Thasos (C. Fredrich in the Ath. … Chrys. or. 14 p. 442 Reiske, Artemid. oneirocr. 1. 8, Eustath. in II. p. 933, 7, id. in … Amm. Marc. 31. 2. 14, interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 4. 146, cp. Plin. nat. hist. 4. 88), … compared by G. Anrich Das an tike Mysterienwesen in seinem Einfluss auf das Christentum

124

Kyrenaike, now in the British Museum (pi. vi)2, or those on a … the Orphic initiate actually mounted a ladder in order to ensure his … n. 2, W. Dennison in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1905 ix. 37, and the monograph of W. Jdst … representations of a musical instrument resembling a dulcimer in shape (G. Nicole in … Mr C. O. Waterhouse. In the centre is a long ladder, and beside it a tall plant with berries … wrapped in a himdtion (pink), which passes over her mouth, dances to the flutes of a … 4 In an elegiac epitaph from Doxato near Philippoi the soul that has entered the … vivis in Elysiis. | sic placitum est divis a[e]terna vivere form[a] | qui bene de supero … adding 'an nomen pueri hie fuit ut Aesi?' F. C. Wick in Studi italiani di fllologia

Plate VI

Polychrome hydria from Kyrenaike, now in the British Museum :

Plate VII

Two aryballoi from Apollonia in Thrace, representing

125

In support of that conjecture I may point out, not only that … 'In tombs of the Ancient and Middle Empires small objects of wood and … retains congregi in Satyrum as meaning 'in the company (adj. for subst.) of the Satyrs … 2 A small bronze ladder together with many other amulets was found in 1696 A.n.

126

of iron, rectangular in shape, the four corners of which rested upon four pillars … there are several references in the early texts to the help which they rendered to … do it, the model of a ladder was often placed on or near the dead body in the … adjured to come with its name, and in another place4 we read, " Homage to … when the custom of placing a model of the ladder in the tomb fell into disuse,

127

and superstitious Greek. P. Aelius Aristeides of Adrianoi in Mysia … The celestial ladder (fig. yS)* is associated with a pillar7 in the … of the Egyptians London 1904 i. 167 f., 490, ii. 92, 241 f., G. Maspero in the Revue de … babylonisten, der alte Orient und die agyptische Religion'2 in 1m Kantpfe urn den alien … 2 Aristeid. or. 23. 282 (i. 455 Dindorf), 27. 357 (i. 545 Dindorf) : see W. Schmid in

128

lay down in that place to sleep. And he dreamed, and behold a ladder set up … Jacob awaked out of his sleep, and he said, Surely the lord is in this place ; … Ladder and pillar coalesce, in the stepped tower or zikkurat of … the zikkurat—eight, if we reckon in, as Herodotos does4, the … will be found in A. Jeremias Handbuch der altorientalischen Geisteskultur Leipzig 1913 … Geisteskultur Leipzig 1913 p. 44 n. 5 fig. 26, Capt. K. A. C. Creswell in the Bulletin de … handling of this and other references to the zikkurat at Babylon see A. Baumstark in … 5 M. Jastrow Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria New … planets, which we have seen were the controlling factors in the Babylonian-Assyrian

129

Fortified by these examples of the soul-ladder as conceived in … divisions of heaven and earth,'*' it would appear that in both cases there is a symbolical … 37 ff., 1896 ii. 243 ff. fig. 77, id. in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3057, id. in Daremberg—Saglio … Cult. Myth, orient. Rel. i. 665, id. in the Jahresbericht iiber die Fortsehritle der classischen … verstehen sie die Engel, von denen sie glauben, dass sie die Leiter der sieben Planeten in … triple flight of solid stone steps, similar in all respects to the single flight of steps which

130

sky might be climbable V are connected in many ways with northern … Stretching in haste … begin to see why Pittakos had votive ladders dedicated in the … 2 J. Toepffer in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1591 f. … mann's 7TLTvavT€s is certainly right, cp. Eustath. in II. p. 561, io = et. mag. p. 403, 32 f. … descent in question were, if I mistake not, the ascent of the soul to heaven and its descent … We may perhaps detect a refinement upon the same belief in Herakleitos' saying 65os

131

sumably versed in Orphic lore. Again, we can give a shrewd guess … obtain the answer to an old conundrum. In 1843 J. Millingen pub- … 1 (i) Formerly in the possession of Sir W. Temple at Naples (O. Jahn in the Ber. … vazioni sopra un disco di terracotta, nel Real Museo Borbonico' in the Bull. Arch. Nap. … 3 J. Millingen 'Baubo' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1843 xv. 72—97 pi. E = my fig. 79. The … 5 On Baubo see F. Lenormant in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 683, A. Schultz in … avvoiKrjcravTa de Havf3oi axe^v ?ra'5as TlpuTovorjv (HpuiToyovrjv corr. A. Dieterich in Philo-

132

Underworld. I suggest that she was the 'Mistress' mentioned in … in Philologus 1893 lii. 577) re Kal Nitra^ {~SV«jo.v corr. C. Midler Frag. Iiisf. Gr. ii. 339, … 'tow, Xdovias BatriXeias is at least partially paralleled by the phrase Bav&ovs vtto koXwols in … (printed in Psell. de operatione daemoiiuni ed. J. F. Boissonade Norimbergae 1838

133

The soul-ladder appears again in that most pathetic and im- … narrow that only one could mount it at a time. And in the sides of the ladder … that yonder snake bite thee not." And I made answer : "He will not hurt me in … upon his head. And I went up and beheld an immense garden, and in the … 1 Supra i. 649 n. 7. 2 G. Murray in Harrison Proleg. Gk. Rel? p. 659 ff. … p. 19 f. prints in parallel columns the Long Latin, the Short Latin, and the Greek

134

understood that it meant suffering and thenceforward began to lose all hope in … Tigris in 344 A.D., dreamed that his predecessor Simeon Bar-Saboe … the Greeks on March 17), is represented with a ladder in his arms4. … John Klimax (March 30), who died in 606 A.D., was abbot of Mount … that lie fain would drink (cp. Tantalos, supra i. 205 fig. 148) ; in cap. 10 Perpetua, … in somnis hac nocte scalam cum magna gloria, cuius initium erat in ccelo. Ei autem super- … 5 R. Andree Votive und Weihegaben des katholischen Volks in Siiddeutschland Braun-

135

Ladder of Paradise, a book of thirty chapters in which he described … meram of Ratisbon (Sept. 22)3, but for a very different cause : in … saw a ladder rising to the sky and his monks ascending it in white … a beautifully illustrated chapter by W. Dennison and C. R. Morey Studies in East … 4 B. Sepp in the Analecta Bollandiana Paris—Bruxelles 1889 viii. 233 f. (Arbeonis … in the better Latin of an interpolator. … quam albescentium monachorum videbatur ascendere multitudo in ccelum, S. Baring- … et Martyre, Nidrosicc in ATorvegia.. .()>]) Scalam, inquit Rex, vidi a terra in ccelum usque

136

heavenwards. A Christian sarcophagus at Burgos in Spain has Jacob's … in her Hortus Deliciarum a symbolic design representing 'The … 2 Monumenios arquitectonicos de Espana pi. without number (see S. Reinach in the … Beneath its lowest step crouches the devil in the form of a dragon. Above its highest step … 4 J. G. Waller ' On a Painting recently discovered in Chaldon Church, Surrey ' in

137

Surrey Archceological Collections 1871 v. 275—306 with col. pi., Eliza B. Miller in The

138

figure of Christ in the act of benediction, with the sun on his right, the moon on his left. … figure with pilgrim's staff and purser but a wine-bottle in his hand : he had sold all to buy … above them. A couple of souls—Enoch and Elijah—clamber up outside the ladder in an … cross is on the lower edge of the painting, which measures 17 ft. 2 ins. in length by … ToO €k Qovpva tGiv 'Ayp&cpwv j (avyypacpelaa ev "Adwvi tu> 1458). Further bibliography in … and Archaeology Oxford 1911 p. 649. I append the text of the 'Ep/^j/et'a § 523 p. 242 f.

139

Of that loved monarch1, in whose happy reign … I saw the splendours in such multitude … The conception has left faint but unmistakable traces of itself in … ixovaxov o-recpavov dvdocpbpov Kai Xidois 7reTToiKiXp.evov in be tov cnbp.aTos tov Kvpiov … (R. St. J. Tyrwhitt in Smith—Cheetham Did. Chr. Ant. ii. 497). Again, the ladder that

140

140 The Sky-Pillar in Sardinia … (k) The Sky-Pillar in Sardinia.

141

The Sky-Pillar in Sardinia 141 … compatible with belief in the soul-ladder: both notions were com- … inconsistent with one central prop, the universalis columna*. In the … :! Cp. the modern Greek belief in the earth as supported by one column with four other … 4 L. A. Milani ' Sardorum sacra et sacrorum signa' etc. in the Hilprecht Anniversary

142

142 The Sky-Pillar in Sardinia … pillars rising from a solid base was in effect a model of the sky … nuragico ed i monumenti primitivi di S. Vittoria di Serri (Cagliari)' in the Mon. d. Line. … fig. 274). Similar too is a seal-impression found by A. J. B. Wace in a well at … 2 L. A. Milani 'II tempio nuragico e la civilta asiatica in Sardegna' in the Rendiconti … C. Brandenburg ' Reisenotizen aus Sardinien ' in the Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie 1914 … Gdttern geweiht wurde.' My experienced friend Mr T. Ashby agrees with me in thinking

143

was the sky-god in feathered form, and that the birds perched on … Pater, who appears in a feathered head-dress on … Similar constructions appear in the landscape-frescoes of Italy … in the form of a tapering finial, round the lower part of which are … 1884 ii. 831 nos. 1601, 1602, E. Klebs in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2253 f-> O. Hdfer … no. 25213, M. Rostowzew 'Die hellenistisch-rdmische Architekturlandschaft' in the Rom.

144

filleted staff or sceptre lies before it. In the foreground a doe … 1 W. Helbig in the Bull. d. Inst. 1864 p. 37.

145

A fresco still in the triclinium of the 'House of Livia' on the … 1 T. Schreiber ' Due pitture del Palatino' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1875 xlvii. 210—221

146

in colour, seems to be of timber1: to it are attached the heads of … of torches in her hands. To the right are several indistinct archi- … the disk. In the foreground a rude stone altar5 is burning (?). In … was worshipped in the form of 'a log' {lignum)6. And the ring of … Aphrodite and Hermes, in a wall-painting from Pompeii (B. Quaranta in the Real Museo

147

indeed a certain fitness in the fact that a fresco illustrating the … excavations of 1888—1890, on the end wall of a triclinium in the … as before: the pillar is painted in light violet and is twined with … p. 30 f. no. 119, p. 141 f. no. 687, cp. id. ib. p. 29 nos. 114 f., A. Mau in the Rom. … Serie. Sciences politiques, histoire, philologie. ix. 483), so that the crown in our fresco … 7 A. Mau in the Rom. Mitth. 1890 v. 264—266 with fig. (=my fig. 88), G. Roden-

148

outstretched as if it held a patera. Before her, clad in chlamydes of

149

stag" bounding through a rocky archway in the background, all … pillar-shrine of the goddess is duplicated and even triplicated in … painted in dull violet to express distance. Away to the right a low, … six stages in the evolution of religious art—the … came to life again in Diana's grove at Nemi4.

150

disk, from which pendants were dangling. In short, it was an … scape-reliefs (figs. 91, 92)3—, when viewed in connexion with the … by timber-work.' Id. ib. p. 577 notes that in the neighbourhood of Salzburg it is the … or hit in its earliest form has guasi-c\a.ssical traits (see … j^9~~g~|^ (height c. i"2om, breadth 075"1) in the Palazzo Colonna … fig. 91, id. 'Die hellenistischen Reliefbilder und die augusteische Kunst' in the Jahrb. d.

152

M. Rostowzew 'Die hellenistisch-romische Architekturlandschaft' in theRofn. Mitth. 1911 … head.) The background represents a precinct-wall, above which we see in the centre an … Fig. 92, a marble relief (height o"30m, breadth o"34m) found at Rome in 1820 and now

153

group appears a circular pillar-shrine with windows in its wall, which is partially broken

154

conclusions. In the first place, it would seem that the cosmological … a wall to the right ; on the left, a low wall with narrow openings left in it, a vase set upon … Fig. 93, the three-sided base of a candelabrum in the Vatican (Gerhard Ant. Bildw. … and now at Berlin (O. Jahn in the Arch. Zeit. 1858 xvi. 229 ff. pi. 118, i=my fig-)'

157

or sky-prop was of wood, a sacred log, in short an Italian IrtninsAl, … and queens (E. Beule ' Le Vase de la Reine Berenice' in the Journal des savants 1862 … Kunst' in the Jahrb. d. kais. dentsch. arch. List. 1896 xi. 100 n. r, H. B. Walters … in the Antiquarium at Berlin, repre- … romische Architekturlandschaft' in the … the view that in the pillar-worship of … Cult and its Mediterranean Relations' in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 128).

158

pillar : the pendants that dangle from it are not without analogy in … spin the thread of the new-born on the sky, and each thread ends in a star ; when a man … I have discussed the rite in Tolk-Lore 1904 xv. 409 ff., supra i. 291 n. 5). … 233 no. 1059, i6.3 ii. 117 ff. no. 1330). This relief, which is now in the Museo delle … palm (?) stands in a precinct between a couple of two-storied buildings. Over it is a gate-

160

Dioskouroi in Etruscan art. Their dokana are seen to be simply … Agj/ie?is-Tp\\\dirs of Greece3, which in form and fashion are their … Paris 1870 iii. 2. 1 3 ff. pi. 5, Boetticher Baiimkiiltus pp. 156, 541 fig. 36, W. Helbig in … civilised Apollon in virtue of his sacred bay. … Welcker Gr. Gbtterl. i. 495 ff., E. Saglio in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 168 f., Over- … diis non i-ef. spec. hum. p. 46 ff. § 22 ff., Sir A. J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 … Eustath. in II. p. 166, 22 = Favorin. lex. p. 798, 5 f. … with a herm, cp. Ulpian in Dem. in A/id. 51 oi 8e dyvids (leg. 'AyuLas) (paai robs 'Ep/xaj

161

rally discredited3 in view of Hesychios' gloss—'Agyieus, the pillar- … descriptions are precise enough to warrant us in giving the name … Funaioli) ap. Macrob. Sat. 1. 9. 6. Varr. ap. Porphyr. in Hor. od. 4. 6. 28. Poll. 4. 123. … sentanze di esso sopra monumenti' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1858 xxx. 222—227 (cp. Helbig … 3 J. Six ' Der Agyieus des Mys' in the Ath. Mitth. 1894 xix. 344 f., Gruppe Gr. Myth. … house-doors at Pompeii (a cone of dark lava in the Strada dell Abbondanza = reg. viii. 3. 2, … H Supra pp. 29 ff., 45, infra p. 166. On pillar-altars in general see W. Robertson Smith … arranged to right and left of obelisk, the whole in a bay-wreath), p. 61 f. pi. 12, 15 and … the whole in a bay-wreath), Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 2 f. (copper of 229—100 B.C.), Plead

162

in Illyria, at Ambrakia (figs. 104—106)1 in Epeiros, at Byzantion … —168 B.C. obv. head of Apollon laureate; rev. Cl PI Kl Cl N obelisk, the whole in a … Apollon laureate with TA behind it; rev. OAYMTTA STAN obelisk, the whole in a … attached, the whole in a bay-wreath), id. p. 94 pis. 18, 2 and 32, 3 (copper of c. 238-

163

(fig. 107)1 in Thrace, and at Megara (fig. 108)2 the metropolis of … Athens4, Argos5, Tegea6, Megalopolis7, and Halikarnassos8. In … Num. Comm. Pans. i. 6 pi. A, 8. I figure a specimen in the McClean collection. See … 4 Dem. in Mid. 51 f. Kara ras fj-avreias, ev als airdcrais dvypr/pLevov evpr/aere rr\ woXei, … (E. Saglio in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 169 fig. 193), ib. iii. 1 no. 177 'AwoXXojvos

164

Agyietts-piWar to Dionysos, or at least to Dionysos in partnership … rjXde p.dvTevp.a in AeX<pi3v ^Ke<ppov dpt]velv. Kai aXXa re iv tov 'A7uiecjs Trj iopTrj Spioaiv is … ist, die Sirioshitze in weiblicher Form,'—a view revived by Immerwahr Kult. Myth. … Sir J. G. Frazer on Paus. loc. cit., after F. Back De Graecorum eaerimoniis in quibus … preserved for us the opinions of various commentators on Dem. in Mid. 51 f. (supra

165

has been interpreted in that sense. Agyieus is found as an … on four of which hang olive-garlands in … 2 E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 480 f. … the obelisk of Apollon KarinSs, which stood in the old gymnasium at Megara (supra

166

dence that they were largely represented in Illyria, since the Dorians … of the soul-path by Pindar4; and the transition from Agyieus in … to this question is to be sought in the belief that the universe- … 1 See Sir W. Ridgeway 'Who were the Dorians?' in Anthropological Essays presented … p. 67 fig. 26 from Homolion, id. in the "E<p. 'Apx- 1915 p- 106 f. … quest.' In fact we are to suppose (ib. iv. 308) ' that the Agyieus-emblem entered with

167

We shall hardly expect to find chapter and verse for all this in … cosmic pillar. W. H. Roscher in a recent monograph'2 has shown … Proof, however, is forthcoming. Coppers of this town struck in the … Fig. in. Fig. ii2. Fig. 113. … Fig. ii2=J. N. Svoronos in the 'E</>. 'Apx- 1889 p. 92 pi. 1, 5 from a specimen at

168

have been worshipped in aniconic form at the mother-town Megara1. … K. Schwenck in the Rhein. A/us. 1838 vi. 575 and Gerhard Gr. My/k.p. 316 rashly regarded … 1095 f. pi. 267, 16 f.). A. Duchalais in the Rev. Num. 1850 pi. 16, 7 ( = my fig. 115). … (2) A copper of Deultum in Thrace, issued by Gordianus iii (238-244 A.D.), has obv.

169

pillar in the following lines : … tion. Our pillar, erected at a time when men believed in a circular … On Boio see G. Knaack in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. Hi. 633 f. … elvaL bid Ttovbe • oeppa deep beKaTfjv aKpodivLa. Te Kpep.dcraLp.ev | o~Tadp.Lov in ^adewv /cat k'lovos … minimise the force of this evidence. But k'llov iuprfkbs here, like kliov p.aKpbs in the frag-

170

in ancient art, and they are many, not one has it surmounted by … replica in marble placed outside the temple at the eastern end of … eirl <ro0> fifo^os? And in any case the mathematical &^wv is perfectly compatible with … 2 A red-figured amphora with volute handles from Ruvo (fig. 117 = 0. F. Jatta in the … away in horror. In the foreground N EO P TO A EMOI, already wounded, takes refuge … raises his lance to deal the fatal blow ; and the stones in the left-hand corner hint at the … round base in the middle distance may be reminiscent of the famous tripod dedicated by … 16. 3 (see G. Karo in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iv. 199 fig. 5404, H. Pomtow in

172

upon it. The flattened top is best explained on the assumption that the apex was made in … cate that it was adorned with a metal collar of acanthus-leaves like that shown in the

173

unseen for example by Pausanias1, was kept—as Varro knew—' in … 1 On this much-disputed point see Frazer Paicsanias v. 316 ft"., F. Studniczka in … 2 Varr. de ling. Lat. 7. 17 et terrae medium non hoc, sed quod vocant Delphis in … 3 E. Bourguet in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1902 xxvi. 42 col. i. a line 30 ft. Qevyevei tols … 4 W. Vollgraff in the Bull. Co?-r. Hell. 1903 xxvii. 270ft. no. 28 line iff. debs, irpo- … further Sir J. G. Frazer ad loc, O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv. 2409,

174

well have occupied a corresponding position in the south aisle1. … line of Ionic columns5. Finally, in September 1913, buried in … 4 The foundations of the inner colonnade, insufficiently filled in, have since given way. … temporaine du temple, du moins bien anterieure a notre ere.' See further Courby in the … 6 Courby Comptes rendus etc. 1914 p. 267 f. fig. 3. Id. in the Fouilles de Delphesxx. 1.

175

wedged in by a couple of nails and presumably served to keep in … which the last three give us in the genitive case the name of

176

Pyth. argum. 1 prjTpipov b£, oti Trjs eaTi to piavrelov. The sanctuary of Ge is mentioned in … n. 7, H. Pomtow in Philologus 1912 lxxi. 57 f. ; cp. Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 no. 318 … need not be chthonian—see F. Weniger in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2565 f.) and Eury- … 2 In the temple at Delphoi visitors were shown three symbols resembling the letter … facade of the temple with E in the centre of it (Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner Num.

177

in the omphalos was—if I am right—none other than the ' lofty … of later arithmology. In the mystic language of the Pythagoreans'2, … 287 f.) that the E was a sacred relic, in fact the head of Poseidon's trident kept in the … Tr\dyios, 'a trident laid crosswise.' My friend Mr A. H. Smith once told me that in his … Sardinia (G. Patroni in the Mon. d. Line. 1904 xiv. 23of. pi. 21, 2a and pi. 25, 2) and … 1910 ii. 489 n. 4 draws attention to a passage in the deoXoyov^eva. rrjs dpidfx^TLKrj^ {theolog. … justice and saw in it the image of scales {{vybv) : Eisler notes that this implies E 'in der

178

who are known to have been deeply interested in Delphoi1, … supports6. If this be so, we are at last in a position to solve the old … (? = Iambi, ffvvaycoyi] t&v TLvdayopeiwv boyp-driov 7: G. Mau in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … 'AttoWuv re Kal Trpocprjrrjs Kal \6yios. But id. ib. p. 144a 36 ff. describes the irevrds in … off the four pillars that support it (E. A. Wallis Budge Easy Lessons in Egyptian Hiero- … The same conception of the pillared sky found ritual expression in the great festival-

179

eagles on the omphalos} Can they too be explained in the light … winging their way in opposite directions, met at Pytho and by that very fact … Ion 225 (if, with F. Studniczka in Hermes 1902 xxxvii. 269, we accept C. Robert's risky … Claud, in Fl. Mallii Theodori consulatum prol. 11 ft., schol. Bernens. in Lucan. 5. 71 ft. … 7 Welcker Gr. Gotterl. ii. 195, Gerhard Gr. Myth. p. 169, O. Jessen in Pauly—

180

in all probability worshipped at Delphoi. And it is interesting to … in gold, we cannot say for certain. But it appears that in later … The same passage is the stock in trade of schol. 77. 9. 404, Eustath. in II. p. 759, 63 ff., … 2 Consult O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2719, Prellwitz Etym. Worterb. … Eorsehtcngen in Griechenland Bremen 1840 i. 92 f. n. 59 cj. derovs. F. Wieseler in the … pi. 177, 24, Head Hist, num." p. 525, W. Greenwell in the Num. Chron. Third Series

181

A votive relief in fine yellowish marble, found at Sparta but … known as PythocJirestoi—a throne in the Prytaneion and a seat … laie as s. iii B.C.), J. N. Svoronos in the Joum. Intern, cf'Arch. Num. 1911 xiii. 308 f.

182

of honour in the theatre: the sculptured subject was practically … between the parallel Long Walls in a precinct dedicated to Kephisos

183

inscribed—partly in prose and partly in verse—as follows : … man-child born in lawful wedlock, by promising this tablet to … omphalos with its eagles for foot-stool. Beside him in the back- … 1 B. Staes " Avad7]p.aTLKbv dvdyXvcpov £k QaXrjpov ' in the 'E<p. 'Apx- 1909 pp. 239—264 … KaXXjipo??t, repaicr|rais Ni/;u(pcu|s Teve8\i\ats, Pa^oi (B. Staes in the 'E<p. 'Apx- 1909 … in the list) to be Ilisos (absent from the list).

184

facing left in conversation with two more youthful goddesses facing … in each case there is some reason to connect the scene with the … white marble (fig. 126)5 found in Aigina some three hundred paces … all we have to do is to complete her costume in paint. … 4 ]. N. Svoronos in the Joum. Intern. iVArch. Num. 1911 xiii. 308 ff., cp. W. H. … 8 J. N. Svoronos ' Alytvr)s avayXvcpov dvadripLciTiKoi'' in the 'B0. 'Apx- 1912 p. 254 f. … or temple of Apollon (Paus. 2. 30. 1), who in Aigina bore a variety of titles (see K.

185

1 T- N. Svoronos in the Journ. Intern. tiTArch. Num. 1911 xiii. 312 fig. 7, id. in the

186

infer that Aigina and Megara had similar omphaloi of their own in … about by oriental influence ; for an eagle on a sacred stone had in … We have now passed in review the literary and the monumental … mounted by eagles, or altar on which ravens '), J. N. Svoronos in the Joum. Intern. … pi. 16, 3, J- N. Svoronos in the Joum. Intern. d'Arch. Num. \()\ \ xiii. 312 f. fig. 8, cp.

187

earth4, which in process of time was conventionalised into a hemi- … the sky-god, who here as elsewhere came and went in the form of … Gott der Stiitte, den Apollon, der nach einem bezeichnenden Worte Platens : in des Zeus … 4 Cp. fig. 131 = M. Rostowzew ' Die hellenistisch-romische Architekturlandschaft' in … three goats grazing, and a number of votive offerings. See further H. Heydemann in the … Gruppe Gr. Myth. Pel. p. 1256 n. 2, Turk in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 3404 f. … 164 n. 4), consorted with Europe in the tree {supra i. 532), inspected the charms of Semele

188

Myth. Vat. 1. 184. An ingenious attempt to distinguish Zeus as an eagle in works of art

189

P. Weizsacker in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1598 £ fig.: but see P. Friedlander in Pauly— … in his case earlier versions of the tale are extant not involving the bird-metamorphosis at … /'Art vi. 856 f., M. Hoernes Urgeschichte der bildenden Kiuist in Enropa Wien 1898 … tive Art of the Indians of the North Pacific Coast' in the Bulletin of the American … 4 E. Loewy The Rendering of Nature in early Greek Art trans. J. Fothergill London … in L? Anthropologic 1896 vii. 385—427 with figs. 1 —107 and Atlas of 25 col. pis., cp. … M. H. Swindler Cretan Elements in the Culls and Ritual of Apollo (Bryn Mawr College

190

Diodoros tells the same tale in substantial agreement with Kalli- … Orion p. 46, 22 ft'., Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 207). After the slaughter of Python Apollon was … was purified in Crete by Chrysothemis (schol. Pind. Pyth. argum. 3). This son of … the eponym of Eleutherna in Crete (so J. N. Svoronos in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1896 … A leonine head in limestone, part of a ritual rhyton, found beneath the temple of … figured later (infra § 3 (c) i (p.)). And 'Minoan' pottery etc. has come to light in the

191

drawing upon a common source. Moreover, since Kallimachos in … track in attributing it to Epimenides appears from another con- … that the Delphic ompha/os was originally the mound in which the … 3 Diod. 5. 80, cp. E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2866 f., v. 678. … 6 O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 174. … menschlichen Geburten voraussetzt. Ja, es scheint nicht unmoglich, dass man in uralter

192

quent in uncivilised or semi-civilised communities1. To quote a … began, the navel-string was buried in a sacred place and a young sapling was … Analogous practices have survived here and there in modern … reported from Kephallenia/'Aigina, Limnobria ? (Burdur) in Pisidia, … 1 See the examples collected by H. Ploss Das Kind in Branch und Sitle der Vblker- … :! They were collected, at the request of W. H. Roscher, by N. G. Polites in Aaoypa<pta … infra Index ; and on the Delphic kings in particular, Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 402 ff.

193

The Delphic Agyzeils-piWar with its side-posts and lintel was in … which libations were poured (fig. 132)3, had already in the third period … 2 Sir A. f. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 117 f. … Ch. Tsountas in a grave of the lower town at Mykenai. Cp. supra i. 36f. fig. 9.

195

number of sculptured copies. Thus a handsome tripod in Pentelic … gttsse p. 11 o ft", no. 227), and E. Fabricius ('Das plataische Weihgeschenk in Delphi' in … Byzantion und Constantinopolis' in the Denkschr. d. Akad. … (in his panorama of the precinct, Fouilles de Delphes ii. 1 … restoration, which takes into account (1) the plinth still in … pi. opposite to p. 176), (3) the serpent-heads figured in a

196

quiver is hanging beside it. Similarly a statuette in Greek marble … statuette in Italian marble at Dresden (fig. 138)3, which presupposes … 2 Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. i. 509 tripos species est lauri, tres habens radices, … 7 E. Fabricius in the /ahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. hist. 1886 i. 186 cites the Chigi base

197

paintings (fig. 139)1, in which there is no question of structural … architect's specification, found in or … {infra p. 199 n. 2), a relief found in the theatre … rapidly tapering upwards (not in L. von Sybel … in the British Museum, signed by the vase-painter … red-figured oinochoe in the Pourtales collection, which depicts Nike flying through the … the fine style of vase-painting (c. 460—440 b.c.), and in both the tripod-support takes the … Dreifusse aus Olympia [see A. Furtwangler in Oly?npia iv. 72 ff. nos. 534—547 pi. 27, cp.

198

it smooth; and the capital to be painted in encaustic1.' … 1 M. Holleaux in the Ath. Mitth. 1906 xxxi. 134—144 with fig. 1: line 16 ff. errl

199

have carried a columnar tripod3, represents in one of its three … three scenes in a consistent whole. According to K. O. Muller Handbuch der Archaeologie … palos' type (E. Thraemer in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1117 ft"., P. Wolters in the Jahrb. d. … Berlin xviii) Berlin 1856 with figs. 1 f. and 'Zu den Bildwerken der dreiseitigen Basis in … der koniglichen antiken Sammluug zu Dresden* Dresden 1881 no. 80, L. Stephani in the … 3 This is the inference usually, and in my opinion correctly, drawn from the fact that … 4 (1) In the Villa Albani (G. Zoega Li bassirilievi antichi di Roma Roma 1808 ii … lungen klassischer Altertu?ner in Rom3 Leipzig 1913 ii. 426 f. no. 1876). Restored:

200

fig. 141), F. Studniczka Die Siegesgoeltin Leipzig 1898 p. 20 pi. 8, 38 { —id. in the Jahrb. … (3) In the Louvre (Frohner Sculpt, du Louvre i. 42 ff. no. 12, Clarac Mus. de Sculpt. … (4) In the British Museum—fragment containing left half only [Brit. Mus. Cat. … Dresden Museum in 1892 (P. Herrmann in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1894

201

W. Helbig op. cit. ii. 426). But L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pit. 1873 P- 222 … the Messenians of Naupaktos, on which see Homolle in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1897 xxi.

202

1 A fifth-century type of Apollon on the tripod is furnished by a relief in Pentelic … held a phidle or, less probably, some attribute added in paint (bay-branch ?). Before him … form the personnel of the Athenian Pythion (A. Furtwangler in the Ath. Mitth. 1878 iii. … A. Furtwangler in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 458, T. Schreiber ib. i. 600, B. Sauer ib. ii. … Reinach Rep. Vases ii. 286, 2), which shows Apollon on the tripod, with a phidle in his

203

his left holding a long bay-branch ; two females (?Pythia and attendant) fly in alarm … Artemis, served for Apollon Pythios in the dedication of Xenokrateia {supra p. 183 … durch die bffentlichen Sammlnngen klassischer Altertiimer in Rom3 Leipzig 1913 ii. 409 f. … Overbeck op. cit. p. 282 rightly observes that in all these representations Apollon has

204

Apollon in the customary garb of Zeus, seated as his prophetes1 on … is expressed in h. Ap. 132 xp-^crw 5' dvdpibiroiai Aids vr}p.eprea (3ovXriv, h. Herm. 471 f. Kai … ddavdrwv • rb yap olbe Atds vbos' avrdp eyib ye (this line is omitted in E.) | iriarwdels … notandum Apollinem quae dicit a love cognoscere, id. in Verg. Aen. 1. 20 ne ipse … in corpore cau[s]a c<a>eruleo f eglo cortina receptat.' cava cortina dicta, quod est inter … Ae. Baehrens (1886), as quaeque in corpore--| — cana caeruleo caelo cortina receptat. … 81 n. 55, 93 n. 61, 95 fig. 7 after R. Garrucci Vetri ornati di figure in oro trovati nei

205

time being in heaven, released from the limitations of terrestrial life … vessel of s. iv a.d., on which we see Apollon in a loose transparent chiton standing … 1 A magnificent red-figured hydria, painted c. 480 b.c. and now preserved in the

206

for Aigeus (fig. 145)J. In this masterly painting Themis is but the … Delphoi, where his advent was celebrated in the spring. K. Wernicke speaks more … see Hoppin Red-fig. Vases i. 16 no. 2) e. 440 B.C. The scene is laid in the temple at … up over her head, ear-ring, and necklace. In her right hand she holds a sprig of bay, in … 102—104 pi. 327f. = Reinach Rep. Vases ii. 162, O. Benndorf in the Wien. Vorlegeil. A … other Orestes in the presence of Apollon at Delphoi. Both paintings are of interest. In … seen in the uplifted mirror is that of Klytaimestra herself—a masterly device to express

207

angry ghost (Miss J. E. Harrison 'Delphika' in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1899 xix. 205 ft. … Bildw. i. 706, 715 f. Atlas pi. 29, 1, 2a, 11, C. Boetticher in the Arch. Zeit. i860 xviii.

208

prototype of the Pythia, are we to infer that the Pythia was in some … \uvos with E. Bouhereau, nor to be deleted with F. Guyet, but to be regarded as in … 2 Io. Chrys. hom. 29. 1 in epist. i ad Cor. (lxi. 242 Migne) Xeyerat toivvv clvtt} 17 Hvdia

209

'AttoXXuv vtto ^otpoKX^ovs "eVoA/xos," Eustath. in II. p. 836, 44ft. irepi tov toiovtov bXfxov … 6 In keeping with her character as bride of Apollon is the fact that the Pythia was … cod. T. et schol. Aristoph. Plout. 9 in ed. Aid.) tov Qe^raXbv Trapayevbpievov eis t6

210

so long as Apollon tarried in the town his prophetess was shut up … rank of a goddess, must she not, either in grim earnest or in mock … souls:;. In any case it underlies and explains a variety of Greek … course denies, and religious defilement implies the presence of evil spirits. In any given … XprjUTripiov avTbdi (Serv. in Verg. Aen. 4. 143 states that Apollon was at Patara during … Dying God p. 96, id. Belief in Immortality i. 165 ff. My suggestion has been to some

211

2 Supra i. 245, 419, 679. A relief of Pentelic marble, found at Rome in 1814 and … the preparations for the boiling of Pelias. On the left in foreign garb stands Medeia … Medearelief in Historische und philologische Attfsdtze Ernst Curtius.. .gew id/net Berlin … iii. 225—229, E. Loewy ' Un rilievo del Museo Lateranense e le sue pretese repliche' in … at Naples: see Brunn—Bruckmann op. cit. pi. 341a, L. Mariani in the Guida del Mus.

212

hour in the folk-tales of Sicily and Walachia11, Germany and Scan- … Other monuments of the Pelias-story are noted by K. Seeliger in Roscher Lex. Myth. … 464 ff.) and is in faultless condition. It represents the three Peliades about to carry out … the Due de Luynes in Nouv. Ann. 1839 ii. 251) sees on a late black-figured lekythos now … illustrated by a red-figured hydria from Vulci now in the British Museum [Brit. Mus. … best explained as representing Pelops, who emerges from the caldron in the presence of

Plate XIII

Hydria in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge : the Peliades about to carry

Plate XIV

Hydria from Vulci, now in the British Museum : Medeia renews

213

finds its ultimate explanation in the caldron of apotheosis. … Mythologie Gottingen—Leipzig 1852 i. 88—90 'Die wiederbelebten bocke,' id. in his … R. M. Meyer Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte Leipzig 1910 p. 285 is right in compar-

214

but quite wrong in his explanation of the motif) can be capped—as my daughter points … 2 Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 197 Miiller, Daebritz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 481 f.

215

Euripides had alluded to the story a century before in his Erechiheus; … making the priestess fall in love with one of the envoys1. The same

216

in primis by Strabon1: … showing favour to the Pelasgians in her reply on account of their kinship (for the … joined upon the Boeotians to steal the tripods in Boiotia and send one year by … 3 Quoted by Eustath. in Od. p. 1760, 4 f. … Athenians from Delphoi (L. Couve in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1894 xviii. 87 ff. no. 9, 90 ff.

217

Ephoros, in the interests of probability, eliminates the bizarre … impiety of boiling the priestess at Dodona in a caldron of hot water, … an expiation in kind. A sacred ISes (? tripod) had been defiled by an impious act: sacred … played some part in Herakles' theft of the Delphic tripod. The wrapping in cloaks was … a.KLvrjTov. A decree of the Delphians, passed in honour of Nikomedes iii of Bithynia and … a certain chasm and looking into it skipped about and bleated in an unusual manner:

218

seat in or on the caldron. I infer that the Pythia, like the Orphist, … Clement of Alexandreia, an excellent authority in such matters, … 'The Titans, who had torn him in pieces, set a certain caldron upon a tripod, … burial. Apollon, obedient to the commands of Zeus, took the body in pieces to … 6/j.<pa\bs AiyaTos, but would connect the epithet with Ai£ ; and O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. … Aiyalov Tre\ayos citing Hes. frag. 193 Flach 42 Rzach, Eustath. in Dionys. per. 132) … 500 B.C. have as their reverse type the head of a goat to right in an incuse square … a goat's head facing in an incuse square, with or without A A (id. ib. p. 21 f. pi. 25,

219

' Uionysos too was honoured at Delphoi along with Apollon in the following … the tripod, as is stated by Kallimachos and by Euphorion in the words— … tomb of Zeus in Crete3, continued to be an object of interest till … 1 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 208 ert/^aro 8e xai Acbvvcros ev AeXtpols auv 'AirbXXwvi ovTuai' oi … Indos res ; atque Licurgi, et Actaei et Penthei, necnon quomodo (et) a quo stans in

220

the statement of Philochoros5 (c. 275 B.C.) that in his day the tomb … Here lies in death Dionysos the son of Semele. … Dionisii sepulcrum in Delphis iuxta aurum Apollinis (sic X. G. E. adaureum Apollinem Z. … et post mortem deus habitus, vitem ferunt ostendisse in Attica terra hospiti suo. etc. … 5 Id. ib. iv. 391 suggests that Philochoros in his turn was copying Deinarchos the … 6avwv Ili/cos 6 Kal Tievs {supra i. 158 n. 2). In view of Porph. v. Pyth. 17 wde davwv Keirai

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in the fifth-century type of Apollon seated on the tripod (fig. 142)1 … the teeth of Python were kept in its caldron, and even tried to … kept in the bowl of the tripod4, had been explained as the relics of … to be told. Porphyrios (233—c. 304 A.D.) in his Life of Pythagoras … In the course of his voyage he put in at Delphoi and inscribed on the tomb of … 3 Hyg- fab- I40' Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 92, 6. 347, interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 360,

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the gods, least of all towards Apollon, with whom he stood in rela- … The authorities in question included Epimenides, Eudoxos, and … 2 The notion, no doubt, is unique in ancient literature ; but so in ancient art is the … fig. 5 finds a partial parallel in a mirror-design of Iason grasping sword and fleece but … but does not cite his source. In the epigram Iamblichos, followed by E. Cougny, reads … 5 Iambi, v. Pyth. 7 TrapaiTr}t£OL yap 'ETripLeviSrjs (identified by E. Rohde in the Rhein

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a god in human shape'2 and emphasising the resemblance of his … more in it than that. It is precisely when we confine ourselves to … that at Kroton Pythagoras exhibited his golden thigh in proof of … a sanctuary for Apollon Pythios in Samos (Iambi, v. Pyth. 9). Pythagoras in Delos … 4 As determined by E. Rohde ' Die Quellen des Jamblichus in seiner Biographie des

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Gliede des Osiris [Plout. de Is. et Os. 18, cp. Hippolyt. ref. haeres. 5. 7 p. 101 Miller] in … put them as promised in a cloth on his horse. This fled with them to the serpent-king, … woman with a golden arm (a variant gives it as a golden leg) take us in a different … woman fell in love with an enchanted prince. ' And the old woman agreed to help her … put down in the caldron, and the great serpent, which appeared to be a shirt about his … 3 F. M. Cornford in J. E. Harrison Themis Cambridge 1912 p. 243 ff., id. The Origin

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in which Apollon Hyperboreos was slain, boiled in a caldron, and … sumably enveloped in cloth of gold, which glittered in the lamp-light. This … been slain by Python5 and buried in the Delphic tripod. His fol- … 5 Yet Iambi, v. Pyth. 52 states tbat'Pythagoras told the boys assembled in the Pythion … I figure three specimens in the McClean collection. B. V. Head op. cit. p. 99 f. rightly

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living again in the person of Pythagoras, was near akin to the … mourned by them as dead, but after living for three years in his … authors2, Herodotos hesitates to believe, adding that in his opinion

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of them call Gebeleizis4. Once in four years they send a messenger … Ti^ovres' in Class. PhiloL 1918 xiii. 23—33. … 4 Various attempts have been made to elucidate the word Te(3eX4ifLv (see Waser in … Walde Lat. etym. Worterb? p. 330 f.), and signifies ' the god with a Fork.' The fork in

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with his nurses in Crete2. Moreover, an interesting myth told how … Leipzig 1890, id. in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 931—935, Farnell Cults of Gk. States ii. 438, … 1830 i. 390 f.). My contention is that in such cases we should rather suppose a priestess … 0 So in the oldest accessible, form of the myth : Hes. frag. 137 Flach 181 Rzach ap. … sented Artemis as shooting a purely human Kallisto. Thus coppers of Orchomenos in

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phosed into a bear, when he mated with Amaltheia1. In view of … fab. 177, poet. astr. 2. r p. 31, 3 ff. Bunte, Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 67, 1. 138, Lact. Plac. … From s. iv b.c.- onwards Zeus himself was said to have wooed Kallisto in one or other … Serv. in Verg. Aen. 1. 744, Lact. Plac. in Stat. Theb. 3. 685, Myth. Vat. 2. 58), or he … Cullera near Valencia and is now in the Dutuit collection at Paris (pi. xv = W. Eroehner … torches. The relief-frieze, first cast in a mould and then tooled, shows four scenes : … avvevva^eraL, Rutin, recognit. 10. 22 Mantheam Phoci mutatus in ursum, ex qua nascitur

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Again, Antonius Diogenes in his Marvels beyond Thoule(s. i. A.D.2) … straight at the sun without ever winking its eyes. It had in its mouth a small … to manhood in Samos and was taken up by the Samian Androkles, who put him … The fine poplar in a far-off land with a divine infant lying beneath … that the sage in representing himself as an avatar of Apollon was … 1 See further J. J. Bachofen Der Bar in den Religionen ties Alterlums Basel 1863, … manische Mythologie Berlin 1891 p. 103 f., M. Wellmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Ent.

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from Knossos1 and his most doughty defenders in the middle of the … suppose that here Apollon was all in all. But closer scrutiny would … 7 A. D. Keramopoullos in the 'Ec/>.' Ap%. 1909 p. 269 published a limestone boundary- … TrroXiiropOov dirwadixevoL arixa 'Slr/Suiv | /cat xaX/coarecpai'o;' pvcrdfxevoL Tep-evos, in Pliilologus … wpodvocriu] I [Motjpats Ait ^Sloipayerei 7---); {!>) altar in the hippodrome at Olympia … At6s 'TipLuTov)); (c) relief in the precinct of Despoina near Akakesion in Arkadia

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cubation2, as practised e.g. in the cult of Zeus Aviphidraos near … Apollon took the title from Zeus, who in turn may … ratees with schol. ad loc. and K. Tumpel in Roscher … /3iovs deo-pLetiovras; Hermeias in Plat. Phaedr. p. 96, … k.t.X., Prokl. in Plat. Alcib. 24 p. 77 Creuzer ras r^s … but rules out the former as being less significant in relation to Zeus than the Moirai, and … pi. 15, 29. Fig. 161 is from a copper coin of Athens in my collection). … Incubation was in all probability practised in the cult of Trophonios at Lebadeia

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by establishing a festival to be called Soteria in honour of Zeus … in the month Boukatios (= the Attic Metageitnion)5 the Delphic … in an interesting section of his treatise On the Delphic E8 writes as … with Apollon at Delphoi. The theologians, now in verse, now in prose, sing or … (Hesych. s.v.), was an appellative of Plouton (R. Engelmann in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. … 3 Rashly accepted by H. Pomtow in Philologus 1912 lxxi. 45. … TrarpdjML Kal Tdnr\6\\wi'i rav aupbdiva, Kal <jv[xTcpr[t<TKev (B. Keil in Hermes 1896 xxxi.

234

a certain necessity inherent in mind and reason undergoes transformation, and … and his ordering of the universe in general, they hint at his suffering and trans- … frenzied rites5.' In fact they have seized aright the true nature of both trans- … mag. p. 445, 48 ff. = Choirobosk. in psal. p. 99, iff. … 34 ff., v. Plat. p. 8 ed. A. H. L. Heeren in the Bibliothek der alien Litteratur und

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and stop the paean, calling for three months together upon the second god in

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in Attike too the second and third winter months were marked … 5 Apollon was variously connected with the number seven, as has been shown in detail … of 27—28 days was in Boiotia, Euboia, etc. divided into 4 weeks of 7 days—a division which … orphischer Demeterhymnus' in the Festschrift Theodor Go?nperz dargebracht zum siebzig-

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J. Loth in the Revue celtique 1904 xxv. 113 ff., M. P. Nilsson 'Die alteste griechische … AeXcpivios, had a festival called 'E/35o/mta in the month Boedromion (?) or Pyanepsion (?) … the Apolline Boedromia (Mommsen Feste d. Stadt Athen p. 176 f., E. Saglio in Darem- … 316 Muller), and Anaxilaides (E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2083 … Keratia in Attike [ijepdi' | ['AJttoXXwcos | 'E/SSo^eto ] <pparpLa<s j 'AxviaSuiv — Michel Recueil … name e[38o/j.ay^TT]s (Aisch. s. c. Th. 800 f. with schol. ad loc, Prokl. in Plat. Tim. ii. 197, … ingenuity which plays so marked a part in the religious and prophetic mysteries of

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and Anaxandrides may be trusted—this was the one day in the … critics'8: the latter was the opinion of certain scholars in antiquity4. … Baccho ab Alexandri aetate in Asia Minore culto Halis Saxonum 1913 pp. 139, 141 n. 1). … offered to Zeus IloXievs in Kos (J. de Prott Leges Graecoritm sacrae Lipsiae 1896 Fasti … k.t.X. in a ritual calendar for the Coan month Batromios ( = the Attic Poseideon) dating … drides (E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2079 f.).

239

The little chapel in the Pythian … 2 Reduced from the diagram given by F. Courby in the Fouilles de Delphes ii. 1. 69

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were originally celebrated once in eight years2. And at the close … 1 I have discussed these festivals in Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 402 ff. See also Nilsson Gr. … Bough": The Dying God p. 78 ff. (Stepterion), P. Stengel in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … 2 Demetrios of Phaleron ap. schol. Od. 3. 267 and ap. Eustath. in Od. p. 1466, 56ft'., … Attic cleruchs in Delos, published lists of the dirapxal paid by Delian priests and certain … 4 R. Engelmann in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 68, W. H. Roscher id. i. 433, G. Wentzel … 1327 n. 2, 1454, cp. 1493 n. 3. The earliest allusion to the myth is in LI. 2. 766 (cp. also … 6 Serv. in Verg. Aen. 7. 761 = Myth. Vat. 1. 46, 2. 128 novem a/mis—by confusion … have told the tale in his Thessatika (W. Christ Geschichte der griechischeti Litteratur5

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tially Apolline5, and in support of his thesis is able to cite, not … it possible that Rhianos dealt with the theme in his Herakleias (W. Christ loc. eit.). … furnished with a fresh motive (K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Euc. ii. 25 f.). … 187, 196), apparently identified Asklepios with Apollon and treated the myth in … gery, which is very possible (F. Skutsch in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 219 f.). Others … astr. 2. 14, schol. Caes. Germ. Aratea p. 384, 22 ff. Eyssenhardt, Serv. in Verg. Aen. ii. … (Eur. Ale. 1 ff. with schol. ad loc, Apollod. 3. 10. 4, Diod. 6. 8, Prob. in Verg. georg. 3.

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Apollon settled at Delphoi in days when the octennial cycle was … trieterist. Delphoi was in classical times the centre of certain far- … Osiris3 ii. 241. Sir J. G. Frazer (The Dying God p. 79) contends that at Thebes 'in his- … Griechen und Ro?ner~ (in I. von Miiller Handbuch der klassischen Altertums-wissenschaft … 6 The myth and the rites in question are well put together by L. Weniger in the

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able2 to suppose that Dionysos was first in the field. … never a total, eclipse. In addition to his winter season he was … T7j <re\r)vr], k.t.\., Censorin. de die nat. 18. 1 veteres in Graecia civitates cum animadver- … which in the course of four such cyles would amount to another month. The trielerls, in … 3 H. Weil in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1895 xix. 393 ff., cp. W. Christ Geschichte der … 469 n. 4, 659 b, 711 Dionysos 'AvdpusiroppaiaTrjS. Miss J. E. Harrison in the Class. Rev.

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rites as well as winter-rites2. The second implies that in Apellaios, … certain similarity in the parties concerned. Dionysos became to … 2 The vernal rites of Dionysos at Delphoi (?the Theoxenia in Theoxenios — Elaphe- … 4 An epic hymn, perhaps of s. v B.C. (L. Malten in the Archiv f. Rel. 1909 xii. 307 … to conceal an erect phallos (G. Kaibel in the Nachr. d. kon. Gesellsch. d. IViss. Gottingen … defensare. sed et alias Liberum principem coronae plane laureae, in qua ex Indis … ut deo telorum, huic ut deo triumphorum. sic docet Claudius, etc. Interp. Serv. in Verg. … and i° (extr. from the Abh. d. berl. Akad. 1852 Phil.-hist. Classe p. 341 ff.), A. Rapp in … Vasenmalerei' in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1894 ix. 63 f., G. Nicole Meidias

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in the second Hamilton collection shows Dionysos seated with Ariadne, while' a young … appears elsewhere wreathed with bay, e.g. on a red-figured vase in the first Hamilton … in the first Hamilton collection represents the infant Dionysos held by a Nymph seated … seated on a rock, who wreathes the infant Dionysos in a wall-painting from the Villa … two Satyrs, who with a flourish of vine-shoots and castanets share in the ecstasy of his … p. 584 ff. no. 3255, E. Gerhard 'Archemoros und die Hesperiden ' in the Abh. d. berl. … iii. 130 f., Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. i. 675 n. 4, 7iof., O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. … a seated Dionysos from the choragic monument dedicated by Thrasyllos in 320 B.C. and

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Apulian kdntharos at Boston shows him seated beneath a grape-vine, thyrsos in hand ; … niotij'of Dionysos with the lyre, which is not found in art before the beginning of s. v B.C., … Macrob. Sat. 1. 18. 2 apud Lacedaemonios etiam in sacris quae Apollini celebrant (cele- … E. Abel for KLacreoxa-ira pap.): with this description of Apollon cp. that of Dionysos in … (Makedonios of Thessalonike) KiaaoKbixav Bpo/uio: *Zdrvpov k.t.X., where O. Hofer in Roscher … Richter Kypros pp. 266, 330, 376 pi. 40, 1 f. and 4f., cp. id. in the Ath. Mitth. 1884 ix.

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is precarious, though no doubt ivy-wreaths played their part in Cypriote cult—witness … Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Boston [Mass.] 1885 i pi. 82 … used in the sense of Kiacrds (Erotian. twv Tro.p' 'I-mroKpdreL Ae£ewf avva-ywyq p. 83, 15 … is found on a (/^aj-e'-autonomous copper of Alabanda in Karia (|. Friedlaender in the … on back, bow in lowered left hand, looking towards eagle on outstretched right hand,

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standing, nude, quiver on back, bow in outstretched left hand, looking towards eagle … holding a lyre in his left hand and aphidle in his right, as he sits before a flaming altar: … red-figured krater in the Cabinet des Medailles is more probably to be identified with … ivy quite clear and noted as ' eine seltne Bekranzung des Gottes' in the commentary,

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ovk e/j.bs 6 \byos 'AvTiKKrjs (H. Valesius restored ' AvTUcXetS-qs (frag. 5 in Scrip/, hist. … Marsyas see O. Jessen in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2441 ff"., supra i. 128 f. pi. xii. Quasi- … citharoedus in hoc ipso numo proponitur. Forte Aulaetes magistratus propter nominis … an emendation printed in the text by F. Spiro (1903) and supported by the fact that Pan … barbarische Epikleseis' borne by Apollon in various parts of Asia Minor. To me it … see supra pp. 232 n. o, 249 n. 2, as an instrument used in the rites of the Hyperborean

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was Mousagetcs in Naxos1, Sminthios(?) in Rhodes2, Iatrds* and … dedicator is missing). See further O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 3234, supra i. … Aivdla woXet ^evovs ?£, k.t.X. I follow the text as printed by L. Ziehen, except that in … Wendling in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 2103 f.)" Wlkoltl rds wpb kvvos koI eiKoaL rds … e'LpyjKe tlltl Aibvvcrov 'TyiaTTjv KaXelv (paraphrased by Eustath. in Od. p. 1624, 37 ff. ovtio

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Daldeia in Lydia1, and Dionysodotesif) in the Attic deme of Phlyeis2. … AvoXikos Ktb/jLTj- k.t.X. W. Tomaschek in the Sitzungsber. d. /cats. Akad. d. Wiss. in … copper of Septimius Severus shows the god in … cult-title Aiovvaodoros (in Paus. 9. 35. 3 Kal 'Ay- … in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1891 iv. 8) or attributed to … theophoris Halis Saxonum 1911 p. 4 f., W. Frohner ' Gdttergaben ' in the Archiv f Rel. … AiovvaoSoTov 'AiroXXeovidras), it might rather have been inferred that the altar in question … by Olympiod. in Plat. Phaed. 67 c p. ill, 14 ff. Norvin oti to. opLoia fxvdeveTai Kal ev … ex ev<p7]/j.eiTcu post ^ Aj Aj in ras. M.), cp. id. ib. p. 43, 14 ff. Norvin ttws be apa 011

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nysos with Apollon can be well traced in extant literature. In the … son of Silenos, born in Arkadia3. In the fifth century B.C. Herodotos … Having already detected one Egyptism in a play of Aischylos5, we … AiovvtroooTrjs ; in a hymn of but 26 lines they dub him ^LoSwTrjv.. .eXiriSoSuiTriv.. .Zr/voSoTrjpa … notes that in Orph. Arg. 9 f. Orpheus was inspired to sing Bclkxolo Kai ' AttoWojvos … k^KXr^Tai Trapa 'ApK&o~iv, Cic. de not. deor. 3. 57 quartus in Arcadia, quern Arcades

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ventured even to equate Apollon with Dionysos, when in an un- … acquaintance with Orphism, in his Likymnios penned the following … Later we get the identification more explicitly stated. In the first … coppers, struck in Rhodes, which has for obverse type (fig. 170)5 … German scholar in the margin of my copy of L. Jan's Macrobius has hazarded the … in the name of the tainias Hierokles (ETTI || lEPOjKAEYC sic, cp. E. Boisacq Les

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(fig. 171)4 in place of the Rhodian god5. A treatise on epideictic … Nike on the prow of a ship, holding wreath in right hand, palm in left, with rose … in the vestibule of his Golden House (Suet. Ner. 31), cp. Mart. ep. r. 70. 7 f. nec te

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by an anonymous rhetorician of Alexandreia in the Troad2, con- … for thou bringest round the seasons {hdrat) in their circuit—, the Thebans … afterwards removed (Lamprid. v. Commod. 17. 9), and in the fourth century a.d. the … Berlin 1871 ii. 546)). Its base of brickwork is still in situ (II. Jordan—C. Huelsen … Hercules (R. Peter in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 2987 ff., Class. Rev. 1906"xx. 418). … - C. Bursian 'Der Rhetor Menandros und seine Schriften' in the Abh. d. bayer.

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'We should realise that, in accordance with the character of the deity ad- … tain—has here invoked Liber and Ceres in place of Sol and Luna5.' … power of Apollo is threefold, and that we should identify Sol in heaven, Father … 3 Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 93 et sciendum pro qualitate numinum orantes interdum … in somnis E.) Cerberus, bene ergo terram petunt, unde ad eos responsa perveniunt, et … 5 Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 5 Stoici dicunt non esse nisi unum deum et unam <deam>, … Serv. in Verg. Aen. 4. 638 ( = J. von Arnim Stoicorum veterum fragmenta Lipsiae 1903

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established by yet clearer arguments. Mystic religion in its rites observes the … dicator. The passage is quoted by Myth. Vat. 3. 8. 16 and, in a shortened form, by … habendum, absolute tamen hoc argumentis liquidioribus astruetur. in sacris enim haec … ' kegelfbrmig, metae modo.' K. F. Hermann in Philologus 1848 iii. 518 cj. okot'lov or … consideration in Greece, where the ancient wayfarer—witness Plat. rep. 496 o-—was glad … nated in the fact that Dionysiac rites were held at night (Plout. quaestt. Rom. 112, et. mag.

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other. The welcome guest became in time a recognised member of … and sceptre, enthroned beside Themis, who, clad in a chiton and a … no. 1300 fig.), adduced by Miss Harrison in her Themis p. 442 f. fig. 136 as representing … as Dionysos is far from certain. The due de Luynes in the Bull. d. Inst. 1848 p. 36 … in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. hist. 1894 ix. 251 ff. fig. 1, and above all Furtwangler— … from experience of the past can give good advice for the future. In poetry she is euj3ovXos … by Aischylos P. v. 61 f., suppl. 1058 f., and the remarks of W. Kausche in the Disserta- … chthonian goddesses that he gives counsel to men. Thus he is Zeus BovXevs in Mykonos

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Mantineia a limestone block inscribed AIOSEYBQAEOZ in lettering of s. iv or … fiovXevrai TrpoaevxovTai, cp. Ulpian. in Dem. in Mid. 115 TTuis ykp av Trpoaebe^aro tt\v … of Zeus with the hearth of Hestia appears in L. Bachmann Anecdota Graeca Lipsiae 1828 … ypd-fias Aii Bo[u\ai'if; dvedrjKev], cp. H. (j. Lolling in the 'E</>. 'Apx- '893 p. 86 f.); his … Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 1240 iii 1 with A. Boeckh ad loc), at Aigai in Aiolis (R. Bohn … mention the Greek oath taken by Roman senators (G. M. Thomas in the Gelehrte Anzeigen. … pi. 40, 3 (= ray fig. 172), struck in the time of X^alerianus and Gallienus, obv. Z6VCBOV

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ANTIOX eflN MOPCVNOC river-god Morsynos standing to left with phidle in … cp. Zeus with Boule (?) on a copper of Neapolis on the Harpasos in Karia, struck by … Achilles in Arat. phaeu. 3 (E. Maass Commentariorum in Arctium reliquiae Berolini … p-vXiios. O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 1585 says : ' Vermutlich entspricht … 270)? And was Zeus lAvXevs, like Apollon Mylas or Myldntios (O. Hofer in Roscher

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in her left hand a golden spear, on her head a golden red-crested … O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1816, Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 1117 n. 3). … painter had been inspired by the opening scene of the Kypria, in which Zeus took counsel … hidden in his left thigh, and that Themis is foretelling the child's future. Robert takes

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and Dionysos—the early Delphic triad—in thoroughly characteristic … —a kingly figure bearded, wreathed with ivy, clad in fine under- … sonage in a dotted himdtion with bay-wreath and bay-branch. One … 4 L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pit. 1861 p. 33 fF. Atlas pis. 3 and 4 ( = my … 15. 4 f.). On the relation of palms to Apollon see L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu … 7 Miss Harrison is a trifle less dogmatic in her Proleg. Gk. Rel.2 p. 390 f. : 'It is … particular occasion, their unanimity in regard to the judgment of Paris.

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Attic style now in the British Museum (pi. xviii)1. The mountain- … Apollon, who is seated in the centre with short chiton and em- … his left hand, a tortoise-shell lyre in his right. He glances over … fruit. It is clear that Apollon is in process of displacing Dionysos. … pi. 196, Lenormant—de Witte El. mon. dr. ii. 222 ff. pi. 74 A, E. Gerhard in the Arch. … no- 53> 33°- PI- xviii is from a photograph of the vase (height 15J inches) in its present … concealed beneath Apollon's drapery?). But the painting fills a gap in a series of

264

The displacement is well nigh complete in the scene painted on … cir. ii. 139 ff. pi. 45, E. Gerhard in the Arch. Zeit. 1S65 xxiii. 106 fT. pi. 203 = my fig. 173 … A. Piatt in the Class. Quart. 1910 iv. 113 and A. E. Housman ib. p. 119) /cat ddfpvrjv … 8rip.ov Ttj TrpwTy tov 'lavvovaplov p-qvos, Kai tVxdSes, Tzetz. in Hes. 0. d. proleg. p. 14 ff. … Ov. ex Pont. 2. 5. 67 gustata (so A. confirming a cj. of R. Bentley in his n. on Hor. od.

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stands a Maenad1, in a richly embroidered peplos with a wreath of … thiasos away to their nightly revels on the mountain. In the back- … Zeus. Another late Attic beW-krater, formerly in the Lamberg col- … epithets Aa<pvaios, Aa<fivi)<p6pos, Aa<pviras, on w hich see K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa … is too close. The ivy-wreath is clearer in Gerhard's drawing. … 1831 p. 224 ' 1:'apothe'ose d'une inilie'e'' !), O. Jahn in the Ann. d. Lnst. 1845 xvii. 364 and … swan, Paris (!), Hermes, Athena, cp. G. Minervini in the Bull. Arch. Nap. 1845 iii. 79 … left, Phoibe on the swan), A. Kalkmann in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. lnst. 1886

266

We are now in a position to gather up results and to venture … not appear elsewhere in the attitude of the supported foot {infra § 9 (h) ii (#)). … their force, if, as I suppose, the artist is reminiscent and no more ; for in that case he is

267

distinct racial elements in the population, which had arrived, by … volved in this curious superposition of cults. Alluvial deposits often … be explained in a later section3. Here it must suffice to observe … 1 In this connexion the pedimental sculptures of the temple at Delphoi are noteworthy. … Bt/tctSe?. /c.t.A. it has been justly inferred that in the fourth-century structure the east … distinct racial elements in the population, which had arrived, by … volved in this curious superposition of cults. Alluvial deposits often … be explained in a later section3. Here it must suffice to observe … 1 In this connexion the pedimental sculptures of the temple at Delphoi are noteworthy. … Bt/tctSe?. /c.t.A. it has been justly inferred that in the fourth-century structure the east

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / IV: Zeus und Dionysos

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syntaktische Bemerkungen zu griech. 6ep.is' in Glotta 1913 iv. 22 ff. and P. Kretschmer … 3 See e.g. O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. ion (' Nehmen wir als sicher an, … generally accepted '). Evidence in A. Rapp Die Beziehungen des Diouysoskultus zu … inscriptions et belles-lettres xxvii. 2) Paris 1906 argues in support of an Egyptian Dionysos, … of truth in most of these hypotheses, even when they are otherwise misleading. The name … 6 Supra p. 231 n. 2. Cp. P. Kretschmer Einleitung in die Gesehichte der griechischen

269

among the Thracian Bessoi1. In Thrace Dionysos had many ap- … irpbixavTis Be r/ xp^ovaa, Ka.Ta.irep ev AeX0o?<7(, koX ovbev TroiKiXwTepov. In 29 B.C. M. Licinius

270

Sabdzios among the Saboi2, Asdoilles in the vineyards of Maidike … 3 This relief (height, exclusive of tenon, o'46m: breadth o"4im), found in the ruins of … shows a youthful god riding from left to right. His long hair is bound by a strophion, in … not 'AaSovXrjrip (Mordtmann) or 'Aa8ovXr)Ttp (Perdrizet). It recurs as that of a man in the … un Dionysos thrace' in the Rev. Arch. 1904 i. 19—27 pi. 1 ( = my fig. 175), Reinach Rep. … ipippopLov FiipafpLibrrju. The same comparison was made earlier by C. Midler in his note … f3acrtXevs. Qpvyio-Ti, Plout. deflttv. 12. 3 f. irapaKeirai Se avrip (sc. the river Sagaris in Phrygia)

271

there existed a form Deonysos'3, the non-Greek change of i to e in … Kvirpios iv [3' <$pvyi.aKLov {frag, i (Frag. hist. Gr. iv. 427 f. Miiller)), Eustath. in //. p. 381, … ayyeXos I 7i7]vbs ipicrcpapdyov, and the Euryanaktidai of Kos (J. Escher-Biirkli in Pauly— … R. Edrster in the Ath. Mitth. 1894 xix. 373 published an inscribed marble block from … 0. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. v. 1011. … 1. 382 no. 1 pi. 26, 1, Head Hist, num.'1 p. 253, M. L. Strack in Die antiken Mitnzen

272

So Dittenberger Sylt. inscr. Gr.'1 no. 744, io [Aiov]v5os in a Rhodian inscription) and … in an inscription from Olbia: Collitz—Bechtel op. at. iii. 2. 661 no. 5553),- is gen. of … 1 W. Tomaschek ' Die alteri Thraker' in the Sitzungsber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wiss. in … 5 R. Wagner in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 567 ff. For an excellent illustration of the … 6 F. Winter 'Vase des Sophilos' in the Ath. Mitth. 1889 xiv. 1—8 and col. pi. 1,

273

in Did-nysos. We are thus led along … Sophilos" in Eranos Vindobonensis Wien 1893 PF- 233—24°' P« Wolters in the Jahrb. … 1 11.6. 133. In //. 2. ^08 'S.ladv re faOerjv there was a variant XOcrcu' re '^adtriv (Strah. 406). … Paris 1891 i pi. 32 f. a (ivme (Jlasse, viiie Serie), O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … by the analogous types of Athena's birth (infra % 9 (h) ii (6)). P. Kretschmer in Aus der

274

perhaps open to criticism on two grounds. In the first place, … Wieseler Denkm. d. alt. Kunst i. 14 pi. 19, 96 a small black-figured amphora in the

275

we sacrifice to him in time of rain n.' Others explained ' that Dionysos … 7 Phot. lex. s.v."Tr]s bis' tov ?.a(3a£iov 17 eVt/cX^crtj, Eustath. in II. p. 11 55, 63 f. ev 8e … Birds Oxford 1895 p. 184 and E. J. Seltman in the Joum. Intern, a"Arch. Num. 1913

276

Dionysos and the rain2 warrant us in attaching weight to Pherekydes' … 6 P. Kretschmer Einleitung in die Geschichie dcr Griechischen Sprache Gdttingen … 7 Dio-bessi in Plin. nat. hist. 4. 40 amnem Strymonem accolunt.. .latere.. .laevo Digerri … (21 a.d.). See further W. Tomaschek 'Die alten Thraker' in the Sitzungsber. d. kais.

277

Dardanelles. Epitaphs of the Roman imperial age found in Phrygia … 9 Deos-por in a military dedication of 123 a.d. found at Xanten and now at Bonn: … 10 Dios-cuthes on a large broken coffer from Reusilava or Orsilava near Kirlikova in … 1 On IIct7ras as the Thracian term for ' Father' see W. Tomaschek in the Sitzungsber. … Other examples are collected by F. H. M. Blaydes in his notes on Aristoph. ran. 499, … 4 Sir W. M. Ramsay 'Phrygian Inscriptions of the Roman Period' in the Zeitschrift … 5 W. M. Calder 'Corpus inscriptionum Neo-Phrygiarum' in the Journ. Hell. Stud.

278

expressed in the Phrygian language though the rest of the inscrip- … 1 Such formulae of execration were in use among the Phrygians a thousand years … 2 The examples so far published are the following (numbered in accordance with … The whole formula was almost certainly metrical. Prof. A. H. Sayce in the Jahresh. … is from the stem seen in tdrjKa, OrjKri, ZG I P A = ^e?pa, AAG = /J.eTa, KG =/cat, TGTIK- … Kosesuffix -eK (Brugmann Grundriss II2, 501), das auch in /3av-riK-os "des Weibes" … '■' Sir W. M. Ramsay in the Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschung 1887 xxviii.

279

P. Kretschmer1, and W. M. Calder2, who agree in rendering 'heavenly … aus rdmischer Zeit' in the Skrifter udgivne af Videnskabsselskabet i Christiania 1894 ii … 4 G. Meyer ' Albanesische Studien ' iii in the Sitzungsber. d. kais. Akad. d. IViss. in … (peperaL Se Kai ns p-vdos irepl avrov Kara rbv ' A7roXX65o>poe, cos efr; yeyovws in Aids Kal P??s, … 505, Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. i. 660, O. Jessen in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 664 ft". A … gdttin,' related to xa/"-a'> humus, etc. P. Kretschmer ' Semele und Dionysos' in Aus der

280

worship1 in north-eastern Phrygia, G. Radet in 1893 found an altar … Usener4. Sir W. M. Ramsay in 1906 assumed a long vowel and … (meaning unknown) seated with phidle in right hand, sceptre in left, and eagle on ground … Phrygia p. 197 pi. 25, 7). I. Meliopoulos in the Ath. Mitth. 1897 xxii. 480 f. publishes a … here means Hadrian as in Corp. inscr. Gr. ii no. 3187, 5 ff. Smyrna Atos Tlarpujov, … Baccho ad Alexandri aetate in Asia Minore culto Halis Saxonum 1913 p. 221 f. … 3 A. Korte in the Gdtt. gel. Anz. 1897 clix. 409 f.

281

1 A. Korte in the Gott. gel. Anz. 1897 clix. 401 f. … :> The inference is uncertain : et may be for I as in ^TparovetKo}. But cp. the name … had given to Tros in exchange for Ganymedes and that it had passed to Priamos by way … Ganymedes and the eagle in the Vatican group after Leochares (Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth.

282

in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1917 xxi. 407 f. (' The Vine of Pythios and Andocides'). Note … was grown at Dorylai (sic) in Phrygia. … in this locality is great. Malko-Tirnovo is within easy reach of Viza, the ancient Bizye, … Mr Buckler writes: 'This small stele, in good preservation except for the missing base, … marble, of a kind common in Western Asia Minor, looked quite freshly cut. The inscrip- … tions is pretty uncertain. On the journey to London the, larger fragment was broken in

Plate XIX

Stele obtained by W. H. Buckler in Constantinople : Zeus Sabdzios on

283

two, and this break, which shows clearly in the plate, almost destroyed the fifth letter in … and a diadem round his head. He holds a thunderbolt in his right hand, a couple of … eagle and snake juxtaposed in friendly fashion. The unusual features of this stele are the … stood bronze plaque from Rome, now at Berlin (F. Lajard in the Mon. d. Inst, iv pi. 38, 1,

284

Sosias sees sheep in the ekklesia, etc.—fancies obviously suggested by the attributes (eagle, … Other reliefs illustrating the cult of Zeus Sabdzios are listed by T. Eisele in Roscher … less, sits on a high-backed throne, with a band (?) round his head, a phidle in his right … mistake for ^ad^ios — 2a/3ctftos (O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 229). Height c. o-25m,

285

in Phrygia1, with Zeus PotetlsQ) of Limnobria? (Burdur) on the … Daisios = the Attic Thargelion (W. Dittenberger in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv. 2014), … to Zeus Kopv<paios of Philadelphia (on whom see infra Append. P). (4) In the winter … newborn babe in thin silver backed with resin. The bratteae, which vary from o'05,u to … decouvertes faites a Vichy et en particulier sur des Bracteoles votives d'argent' in the … loc. cit. iv. 245, Corp. inscr. Lat. xiii no. 1496. Similar bratteae in S. Lysons Reliquice … 1 A ^/tfiv'-autonomous copper of Dionysopolis, struck in the time of Alexander

287

eastern side of Lake Askania in Pisidia1, and with Zeus Bdkchos of … in exergue. All within border of dots (Eckhel Doctr. num. vet!1 iii. 150 f., Overbeck Gr. … Burdur in Pisidia, was published by M. Collignon in theBull. Cor. Hell. 1879 iii. 335 no. 3 … a wreath on its left, and a bucraniuni adjoining the inscription in front. This interesting … 2,a(3&i'Los (M. Frankel in Pergamon viii, 1 no. 248, 31 ff. Attalos iii Philometor (138— … 5td ras e£ avrov | yevopLevas 4irL<paveLas o~vyKadLep<2o~aL ttjl NiKTj^dpaji 'AOrjvaL (sc. in the

288

and God-son pass into one another in such a way in the divine tale … among a people, who had already learnt that the Son was in the … wife Theuprepia, erected c. 300 a.d. at Prymnessos (Seu/un) in … In this connexion it is not without significance that P. Aelius Aristides, a native of … 6tl avrbs 6 Zei)s (ty 6 Awvvaos (Aristeid. or. 4. 29 (i. 49 Dindorf)). The allusion is in all … Berlin 1885 (extr. from the AbJi. d. berl. Akad. 1SS4 Phil.-hist. Classe), E. Fabricius in … the same author 's article on Phrygian religion in J. Hastings Encycloptcdia of Religion and … 3 See e.g. Sir W. M. Ramsay The Church in the Roman Empire Befo?-e a.d. ijo

290

The conception of the head as the seat of the soul (E. Bethe in the Rhein. Mas. 1907 … Plin. not. hist. 28. 15, Arnob. adv. nat. 6. 7, Aur. Vict, de vir. ill. 8. 4, interp. Serv. in … Myrina, etc. by A. Mau in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 341 f., from the Scandinavian … 1—9, 13 f., 6r, 51, ii. 107 f., 277, iii. 245—252 with figs. 138 f., and O. Cruppe in Roscher … aavres ci5 bvop.a r)v ev np toitu Rep/aSas, tKpivav. My note on this incident in the Class. Rev. … restores ApKablav for Kapiav, remarking that the name Kep/ei5aj is not found in Raria but … Mec?u[5pc!ets 01 /xeTOLKfjlcravTes e[t]s 'Opxo^evbv bidXovTo to dpyvptov k.t.X. in an Achaean … d'Pnscr. gr. no. 614, 10 = Inscr. Gr. Arc. Lac. A/ess. ii no. 271, 10'OrrXob/uLas (sc. (pvXds) in

291

hand with the thumb and two fingers extended in the attitude … dea \ ' OirXoa jj.Lq, to Hera Aa.Kt.via. Hera ' OirXoa fxia was worshipped in Elis and Triphylia … See further Immerwahr Kult. Myth. Arkad. p. 26 f., O. Jessen in Pauly — Wissowa Real- … 2 On the benedictio Graeca and the benedictio Latina see R. Sinker in Smith—Cheetham … may be seen in the articles here cited. A new, but not very probable, notion was started at … fig ': if so, it was once sexual in character, the thumb perhaps representing the phallos and … corps.' But cp. the words (paivopirjpis and wapatpabecf, vwocpaiveLv as used in the passages … Boisacq Diet. I'tym. de la Langue Gr. p. 924. For rival hypotheses see M. Breal in the … official called the (rvKCHpavrris exhibited a fig in the mysteries of the Phytalidai at 'lepa 2u/c?},

292

Father-god is implied in the cult of Attis. Michael Konstantinos … Arch. 1907 i. 51—57 (id, p. 52 n. 1 in support of S. Reinach : 'I believe we both ventured … muliebre, a meaning which still survives in Turkey).'), P. Girard ' Quelques reflexions sur … 4 Supra i. 399 n. 3. P. Kretschmer Einleitung in die Geschichte der Griechischen … Phrygia (Sir W. M. Ramsay in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1884 v. 260 no. 12 on a small … cp. id. il>. 1884 v. 257 f. no. 8 on a similar stele found in the same place OvXwia 2d|/3(s … Domaszewski in the Arch.-ep. Mitth. r883 vii. 174 f. no. 17 on a white marble altar now … in the earth: P. Kretschmer Einleitung tic. pp. 199, 241 f. renders IIa7r7ra;os by ' Vater,'

293

Attis itself, as A. Fick proved in 18732, was just a pet-name for … Ovpaviav 'A<ppoS'iT7)v, vtrb ~Lkv6Qv. See further Gruppe Cult. Myth, orient. Rel. i. in, … OidXeKTOv ovk 6vop.d'c~ovTes tov debv cos KvpLcp bvbpLaTi tlo llawaiov, Eustath. in II. p. 565, 6 … Braunschweig 1875 ii. 1129, but rightly queried by O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. … printed in Bekker anecd. iii. 1433) and Dryopians (Plout. de and. poem. 6 Apvoires Se … 1 See J. C. E. Buschmann ' Uber den Naturlaut ' in the Abh. d. berl. Akad. 1852 … pendently in the Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 79, supra i. 399 n. 3.

294

After all, the Phrygians were not alone in the belief that a son … sanctioning of an essentially illicit union, but rather—at least in … seems to have occurred in the hymn of the Salii (in Fest. p. 205 a n f. Mtiller, p. 222, … the latter became the name of the great mother-goddess of Asia Minor (W. Drexler in … 3 G. Salmon in Smith—Wace Diet. Chr. Biogr. iii. 93 ff., H. Lietzmann in Pauly— … 5 U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff in Hermes 1902 xxxvii. 329.

295

In thee the Samothracians chant … connexion with the nursery-names "A5a, "A5as, etc. (P. Kretschmer Einleitiuig in die … mystics of a corn-ear reaped in silence (re/, haeres. 5. 8 p. 162 Duncker—Schneidewin … surrounds the name HepaeQbvr]. L. Bloch in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1286 ff. and Gruppe … may be formed like T??Ae-0acrcra for T^Xe-^ctea-ija ; in which case \lepae-tpbvrj might be a … of aweipw, cnrepfia, which appears with loss of initial a in 7rpu>£, irepKvbs, etc. and with … spring and IIepcrec/>a<Tcra, llepcrecpoi't], could mean 'She that appears in Spring.' Cp. Orph.

296

' Hymnorum in Attin fragmenta inedita' in Philoloqus 1848 iii. 247—266, G. Hermann

297

Hadrianic date (fig. 189)1 found during the winter of 1867—1868 in … 1 C. L. Yisconti in the Ann. d. Inst. 1869 xli. 224 ff., A/on. d. Inst, ix pi. 8a, 2 … - On the Dendrophori of Italy and the Latin provinces see F. Cumont in Pauly— … 4 W. Helbig Fiihrer durch die offentlichen Sammlungen klassischer Altertiimer in

298

which is encircled below by five rays (restored in their ancient … a cock in obvious reference to the Gallus or emasculated priest of … 3 C. L. Visconti in the Ann. d. Inst. 1869 xli. -240 ff., Mon. d. Inst, ix pi. 8a, ia, ib

299

in accordance with the Phrygian rite … Go/dm Bough'3: Adonis Attis Osiris3 i. 279 (who notes that the ' urn' is in the Lateran … rightly connect the reeds with the Cannophori (F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … in London' in the Journ. Rom. Stud. 1917 vii. 284 ff. pi. 8. … receptacle (??), set on or in the ground : behind him, his Phrygian cap. On the age and

300

pied by a reclining figure of Attis (cap, lagoboloii). A relief, found in … his head. He has ear-rings, fillets, and a necklace. In his right hand … 3 W. Helbig Fiihrer durch die bffentlichen Sammlungen klassiscker Altertiimer in

301

by another, formerly in the Villa Mattei and now in the Vatican

302

2 See L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pe~t. 1870—-1871 p. 17 ff., Gruppe Gr.

303

Attis in relation to Christianity 303 … A Father manifesting himself anew in the person of his Son, a Son … fastened to the tree, already cites parallels (Firm. Mat. 27. 1 f. in sacris Frygiis, quae … Wachstumsgeistes' [op. citr ii. 295). The latter says : ' The bringing in of the pine-tree … available, at least in the classical area, the tree-spirit was essentially female, being but a … 'The problem of the Bacchae* in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1894 xiv. 244—263, Farnell

304

Attis in relation to Christianity

305

Attis in relation to Christianity 305 … monolith (14^ ft high) still standing S. of the church at Gosforth in Cumberland. A fellow- … stepped base, is circular in section below (40 ins round) but oblong above (6x5 ins) and … catches venom in cup = Satan bound. Odhin on his horse … in point to notice an alternative explanation of the central scene on the eastern face.

306

306 Attis in relation to Christianity … and criobolium2. In all the Zeus-cults of the Mediterranean world … 1 Firm. Mat. 22. 1 nocte quadam simulacrum in lectica supinum ponitur et per … 3 ff. = Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. no. 4127, 3 ff. (Lactora in Aquitania) vires esce|pit Eutyche|tis,

307

Attis in relation to the Dioskouroi 307 … (77) Attis in relation to the Dioskouroi. … v(ir) c(larissimus), causarum non ignobijlis Africani tribunalis orajtor et in consistorio j … taurobolio | criobolioq(ue) in aeterjnum renatus aram sacravit dd(ominis) nn(ostris) … ad nat. 1. 10, Paulin. Nol. poem. tilt. 79 ff. (lxi. 699 A Migne), Aegritudo Perdicae 29 f. (in … Cp. the formula p.adr)Tr)s TroL/j.evos wyvov, which occurs in the epitaph of Alexandras son … London 1889 i. 493 ff., G. Ficker ' Der heidnische Charakter der Abercius Inschrift' in … 2 Aug. in Io. ev. tract. 7. 1. 6 (xxxv. 1440 Migne) quia iam non possunt seducere … romische Welt' in the Neue Jahrb. f. klass. A Iter turn 1909 xxiii. 620 ff.). Synesios in a … 3 A small head of white marble in my possession (figs. 197, 198 : height 5! ins.) gives

308

308 Attis in relation to the Dioskouroi … 1 Haakh 'die Attisbilder auf romischen Grabdenkm'alern' in the Verh. d. 60. Philo- … iii. 63, Haakh loc. cit. p. 181 f. with fig.); (5) A tombstone in the castle of Enseck, which

309

Attis in relation to the Dioskouroi 309 … type of the pensive, torch-bearing Eros common enough in the … (J. Klein in the Bonner Jahrbiicher 1884 Lxxvii. 14—37 pi. 1 = my fig. 199, Reinach Rep. … 1 F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2251.

310

310 Attis in relation to the Dioskouroi … the priest,' who carried on a correspondence with Eumenes ii in

311

Attis in relation to the Dioskouroi 311 … of ten, who are distinguished from the chief priest, is recorded in … 2 E. Thraemer in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 146. … missed the boar and slew Atys. Kroisos in deep distress invoked Zeus Kaddpaios and 'E7r- … ■} H. Stein on Hdt. 1. 43, W. W. How and J. Wells on Hdt. 1. 34, E. Meyer in

312

312 Attis in relation to the Dioskouroi … Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de P Art v. 31 n. 2, W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. … 5 Sir W. M. Ramsay in the Jonrn. Hell. Stud. 1883 iv. 419 ff. no. 33^ [d]ddvaros … a series of three reliefs—above, a radiate head ; in the middle, the rider-god with a … one family, two at least of whom held office as dpx^pevs in some pagan cult. The god … Aacu, Adoi, Daliae (W. Tomaschek in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv. 1945^) ; Daos, the … 6 J. Rendel Harris The Dioscuri in the Christian Legends London 1903 pp. 1 f., 52 f.,

313

enquiry in a somewhat different direction. … I would rather lay stress on the fact that in the Thraco-Phrygian … and the latter Phrygian, that was merely in order to give a rough … 4 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Phrygia p. 74 pi. 10, 1—5 (caps surmounted by stars, in … Herakles, one of the Dioskouroi standing with his horse). B. V. Head in Brit. Mus. … II R. Pettazzoni ' Le origini dei Kabiri nelle isole del mar tracio ' in the Memorie della

314

of the very ancient axe-cult in the northern islands of the Aegean3. … formed the indigenous element of the cult in question. (2) Phoenician merchants brought … 12 L. R. Farnell ' Kabeiroi' in J. Hastings Encyclopadia of Religion and Ethics … 13 Miss J. E. Harrison in The Year's Work in Class. Stud, igij p. 76 f. … was, appears to have equated in a purely mechanical way the early Samothracian triad … 3 I have dealt with the matter in a paper on 'The Cretan Axe-cult outside Crete' in

315

Kepcrr/s- yd/xos (so cod. M. Schmidt cj. ydWos). The Hesycliian glosses were cited in this … Elensis Leipzig 1870 p. 74. G. F. Unger in the Jahrb.f. Philol. u. Pddag. 1887 cxxxv. 57 … god on the occasion of his rebirth ; for the art-type of Eros is the art-type of souls in … Psyche see L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. PJt. 1877 pp. 53—219, A. Furtwangler … Xenoph. 1. 975a 11 ff., Sext. adv. math. 9. 8, Asklepios in Aristot. met. p. 29, 30 ff. … \eyei To^"Epwra, which leaves us in the dark as to Ibykos' view. In Parmenides frag. 13

316

Chthonia, and Eros1, but in a passage of profound significance … Diels ap. Plat. symp. 178 B, Aristot. met. r. 4. 984b 25 ff., Simpl. in Aristot. phys. p. 39, 18 … p. 204 to confuse the goddess in question (whom he regards as the Pythagorean Hestia = the … Aphrodite. His father is Zeus in Eur. Hipp. 534"Epwj, 6 A(6s irals (cp. Ciris 133 ff. sed … see Gruppe Gr. Myth. Pel. p. 1071 11. 1, O. Waser in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. … 2 Pherekyd. frag. 3 Diels ap. Prokl. in Plat. Pirn. ii. 54, 28 ff. Diehl Kai 6 &epeKv5r/s … 3 G. F. Schoemann ' De Cupidine cosmogonico' (Gryphiswaldiae 1852) in his … Chthonia, and Eros1, but in a passage of profound significance … Diels ap. Plat. symp. 178 B, Aristot. met. r. 4. 984b 25 ff., Simpl. in Aristot. phys. p. 39, 18 … p. 204 to confuse the goddess in question (whom he regards as the Pythagorean Hestia = the … Aphrodite. His father is Zeus in Eur. Hipp. 534"Epwj, 6 A(6s irals (cp. Ciris 133 ff. sed … see Gruppe Gr. Myth. Pel. p. 1071 11. 1, O. Waser in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. … 2 Pherekyd. frag. 3 Diels ap. Prokl. in Plat. Pirn. ii. 54, 28 ff. Diehl Kai 6 &epeKv5r/s … 3 G. F. Schoemann ' De Cupidine cosmogonico' (Gryphiswaldiae 1852) in his

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / V: The double Zeus

317

in Od. p. 1632, 8 f. (cod. P. of Macrob. omits Atos. cod. C. of Athen. reads rip 5t5t',uaty … Other Milesian cults recognised Zeus as BoiAaZos (C. Fredrich in Milet ii. 91 ff. … 8paxfJ-ai eKaTov ej38ofj.r]KovTa Tpels, \ rpets ofioXoi, A. Rehm in Milet iii. 200 ff. no. 144 A,

318

of Apollon, who shines with direct rays in the sun, with reflected … duced in support of a twin Zeus. An … a thunderbolt in his right hand and an … 'EoTta? 77\v BovXaiav /ecu rbv ALa xal tt)v 'Adrjvdv ko.1 | rot's aXXoi's deovs in a treaty of … infra § 9 (h) i, and B. Haussoullier ' Le culte de Zeus a Didymes, la Bo^Za' in the … 4 L. Biirchner in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 437.

319

Romans not only for women (A. Furtwangler in the Jourti. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 221, … Lippert and his services to archaeology see C. Justi Winckelmann in Deutschland Leipzig … tion wrapped about his legs, holding Nike in his outstretched right hand and leaning his … pretation of the type correctly described by W. Wroth in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins … fig. 202 is from a specimen in my collection. Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Phrygia p. 300 ff. … A IK6IA) enthroned to left, with kdlatkos, chiton, and himdtion: in her right hand is

320

pi. 8, 26 = my fig. 205). A variant makes Laodikeia hold the statuette in her right hand, … On yet another she is enthroned to left, with the statuette in her right hand and a comu … ment (G. Weber in the Ath. Mitth. 1891 xvi. 144 f. no. r, 13 f. with Ramsay op. cit. i. 50 … G. Macdonald in the Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 490 ff speak of the god as Zeus AaodiKTjvos,

321

who in the two Zeuses detected the reigning pair, Marcus Aurelius … ex voto is best connected with Alt Ladicus in Gallaecia (De Vit Onomasticon iii. 735). … The title 'EttlSottis or 'E7rtciu!t?js (O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 60 f., … inscription copied by E. Falkener in the theatre at Termessos beginning MA PZYA N … 4 E. Klebs in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2431, supra i. 630 n. 6. Aurelius would

322

eared,' in Phrygia5, just as there was a cult of Apollon Tetrdotos in … 3 See e.g. W. H. Roscher's collection of Janiform heads in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. … towvtos u(pdrj rots irepi 'Ap.vK\av ptaxop-evois. Similar statements occur in Diogeneian. 2. 5 … i. 267 ('AwoXXwvos) 38 TeTpaxeipov, H. J. W. Tillyard in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1905- … Xeipos p&av [viKriaas av]\deTo KaXXinpaTr)?. k.t.X. See further O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. … than Ianus were not unknown in southern Sicily (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Sicily p. 186

323

Silver stateres struck by the Celts far up the Danube valley, in … 1 I illustrate two specimens in my collection: (i) P"ig. 207 = obv. Head of Zeus, … Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus pp. 93, 96 f., 104 f. Mtinztaf. j, 21, G. F. Hill in the … Paris 1892 no. 9899 pi. 51 (=my fig. 209) in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris, E. Fiala … with plumed helmet, to right. In front of the horse's nose is P , the last remains of the

324

a god might appear in Roman dress as the Ianus Geminus* of … Wolfsberg at the foot of Mt. Saualpe in Carinthia, now at Klagenfurt) Iano Ge|mino etc.

325

of Monmouth, who died in 11 54 A.D., de- FiS- 2I4- … ' But Cordeilla, now mistress of the helm of state, buried her father in a certain … manuscript in the Welsh tongue lent to him by Walter, archdeacon … adepta sepelivit patrem in quodam subterraneo, quod sub Sora fluvio intra Legecestriam … 7 W. M. Flinders Petrie ' Neglected British History ' in Proceedings of the British … Cambrensis itin. Cambr. 1.1 (p. 349 of Sir R. C. Hoare's trans, in Bell's reprint 1905)

326

buried in a cavern formed below the River Soar at Leicester, and which had … Jano Liro Sacrum1' Recently Miss M. A. Murray in an article of … Zeus and lupiter were seldom, if ever, Janiform in classical art. … Franchises': ' Upon this occasion the artizans of a corporation went in procession, and … 2 M. A. Murray 'Organisations of Witches in Great Britain' in Folk-Loix 1917 xxviii. 2 2 8 ff.

327

in his celestial and chthonian characters, the former mild, the latter … (fig. 215)8 a silver coin of Geta, struck in … servator in a unique numismatic type commemorating the double … Decade Leipzig 1843 P- 4 no- 3 3a anc^ pi* 3b (combined in my pi. xx). The double … 2 Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 91 f. Matz—Duhn Ant. Bildw. in Rom i. 9 no. 32 … 3 See E. Braun op. cit. p. 4. E. Gerhard in the Arch. Zeit. 1850 viii. 137 n. 6 is non- … 7 W. H. Roscher in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. =0 f. … draped standing, spear in right hand, is inscribed iano conservat (Rasche Lex. Num.

328

328 Iupiter and Ianus in the Salian Hymn … as quite obscure2. But in view of our coin it becomes transparently … in the fifth century A.D., but also—to all appearance-—by a Salian … 2 M. Ihm in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1799 ('Zweifelhaft, ob Name eines Gottes... … 1910 p. 42 no. 456 (Tibur) Erchul | sagrum ( = Heradi sacrum). T. Mommsen in Corp. … and P. Lejay in the Rev. Philol. N.S. 1917 xli. 185 ff. … nal avrbs I Xa'P 1 law wpoir&Top, Tied a<p8iTe' xa'p'i vtrcLTe Zed (Prokl. h. 6. 1 ff., 13 ff. in

329

Iupiter and Ianus in the Salian Hymn 329 … Saliarium reliquiis ' = Indices lectionum...in academia Marburgensi...MDCCCXLVII... … (4) E. Bahrens in his edition (Lipsiae 1886) of the Poet. Lot. mitt. vi. 30 frag. 3 … (6) B. Maurenbrecher 'Carminum Saliarium reliquiae' in the Jahrb. f. class. Philol. … The third word in frag. 1 is either adoriso = adorTris or adoriso = adoreris. The frag- … (7) T. Birt in the Rhein. Mus. 1897 lii Erganzungsheft ('Sprach man avrum oder

330

330 lupiter and lanus in the Salian Hymn … (8) G. Hempl ' The Salian Hymn to Janus' in the Transactions and Proceedings of … (9) T. von Grienberger ' Die Fragmente saliarischer Verse bei Varro und Scaurus ' in … *patulad-cb, substantive (Italic masc. uero-, ' door') and adjective in ablative case governed … Wiinsch ~Ka/j.aarjV7)v, interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 8. 330 Camasenae (v.I. Camesenae)). Or,

331

as from c. 338 B.C. onwards1, both in its original form as a pound of … had that of Iupiter. Similarly in the Romano-Campanian series of … (corrupted in Varro's text by Grecism and rhotacism) might have run : … 1 See now H. A. Grueber in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Coins Rep. i p. xix ff. … (weight io6-594 grammes). Fig. 221 is from a specimen in the Fitzwilliam Museum … in the Fitzwilliam Museum (weight 112'9 grammes). … 6 Figs. 237—239 are from specimens in my collection (weights 6*51, 6-15, 5*98

335

gods, whom the Romans in their language termed Penates3.' With … opinion5. But M. Valerius Messalla, consul in 53 B.C. and an augur … might pass from a belief in Ianus as the sky to a belief in Ianus as … 4 Varro ap. Aug. de civ. Dei 7. 28 ut in superioribus initium fecimus a caelo, cum … 7 See also Arnob. adv. fiat. 3. 29 cited infra p. 336 n. 10, interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. … Funaioli ap. Macrob. Sat. 1. 9. 13), interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 7. 610 alii Ianum aerem

336

yawning void1. Others, under the influence of Orphism2, saw in him … 3 Vettius Agorius Praetextatus (who died in 384 a.d. : see M. Schanz Geschichte der … 7 Serv. in Verg. Aen. 7. 607 nam alii eum diei dominum [vel auctorem] volunt, in quo … omnium ingressus tenentem; in ditione autem Iunonis sunt omnes Kalendae, unde et … Ianum, Serv. in Verg. Aen. 7. 607 = Myth. Vat. 3. 4. 9 cited infra n. 10. … natur = Myth. Vat. 3. 4. 9 quem tamen alii totius anni dominum volunt, quem in quatuor … Ausonius even uses Iani in the sense of anni (Auson. lib. de fastis concl. r. 7 p. 194

337

assume—as, I think, we are justified in assuming—that Ianus, like … 4 Varr. de ling. Lat. 7. 27 ab eadem voce canite, pro quo in Saliari versu scriptum … best books in existence on the religion of Rome, comments : ' The phrase " Deorum" or … regum. The fact is, these cumulative expressions are found, not merely with adjectives in

338

re (pywv, on which I have said my say in The Metaphysical Basis of Plato's Ethics Cam- … first marginal region marked on the bronze liver found near Piacenza in 1877 (id. pi. 1) … Stuttgart 1877 ii. 470ff.) and the Latin Anius, later Annius (see now E. Klebs in Pauly— … be regarded as an Etruscan form of the Ianus Gemmus worshipped in the same district … linis vocabulum graecum [alteram], alteram latinum et hinc quod luna in altitudinem et

339

Funaioli ap. Prob. in Verg. eel. 6. 31 p. 354 f. Lion Varro etiam in Logistorico, quern … as an Etrusco-Roman moon-goddess (in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1011). [On the convex … 5 G. Wissowa in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 325 f. shows that this form of the name … (so G. Merula in the ed. princ. 1472, for Ianam) lunam et crescentem et contra senes- … G. Wissowa in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 326 and in his Eel. Kult. R'dmr … rum fecit, in [ qua sepelliri non licet.

340

a word familiar to us in the phrase sub dw1, 'under the open sky2.' … exorabat. Ille autem causam perscrutans, ut erat Yir Deo plenus, & in omnibus per- … parallele Erweiterung *ie-/io- moglicherweise in got.7V;- "Jahr" usw., s. Aomus).' … In accordance with these views Sir W. Ridgeway Who -were the Romans ? p. 11 f. asserts : … (3) that his cult was partially fused with that of Iupiter, ' who was already in possession

341

(Ian)2 in the Salian hymn. In our search for a Greek equivalent we … introduced the custom of keeping the gate of Ianus always open in war-time—a very … implies the fusion of two gods, are we to explain in the same way the double face of … :J Sir W. Ridgeway 'Who were the Dorians?' in Anthropological Essays presented to … Nom. sing. Zav Aristoph. av. 570 fipovTaroo vvv 6 /xeyas Zav (cp. Eustath. in II. p. 436,

342

added in the margin of Anth. Pal. 7. 746 by L2 x p-eyaa Keirai (3ova … in Eteocretan as in Greek'). The importance of this fragment was … et sepultum, adque in fidem mendacii ostendunt tumulum et lapidem sub … Zava (sc. Euhemeros) and schol. in Tzetz. alleg. II. 4 in Cramer anecd. … Kal "Hpav. But F. Blass in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.-Inschr. iii. 2. … KT'ANI or KAT'HI, the schedae Ursini as printed in the Appendix … A. Nauck, W. Dindorf, though codd. M.V.P. and Eustath. in II.

343

(cp. Prokl. in Plat. Tim. i. 199, 3 Diehl 6 Zavbs wvpyos, ii. 106, 22 … Ovbaiw Zavl (sc. Plouton) dv-rjiroXlyv, an epigram in Diod. [I. 14 (quoted … Acc. plur. Zavas Macrob. Sal. 3. 7. 6 ff. veteres nullum animal sacrum in finibus suis … cj. £bavas (for £bava !). F. Liebrecht in Philologus 1865 xxii. 709 f. cj. … dubitabant, sic animas, quas sacras in caelum mitti posse arbitrati sunt … and Antoninus Pius Zavl, Roman empresses in general may well have

344

can be traced most clearly in Crete, where he bore the title Me'gas, … when in his Birds he makes Euelpides ejaculate : … vtto Fioiwruiv Kal Aevs sal AdV = Eustath. in Od. p. t387, 27ft. Kal on rroXXais evdeiais … 7Av (added by A. Lentz from Eustath. in Od. p. 1387, 28, in II. p. 114, 3 cited supra and … 13 ff. Lentz) = LA.C. 'Anecdota Barocciana' in The Philological Miisewn Cambridge … ixerayevearepoi AtoXets trpeipav Zavbs /cat Zdv /cat 'in fierayeviffrepoi ol "luves 81a tov … a eis rj rpeTTovo-l, rb yap (A. Lentz inserts here the Yctp which in the ms. stands between … 3 G. Legerlotz ' Die wurzel div ocler dyu (brennen, leuchten) im griechischen' in the … 5 H. Usener ' Zwillingsbildung' in the Strena Helbigiana Lipsiae 1900 p. 321 ( — id.

345

Again, the famous tomb in Crete was inscribed with an epitaph … and in historical times involved an annual festival, at which the … part of their mystic rites. When, therefore, the watchman in the … come down to us in two versions : … £Kepvo(p6p'rj<ra " (nepvos 8£ rd Xlkvov ijyovv to ittvov ecrriv [but see L. Couve in Daremberg— … account of Indian drums in Souid. s.v. rvp-irava), which was probably credited with the

346

die Dionysiaka des JVouuus von Panopolis Halle 1853 p. 19 n. 2, O. Jahn in the Ber. … mystics drank. I would support his conjecture by pointing out that in Kypros a breast- … also recorded among articles of silver in the temple-inventories of Delos (T. Homolle in … 93 fiao-Tol Al) and Oropos (B. I. Leonardos in the 'E<p. 'Apx- 1889 p. 2 ff. no. 26, 11 … B. Keil ' Ein Silberinventar des Amphiaraos von Oropos ' in Hermes 1890 xxv. 598—623). … B 375—B 377, E. Pettier in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 1625 fig. 4856 a black- … insulae Rhodiorum, in quo Helena sacravit calicem ex electro ; adicit historia, mammae … vgl. Ed. pr. [ = C. Blinkenberg 'La chronique du temple lindien ' in the Bulletin de

347

in D. G. Rossetti's Troy Town) and sometimes certain … according to O. Kern in Hermes 1914 xlix. 480) ; but the

348

with the tomb of Zeus in Crete2. And a copper coin of Bouthroton, … or an ox-head4. The ox indeed played a part in the foundation- … in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 1084 f. and H. Kiepert Formae orbis dntiqui Berlin … AevxaXiuvos ko.To.k\vo-p.bv = Souid. s.vv. Bovx^ra and Qipiv (in both passages reading

349

the cow of Ilos at Troy1 or the ' Adiounian bull' in Crete2. It seems … a name reappearing in the Zanes of Olympia5. When Zdn had … 2 Supra i. 468 n. 8, 635. See further G. F. Hill in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1916 xxxvi. … c L. Cohn in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 221. … 17 See further F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Intern. d'Arch. Num. 1898 i. 26, 28 ff. … forward by S. Reinach ('La mort du grand Pan' in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1907 xxxi. … out, the precise epithet iravfxiyas is not known to occur as a divine appellative except in

350

the god (*Djan, Zan) has survived in the modern Jdnina2 is, I fear, … zum Tod des grossen Pan' in the Wiener Studien 1916 xxxviii. 343—376. … 3 See W. M. Leake Travels in Northern Greece London 1835 lv- r30 'To. 'Iwdvviva, as … 1843 p. 32 n. 27 and K. W. Dindorf in Stephanus Thes. Gr. Ling. ii. 1595 c accept … eudiavbv (pdpfiaKov avpdv. In Pyth. 5. 10 J. G.J. Hermann and A. Boeckh read evdiavbs … 6 R. Meister 'liber die Namen : " Aiwvtj, Zrjv, Zdv"' in the Ber. sacks. Gesellsch. d. … und vor t) in Aiaiva, (2) 5^-d^- (d.i. urspr. di-n-, ebenso vor Vocalen und vor i) in Zd^-, … Bildung von diesem schwachen Stamm 5u-av- wiirden wir in diaivw "befeuchte " vor uns

351

In Zds, the form of Zeus used by Pherekydes of Syros1 and … in den Text seiner Ausgabe aufgenommen zu haben. 1st dieser Lesart zu vertrauen, so … Herodian. 7rept povypovs Xe£ews 6, 16 (ii. 911, 8 f. Lentz) = Eustath. in Od. p. 1387, 28 … 19 Lentz) Zds Zdi'ros, Herodian. 7rept 6vop.aTuv (ii. 617, 37 Lentz) = Choirobosk. in … ZeO cod.) Zdvros, Herodian. 7rept /cXtcrews ovopaTuv (ii. 648, 32 Lentz) = Choirobosk. in … Lentz) = Choirobosk. in Theodos. can. masc. ro (i. 214, 10 Hilgard) Zds ZavTos, Herodian.

352

1 P. Kretschmer in O. Kern De Orphei Epimenidis Pherecydis theogoniis quaestiones … Ex Zijv et ZdVa compluribus in dialectis novus accusativus Z^a (cf. cret. A-^pa, Tijva, … pp. 427, 1114 n. 1 that Pherekydes saw in the name an allusion to the 'life' of the world … Atas see H. W. Stoll in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1011 f. and P. Natorp in Pauly—Wissowa

353

persisted in Crete down to modern times. The peasant of Anogeia … in the prayers and invocations of the Romans", while Zan was never … peoples to the cult of this great deity, we must keep in mind the … 3 Serv. in Verg. eel. 8. 30 Dion rex Laconiae fuit, qui habuit uxorem Iphiteam … 6 See e.g. W. H. Roscher in his Lex. Myth. ii. 39, Wissowa Rel. Knit. Rom* p. 103 f.,

354

circle of the sky2,' offering sacrifice to him whom they called in the … A parallel to the Cretan sacrament may be found in a Paris papyrus … In the Italian area the representation of the sky-god was … Possibly Zan was at one time worshipped in Samos, the original home of Pythagoras.

355

the god he worshipped present in his midst. So, if the god he … The archway of Ianus in all probability forms part of the back- … p. 126. Cp. B. R. Burchett Jantis in Roman Life and Cult Menasha, Wisconsin 191N … So fniivft fid; and; tic (Stnfutyrung femes Dtenftes in Stem an ten ©au res Ianus geminus auf … 5 E. Brizio in the Ann. d. Inst. 1872 xliv. 314!., Mon. d. Inst, ix pi. 47 (a photograph, … ' an arch which has not been identified, and which was probably destroyed in the altera-

356

pegli anni i8ji—18J2 Roma 1873 (see H. Jordan in the Jahresbericht iiber die Fort- … 2 Schol. Cruq. Hor. sat. 2. 3. 18 Iani autem statuae tres erant, una in ingressu fori,

358

152, 154, 155, 158—162, R. Weil in Baumeister Denkm. i. 235 fig. 206, Stevenson— … 14S—151, 153, 156, 157, 163—177. Figs. 250, 251 are from specimens in my collection. … 5 This appears from an interesting description in Prokop. tie bell. Goth. t. 25 (cp.

359

P. Graef1, who, in a list large but by no means exhaustive, enumerates … the old Roman ianus*. Frothingham argued {a) that in early days, … - The arch of Saint Remy, the ancient Glanum in Gallia Narbonensis, probably com- … 5 G. Spano ' L'origine degli archi onorari e trionfali romani' in Neapo. is 1903 i. 144 ff.

360

gates in a fortified wall, but arches built outside to commemorate … lineage traced by Frothingham, we must surely admit that in point … arch (fig. 252)4. Accordingly, I should conjecture5 that in its signifi- … erected at Oea in Tripolitana (Tripoli) by C. Calpurnius Celsus and dedicated by Ser. … plan, and restored elevation of the so-called ianus Quadrifrons in the Forum Boarium at

361

behind them a long classical history, in which religious beliefs no … Diet. Rom. Coins p. 77 fig. Fig. 253 is from a specimen in my collection : obv. … for Trajan in his own Forum during the year 116 A. D. Excavations in 1594 (F. Yacca … and sculptural fragments, under the old church of S. Maria in Campo Carleo, which in … The assumption, disputed by E. Petersen in the Rom. Mitth. 1889 iv. 314 ff. but reaffirmed … the coin illustrated in my fig. 254 as the Arch of Trajan in regio i recorded by the curiosum

362

beneath, or in close connexion with, an arcuated structure. The … ing walls. On a copper of Gallienus struck at Synnada in Phrygia

363

an arch with twisted columns. Others agrain from Po^la in Pisidia … that the gateway or arch, so noticeable a feature in the old-fashioned … be seen in ancient Rome, the Tigillum Sororium or 'Sister's Beam'1,' … no. 744 a. Fig. 256 is from a specimen in my collection. … Caesar. B. V. Head in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins locc. citt. and in his Hist, num.- p. 686 … H. Usener ' Zwillingsbildung' in the Strena Helbigiaua Lipsiae 1900 p. 320 ( = id. Kleine … Berlin 1907 i. 3. 322 f., W. F. Otto ' Rbmische " Sondergbtter " ' in the Rhein. Mus.

364

pass under it as under a yoke1. This beam, adds Livy'2, was kept in … vir. ill. 4. 5—9, schol. Bob. in Cic. pro Mil. 7 p. 63, 4 ft". Hildebrandt. … schol. Bob. in Cic. pro Mil. 7 p. 64, 2 ff. Hildebrandt. … u Cp. Schol. Bob. in Cic. pro Mil. 7 p. 64, 2 ff. Hildebrandt. … 11 G. B. De Rossi in the Bull. d. Inst, i860 p. 71 ff. with fig.

365

Sky2. Ianus the celestial roof was, in fact, fitly embodied in the … five cubits high, which looked east and west in the ianus Geminus of … In Folk-Lore 1905 xvi. 279 n. 6 I mistakenly inferred from this passage that Iupiter … speaks of ' ceremonies in honor of Jupiter Tigillus and Juno Sororia.' But the phrase

366

lion (fig. 261)2 and coins (figs. 262, 263)3 of Commodus. In respect of … brass' of similar types belonging to Mr C. T. Seltman; fig. 263, from another in my

367

on two Corinthian columns (fig. 264)1. Similarly in modern Hindu … ( — my fig. 264). Height 7^ inches. In neither publication does Mr H. B. Walters give … - Figs. 265 and 266 are from two alabaster carvings in my possession. Height: 6}if ins.

368

specimen in my collection. … on their denarii, and since both of them appear to have originated in Tusculum (for the … 3 Arnob. adv. nat. 3. 29 Ianum, quem ferunt Caelo atque Hecata procreatum in Italia

369

(figs. 269, 270)1—a point in which they agree with the contemporary … fig. 269) in the Museo Kircheriano weighing 270-i5 grammes and pi. 36, 3 ( = my fig. 270)

370

the Carthaginians in the Hannibalic war (216—211 B.C.)*give the … dating of these coins is due to P. Gardner in the AJitm. Chron. Third Series 1884 iv. … collection. The medallion was struck in 187 A.D., and shows the god with apaludamentum … no. 717 fig. These medallions were struck in 187 A.D.

371

found in the action of Sex. Pompeius Magnus Pius, the younger son … out one of his medallions (fig. 276), a bronze piece in the cabinet at … a specimen in my collection. … head in an oak-wreath, rev. the heads of his father and brother confronted (Morell. op. cit. … 3 E. Gerhard in the Arch. Zeit. 1861 xix. 137 pi. 147, 8 (=my fig. 276) and 9 with

372

first struck by Antoninus Pius in 158 A.D. (fig. 2'jjY and sub- … formerly in the Stroganoff, latterly in the Evans collection. … bulla), E. Gerhard in the Arch. Zeit. 1861 xix. 137 pi. 147, 6 and 7 with comments by … in Midler—Wieseler Denkm. d. alt. Kunst ii. 4. 65 pi. 74, 960 and in the Arch. Zeit. loc. cit. … jeune empereur' is justly ridiculed by F. Wieseler in the Arch. Zeit. loc. cit. ; but his own

373

him with thunderbolt in lieu of sceptre (fig. 279)1. The symbolism … same four pass in gracious procession over the … the god, brought from Falerii in 241 B.C. and … rom?vi\. 291 no. 474 fig. 'Jupiter.' This specimen is struck in two metals, yellow and … in silver, fourrie) by a beardless, semi-draped figure (saec • avr) standing within a hoop … 4 Serv. in Verg. Aen. 7. 607 and 12. 198, Macrob. Sat. 1. 9. 13, Lyd. de mens. 4. 1 … Alterthum Berlin 1885 i. 2. 449 with n. 18, W. H. Roscher in his Lex. Myth. ii. 25 f., 28, … ignores the third face of the god, though it is clearly enough shown in early publications

374

374 Ianus bifrontal in ritual … first day of the month (sc. January) there goes in procession no less a personage … the passage lies in its record of a Ianus-mask. And of this there is … grotesque little figure is clad in a close-fitting fleecy costume, pre- … Circumcision, or New Year's Day, the early Christians ran about masked, in imitation … denounced by Christian writers of s. iv—v : Io. Chrys. horn, in kalendas (xlviii. 953— … s M. Mayer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1495 ff., 1546 ft

375

Ianus bifrontal in ritual … 1 O. Benndorf ' Rilievo di Anagni con rappresentanza dei Salii' in the Ann. d. Inst.

376

Ianus bifrontal in ritual … Saliaria, quae a Saliis sacerdotibus componebantur, in universos homines (C. O. Miiller … rbmiscketi Republik Wien 1897 p. 233 pi. 10, 244) of thegeus Sanquinia, struck in 12 b.c., … Denarii of Domitian, struck in 88 a.d., represent one of the Salii, with plumed helmet,

377

Ianus bifrontal in ritual 377 … as a mere head-dress3, which is specially mentioned in connexion … statuettes, discovered at Cortona in 1847 ar>d preserved in the Museo … other with one hand resting on the hip and the other extended in a … marem caedito (but see W. H. Roscher in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 40), Iuv. 6. 385 ff. … multas res in se antiquas habet, aedes sanctasque caerimonias supra modum. nullus … r879 iii. 48 f. nos. 53, 54, id. in Etruskische Forschungen und Studien Stuttgart 1882 ii. 95

378

bear dedicatory inscriptions in the Etruscan language. But, whereas … parts of Ianus (Culsansf and Hercules in some forgotten drama. … And here I shall avail myself at once of an obiter dictum in Sir … has a statue made with two faces and sets it up in a corner of her house....This … - G. Herbig in J. Hastings Encyclopcedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1912

379

duplicated in the same manner. Argos, who in his earliest form … and ap. Tzetz. in exeg. II. p. 153, 2iff. Hermann (printed after G. Hermann's ed. of … 3 O. Jahn in the Bull. d. Inst, 1839 p. 21, E. Vitet in the Rev. Arch. U846 p. 308 ff. … Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 476 f. Atlas pi. 7, 9, K. Blondel in Daremberg—Sagiio Diet. Ant. … 4 G. Minervini ' Argo bifronte, dipinto di un vaso di Puglia' in the Bull. Arch. Arap.

380

dresses him in a short chitdn with ornamental borders and a lion- … figured stdmnos in the Ciai collection at Chiusi as a winged man, … 1845 iii- 72—76 pi. 4 ( = my fig. 287), E. Vitet in the Rev. Arch. 1846 p. 308 ff. fig. 1 … 4 K. B. Stark ' Borea ed Orizia' in the Ann. d. Inst, i860 xxxii. 320—345 pi. L—M … L. Stephani Boreas und die Boreaden St.-Petersbourg 1871 p. 12 n. 1 prefers to see in it

381

Such cases cannot be sharply separated from others, in which the

382

bifrontal type was appropriate to Hermes2, a god who in many … grave cast at Volaterrae in Etruria after c. 350 B.C. have for obverse … Stuart Jones Cat. Sculpt. Mus. Capit. Rome p. 119 no. 46 b pi. 24, F.Thraemer in Roscher … fig., S. Eitrem in Pauly—Wissowa Real-E7ic. viii. 706. Height 47 mill.

383

of value3. Coins of Telamon in … 6 W. H. Roscher in his Lex. Alyth. ii. 28, 51.

384

of the divine Sky, or at least stood in such a relation to him that … lichkeit hat die vom Verf. in der ersten Ausgabe [1854] vorgetragene Ableitung von ep/xa, … developed in Greek a meaning similar to that of its Irish congener farr, ' column, pillar' … stone or marble herm {e.g. E. Gerhard ' Ueber Hermenbilder auf griechischen Vasen' in … J. B. Bury (in the Beitrdge zur kunde der indogermanischen sprac/ien [892 xviii. 295), … tQp TeTe\evTT)koto)v Kopifeiv). Fick remarks that Hermes in //. 24. 397 feigns to be the … dcd-KTopos had the force of' Spender, Geber,' 5ia- denoting transference as in 8^dj3o\os,

385

Hellenistic date, he has a wide hat on his head and a long staff in … the staff, which he carried in his right hand'2.' Again, a brown sard … ob sie mit der Bezeichnung " durch den Glanz totend," "in dem Glanze totend " etwas … has appeared in Glotta 1919 x. 45—49. Kretschmer holds that '' Apyeicpbvrris is metri

386

asses of Ouxenton (Ugento) in Calabria (fig. 294)l. Now R. Eisler … rod Qeou with S. Havercamp ad loc, Theodoret. quaest. in Exodum 60 (lxxx. 285 B … Germanische Mythologie Berlin 1891 pp. 90, 231, 235, 253, E. Mogk in the Grundriss

387

entiated. And this differentiation may vary much in its degree. … Thus a double herm to be seen in the Museo Capitolino at Rome4 … A bronze in the Museum at Cassel shows a nude youth of effeminate aspect holding … fig. 295), A. Nibby in F. A. Visconti—G. A. Guattani Museo Chiaramonti aggiunto al

388

by a double bust in the Vaticans. Another bust … ivy11. Yet another, in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge, shows … and bearded Satyr; rev. I 2 AO or OA£l two amphorae placed in opposite directions, … 15 F. Diirrbach in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 122 fig. 3802, S. Eitrem in Pauly— … He concludes, however, in favour of Herakles plus Hermes, two sons of Zeus presiding … S. Eitrem in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 707. … and Ceres'), A. Michaelis Ancient Marbles in Great Britain Cambridge 1882 p. 258

389

two personages likely to be associated in memory. For example, … double herm was acquired by E. Gerhard in Rome (1841).

390

in the latter part of the sixth century B.C. Athenian potters were

391

for the double herms of Dionysos and Ariadne so common in … 1 ft. 2 ins. Restored: the nose-tips), A. Michaelis Ancient Marbles in Great Britain

392

couples soon joined in—Hermes with Hestia1, Priapos with a … that represented in primis by a double herm found during the exca- … ( = my fig. 300) an Egyptising herm of black marble in the Egyptian Museum of the … SACR • DIAN in reddened lettering.

393

now preserved in the Capitoline Museum (pi. xxiii, i—3)2. Both … In 1885 G. Fiorelli described it as a double Bacchic herm3, pre- … In 1886 Helbig proposed to regard them as personifications of the … 1 L. Morpurgo in Ausonia 1909 iv. 124. … i. 331 f. no. 451, id. Fiihrer durch die bffentlichen Sammluiigen klassischer Altertiimer in … 3 G. Fiorelli in the Not. Scavi 1885 p. 479 ('un' erma bacchica doppia'). … Dianaheiligtum in Nemi' in the Vei-h. d. 40. Philologenversamml. in Gorlilz 1889 p. 159 … cento nuptialis 360 epist. p. 207, 28 ff. Peiper ne in sacris et fabulis aut Thyonianum

394

spirit. In 19051 I was still disposed to think that Virbius in Italy, … haunted by the dread of sudden attacks. In 19083 Sir James Frazer, … - Vibius Sequester, who in s. iv—v wrote for his son Virgilianus a guide to the geo- … cj. in agro Ariciae for Laconices, and brackets Virvinus L^aconices as a meaningless … of springs and wells, father also of the river Tiber (interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 8. 330) … drove them back (Ov. met. 14. 778 ff., fast. 1. 259 ff., Serv. in Verg. Aen. 1. 291, Macrob.

395

Perhaps...the candidate for the priesthood at Nemi chewed oak-leaves in order … Later in 190S1 Prof. Granger returned to the charge. Sir James … 1 F. Granger ' The leafy bust at Nemi' in the Class. Rev. 1908 xxii. 217. … has been published by A. W. Sijthoff in Scato de Vries Codices Graeci et Latini photo- … nascitur ubique in planis aquosis.

396

manu et in sublime tolli; siccari in … hieras botanes' in J. C. G. Ackermann Parabilium … Here it is in point to observe that both Pliny and Dioskorides compare the leaves of

397

mann (in the Abh. d. berl. Akad. 1S19 p. 209 — id. Mythologus Berlin 1829 ii. 152), … dialect, as in Mercurius beside the Praenestine Mircurios, Mirqurios (Walde Lat. etym.

398

Finally, in 19091 Miss L. Morpurgo published a minute investigation … L. Morpurgo in the Mon. d. Line. 1903 xiii. 356 n. 9), Sir James Frazer had rendered … 1 L. Morpurgo ' La rappresentazione figurata di Virbio' in Ausonia 1909 iv. 109—127 … Fiihrer durch die offentlichen Sammlungen klassiseher Altertinner in Rom3 Leipzig 1912

399

same personages ; (2) that those personages, as I conjectured in … 5 L. Morpurgo ' La rappresentazione figurata di Virbio ' in Ausonia 1909 iv. 122 (cp, … lived in s. vi (?) a. d., was sun and pupil of the Latin grammarian Adamantius: see

400

double bust is decorated, not, as Helbig suggested in 18851, with fins … Tullius on the Aventine7, whose slopes in early days were shaded … 9 Cic. de har. rcsp. 32 maximum et sanctissimum Dianae sacellum in Caeliculo. … facing the spectator, with lion-skin on his left arm, apples (restored) in his left hand, and … Iuliano, |! Iovi | Caelio, || Genio | Caeli Montis || Anna sacrum. C. L. Visconti in the … Reinach Rep. Reliefs iii. 200 no. 3 is silent. Possibly in the oak planted near Iupiter

401

{Corp. inscr. Lat. iii no. 1948 (Salonae in Dalmatia) Iovi O(pt)imo | Maximo | Celesli … Caelestino, Fontibus, et | Minervae, et collegio | sanctissimo, quod consis|tit in praedis

402

more is known, presumably stood in some relation to the Querquetulanae Virae described … Virae—three statues in the form of archaistic Caryatids supporting a beam or stand, from … in my collection). Nevertheless this popular explanation (O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. … 1 Fagus — <p-q-yb%. Several altars dedicated to a god Fagus have come to light in … (found in the same neighbourhood as nos. 223, 224) Fago deo | Pompeia | C. filia j

403

called Corne near Tusculum, where Diana was worshipped in a … peras, | hormis au hetre.' | 'Eh bien je le deracinerai.']. In the Luxemburg Ardennes … Lyrics London 1884 p. 250). A list of 253 trees venerated in the department of Oise, … Paul, ex Fest. p. 87, 6 Mtiller, p. 77, 13 f. Lindsay Fagutal sacellum Iovis, in quo fuit … 1 Plin. nat. hist. 16. 242 est in suburbano Tusculani agri colle, qui Corne appellatur, … on the enormous size of beech-trees in the lowlands of Latium. Nevertheless it is simply … pouring wine over it,—unless he in some sense identified the tree with the goddess … Rome London 1901 p. 205 ft".), Passienus Crispus, his brother-in-law and intimate (Suet.

404

homes was Mount Algidus in Latium3, where oaks and holm-oaks … In passing I may observe that this association of Diana with the … custom ; on the other hand that Passienus Crispus hailed from Vitellia (in Suet. v. Pass. … 1 E. II. Bunbury in Smith Diet. Geogr. ii. 1207, P. Paris in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. … Append. N init.). F. Buecheler in the Rhein. Mas. 1884 xxxix. 421 f. connects tifata … 3 E. H. Bunbury in Smith Diet. Geogr. i. 103, P. Paris in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. … 4 Hor. od. 3. 23. 9 f., 4. 4. 57 f., cp. od. 1. 21. 5 f. and Stat. silv. 4. 4. 16. When in

405

nected with the oak. The Amazons, when they founded the cult in … Gerhard Ant. Bildw. p. 359 pi. in, 4, T. Schreiber Die hellenistischen RelieJ bilder … Moellendorff still retains in his text the impossible reading of the manuscripts) ■ reXeaev … oak had long since decayed, whereas in later days the city (presumably one quarter of it) … The scientific excavation of the Artemision, commenced by Mr Hogarth in 1904, has … which amplified these central structures and united them in one platform, in a manner … W. R. Lethaby ' The earlier temple of Artemis at Ephesus ' in the Joum. Hell. Stud.

406

printed in extenso by O. Benndorf in the Forschangen in Ephesos Wien 1906 i. 237—274 … in numismaia turn Ephesia, turn … three stags in the top row on

407

and encloses a relief of two Victories, with palms in … Below the breasts the body is enclosed in a kind of … horizontally, on each side and in front, into five com- … of four steps. The base grows larger in size at the … wear a long chiton and hiniation, which in the right- … but the hand is restored. There is a similar base in … only), Reinach Rep. Stat. ii. 321 no. 4 (text erroneous). W. Amelung in the Jahresh.

408

the absence of the turrets by citing one of Raphael's painted pilasters in the Gallery of … from quitting her temple (M. Collignon ap. F. Cumont in the Comptes rendus de VAcad, … e?up. rom." i. 273 no. 1 fig.) or on coppers of Kadoi in Phrygia issued under the name of … of her, appears in the midst of four river-gods Maiandros (MAI), Marsyas (SAM), … of Neapolis in Samaria, struck by Faustina Iunior, on which the goddess has a head-dress

409

Cults in the Graeco-A'oman Age London 1912 p. 6 f. fig. 9 (extr. from the Proc. Brit. … e.g. on a bronze coin of Ephesos struck by Domitian (T. Schreiber in the Arch. Zeit.

410

in the Museum at Syracuse (L. Stephani ' Ueberein Ephesisches Amulett' in the Melanges … Heim ' Incantamenta magica graeca latina' in the Jahrb. f. class. Philol. Suppl. 1893 xix. … that the whole type current in Roman times was descended from that of the rrbrvia d-qpQiv, … to the Greeks as TroXvpLaaros and to the Romans as multimammia (Hieron. in Paul, ad … in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 2335). But Artemis bore the title Xtrw^t; (Kallim. … (Athen. 629 e) : see further T. Schreiber in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 572 f., K. Wernicke … 1272 n. 7, 1295 n. 1. The epithet Xltwvt), Xirojvla, popularly derived from x'™*7, was in

411

black with pitch-pines and leaves of the evergreen oak1.' But in … ciated with the oak-tree. A. Wilhelm6 in 1902 drew attention to a … in Attike or in Ionia. Perhaps we may assume that it marked the site of the new settle- … J. N. Svoronos in the 'Ecp. 'Apx- 1889 p. ior pi. 2, 23. Cp. the type of Diana Nenw- … 6 A. Wilhelm in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1902 v. 133 (publication by J. … another diaaos, that of the Spoiocpopoi or 'oak-bearers ' (P. Perdrizet in the Bull. Corr. Hell.

412

son of Hippokrates, on Skirophorion 8 in the archonship of Lykeas, … shield-like tetradrachms issued in Makedonia from 158 to 149 B.C.2? … Statius not only makes Atalantc dedicate a choice oak to her in … these issues see H. Gaebler 'Zur Miinzkunde Makedoniens iii' in the Zeitschr. f. Nam. … specimen in the British Museum. … Delia). In 591 C. von Barth cj. vix radiis locus. But Statius may have been thinking of … picea cedroque (so O. Muller for piceae cedrique vulg.) et robore in omni j effictam

413

into the sea and lay buried in the precinct of his goddess5. Saron, … tnatik* Miinchen 1913 p. 84), et. gen. in E. Miller Melanges de littcfrature grccque Paris … aaptoviBes, ai Koi\ai bpvts ( = Favorin. lex. p. 1636, 34). The word occurs in an elegiac … of deity with plant-form in a cult-title was rare. Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 4 … p. 26 f.. cp. id. Lakon. Ktilte p. 125 n. 3 and in the Festschrift fur Otto BenndorfWien … is a good parallel in Paus. 8. 22. 9. … 6 So at least I have argued in the Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 370, cp. O. Hbfer in Roscher … rectangular block inscribed in archaistic lettering of s. iv a.d. or later 'Apr^ii/xtros | 'Zapw-

414

(Steph. Byz. s.v. Zdpuv ■ tottos Tpoiffivos) or river-name (Eustath. in Dionys. per. 420 fj airb … p. 227, O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 388 (but see ib. p. 389). Artemis Sapwius, … oapbbvwv to Xen. In Poll. 5. 31 G. Jungermann notes the manuscript reading aapduves … on the western side of the Bosporos in the bay called Bathykolpos, the modern Boyukdere … see further the excellent article of O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 387—389. … Atlas, (5) 'Aertos, son of "Avdas, in whose reign Troizen and Pittheus, the s^ns of Pelops,

415

the oak had given place to the olive. In Pausanias' time a certain … Olive, was held to be the tree in which Hippolytos' reins had got

416

Apulian krater from Ruvo, now in the British Museum (fig. 322)6, … (Paus. 1. 30. 6, 2. 32. 5 : see further O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 1532 f.). … 6 Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iv. 136 ff. no. F 279, T. Panofka in the Arch. Zeit. 1848 ii.

417

supposes the sacred oak of Artemis. In any case Hippolytos and … again as Virbius in Diana's grove at Nemi1. His tragic death and … It is clear, then, that Diana in Italy and Artemis in Greece were … talised his opinion in that amazing monument of helpful research, … Greek Tragedy in the light of Vase Paintings London 1898 pp. 108—112 fig. 15. My … in her sanctuary. The Vestal fire at Rome was fed with oak-wood (Golden Bough*: The … the Beautiful ii. 284 f., 315). Serv. in Verg. Aen. 6. 136 quotes as a popular belief

418

hold that the evidence is incomplete; but I believe that I am in a … who lived in Italy from 1776 to 1799, describes the lake-side and … It occurred to me at once that the tree in question might be the … Description of Latium was Miss E. C. Knight, on whom see Dr R. Gamett's article in

419

woodland king having been replaced in popular memory by the … enough modern ideas to hold everything old in detestation.' But a … capable of containing twenty-five people in the hollow of its trunk, and it is said … Esposizione della Croce on Sept. 24, a day which was celebrated in antiquity as Augustus' … successu temporis in tantam molem excrevisse. Sed sinamus indigenis plus aequo credulis … albero per la sua mole portentoso si e mantenuto in piedi sino a nostri giorni, e sussiste-

420

was the consort of Diana-. How long he persisted in folk-memory … bear in mind the constant tendency of the early population to move down from the moun- … could be adduced. In 1744 the site of the precinct at Nemi was occupied by thepomario … was certainly a beech-goddess in the near neighbourhood (supra p. 402 f. and especially … fell ill in despair, and seemed to be dying, and the girl learning this repented, and in grief

421

a priest of Virbius is mentioned in an inscription at Naples1, and … of Virbius ; and in his forbears Amfihz'sthenes and Amphikles I find … not believe in the power of devils, and was only too glad to get his love again, and so … folk-lore : see his letters to Mrs Pennell written from Florence in 1890—1891 and printed … 3 Serv. in Verg. Aen. 2. 116 Colchos petierat (sc. Orestes), et cum his occiso Thoante,

422

the other end10, those of Herakles in Pontos11 or far beyond Babylon12, … 5 Something of a parallel is provided by the Orphic theogonies, in which the primal … 11 Serv. in Verg. Aen. n. 262. … the other end10, those of Herakles in Pontos11 or far beyond Babylon12, … 5 Something of a parallel is provided by the Orphic theogonies, in which the primal … 11 Serv. in Verg. Aen. n. 262.

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (a): Lightning as a flame from the burning sky / VI: Zeus and the twins

423

those of Herakles and Dionysos in India1, imply the belief that the … :i Eustath. in Dionys. per. 64 cpaul Se auras rj dvdpidvTas dvai 'HpctfcXe'os, k.t.X. is an … {Poet. Lat. min. v. 296 and 311 Baehrens) in like manner describes the pillars of Dionysos … I add what seems to be a northern parallel. At Cape Solfar in the southern part of … in Finmarken, Hirer Sprache, Sitten, Gebrauche, und ehemaligen heidnischen Religion … 6 Eupolemos, a Jewish historian writing c. 150 B.C. (Jacoby in Pauly—Wissowa

424

Trajan. Figs. 325 and 326 are from specimens in my collection, struck by Vespasian … 6 Fig. 330 represents a small gold ring in my possession. The incised design (scale -f-) … engraved gems in A. P. di Cesnola Salaminia London 1882 p. 40 f. fig. 39, Furtwangler

425

the bronze mirror in A. P. di Cesnola Salaminia pp. 40, 59 fig. 66.

426

of Solomon's temple1 were, according to W. Robertson Smith, in the … J. B. de Rossi ' Verre representant le temple de Jerusalem' in the Archives de Vorient … on the Books of Chronicles Edinburgh 1910 p. 329: 'These pillars were in Solomon's … Smith op. cit. p. 208 n. 1 : ' doubtless symbols of Jehovah.' (3)+ (4) T. W. David in A … perhaps in actual use as fire-altars2. The

427

glass, found beneath the ruins of a burial chamber in the cemetery … and of a dark metallic hue. Even in the twelfth century Rabbi … 2 J. B. de Rossi ' Insigne vetro rappresentante il tempio di Gerusalemme' in his

428

'Also St. Giovanni in porta latina in which place of worship there are two … columns (stelai) in honour of the Dioskouroi Amphion and Zethos4. … and he has even attempted to decipher in that sense the Syriac … associate with him in cult Monimos and Azizos. Iamblichos, from whose ample … demolished {supra p. 427 n. 1) and that ctttjAt? in late Greek means ' statue-on-pillar ' and … 5 J. Rendel Harris The Dioscuri in the Christian Legends London 1903 p. 29 ff., id. … of Nimrod " ' in the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology 1906 xxviii. 149—

429

in military costume (?) bearing a shield (?) on his left arm and … 1 Supra i. 706 n. 2. See further W. M. Calder in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1913 xxxiii. … 3 Rasche Lex. Num. iii. 527, Suppl. ii. 720, E. Babelon in the Revue beige de numis- … mata cerea Imperatorum, Augustarum, el Ccesarum, in coloniis, municipiis, et urbibus

430

on the turreted crown of the goddess in the attitude of a fighting … position in the starry sky is contiguous to that of the Twins3. … 'the figure of a divinity on a column' is hardly less so. G. Macdonald in the Hunter … ple in her right hand, the river-god Skirtosat her feet, and four stars round about her. … R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. J903 i. 129 f. —id. ATotes de tnythologie syrienne.Paris 1903 … pour Phosphoros et Hesperos.' But see R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. 1903 i. 129 n. 1

431

1 E. G. Rey in the Archives des Missions scientifiqnes et litteraires Paris 1866 Deuxieme

432

pair of Twins. The fact is that, so long as men believed in a fiat … appealed to rational minds and found favour in a materialistic age. … arm, and connective pediment, but adds between the brothers their mother Leda (?) in a … 3 I figure a pair of belt-hooks, obtained by Mr E. J. Seltman in Capri, and now in

433

Dioskouroi, who were thought to be gods. For in those days wise folk spoke of … In alternation, honoured like to gods. … Julian attacks it in his oration on The Sovereign Sun (361 A.D.): … and the hemisphere above, the earth ; they take it in turns to die, according to … 3 Anon, i isag. in Aratiphaen. praef. p. 89, 24 ff. Maass et be tlo (pi\ov /cat ras Trap'

434

Finally, Eustathios in the second half of the twelfth century includes … logical development. In the first place, it solves without more ado … the sky4.' He adds in a footnote: 'The reason for calling twins … 1 Eustath. in Od. p. 1686, 33 ff. erepoi Se ov rrdvv iridav&s voovvTes to eTepy)p.epov itri … (the reference is to Ioul. or. 4. 147 B cited supra p. 433 n. 4). Cp. Eustath. in II. p. 410,

435

times expressed in terms of Sun and Moon1, or—-for that matter— … In the second place, the bisection of the divine Sky naturally … published a black-figured amphora, then in possession of a London … light and darkness.' F. F. Ravaisson4 in 1875 pointed out that on … a black pilos and a white pilos respectively. But the fact is that in … 1 Indeed, a whole set of European folk-tales points in that direction {infra Append. F). … le combat des dieux et des geants' in the Monuments grecs public's par P Associatio?i pour … ii. 193 ff- pi- 96 f., J. D. Beazley Attic Red-figured Vases in American Afuseums Cam- … inner surface of the shield of Athena in the Parthenon (Plin. 7iat. hist. 36. 18 (cp. 35. 54)

436

describes them as a pair of princely athletes buried in Lakedaimon, … myself, suggest that in early Doric days the two kings of Sparta … one white. Such variation in colour assists the eye to pick out and appreciate individual … 6 Apollod. 2. 8. 2. Other versions are noted by B. Niese in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … in a visible form, appearing to the awe-stricken soldiers in the twilight or the darkness

437

the Odyssey—speaks of them in language borrowed from the Iliad, … ment is set out more fully by Pindar. Writing in 474 B.C.2 he … but gasping for breath. In deep distress Polydeukes prayed to … ' He ceased, and before him came Zeus, and spake in this wise :—" Thou art … 2 O. Schroeder 'Fasti Pindarici' in his ed. 1908 p. viii, Sir J. E. Sandys in his ed. … 4 O. Schroeder 'Fasti Pindarici' in his ed. 1908 p. ix, Sir J. E. Sandys in his ed. … B See Apollod. 3. 11. 2. P. Weizsacker's article in Roscher Lex. Myth. li. 97 ff. is … Aristarchos cj. rifxevov. See further infra p. 439 n. 1 and E. Abel Seholia Vetera in

438

after thine own conception. But lo ! I grant thee thy full choice in this ; if thou … to have an equal share with him in all things, then mayest thou breathe for half … And then in haste … 2 F. Staehlin ' Der Dioskurenmythus in Pindars 10. nemeischer Ode. (Ein Beispiel … The Dioskouroi hide themselves in a hollow

439

Twins' in-and-out career was not, as Pindar and Lykophron would … o^vtoltov yv to op.p.a. See also Tzetz. chil. 2. 710—716 and in Lyk. Al. 511.

440

in a double line of kings. … behind them, and may be expected to have left their traces in Italy … him with sceptre, crown, etc. in order that the two brothers might … Bough*: The Dying God p. 58 f., Spirits of Corn and Wild i. 82, 85) fit in well with my … 3 I have pursued the subject further in Folk-Lore 1905 xvi. 300 f. … (in H. Keil Grammatici Latini Lipsiae 1857 i. 384, 3 ff.) pastorum vulgus sine con- … Scioppii, pares inter se essent editiones interpolatae). Cp. schol. Bob. in Cic. Vatin. 23 … 6 Serv. in Verg. Aen. 1. 276 (cp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 6. 780). S. Eitrem in the

441

dramatic fitness in the belief that the battle of Lake Regillus, which … overjoyed when in 19 A.D. Livia or Livilla, the sister of Germanicus, … 2 The facts, concisely stated e.g. by K. J. Neumann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. … (Famagusia, near Salamis in Kypros) [--------] j [-----dpxieP^'0S] ! /3tou, … p. 349 f., Cohen Mo7in. emp. rom? i. 217 no. 1. I figure a specimen in my collection.

442

Antoninus Pius, struck in 149 a.d., with the inscription temporvm … not actually twins—since one was born in 6, the other in 7 A.D.,— … issued in Kommagene and Lakanatis c. 72 A.D. by Antiochos iv to … commemorate the birth of a son, t. Aelius Antoninus, in 147 a.d. and that of a second … a specimen of the earlier date in my collection.

443

Leake, a propos of a unique specimen in his collection (fig. 346), … of the empress in 161 A.D.3, sitting on one and the same throne-like … is from the coin, now in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge. The rev. is inscribed … are here dedicated in worship to the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux)'), Cohen Monti, emp.

444

asked than answered. In any case it need not here detain us. … 16 fig., 17—ai, 22 fig. Fig. 350 is from a specimen in my collection: V~LG=perctissum … Serv. in Verg. Aen. 3. 209, 10. 350, Myth. Vat. 1. 26, 1. 27, 1. 204, 2. 142, cp. 3. 5. 5. … irveovTa, /cat KdXa'tV olov /caXtDs ctocTa, Eustath. in Od. p. 1547, 15 f. 6 p,ev oiovei £077777? … 7 Gruppe loc. cit. finds a difficulty in the Doric Zdra? (Inscr. Gr. Sic. It. no. 1293 A

445

sky-god, whose diverse aspects found mythological expression in … a bronze statuette in the Museum at Sens; which represents a two- … 1 H. Usener ' Zwillingsbildung' in the Strena Helbigiana Leipzig—Berlin 1900 p. 329 … bey einem Fischer in dem Dorf Karckel gesehen. Derselbe hat anstatt der Fahnen auf … Fliigel, daneben er seine Hande ausgestrecket, die rechte aufwarts, die linke erdwarts ; in … 2 The two names are confused in Palaiph. 22 (23) Zr/Oos teal KdXai's (where A. Wester- … et. mag. p. 411, iif.). K. B. Stark Niobe und die Niobiden in Hirer literarise/ten, … 5 H. W. Stoll in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 310 f.

446

on the Kestros in Pisidia, which portray … 2 A. Lobbecke in the Zeitschr. f. Num. 1890 xvii. 13 pi. 2, 3 ( = my fig. 354) : obv. … 1828 ii. 268 pi. 22, 5 ( = my fig. 355): ' Hercules et Vulcanus in unum corpus colligati...

447

Descr. de me'd. ant. Suppl. vii. in no. 131. … 2 G. F. Hill in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycia, etc. pp. cx, 322. … ness, of this derivation. Only, it seems to me that the evidence produced in support of it … deed. Gaia gave him the jagged hdrpe and hid him in an ambush. Then came great

448

frag. 554 Schneider ap. Plin. nat. hist. 4. 52) or Apeiravov (Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 762 and … ct. wag. p. 287, 31 f. make Kronos the agent, Lyk. Al. 761 f. and Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 762, … from the comic stage), illato cultro amputavit naturalia ejus, quae in mare projecit, ex … 2 The story has come down to us in two different settings. (1) Apollod. 1. 6. 3 : When … wings all over his body, bristly hair on his head and cheeks, fire in his eyes. He attacked

449

and pursued him to Mt Kasion in Syria. Seeing that he was wounded, Zeus then came … and carried him through the sea to Kilikia, where he deposited him in the Corycian Cave. … ri2 Ad Xadovres). Thus Zeus, having recovered his strength, suddenly appeared in the … hidden his thunderbolts in the Arimian Cave, where their smoke betrayed them. Typhoeus … reward ; Eros, to quell the world-tumult and shoot a shaft at Typhoeus. Zeus in the form … ground, and gives them to Kadmos. Kadmos handles the sinews and stores them in a … in a cloud. The music stops. Typhoeus, eager to resume his rage, goes in search of the

450

trait of Typhon excising the sinews of Zeus is unparalleled in Greek mythology (Sir … dirdikeffev, dXX' dveirripwae, biivap.Lv. k.t.X. (in the sequel Typhon takes out the eye of … adds id. p. 229 n. 177 that the derivation of At/xos from Typhon's al/xa recurs in connexion … the use of vevpa in Athen. 64 B (with J. E. B. Mayor's note on Iuv. 10. 205). … Cults of Gk. States i. 27 and Frazer Golden Bough9: Adonis Attis Osiris3 i. 283, sees in … Since these reside in the genitals, the new god must castrate the old. It may be suspected … ' Kibuka, the War God of the Baganda' in Man 1907 vii. 161 —166 with pi. L, 1—3 and … stool with a hollowed seat containing his lower jawbone, his testicles, and his phallos, in … problem, that of the psychoanalyst. It is implied, if not expressed, in S. Freud Totem

451

die Geschichte des kleinen Hans aufmerksam durchsieht, wird auch in dieser die reich- … 1 In the Iliad Machaon is more to the fore than his brother Podaleirios : cp. Hyg. … 1902 p. 93 'der schwachfiissige'; A. Fick in the Beitrdge zur Kunde der indogerman- … Mr E. S. Hartland has suggested to me in conversation (Oct. 1, 1918) that a Biblical … Kelfs iii. 2. 194 ff. pi. 50, 160 (bearded figure in right hand corner) and 160 a (beardless

452

6 Plat. Axioch. 371 A, interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen, it. 532, cp. Cic. de nat. deor. 3. 58 … 11 Claud, de cons. Stil. 3. 253 ff. 0&7rts, 'EfcaepyT], and Aofci form a triad in Kallim. … 13 See e.g. O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 927 … more intelligible AaodiKos, whence AaodiK-rj—a favourite name in the family of Seleukos

453

in a valuable conspectus, would push their joint worship back to … pious Hyperboreans. From thence the cult of Apollon in early epic … Delphoi and Pylai—in Orestes, the ' Mountain-man,' and Pylddes, … bearded, arrives in a car drawn by four winged steeds. He carries a seven-stringed lyre, … 4 T. Zielinski ' Die Orestessage und die Rechtfertigungsidee' in the Neue Jahrb. f.

455

that the birth of the twins was located at Araxa in Lykia2, that their … to the Lycians in their original abode, that the cult of all three had … the other older deity. M. P. Nilsson (1906)7 accepts in the main the … epiphanies suggesting that in many places he was invoked to quit … Reisen in Lykien iind Karien Wien 1884 p. 73, Sir W. M. Ramsay The Cities and … epideictic speech, in lettering of the age of Commodus, dealing with the mythology and … 0 W. Vollgraff in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1908 xxxii. 236 ff. AartSt j 'Ao-[t]dr[t]5t Ai6<x- … des Skephros in Tegea, die -Daphnephorien in Theben.'

456

originated in Babylonia, and that it spread through Asia Minor … Minor in the course of the ninth and eighth centuries B.C. W. Aly … look to find early forms of his worship in that island. But a careful … 1 M. P. Nilsson ' Die alteste griechische Zeitrechnung, Apollo und der Orient' in the … Wahrend sich in dorischer Zeit Abhangigkeit von Argos zeigte, wiesen die alteren Spuren

457

pany with Wilamowitz in regard to the alleged Lycian character of … —an identification which entailed certain foreign elements in his cults … Artemis too, a goddess of nature and fertility, was Cretan, if not in … Egyptian Bes8. The resultant Gorgoneion, a solar effigy, appears in … fiir richtig halten. Er ist iiberall ein Hauptgott der Griechen, auch in den Kultformeln … Apollon in Lykien nicht nur nicht nachweisbar—das wiirde wenig beweisen, da wir … 2 A. L. Frothingham 'Medusa, Apollo, and the Great Mother' in the Am. Joum.

458

history had struck deep roots in North Greece, and from thence … colonies were planted along the Asia Minor coast; and hence in the … 1 ' The wide diffusion of the cult of Apollo in Thrace in the historical period, vide … in Thrake weiss Herodot nichts.... [Numerous dedications to Apollon in the Thracian … 5 See, however, Harrison Themis p. 501 f., J. A. K. Thomson Studies in the Odyssey

459

" Hellene." In the fighting at Troy he is against the Achaioi : he … in which the Apollo cult had its beginning can scarcely meet with … bound to I.ycia. The islands know him and northern Greece in … Himerios4 (s. iv A.D.) has preserved for us in prose form the … 2 M. H. Swindler Cretan Elements in the Cults and Ritual of Apollo Bryn Mawr … of Daebritz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ix. 258—279. See also important articles by

460

Hyperboreoi. He, after he had spent a whole year1 in giving law to the men … the god. Nightingales sing for him as one would expect birds to sing in … 2 For Apollon (a) drawn by swans or (b) riding on a swan see L. Stephani in the … copy existed in the Stosch collection and passed with … cj. xopetVat) | d/3pos affiyrjnov eiroxyifJ-evos apfiarc kvkvwv,—quoted by O. Jahn in the Ber. … c. 400—350 B.C. (W. Greenwell 'The electrum coinage of Cyzicus' in the Num. Chron. … style, found in Kyrenaike, preserved in the British Museum, and hitherto unpublished

Plate XXV

Hydria from Kyrenaike, now in the British Museum : Apollon, riding

461

up on the right stands a Maenad, holding a thyrsos in one hand and beckoning to the god … looks upward at Apollon, while the Satyr (?)—now largely lost—stands with a thyrsos in … L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pe't. 1861 p. 68 f., alio., Overbeck op. cit. Apollon

462

was none other than that 'Road of the Birds,' which in Lithuanian … next batch of references to the Hyperborean land. Pindar in a … Hist, num.'1 p. 512. See further L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pit. 1863 p. 82).

463

What time they offered in that bright abode … boreum si dimittaturad axem. Ant. Lib. 20, writing in s. ii a.d. or later (infra Append. M … called upon the gods. Poseidon in pity turned Harpe and Harpasos into the birds that … In the Amphictionic law of 380 b.c. (Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 1688, \\{. = Corp. inscr.

464

or 'the gleaming way1,' in a word the Galaxy. This actually passes … Scythians9 and is but a stranger in central Europe10. We may there- … 6 I have collected a good deal of the evidence in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1894 xiv. … Strab. 307. See further F. Olck in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 631 f., 654.

465

imply that the Hyperboreoi lived in a celestial country to be reached … to plant them at the end of the Olympic race-course. The poet in … horns is due to a reminiscence of the reindeer, since in no other … 7 Sir W. Ridgeway ' The Hind with the Golden Horns' in the Proceedings of the

466

can hardly think that in every such case they were describing a … reindeer were still to be seen in Caesar's day3, it becomes impossible … Hyperoche and Laodike in Delos6. Be that as it may, Pindar … of Tralleis, who wrote his chronological compendium in the first … 2 W. N. Bates 'Two labours of Heracles on a Geometric fibula' in the Am. [ourn. … p. 373 f. and W. W. Hyde ' The curious animals of the Hercynian Forest' in The Classical … 4 On the range of the olive see V. Hehn Kulturpflanzen und Haitsthiere in ihrem … 8 L. Weniger Der heilige Olbaum in Olympia Weimar 1895 p. 2 f.

467

many wild-olives in the precinct was wrapped in spiders' webs. … the tree in question was not the wild-olive but the white-poplar. … white-poplar growing beside the Acheron, the river in Thesprotia ; and on this … 196, 4 Schoene) vii. Darkles Mesenius, in stadio : ['EJ/356/x??. A(o/cX?)s MecrT^ios, araSiov. … 49 fx., Eustath. in II. p. 938, 6i ff.

468

Maiandros ; reeds grow tallest in the Boeotian Asopos ; and the ftersem-trtt … 1 Interp. Serv. in Verg. eel. 7. 61 (probably derived from the commentary of Aelius

469

her days and in due course died. Plouton from love of her bade … was already current in the fourth century B.C., to judge from a … 1 Eratosthenes (?) ap. schol. Theokr. 2. 121 (p. 290, 7 ff. Wendel), interp. Serv. in … fuit corona, quam portavit Hercules circa suum caput in infernum. ipse alibi: Hcrculea … vulneribus, per quam dierum inaequalitas intelligitur. Cp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 8. 276 … Skopas und Verwandtes' in the Rom. Mitth. 1889 iv. 189—226 with pi. 8 f. and illustra- … pi. 13, W. Helbig Fiihrer durch die offentlichen Sammlnngen klassischer Altertiimer in

470

perhaps as followers of Herakles that successful athletes in Kos3 … compared the specimens in the British Museum with some actual leaves of white-poplar, … 2 Interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 8. 276, Macrob. Sat. 3. 12. 1 ff. See further R. Peter … 5 So Dr W. Leaf in his note on 77. 13. 389. Cp. E. Step Wayside and Woodland

471

The striking effect of light combined with dark was, at least in part, … (^.ii(?)7 A.D.), its use in the rites of the chthonian Dionysos8. A similar … XevKas. (pavXia' /.itjXo. ra /uey&Xa] (von (pav- " glanzen " in (pav-uts, Tri-<pav-<TK<j) etc.). … 4 Eustath. in II. p. 938, 64 f. ws aKapiros 8£ 17 dxepwis Tip "Aidy avaKetrai.

472

Laonome a sister of Herakles1 and fell fighting in the land of … buried in an earthenware coffin 'after the manner of the Pythagoreans … Nor can we in this context ignore the myth of the Heliades. … abeles i' the kirkyard grow,' iii. 2. 1 'The abeles moved in the sun.' … fortitudinem animi; nam haec arbos in tutela Herculis est. But we have no right to … 5 Verg. Aen. 5. 134. Serv. and interp. Serv. ad loc. drag in Hercules, and even Hebe, … G. Knaack in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2192 says : ' diese gesuchte Abweichung ist wohl … 37. 31, Val. Flacc. 5. 429, Myth. Vat. 1. 118, 2. 57 (in arbores commutatae sunt alnos,

473

earliest extant representation, that of an Arretine mould acquired in … remaining pair, of which one rears high in the air, the other collapses … them. In this last desperate effort they and their vanished sister … 1 E. Robinson in the Annual Report of the Museum of Fine Arts Boston 1898 xxiii. … 3 Phaethon was the son of Helios by the Oceanid Klymene (G. Knaack in Roscher … 7 E. Robinson loc. cit. is content to speak of them in each case as a ' youth.' P. Hartwig

475

them can be worked in—Artemis, the dead youth (Phaethon), the … in front of him, is trying to tear away the fatal poplar-branches, and can hardly be viewed … A. H. Smith in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Sculpture iii. 262 f.

476

Rhodanus, but also set in the sky as the constellation Eridanus or … considerable role in the myth of Phaethon12. There are at least three … 5 E. H. Bunbury in Smith Diet. Geogr. i. 849, J. Escher-Biirkli in Pauly—Wissowa … 12 This myth has been studied in detail by F. Wieseler Phaethon Gottingen 1857 … Phaetonteae Berolini 1886 pp. 1—81, id. 'Zur Phaethonsage' in Hermes 1887 xxii. 637—

477

possibilities. In the first place, the Milky Way was that ' Road of … will of Apollon. Phanokles5, the Alexandrian elegiast, in his Erotes … nightly on the Milky Way8. Lucian in his little work On Amber or … men, you know, who were changed here from men to birds, and still sing in … and compendious treatment of the subject), O. Gruppe ' Aethiopenmythen ' in Philologus … 1909 i. 105—109, Gruppe Myth. Lit. 1908 p. 594 f. See further the bibliography in … 3 Hyg. fab. 154, cp. schol. Strozziana in Caes. Germ. Aratea p. 174, 4ft Breysig. … 6 Verg. Aen. 10. 189 ff. with Serv. ad loc, Ov. met. 2. 367 ff. (cp. anon, miscell. 6 in … Zeus set Phaethon in the sky as Auriga, the Eridanos as Flumen. Interp. Serv. in Verg.

478

gallops up to the rescue. In … from Ostia, now in the Jacobsen collection at Ny-Carlsberg (fig. 368)4. … 3 G. Knaack Quaestiones Phaethonteae Berolini 1886 pp. 71—77, id. in Roscher Lex. … 4 F. Wieseler ' Sarcofago ostiense rappresentante il mito di Fetonte' in the Ann. d.

479

prefer his request. In front of Helios four youths, the Heliadai1, … in a pose of deep dejection, while Hermes brings him the sad news6. … tial river, and that not only in Australia8, Annam9, China1", … 2 See A. Baumeister in his Denkm. iii. 1305 f. … track. So too is G. Lippold loc. cit., who (after F. Wieseler loc. cit.) sees in the two … 6 His type is ultimately derived from that of Hermes in the east pediment of the … 7 All three are modifications of figures F (Hippodameia) and O (the handmaid) in the … 9 H. Gaidoz and E. Rolland in Milusine Paris 1884-85 ii. 154.

480

Japan1, Siberia'2, Mesopotamia3, and Arabia4, but in Greece itself5. … here in connection with the stars is that which inspires the festival named Tanabata. This … spirits ilew up to the sky, where the Supreme Deity bathed daily in the Celestial River. … 3 H. Fox Talbot in the Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archceology 1873 ii. 53,

481

the old appellation, room was still found in the nocturnal sky for the … selves. The Nile is described in the Odyssey* by the remarkable … Milky Way ' with the heavenly Eridanus, subsequently reduplicated in the particular … F. Solmsen in the Zeitschrift fiir vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der … 6 Skamandros (//. 21. 268, 326), Spercheios (//. 16. 174), a river in Phaiakia (Od. 7. … adav6.Ttov re deuiv yevecnv dvrjrGiv r avdpumwv. The use of the word yiveats in this con-

482

stars. I should indeed venture to suppose that in pre-Greek times, … Stars in the firmament above him beaming, … and branching across the midnight sky. Thus at Niixei in the Harz … In Eridu groweth the dark kiskanft* … From Ea its way in Eridu … Parana, ' the Sea' (R. Schomburgk Keisen in Britisch-Guiana Leipzig 1848 ii. 328 cited

483

In an undefiled dwelling like a forest grove … (? astragalus gummifer), growing in Eridu where two streams met, … In Eridu grew a black kiskanii-ir&e : it was created in a light place. … On the whole I conclude that several traits in the myth of Phae- … 1 A. Jeremias Handbuch der altorientalischen Geisteskultur Leipzig 1913 p. 60, id. in … kann sie in der Tat poetisch als Baum angesehen werden, der seine Zweige uber Erde … 3 A. Jeremias Handbuch der altorientalischen Geisteskultur p. 60, id. in Roscher Lex.

484

venturing too high in the air, he left behind him the Milky Way, … The Heliades, pent in black-poplars tall, … He shed in bygone days, what time he came … In shining Lakereia at the mouth … 1 A. Brunk ' Der wilde Jager im Glauben des pommerschen Volkes ' in the Zeitschrift … Leipzig 1896 p. 64 f., K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1.

485

Rhodian poet, was more or less similar to that of Apollonia in … three Nymphs (? Heliades), torch in hand, dancing round the sacred … A. Maier in the Num. Zeitschr. 1908 pp. 5 f., 16 f. Fig. 369 is from a specimen in my … specimen in the collection of F. Imhoof-Blumer, Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 419.

486

Apollon in Dryopis. When Dryope visited this sanctuary, the Hamadryads … became a Nymph. Amphissos founded a sanctuary of the Nymphs in her honour … It would seem, then, that in the neighbourhood of Mount Oite … (schol. Ap. Rhod. i. 1218, et. mag. p. 288, 34 f., Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 480). … 3 A. Mommsen Delphika Leipzig 1878 p. 96, K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … Apv/j-aios (schol. Lyk. Al. 522) or Apvp.as at Miletos (Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 522 ; but He- … copper of Neapolis in Campania has a profile head of Apollon wearing an oak-wreath

487

northern Europe. In the Balkans the word for ' poplar' closely … suasiveness, that Apollon—incredible as it sounds—was both in … Jonke, writes : 'When I was a boy, living in Croatia, I used to call the poplar-tree jdblan. … (t) The cult of Apollon MaXedras at Trikke in Thessaly (M. Frankel in the Inscr. … in the Peiraieus) and dedications to MaXedras from Prasiai in Lakonike (Inscr. Gr. Arc.

488

It is natural to suppose that he scanned it MaXedra. But, in view of his derivation from … (2) The cult of Apollon MaXoets in Lesbos (Thouk. 3. 3 a festival of Apollon MaXoets … reads le\poK&pvKa tu>v (i)epeuv after F. Bechtel in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.- Inschr. i. 98 … fully in the Patmian scholia on Thouk. 3. 3 published by I. Sakkelion in the Rev. Philol. … given to the goddess by the first men who reared sheep (p.rjXa) in the country (Paus. r. … (? Artemis Stiretpa, cp. Pans. 1. 40. 2 f. with 1. 44. 4. A. B.C.) with a torch in either

489

interpret in this sense Kallim. h. Dem. 138 <pep(3e j36as' (pepe fj.a\a, <pepe araxvv ' olae … Zyy^e ; Inscr. Gr. Sic. It. no. 268 = F. Bechtel in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.-Inschr. iii. 1. … Lombard (1053—1063 A.D.) by K. F. Hermann in Philologus 1847 ii. 262 : see also … the nostoi as summarised by Proklos in G. Kinkel Epicorum Graecorum fragmenta … fell in with a better seer than himself, Mopsos son of Teiresias' daughter Manto, and died … combined this version with that of the wild fig-tree. He adds (id. 643 and 675) that in … however, Hdt. 7. 91, Strab. 668, Paus. 7. 3. 7). Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 427, 440, 980, 1047 … countered Mopsos. The two met in single combat to decide the kingship, and succeeded

490

A very similar story is connected with Sin's in Lucania. Herakles, when driving the … Herakles proceeded to measure the figs and, despite all his efforts, failed to get in the … priestly king. They are, in fact, the attenuated Greek equivalent of the contest at Nemi : … frag. 1 cited supra p. 466 n. 11), and are represented in connection with them on imperial … specimen in my collection, is similar, except that it shows a vase also on the table. Cp.

491

calls them 'balls', of Ankyra in Galatia {Brit. Mies. Cat. Coins Galatia, etc. p. 13 pi. 3, … Anson Num. Gr. i. 60 no. 683 pi. 10, i. 66 no. 724 pi. ri), and of Tralleis in Lydia … client A. Licinius Archias, which is very doubtful (see R. Reitzenstein in Pauly—Wissowa … 748 ; and its resemblance to the apple held in the hand e.g. of Aphrodite or Venus on … other a cosmic or solar globe. B. Pick in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1898 xiii. … erscheinen.' J. N. Svoronos op. cit. i. 130 ff. calls it in succession 'peut-etre une pierre,'

492

known coin of the town (E. Muret in the Rev. Num. iii Serie 1883 i. 65 pi. 2, 4, … left towards a height on which grows a storax-tree. The god carries a bow in his … Myth. Rel. p. 789 infers from Hdt. 3. 107, Plin. nat. hist. 12. 8r that in the Levant … At Selge in Pisidia coppers of s. ii B.C. represent the head of Herakles wreathed with

493

expect to find the Greeks in contact with Thracians or Illyrians … some point on the Amber Road2. Already in neolithic times one … [(7) Coppers of Olbia, struck probably in i a.d. have obv. OA B I OTTO Bust of … archaic statuette of Apollon from Naxos, now in the Berlin Museum (M. Frankel in … Griechen und Romer zum Balticum' in the Verh. d. 36. Philologenversanuul. in Karls- … der cimbrischen Halbinsel und seine Beziehungen zu den Goldfunden ' in the Zeitschrift

494

Danube, came down to the Adriatic, the Balkans, and Greece1. In … into the etymology of the name Hyperbdreoi. In 1892 W. Prellwitz4 … but in the sky 'above Bora11.' Schroeder's conclusions were approved … und die Goldfunde' ib. 1891 xxiii Verhandlungen p. 286 ft"., H. Bliimner in Pauly— … 5 H. Pedersen in the Zeitschriftfitr vergleichende Sprachforschung 1898 xxxvi. 319. … 12 R. Giinther and Daebritz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ix. 260.

495

appeared at night behind a huge mountain in the north. In 1916 … an entrepot for amber in ancient days, has also developed this … 1 Miss G. H. Macurdy 'The Hyperboreans' in the Class. Rev. 1916 xxx. 180—183. … •5 S. Casson ' The Hyperboreans' in the Class. Rev. 1920 xxxiv. 1 ft'. On the suggested … 6 The views summarised in this paragraph are, of course, incompatible with that … last month of the year, and therefore falling probably in midsummer and about the time … The explanation put forward by H. L. Ahrens in the Rhein. A/us. 1862 xvii. 340 ft.

496

when the word bora had passed out of general use, surviving only in … Berlin 1905 p. 234 f.), O. Crusius in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 2830 f., Gruppe Gr. Myth. … Bedeutung unseres ' iiber' in tiberbringen,—tragen hat; das musste irapa. heissen ; irepi … Gottingen 1906 p. 108 [after A. Fick in Orient und Occident 1864 ii. 720, who postulates … in Hermes 1905 xl. 138 cures Y^XYxva. frag. 117 Schneider ap. Hephaist. enchir. 6. 3 p. 19,

497

that sacred things wrapped in wheaten straw are carried from the Hyperboreans … 'In Prasiai there is a temple of Apollon. Here the first-fruits of the … is said—are hidden in wheaten straw, and nobody knows what they are. At … least in part, with the two main branches of the Amber Road … H. Gaidoz and E. Holland ' La Voie Lactee' in Melnsine 1884—85 ii- 151 ff. add Strada … 3 Soph. ap. Plin. nat. hist. 37. 40 f. See further R. Holland in Roscher Lex. Myth. … in her grove at Dotion (Kallim. h. Dem. 24 ff.) : see Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 180 f., 1904

498

amber in Schleswig-Holstein, Denmark4, and Prussia5 had any … Cambridge 1892 p. 105 ff., id. in Frazer Pausanias ii. 405 f. … KeKpu(p6ai.. .iv KaKdfiy irvpQv (1. 31. 2) imply that something was wrapped in the sheaf. … ischen und italischen Brauche spielt aber die erste Garbe der Ernte die Rolle, welche in … 4 C. Neergaard ' Ravsmykkerne i Stenalderen' in the Aarbjger for nordisk Oldkyn-

Plate XXVI

The Western and Eastern Routes of the Hyperborean Offerings in relation to early Trade-Routes for Amber. See pages 493 f., 497 f.

499

lished the oracle8. Apollonia in Illyria was left as a milestone on the … in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2806) ap. Eustath. in 11. p. 6;9, 28 f. (cp. pp. 826, 11, … 5 C. T. Newton The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum … 9 This assumes that the Corcyraean colony of 588 B.C. (J. Oehler in Pauly—Wissowa … in Albanien und Montenegro Wien 1919 p. 40 fig. 47, R. Pagenstecher in the Berl. philol.

500

It is noticeable that a town in Thrace1 and no fewer than four … The full name of the god is possibly preserved in the Homeric … finding another sky-god already in possession, became affiliated to … that of the sun11, enabled him to rival and in part displace the … boreans as xtXterilij/ [supra p. 465 n. 1). See further Uaebritz in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … d. gr. Etym. iii. 371. The Homeric poems, if drafted in northern Greece, would be … of the same stem may be seen in Boi'^t?, 7? Boifirjis XtpLvrj, etc.: cp. W. Pape—G. E. Ben- … was named <&oi(i-q (Turk in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2397).

501

in any case, a contaminated Hellenistic romance is a source of very … But they imply the cult of Artemis at Delos rather than in the land … - Iv. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1370, 1381 : so also G. Knaack ib. … 6 O. Crusius in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 2816 n., id. Die delphischen Hymnen {Philologus … in any case, a contaminated Hellenistic romance is a source of very … But they imply the cult of Artemis at Delos rather than in the land … - Iv. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1370, 1381 : so also G. Knaack ib. … 6 O. Crusius in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 2816 n., id. Die delphischen Hymnen {Philologus

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (b): Lightening as a flash from an eye

502

wide-spread belief in the evil eye is directly traceable to this con- … sentences in an earlier work by the same author (F. L. W. Schwartz Der Ursprtmg der … the 'flashing eyes' in Ov. met. 2. 857 nullae in fronte minae, nec formidable lumen. … II, apophth. Lac. Lyc. 7) or 'OTrriXia (Olympiod. in Plat. Gorg. 40 icrropurai yap on … p. 135 s.v. 'Athene,' id. in the Lex. Myth. i. 677, 1696, Gruppe Gr. Myth. Pel. pp. 1201

503

from the plays of the same poet. Klytaimestra in the Agamemnon … their belief in the jealousy of heaven: … n. 1, 1209 n. 2, Ziegler in Pauly—VVissowa Real-Ene. vii. 1641 f.). It may be suspected … A fine bronze statuette of Zeus from Paranvythia, now in the British Museum {Brit.

504

Now \Y. Wundt2 in his masterly Volkerpsyckologie has shown … 1 O. Jahn ' t'ber den Aberglauben des bosen Blicks bei den Alten' in the Ber. sac/is. … Blick und Venvandtes Berlin 1910 i. 1—406, ii. 1 —526 (reviewed by R. Wunsch in the … 'Der bose Blick und ahnlicher Zauber im neugriechischen Volksglauben' in the Neue … 4 On the eye as seat of the soul see E. Monseur 'L'ame pupilline' in the Revue de … 5 Cp. e.g. Plin. nat. hist. 28. 64 augurium ex homine ipso est non timendi mortem in … Greek peasant believes in the influence of a good eye as well as in that of an evil eye. … p. 343 n. 5. In the case of men I have no certain instances, but cp. Pind. Pyth. 5. 14 ff. … in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 1900 xi. 141 ff. gives a different explanation

505

eye in heaven. … to have fallen with a flash of lightning in the thick of a thunder- … rounding framework. Plat. Tim. 45 B ff. holds that, in the act of sight, a pure fire within … 2 The same conception is to be found in Latin literature. YV. Schwartz op. cit. … 4 C. Blinkenberg The T/nniderzceapon in Religion and Folklore Cambridge 1911 … eye in heaven. … to have fallen with a flash of lightning in the thick of a thunder- … rounding framework. Plat. Tim. 45 B ff. holds that, in the act of sight, a pure fire within … 2 The same conception is to be found in Latin literature. YV. Schwartz op. cit. … 4 C. Blinkenberg The T/nniderzceapon in Religion and Folklore Cambridge 1911

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 3: Zeus and the lightning / (c): Lightning as a weapon

506

not be quiet, in great wrath He again hurled His lightning at them, … ning that strikes is astropeleki, and this term proves that in the eyes of … explain the otherwise puzzling prefix7. The celts are kept in houses … found in places that have been struck by lightning. … Germany, and among them an astropelekys set in gold9. Centuries … 6 B. Schmidt in the Neue Jahrb. f. klass. Altertum 1913 xxxi. 599 (darpoTreXeKia,

507

earlier, in the reign of Anastasios i (491—518 A.D.), Timotheos of … 1 Timoth. Gaz. de animalibus published by M. Haupt in Hermes 1S69 iii. 30, 26 ff. … [similes eas esse securibus] (these four words, omitted in cod. B, are bracketed by … modum, Magorum studiis expetitam, quoniam non aliubi inveniatur quam in loco fulmine … invenitur autem in illis locis, ubi fulminis iactus fit; narratur tamen ex contritione nubium

509

Monumental evidence for the like beliefs in the classical area is … Norba in Latium includes a small celt of green stone encircled length- … surviving into Christian times. In Spain two small celts of fibrolite … 1 L. Savignoni 1 Scavi e scoperte nella necropoli di Phaestos' in the Mory. d. Line. … presso 1' Abbazia di Yalvisciolo' in the Not. Scavi 1909 p. 257 fig. 23 = my fig. 383, … 3 A. Pasqui ' Delle tombe di Narce e dei loro corredi' in the Mon. d. Line. 1894 iv. … 4 P. Orsi 'La catacomba di Ftihrer nel predio Adorno-Avolio in Siracusa' in the

510

turned up by the ploughshare in 18821: among these objects was … the celt was worn as an amulet in the early … later in the Tyszkiewicz collection, and … xliii) Berlin 1883 pp. 1—52 with cuts in the text and three pls. = «£ Kleine Schriften … Morgan Collection in the American Museum of Natural History,' with translation by … monumenti caldei ed assiri di collezioni romane' in the Bull. Comm. Arch. Comun. di … of the Sargonid dynasty of Akkad, is now in the British Museum and will be published … H. Zimmern ' Zu den Weihinschriften der Kassiten-Kbnige' in the Zeitschrift fur

511

found in the Argolid and preserved in the Central Museum at … nephrite, brought from Egypt in 1812 by Colonel Milner, aide-de- … pression in plaster kindly furnished by Mr B. Staes.

512

(fig. 391)1. Lastly, the paraphernalia of a diviner, discovered in the … 1 Brigadier-General Sir H. Lefroy in The Archaeological Journal 1868 xxv. 151 f.. … 2 A. Conze in the Ath. Mitth. 1899 xxiv. 199 f., R. Wiinsch Ant ikes Zaubergerdt aus

513

The double axe in 'Minoan' cult 513 … i. The double axe in 'Minoan' cult. … is hardly self-evident. In such a matter the only safe plan of pro- … ' The Double Axe and the Labyrinth ' in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 268—274.

514

The double axe in mid air … ring found by Drosinos and P. Stamatakes in a complex of buildings … 2 Fig. 18 is after Sir A. J. Evans in the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 108 fig. 4

515

The double axe in mid air 515 … alike wear lilies in their hair, necklaces, and divided skirts : their … over, Hera is expressly stated to have loved lilies10. In short, it seems … der altgriechischen Tracht YVien 1886 pp. 120 f., 104, W. Amelung in Pauly—Wissowa … 4 A. Milchhofer Die Anfange der Kunst in Griechenland Leipzig 1883 pp. 35, 102

516

5 16 The double axe in relation … Another example of the double axe in mid air has been thought … (/3) The double axe in relation to tree- or plant-forms. … in the Museum at Kandia, has first claim upon our attention6. It was … date c. 1400 B.C. The sarcopliagtts, made of greyish limestone, in … 3 See the sarcophagus from Milato (Sir A. J. Evans in the Joum. Hell. Stud. 1901 … 6 R. Paribeni in the Kendiconti d. Lincei 1903 xii. 343 ff. (description), id. ' Ricerche … ment. For further discussion see F. M. f. Lagrange 'La Crete ancienne' in the Revue

517

white stucco. On this ground the designs were drawn in yellow and … his' hair is long and falls in a couple of black tresses down his back; … 1 Od. 3. 444 dfxv'iov. Eustath. in Od. p. 1476, 38 ff. KprjTes be a/xvibv rpaffLV dyyelov … The blood collected in the ixp.vi.ov would then be poured over the altar (Eustath. … worship (S. Eitrem ' Opferritus und Voropfer der Griechen und Romer' in the Viden- … 3 R. Paribeni in the Rendiconti d. Liticei 1903 xii. 348 takes the tree to be either an

518

5 18 The double axe in relation … 1 R. Paribeni in the Man. d. Lincei 1908 xix. 43 ' la doppia ascia d' oro,' cp. ib. p. 29 … ou d'aigles'). A. J. Reinach in the Rev. Arch. 1908 ii. 281 f. leaves the matter undecided … Dr Evans suggests, a black woodpecker.' Cp. Sir A. J. Evans in Archaeologia 1914 lxv. 54 … is not really intended for an eagle, the sacred bird of Zeus.' F. von Duhn in the Archivf. … strong magnifying glass, and have no hesitation in identifying them as ravens : the one in … the crow (corvus corone) has not in quite the same degree, nor any other bird known to … bird in everything but colouration. I am certain these birds cannot be woodpeckers :

519

skinned man, wearing his hair short with a fore-lock2, and clad in a … o~raXayp.ovs is proposed in Stephanus Thes. Gr. Ling. vii. 652 b) | <pwvrj ("pupyaavro o~vv … and the passages cited in the Thes. Ling. Lat. iv. 1079, 31 ^- See further D'Arcy W. … receiving a propitiatory offering of blood or wine.' F. von Duhn in the Archiv f. A'el. … Krahe im Altertum ' in the Jahresbericht des Vereins fur Volkskunde und Linguistik in

520

520 The double axe in relation … plektron\ In front of him moves a woman, whose fore-lock and … skirt tailed and tagged with red. She is engaged in pouring a red … 2 R. Paribeni in the Mon. d. Lincei 1908 xix. 37. … 4 Pedestals of the sort have come to light in the palace at Hagia Triada (R. Paribeni … A. J. Reinach in the Rev. Arch. 1908 ii. 281 f. and by J. E. Harrison in the Trans-

521

of the sky-god in the winter, the latter his marriage with the earth- … But what of the second scene represented in immediate con- … garments vary in colour, those of the first and last men being black, … a fore-lock of black curly hair. He is swathed in a white robe with … 1 E. Petersen in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1909 xxiv. 163 ff. … 6 R. Paribeni in the Mon, d. Lincei 1908 xix. 19 f. F. von Duhn in the Archiv f. Rel.

522

The double axe in relation … still retaining a sort of tail: such a garb is presumably funeral in … conceivable that the young man buried in this princely tomb was … Sacrifice of a bull in the cult of an Sacrifice of a bull-calf in the cult of … But, if the youth buried in the sarcophagus actually posed as Dionysos … 4 Supra i. 398 f., 647. Hagia Triada is about 11J miles (in a direct line) from the

523

blue and yellow on a white ground, drawing a two-wheeled chariot, in … tator: she has two in her left hand and two in her right, which … The other short side (pi. xxvii,d) shows a group roughly similar in … than leonine bodies, variegated wings, and high plumed crests. In it … 1 Cp. E. Petersen in the Jahrb. d. kais. dentsch. arch. List. 1909 xxiv. 168 ft". … 4 F. M. J. Lagrange in the Revue Biblique Internationale Nouvelle Serie 1907 iv. 339 … Worterb? p. 580). So is that of our jay, French geai (in Picardy gai), Spanish gayo, gaya,

524

The double axe in relation … into the company of ravens'- and other garrulous birds8: in this … stands erect in a griffin-drawn car. In short, it seems probable that … and eight miles north of Zakro, in eastern Crete9. Its two long sides … their stamen-tips shaped like double axes. That in the centre … 6 I cannot subscribe to the bizarre contention of R. Paribeni in the Mon. d. Lincei … 12 R. C. Bosanquet in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1901 —1902 viii. 299 speaks of these

525

side. In the field is a lily-flower before it, a star above it. and, higher … We are not in a position to clear up the meaning of all this … 1 Cp. the stucco horns found in house B at Palaikastro (R. C. Bosanquet in the Ann.

526

526 The double axe in relation

527

Mochlos1, treats the floral stem of the axe in a freakish human … Evans in a superficial layer of deposit covering the north-west … 1 R. B. Seager ' Excavations at Mochlos' in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1909 xiii. 299 with … 2 G. B. G[ordon] 'The Double Axe and some other Symbols' in University of

528

528 The double axe in relation … (7) The double axe in relation to columns or pillars. … ports usual in the architecture of the period. Between each pair of … appears to be the pendant, in the Campana collection, very inadequately described and … D Other examples of flint arrow-heads set in gold, silver, or bronze and worn as amulets … neolithic arrow-head of flint imbedded in the

529

imbedded in the wooden columns of 'Minoan' shrines3. … 3 M. Meurer 'Form und Herkunft der mykenischen Saule' in the Jalwb. d. kais.

530

The double axe in relation … have the talus in the Lower Grot searched before leaving the place, and on the … brought to light, and some bits of gold appeared in the sieves. Meanwhile a few … deposited in hollows in the lowest parts of the cavern, and they found these … this work one of the men observed a bronze knife blade in a vertical slit of a … all found in the Lower Grot, and in almost every case in situ in the stalactite niches. … largest of all the axe heads, a perfect example 280 millimetres long (No. 2), found in a … 2 Infra Append. B Crete. Fig. 401 is reduced from D. G. Hogarth's plan in the

531

small gang to finish the upper earth, I concentrated all hands in the lowest depths. … sucked by floods out of the stalactite niches. In hope of the reward, which I gave

532

The double axe in relation … monuments. Already in 1900 Sir A. J. Evans had drawn attention … with the sign of the God are in fact his aniconic images... It will be shown from

533

Subsequent discoveries strengthened this conjecture. In 1914 … Period excavated on the south-east borders of the Palace. Here in a small … Goddess... In the case of many of the smaller pillar-rooms with a single pillar— … with pillars of the sanctuary quarter in the Knossian Palace... Of the sanctity of … 'God,' he speaks now of a 'Goddess.' In my own opinion the double … 1 Sir A. J. Evans in Archaeologia 1914 lxv. 68 f. … been standing in the temple. The image of Thor was carved on one of them. He declared

534

The double axe in relation to horns

535

The double axe in relation to horns 535 … (8) The double axe in relation to horns. … Fragments of pottery from Knossos show the double axe, in one … pair of horns had a central socket, which in … 2 See now T. Homolle ' L'origine des Caryatides' in the Rev. Arch. 1917 i. 1—67 … 4 D. Mackenzie in the Joum. Hell. Stud. 1903 xxiii. 203. … 6 Id. ib. p. 97 fig. 55 (redrawn in my fig. 404).

536

536 The double axe in relation to horns … wrists. She raised both hands, one palm outwards, the other in pro- … 2 So at least I have ventured to suggest (J. E. Harrison in the Transactions of the

537

The double axe in relation to horns 537 … single devotee. The duplication of the double axe, as in the cases of

538

538 The double axe in relation to horns … in relief3.' … in Kypros {Enkomi), preserved in the British Museum8, is decorated … 3 H. A. Boyd in the Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian … 4 Sir A. J. Evans in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1902—1903 ix. 114 fig. 70 ( = my … knots (see P. Wolters ' Faden und Knoten als Amulett' in the Archiv f. Rel. 1905 viii. … C. Bonner 'The Sacred Bond' in the Transactions of the American Philological Associa- … It is noteworthy that in this fourth grave was found a fringed knot of alabaster (Schliemann … H. B. Walters Excavations in Cyprus London 1900 p. 38 f. fig. 67 no. 844.

539

The double axe in relation to horns 539 … in particular be sacrificed to an axe or an axe-bearing god? and why … meaning of this combination we must bear in mind (a) that the bull … 2 E.g. A. Milchhofer Die Anfduge der Kunst in Griechenland Leipzig 1883 p. n6f. … London 1897 p. 103 (' they are symbols of sacrifice offered to the dead, in conformity

540

540 The double axe in relation to horns … Bucranium and double axe were for centuries associated in the … pair of double axes (fig. 411) and eight bucrania (fig. 412) found in … Between the horns in every case rises a vertical stem, which is hardly … loose heads of double axes found with the bucrania in question. … 3 L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pet. 1873 p. xxix, id. id. 1874 p. 32 f. Atlas … 5 R. Wiinsch in the Archiv f. Rel. 1913 xvi. 632 f., Am. Journ, Arch. 1914 xviii. 227.

541

The double axe in relation to horns 541 … close parallel to it was published in 1892 by E. Cartailhac2 from the … in the old indigenous pottery of Apulia. In 19083 I drew attention … 3 ' The Cretan Axe-cult outside Crete' in the Transactions of the Third International

542

542 The double axe in relation to horns … Messapia' in the Rom. Mitth. 1897 xii. 201—252 figs. 1—22 pi. 10, ' ii. La Peucezia' … My figs. 415—418 are from photographs by the Museum photographer. H. B. Walters in

543

altogether (fig. 417). That we are on the right track in explaining … we have a handle adorned with three cones grouped together in a … bands, including a frieze of birds and a row of ritual horns quite in … Thus far we have seen that the double axe, whether hanging in … That this sky-god was conceived in human form is not only … axe on the Mycenaean ring, very justly remarked : ' It stands in a … 1 M. Mayer in the Rom. Mitth. 1908 xxiii. 217 : ' Zwecklos ware es auch, an gewisse … projection ending in two discs, perhaps intended for a rude human head.' It is, of course, … in the Rom. Mitth. 1908 xxiii. 194 ff. no. 15 pi. 8, 4 and col. pi. 9, no. 16 suppl. pi. 1, 4, … 8 Sir A. J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 108.

544

probably from Melos, now in his possession. It shows a bearded … rushing through the air with a double axe in his hand. We can … 2 In accordance with a well-known convention of archaic art {e.g. Furtwangler Vasen- … represents an axe-head let into and fastened in a long wooden handle (E. A. Wallis Budge … or laced over, the upper end appearing as a flap at the top, probably for unwinding... In … any ascertained facts.' The green colouring of the handle in the two figures here given

545

P. E. Newberry likewise demurs to the view that the 7z<?^?r-sign is an axe. In a letter … 'Two Cults of the Old Kingdom' in the Ann. Arch. Anthr. 1908 i. 27: 'In the Fifth … bol is found as early as the First Dynasty in Egypt (Petrie R.T.I., vn, 12, and Quibell, … Hierakonpolis II, LXVill).], which it is possible may be connected with HA, for in the … deals with the various forms of axe and adze found in Egypt and elsewhere, but does not … Sibitti (A. de Longperier in the Bulletin archeologique de V Athcnceum francais 1855 i.

546

sented by axe and sceptre is perhaps Adad, who on a cylinder of rock-crystal in the … The [Seal Cylinders of Western Asia Washington, D.C. ic>io p. 251 figs. 764, 766, id. in … The flint held in the hands of those that swore the … in Verg. Aen. 8. 641, cp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 12. 206), are best explained as unhafted … Roman People London 1911 p. 130. I have said my say on the subject in the Class. Rev.

547

Barbarised copies of the drachma of Rhode [Rosas) in Spain (shortly before c. 250 B.C.), … like Esus (Lucan. 1. 444 ff. with schol. ad loc, Lact. div. inst. t. 21), who in Gallia … the sign of an adze, either incised or carved in relief, and end with the formula : ' So-and-so … it, and the literature is already large (a helpful summary in Sir J. E. Sandys Latin … that the tombs in question were under the protection of some Gallic divinity symbolised … A parallel to these Gallic tombstones ' dedicated under the adze' may be found in … R. Eisler Weltenmantel und Himmelszelt Miinchen 1910 ii. 765, after Kiientzle in … 2 Kaineus once planted a javelin in the midst of the market-place and bade men count … It had no temple; but the man who acted as priest kept it in his house for a year. Sacri- … The oldest image of Mars at Rome was a spear (dopv, hasta) kept in the Regia and

548

to reverence at Knossos as Rhea2. Now in Greek myth the husband … reigned together in Crete4. And some interesting details of the … settle down in the winter. An ancient iron scimitar (aKLvaK-qs) set on the stack was viewed … The Alani had no temple, but fixed a naked sword (gladius) in the ground with bar- … made him irresistible in war (Priscus Panites frag. 8. Bekker—Niebuhr (p. 224 ed. Bonn.) … fig. 89). This perhaps implies the cult of the sword (cp. A. de Longperier in the Bulletin … 1 See an eminently reasonable article on ' Weapon-worship ' by A. Lang in the Morning

549

too in his work On Crete told how the cave on Mount Ide called … 6 For previous attempts to explain the myth see M. Mayer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. … following responsum: ' your derivation seems to be quite possible. The root would be in … That des Verzehrens, Verschlingens'), cp. id. in Philologus 1857 xii. 555 f. Support for … iriuva = Eustath. in II. p. 34, 26). Other derivations of Kpovos are listed by Gruppe Gr. … W.pop,r\Qeus dyKu\o^r\Ti)s with Proklos and Moschopoulos ad loc. In Orph. h. Kron. 13. 7 … For the second element in it see Walde Lat. etym. Worterb? p. 482 s.v. ' meto,' I mow : … This interpretation has been in part anticipated by E. Hoffmann Mythen aus der

550

in allusion to the god's Jidrpe or sickle-knife—a Thracian1 weapon … occurs among the Hittite rock-carvings of Boghaz-Keui. In the … 2 S. Reinach in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. ii. 970, M. Mayer in Roscher Lex.

551

139 : 'their god was a lion, or rather a lion-man, a being in whom the bestial and human

552

identified with the youthful god standing on a lioness (?) in the large … Anatolian parallels. Silver coins of Mallos in Kilikia exhibit a four- … nomous and imperial pieces in the first century B.C., show Kronos, … 1 Sir A. J. Evans in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1900—1901 vii. 28 ff. fig. 9 published … lion ; the other, a warrior-god accompanied by a lioness (?). Id. in the Jotu'n. Hell. Stud. … 7 Head Hist, num.2 p. 791. G. F. Hill in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Phoenicia p. lxii

553

agrees in the main with the description of him given by Sanchou- … Kronos, four eyes in front and behind, < two of them wide awake > and two … assigned two wings upon the shoulders, on the ground that they shared in the … The same four-winged deity appears in quasi-Assyrian garb as the … L. P. di Cesnola at Kourion in Kypros and now in the Metropolitan … ('Akka, St Jean d" Acre) or Ptolemais in Phoinike discussed by … Augustus, Head Hist, num? p. 791. See further A. Judas in the Rev. Num. ii Serie … The context in general is discussed by Gruppe Cult. Myth, orient. Rel. i. 347 ff., and the … 5 G. F. Hill 'Some Graeco-Phoenician Shrines' in the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1911 xxxi.

554

axe in his right hand, a hdrpe in his left, and is flanked by the fore- … heights in Greece2, Libye, Italy, Sicily, and the west" being … offered sacrifices to Kronos at the spring equinox in the Elean month Elaphios (Paus. 6. … Saturn was much in evidence throughout Roman Africa, where the Phoenician Ba'al-

555

the rock, but no temple. J. Toutain ' Le sanctuaire de Saturnus Balcaranensis' in the … copper coins, and no less than 365 votive inscriptions (a selection in Dessau Inscr. Lat. … that the god is always represented as a mere bust in a pediment, flanked by his bill-hook … in which P. E. Newberry 'Two Cults of the Old Kingdom' in the Ann. Arch. Anthr. … on Italian soil see G. Wissowa in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 432 ff.

556

frag. p. 830 Nauck2) scriptorum in titulis indicator, qui tumulos memorat reliquiasque … Clemens loc. cit.)). It is>ery possible that this belief in a Sicilian grave of Kronos, com

557

Finally, near Carthago Nova in Spain was yet another Hill of Kronos (Polyb. 10. 10. … Be&v in A. Westermann Scriptores poeticae historiae Graeci Bransvigae 1843 p. 328, 11 f. … Serv. in V'erg. georg. 1. 12 quod Saturnus humoris totius et frigoris deus sit); 'dwellers … yevvaadai irdvTa, cp. Prokl. in Plat, retnp. ii. 61, 22 Kroll 5ib Kai <paai twv topwv tt\v p.ev … KaTacpepop-evuv woXXtbv tt)v 'iKKpioiv tovtuv Kpovov <hvop.do~6ai, Porphyrios in schol. B. D.

558

The Ophite sect of the Peratai in one of their sacred books … alter QdXacro-a into QaXdrd, from 'to beget,' in view of Berosos frag. 1. 4 {Frag, … XI. XIayer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1475 cites Stob. eel. 1. 5. 14 p. 77, 16 Wachsmuth … for a charm preserved in a magical papyrus of s. iv a.D. makes the magician identify … sublimium motus Stella Saturni: ' haec cum proxima signa XIarti premit aut [in] lunae … hie autem in Capricorno facit gravissimas pluvias, et praecipue in Italia...ut in Scorpio … die dieses Xliihlenlied gewiss gehabt hat'). Cp. also a charm in the Anastasy papyrus … (Imhoof-Blumer Monn. gr. p. 21 pi. B, 4 ( = my fig. 436), M. Mayer in Roscher Lex. Myth.

559

seems to have been the case, for example, in south Italy. Tradition … The same thing happened repeatedly in Asia Minor. Evidence … reigned over Lydia4, used to carry it, receiving it in succession as a sacred heir- … weapon in Religion and Folklore Cambridge 1911 p. 121), were from time to time dug up … Vermuthung, die dadurch Gewissheit wird, dass Chars-El in den semitischen Sprachen:

560

an image of Zeus, put the double axe in his hand, and named the god Labradeus … It is, in fact, constantly associated with the Amazons, and that … and one pointed end {sdgaris, securis). These types appear in art … labrys of Hippolyte to Lydia that the axe in question belonged … a copper of Perinthos struck by Elagabalos (F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Num. Zeitschr. … in the Revue de Fhistoire des religions 1913 pp. 277—308, F. M. Bennett Religious Cults … Hdvdavii. See further O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 321, 326f.

561

the Lydian kings, introduced into Karia in the time … 4 G. Radet' Inscriptions de Lydie' in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1887 xi. 478 f. no. 57, 14ff. … in 'Ap/JLOvia, June 24, 1894 = Alh. Mitth. 1894 xix. 535 f. ivpQiTov dywvoderTjv rrjs Trp(ib)\Tws … 7 M. Clerc 'Inscriptions de Thyatire et des environs' in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1886 … 9 A. Wilhelm in the Ath. Mitth. 1891 xvi. 132 no. 5, 5 f. = W. R. Paton in Inscr. Gr.

562

naked figure, long-haired and laureate, holding the axe in one hand … appears in the solar chariot (fig. 443)8. It is clear, then, that at … Hvdi\\o\v ' AirbWwvos (T)vpLfxvaiov, E. L. Hicks 'Inscriptions from Thyatira' in the Class.

563

Stadtmiinzen p. 38 pi. 2, 17 ('jugendlicher Heros'). B. V. Head in the Brit. Mus. Cat.

564

In any case he is a hero on his way to becoming a god. Indeed, … stood in some relation to a sacred cypress6, imperial coppers show … snake (?) in her right hand and leans her left arm on a double axe

565

What happened in Lydia, happened with some variation in … 2 A good collection of data for the worship of Dionysos in Lydia will be found in W. … Hist. 7iu7n.'2 p. 663. I figure a specimen in the Fitzwilliam Museum (W. M. Leake … struck by Fabius Maximus in 5 B.C. … i( L. Ross and E. Gerhard in the Arch. Zeit. 1844 ii. 344 no. 50 bis from the Prokesch-

566

sopolis, where he appears not only on coins2 but in a small … with Apollon. Hierapolis in the second and third centuries A.D. … 13, V. C. Cavedoni in the Arch. Zeit. 1847 v. 125, W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. … - Imhoof-Blumer Kleinas. Miinzen i. 219 no. 4 head of Demos, early in s. iii A.D.,

567

Orta-Keui, Sir W. M. Ramsay and Dr D. G. Hogarth in 1887 dis- … in Altertiimcr von Hierapolis (Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. Erganzungsheft iv) … loc. cit. p. 119 f. no. 153, 4 f.). The same title recurs at Oturak in Phrygia (Sir W. M.

568

7 A. Conze in the Arch. Zeit. 1880 xxxviii. 37 f., Sir W. M. Ramsay in the Joum.

569

double axe in relief as the symbol of Apollon Tarseus (fig. 464)\ … Asbamaios near Tyana in Kappadokia4. He further5 contends that … 1 A. Conze in the Arch. Zeit. 1880 xxxviii. 38, Sir W. M. Ramsay in the Journ. … a feminine personal name at Komana in Kappadokia (Sir W. M. Ramsay in the Journal … iavrbv KaXel = Aristot. mir. ausc. 152 and, much abbreviated, in Souid. s.v. 'Acrfiap-aiov, cp. … intumescit. D. G. Hogarth ' Modern and ancient roads in eastern Asia Minor' in the … or Me-hasseba, 'aquae juramenti'). C. Lassen in the Zeitschrift der Deutschen morgen- … took it to mean the 'seven waters,' in Syriac shab'd may a.

570

them might be ranked the Lydian Bdgis, a town in the Kata- … Abozenos in an inscription from … Gottingae 1843 P- 567 would restore c5 Ba7<xte MafeO or <2 BayaTe ird Zev in Aisch. suppl. … hoc, ' beech,' etc. If so, cp. the Celtic divinities mentioned in inscriptions of the Allobroges: … in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lydia p. xxxviiiff., 30 ff. pi. 4, 5 —11, pi. 41, 1. … Kal 'in peXriovs, Kal dpx^yovs ?Xere ypwas Ka' yfuOtovs, fiaXXov 5e Tirdvas.

571

which had to be cleansed in water drawn from the river Kydnos1. … carries a double axe, a sword, and a bow-case into the bargain2. In … primitive weapon. At Eumeneia he stands erect with a raven in … the double axe in his left hand and a phidle in his right (fig. 46/)4. … standing with a branch (?) or corn-ears and poppy (?) in one hand, … Spirit' (ib. 6. 17), was he thinking for a moment of the panoply worn by Sandas in his own

572

on the Lykos ^z^z'-autonomous coppers issued by Pythes in the … On the whole, I conclude that in Phrygia, as in Lydia, the … the Lydian labrys to the Carian Zeus Labradeusz ? In Karia … issued at Mylasa(?) by Eupolemos, the general of Kassandros, in … had long since said 'lupus.' But B. V. Head in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Phrygia p. 287 … W. Wroth ' Eupolemus' in the Num. Chron. Third Series 1891 xi. 135—139, F. Imhoof- … 6 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Caria, etc. p. n no. 10 early in s. ii B.C., with obv. young

573

thus characterised as a sacred object was in Hellenic times associated … HvWiov in Kibyratis rather than that from SJXXvos in Pamphylia : ' Uas Doppelbeil ist … horse. I figure an example in the Leake collection (W. M. Leake Numismata Hellenica … 4 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Caria, etc. p. 99 pi. 17, 3 early in s. ii B.C., with obv. head of … standing to right; F. Imhoof-Blumer ' Zur griechischen und romischen Mtinzkunde' in

574

and laureate, clad in chiton and himdtion, who holds a double axe … specimen, in my collection, struck by Caracalla.

575

in more detail together with an eagle (fig. 481)3 or a stag4. At … name) Stag standing to right with labrys in front of it (symbol). … 5 J. Friedlaender in the Zeitschr. f. Num. 1875 ii. 109 f. fig. ( = my fig. 482). The

576

of Commodus shows him, again clothed in a short chiton and accom- … nos was, in fact, king of Mylasa before he became satrap of Karia; … call him, the other of Zeus Labrandenos. The former is in the city.- Labranda is … Zeus Strdtios, who is honoured by the neighbourhood in general and by Mylasa … Kai T7]fx ttSXiv I Kal tovs evepyeras rrjs woXeus • k.t.X., id. 33 ff. (in a decree of 355—354 B.C.)

577

same family. It is recorded that Mylasa in former times was a mere village, the … by Caracalla and Geta (fig. 485)1. Zeus Osogoa, clad in chiton and … s. ii. B.C. and later (figs. 486, 487)"1. In imperial times the compound … der rdmischen Provinz Asia' in the Abh. d. berl. Akad. 1855 Phil.-hist. Classe p. 627 … similar figure of Zeus Osogoa, with trident and eagle, in a tetrastyle temple occurs on … p. 312 no. 70, Head Hist. nui?i.2 p. 622. I figure a specimen in my possession (fig. 486)

578

Hochschule Leipzig 1894 (cited by W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 1229) with … p. 387 ff. (' Iupiter Osogoa') and discussed by O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1776— … 4 J. Schaefer op. cit. p. 388 ff. prints the following in chronological sequence: … (3) A. Hauvette-Besnault—M. Dubois in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1881 v. 98 ff. no. 2 … (4) W. Judeich in the Ath. Milth. 1890 xv. 260 no. 13 (on a fluted column from the … (5) A. Hauvette-Besnault—M. Dubois in the Bull. Corr. LLell. 1881 v. 100 no. 3

579

Labranda, s. i B.C.), 2 tov Aios tov 'Qaoyti. Cp. W. Judeich in the Ath. Mitth. 1889 … \ro\v Aios 'Offoyu ov Kai ra [---] (so W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 1225 for … O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 978. It is, however, possible that we should … (15) G. Cousin—C. Diehl in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1888 xii. 12 ff. no. 3 (from an … arbitrators—on whom see T. Thalheim in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 570 f.—, in the … the sale or lease of lands belonging to the temple. Cp. W. Judeich in the Ath. Mitth. … (3) G. Cousin in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1898 xxii. 380 ff. no. 21, col. r, 12 f. 7rapa 777

580

recurs at Euromos6 and was not unfrequent in Asia Minor7. An … a For a string of guesses see W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 1225 f., E. Assmann … 64, fig. ii, A. Hauvette-Besnault—M. Dubois 'Antiquites de Mylasa' in the Bull. Corr. … 7 A well-known example is that of the columns dedicated by Kroisos in the sixth-

581

The Greeks in general regarded him as a blend of Zeus with Poseidon. … 'There is an ancient legend that a wave of the sea appears in this sanctuary. … the city. But Mantinea is farther than either of them from the sea ; therefore in … of Zeus, < and that in Karia, beside which is the sanctuary >4 of Poseidon. … (4) A. Fontrier in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1895 xix. 558 f. no. 1 =Ath. Mitth. 1896 xxi. … (1) A. Hauvette-Besnault—M. Dubois in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1881 v. 107 ff. … (2) G. Cousin—C. Diehl in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1888 xii. 21 ff. no. 8, 7 f. [6 ddva … (4) E. Hula—E. Szanto in the Sitzungsber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wiss. in Wien Phil.-hist. … 1 G. Cousin—C. Diehl in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1888 xii. 14, J. Schaefer op. cit. … 4 J. Dalechamps in 1583 restored the missing words in Latin from Plin. nat. hist. 31. … injured again by a modern translator, C. D. Yonge, who renders iv Kapia, 'in Cairo'!!

582

(s. iii B.C.), if not to that of Dorion (s. iv B.C.)2, appears in the local … out that the Taurophonia, mentioned in a decree of the Otorkondeis … but a specialised form of Zeus. In 19036, accepting with some modi- … 4 Eustath. in II. p. 763, 50 f. (on //. 9. 457 Zei>s re Karaxdbvios k.t.X.) ort Zeus /ecu … 7 H. L. Ahrens ' Ueber den Namen des Poseidon' in Philologies 1866 xxiii. 1 ff.,

583

Poteiddn, Poseidon, etc. to denote 'Zeus in the Water' (potos), arguing … from improbabilities and was rejected by O. Gruppe in 19082. In- … partially anticipated by German experts. K. Brugmann in the second … 2 Gruppe Myth. Lit. 1908 p. 600. Id. in the Neue Jahrb. f. Mass. Altertum 1918 xli. … 3 The nom. sing. Adv was used by the Boeotians in place of Zei>s {supra p. 342 n. o) ; … 8 O. Hoffmann ' Poseidon' in the Jahres-Bericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft fur

584

his Arcadian consort Da mater, 'Mother Da.' Kretschmer in 19091 … ' In derjenigen Landschaft, in welcher der Gott viele seinen alten Ziige bewahrt hat, in … lation TTocri eintrat. Die ganze Benennung hat eine Analogie in der epischen Bezeichnung

585

had gone further in the same direction by supposing the original … likely that the god was named in his own right than in virtue of his … spelled in very diverse ways. Kretschmer2 has compiled a list of a … horn. Wairjwv dor. Hat.dv, "Ep^dwv 'Fipfj.dv. Es scheint nun, dass in der Zusammenrlickung … 'Demeter' in the Wiener Studien 1902 xxiv. 523 ff. … Congress for the History of Religions Oxford 1908 ii. 192 fig. 16 a small altar, found in a … an axe in relief below the inscription), from Halikarnassos (G. Hirschfeld The Collection … with the double axe and inscribed Atos | AafipaiivSov, found in an island near Bafi on … syllable appears from Plin. nat. hist. 32. 16 in Labrayndi Iovis fonte etc., where the best … Michel Recueil d"Inscr. gr. no. 471, in, 35 = F. Bechtel in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.-

586

not only in the names of places, but also sometimes in those of … Carian cult must have been near akin to the Cretan. In which con- … A. Hauvette-Besnault—M. Dubois in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1881 v. 98 ff. no. 2, 10 f. … Lebas—Waddington Asie Mineure no. 399 (decree in honour of Ouliades, found at … 4 E. Hula—E. Szanto in the Sitzungsber. d. kais. Akad. d. IViss. in Wien Phil.-hist. … AafipavSeiis k.t.\. (infra p. 590 n. 3). AafipavSeus as an ethnic is found in Lebas— … 9 Strab. 659 (supra p. 576). AafipavS-qvbs as an ethnic occurs in Steph. Byz. s.v.

587

and Palaxos or Spalaxos came in consequence of an oracle to Karia … Pandmaros of Panamara3, O. Hofer in 1894 suspected that the third … by them in 1894". The altar in question is decorated with a double … Michel refers the first of these inscriptions, which is now in the Louvre (W. Frcehner … 4 O. Heifer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1777 f. … (so W. G. Rutherford, in his ed. of 1883, with excision of line 8) implies a form 7rAi7£.

588

appreciate Euhemeros' statement that Zeus in the course of his … In 1840 Sir Charles Fellows5 saw and described the Sacred Road … bean (P. Kretschmer Einhitiaig in die Geschichte der G?-iechischen Sprache Gottingen … But when Eisler loc. fit. goes on to detect double axes in the YleXacryoi ( = *n.e\ay- … potitus sit, in tantam venisse insolentiam ut ipse sibi fana in multis locis constituent, nam … labriandus codd. P.V.) hospites eius atque adiutores in bello fuerunt ; item Iovi Laprio, … 5 C. Fellows An Account of Discoveries in Lycia London 1841 p. 67. … 1—5 and Travels in Asia Minor and Greece Oxford 1825 i. 245 ff., who took the ruins

589

his experiences in an enthusiastic letter1 and securing admirable … most important of these ruins is that of a small distyle temple in antis, consist- … 1 Reprinted from the Revue Independante 1844 xiv. 535 f. in Lebas—Reinach Voyage

590

33'6". The doorway is 12'2" in width. … Labranda in its palmy days … Here too was a spring of clear water, in which were kept tame eels … ruins he estimates as not more than 400 paces in width : he considers these remains to be … 3 Plin. nat. hist. 32. 16 e manu vescuntur pisces...item in Labrayndi {stipra p. 585

591

as in primis a fighter, brought his old wooden effigy up to date by … to his cost. He reached Mylasa on March 20, 1840, 'in a violent … probably because, as C. Robert in J. Schaefer De love apud Cares culto (Dissertationes … W. Judeich in the Ath. Mitth. 1890 xv. 267 ff. no. 20 (a decree of s. i B.C.), 3 ff. … 3 C. Fellows An Account of Discoveries in Lycia London 1841 … decorated with a double axe in relief, which were built into various

592

with Zeus Strdtios1, we have no evidence of a goddess at all in … her maternal characteristics. In point … at Mylassa.' It is of importance, because in all probability it pre- … round throat, double axe and sceptre in either hand. The body … aetatibus praeter Iovem diligenter venerabantur, in Caria nisi in septentrionali Lydiae … P. Foucart in the Mon. Piot 1910 xviii. 162 thinks that Lenormant's draughtsman meant

593

the temple of Athena Alea and acquired in 1914 by the British … inscribed Zeus. He faces us, in chiton and himdtion, holding a double … 1 P. Foucart ' Le Zeus Stratios de Labranda' in the Mon. Piot 1910 xviii. 145—175

594

But Wood's relief is really conclusive in favour of admitting them … came it to be found at Tegea? In the absence of the lower half of … vivants, qui repand l'abondance.' It occurs again at Suwasa in … Jahrhunderts Berlin 1910 pp. 22, 119, 149 f. and in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ix. 912 … 7 P. Foucart loc. cit. p. 172 f., followed by W. Deonna in the Rev. Arch. 1913 h- 336, … Felswand hinter dem Dorf ausgehauen fanden. In einer rundbogigen Nische sitzt eine … Ich halte die Figur fiir den Zeus Stratios, dessen Kult in Kappadokien allenthalben

595

arm is raised. The lower limbs are wrapped in a mantle. The upper … Zeus Stratios de Mithridate' in the Revue de Vhistoire des religions 1901 xliii. 47—57,

596

in 1900 photographed a crude relief (fig. 499), which represents a … with a thunderbolt brandished in one hand and a round shield … in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1909 xxxiii. 17: ' M. Cumont, en 1900, photographia au village … P. Foucart in the Mon. Piol 1910 xviii. 165 adds (after receipt of a photograph from

Plate XXVIII

Marble head of Zeus Labrdyndos (?), found at Mylasa and now in the

597

of this upward tendency has recently come to light in connexion with … The head is carved of a fine-grained marble, slightly bluish in tone. … in the neck of a statue, which presumably wore a chiton concealing … found in the sculptures from the Mausoleum4. And Furtwangler … 2 A. Furtwangler in the Text to Brunn—-Bruckmann Denkm. der gr. und r'om. Sculpt. … of Greek Archaeology New York—Cincinnati—Chicago 1909 p. 231 f.

598

concludes that the artist was in all probability an Attic sculptor of … whose precinct is still to be traced near Amathous in Kypros. The … but deeply cut in the calcareous stone (see Appendix). I should have liked to … One looks in vain for the inscriptions to Cesnola's Appendix. They … edel menschlicbes Wesen, das in schlichten, ruhigen und milden Formen hier sich … 0 I. H. Hall 'A Temple of Zeus Labranios in CyDrus ' in the Journal of the American

599

would find in him a Zeus Ldphrios comparable with Apollon Ldphrios … clxx, id. A Descriptive Atlas of the Cesiiola Collection of Cypriote Antiquities in the … 2 A tetrobol struck c. 400 B.C. at some uncertain mint in Kypros has for obverse type … 3 I. H. Hall in the Journal of the American Oriental Society 1885 xi p. clxviii f. So … 5 M. Mayer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1506 (correcting Lap?-ios into Labrios). … W. Dittenberger in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 2234.

600

to almost universal acceptance4. I share in the general conviction, … Carian Labrdynda, Ldbranda both in point of its main formative … 1 M. Mayer in the Jahrb. d. kais. detitsch. arch. Inst. 1892 vii. 191 (Xafivpivdos is for … Sanctis in the Rivista di filologia 1902 xxx. 100 f. observes that the double axe is repre- … 4 It has commended itself not only to archaeologists such as Sir A. J. Evans in the … R. M. Burrows The Discovei'ies in Crete London 1907 p. 117 ff. (with Appendix B by … s P. Kretschmer op. cit. p. 293 ff., R. S. Conway in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1901—

601

Again, the whole history of the labrys in Asia Minor shows that … In 312 a.D. Constantine the Great crossed the Alps to attack … the Ouinquennalia, four-yearly contests in honour of Iupiter Ccipi- … Labyrinth, " the Place of the Double Axe." ' Also with D. Mackenzie in the Ann. Brit. … and the prehistoric inhabitants of Crete, the cult of the divinity in question may be native … way or the other were to be at all admitted, the probability in the circumstances would … est in quiete Constantinus, ut caeleste signum dei notaret in scutis atque ita proelium … and G. Laubmann, after Cuperus and others, read Christum) in scutis notat. quo signo

602

stances in which Constantine had his famous dream. Lactantius … that in this we should recognise a time-serving modification of … erected in the most public place at Rome with 'the trophy of the … The same author in his Life of Constantine (337 A.D.)3 claims to … into a loop at the top, forming the letter Rho) Christum in scutis notat." ' We thus obtain … pLthbsL crr/peiu), Tip aXr/Owy eXeyxv Trjs dvbpeias, k.t.X.' Cp. the parallel description in … 1890 i. 490 f.). The actual sign and the imitation of it are described in the following

603

saw with his own eyes the trophy of a cross of light in the heavens, above the … tinued to ponder and reason on its meaning, night suddenly came on ; then in … the letter P being intersected by X in its centre: and these letters the emperor … standard made in imitation of it was more elaborate and involved … Family, and his Successors' in the Num. Chron. New Series 1877 xvii. 11—56 pi. r,

604

etc. He maintains that already in 312(?)—317 the forms ^ ^ x … ^ only as a moneyer's mark in the field of the reverse (fig. 5°2)2- … may well be right. In any case the monogram underwent many … y P. Bordeaux in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1913 xxvi. 89—91. … Romilly Allen Early Christian Symbolism in Great Britain and Ireland London 1887 … by C. W. Bingham in The Archaeological Journal 1859 xv^ I§6 f., ib. 1865 xxii. 345.

605

in Gloucestershire a stone, which forms the under part of the founda- … (figs. 503, 504) carved upon it1. Among the numerous specimens in

606

the top of a pillar (figs. 508, 509)2. The two saints in this grouping … glasses of the Catacombs' in Tlie Archaeological [oumal 1901 lviii. 227—253, id. British … :1 Textile fabrics of s. vi—vii (?) at Crefeld (O. M. Dalton Byzantine Art and Archaeo- … synagogue in the east burnt at the instigation of a bishop, who has been bidden by the … 6 Prudent, c. Symm. 1. 486 ff. Christus purpureum gemmanti textus in auro | signabat

607

tonic, Illyric, Armenian, &c. in search of an etymology.' And E. … formal links between the labrys and labarum. Accordingly in 1908 … loc. cit. quotes laborum for labarum from sundry late sources. In cod. Theod. 6. 25 de … stridens, labor horret ab alto, | ipsa etiam infringi dubitans inflectitur arbor. But in cod. … 2 E. Venables in Smith—Cheetham Diet. Chr. Ant. ii. 909. … 5 In the Transactions of the Third International Congress for the History of Religions

608

to conciliate pagans and Christians alike. Finally in 1911 B. Schrem- … highly improbable that we should see in them the connecting links … Coins (in J. G. Biihler Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Altertumskun.de ii. 3 b) … 6 L. Jeep ' Zur Geschichte Constantin des Grossen' in Historische imd philologische

609

Surveying the whole history of the double axe, he argues that in the … Pannonia and Raetia into Germany and Gaul ; that in the north … torted allusion to it in a curious passage of Nikephoros Kallistos4. … in Pannonia Superior (Orelli Inscr. Lat. sel. no. 2017 = Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. no. 4877 … further E. Oberhummer in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv. 987.

610

it was upset by a great south wind in 1105 A.D.3 The porphyry- … the double axe in the religion of Phrygia8, on the other, the fact … of Noah was but the ancient Anatolian Idbrys, in a novel Jewish … between them a barrier in the form of a double axe11. The original … 9 For the literature of this famous type see W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 448.

611

that in this, the central portion of their otherworld chart, they sought … prior to c. 408 A.D.5, informs us in his prologue that he has put … 3 F. de Mely in the Comptes rcnJus de f Acad, des inscr. et belles-lettres 1904 p. 340 f. … belonging to the dynasty of the Ke'ianides and living in the age of Solomon (J. Mohl in

612

tion of the vine couched in poetic and to a large extent rhythmic … against thee; but thou bringest to light all that is in the souls of mortal men, and … liquet. See Gossen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 2416 f. … cumque sunt in animis mortalium et quae absconditae habent mysteria mentis. The sense … affectat, botrus vinum cceleste fecit ' One might suspect that we have in the text remnants … d-rravres ev<ppav6evres oi <piXoi, fj.rj8evbs avfarfjaavros. The invocation of section 30 is in

613

its name must not be taken in vain. Next, the sacred account, as given in the … One other fact in connexion with the double axe should here be … were clearly suggested in the first instance by the outline of a double … 1 Sir A. J. Evans in the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1894 xiv. 365 f., id. Scripta Minoa Oxford … Faliscan sibilant X (J. Schmidt in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1617 ff.), and the

614

% >|<2. It was by no accident that Constantine in his labarum … the seventh century B.C. found in Rhodes and Karia. A fragment

615

Zeus in the East … of large pitlwi and is once at least treated in a more advanced style … Lapiths. J. L. Stokes in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1905—1906 xii. 78 speaks of 'An

616

616 The double axe in the East … phrygien' in E. Chantre Mission en Cappadore i8gj—1$94 Paris 1898 pp. 185—191) … AaKir-vbs with the modern Ilgin. Axes in jadeite and bronze have been found in the tell

617

The double axe in the West 617 … (X) The double axe in the West. … of exchange or ceremony, make their appearance in the west as far … types of separate origin. In Bronze-Age deposits ceremonial axes … further W. Ruge in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 1132. … 6 A. Lissauer ' Die Doppelaxte der Kupferzeit im westlichen Europa' in the Zeitschrift … Bronze- und Eisenzeit' in the Jahr-Buch der Gesellschaft fur lothrin^ische Geschichte und

618

618 The double axe in the West … again both in France and in Sweden axes of stone or bronze have … tion of Sweden in Heathen Tunes trans. F. H. Woods London 1888 p. 51 f. fig. 52.

619

The double axe in the West 619 … (fig. 517), and 'of Neptunus' respectively4. In Gallia Lugudunensis … 2 M. Ihm in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Etic. v. 295. … Antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zurich x) Zurich 1854 p. 39 no. 211 (1) Iovi, (2) Matribus

620

ticus3 in his History of the Danes, writing c. 1200 A.D., states that … It will be seen that in western and northern Europe the double … male figures engaged in some ritual or ceremonial action hard to … 1 S. Reinach ' Sucellus et Nantosvelta' in the Revue celtique 1896 xvii. 45—59 ( = id. … at Mogontiacum in 1882) I. o. m. | Sucaelo et | Gen. loci pro | salute C. [ Calpurni | … virorum religione cultos, in patriam deportandos curavit. cupiens enim antiquitas toni- … 6 Its character as an axe is recognised by A. J. Reinach in Daremberg—Saglio Diet.

621

A glandular sardonyx from the Vaphio tomb (fig. 519)3, now in … 2 Ch. Tsountas '"Epewcu iv rrj AaKwvLKy /ecu 6 rd(pos tov Bacpeiov' in the E</>. 'Apx-

622

but a mere mortal; and I should be content to see in him a priest … cimen in bronze of similar shape2, and other examples could be … Stai's op. cit. p. 155 f. no. 1870, A. J. Reinach in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iv. 1167 … formerly in the Towneley Collection, which combines the shape of a perforated axe with

623

Two stone moulds found near Palaikastro in 1899 exhibit a

624

flowers or poppy-stalks (?) in either hand, while another flower … Stud, e mat. di arch, e num. i. 176, R. C. Bosanquet in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1901—

625

Athena, who in various ways recalls the great mother-goddess … Nike in one hand and a double axe with straight or rounded edges in … her. Bildw. i. 607 ff. Atlas pi. 25, 3 f., A. Michaelis in the Ann. d. Inst. 1880 lii. 56 ff. … 565 no. 18, J. de Rouge ' Monnaies des Nomes de l'Egypte' in the Rev. Num. Nouvelle

626

Traces of the Cretan axe might also be sought in the complex … in detail—much to do with Crete and Cretan cult. Accordingly, we … pi. 35 Hadrian; 6340 pl. 36, 6341 Antoninus Pius. W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. … in Hermes 1898 xxxiii. 149.

627

the hand of Damastes and carried it afterwards in token of his … tvx&v I (pctiros with Sir R. C. Jebb ad loc. O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2687 ff., … 3 See J. Ilberg in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2683. O. Hofer ib. iii. 2684 ft"., after … das letzte, fiir alle gleiche Lager streckt; (but see the folk-parallels in Frazer Pausanias … Theseussage in der antiken Kunst und ihre literarische Quelle Leipzig 1894 p. 57 ff, … evident (Harrison Myth. Mon. Anc. Ath. p. 260, O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. … which has been interpreted as Theseus attacking Skiron with a double axe in the pre- … Al. 1378 avaKTos rod SpvrjKoirov with Tzetz. ad loc.) and took in hand a double axe (Tzetz.

628

axes as though to clear the way4. In these … k.t.X.). In the Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 84 I suggested that … no. 2403, E. Curtius in the Arch. Zeit. 1883 xli. 348 ff. pi. 17, … Griechen' in his Gesammelte Abhandhingen Berlin 1894 i. 33 … Tenedian axe (infra §3 (c) i (0)). G. C. Richards in the

629

from Smyrna, of the first or second century A.D., now in the Ethno- … 4 The Aa/3ud5at are mentioned in Roehl Inscr. Gr. ant. no. 319, 2 (a rock-cut inscrip- … 5 Schweitzer in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1919 xxxiv Arch. Anz. pp. 38—

630

burner barks at the smoke. In the field is a bay-branch, and a … In Italy too the axe retained its sanctity well into classical … 2 K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. i. 405. … 4 Fest. p. 10, 1 Miiller, p. 9, 9 Lindsay acieris securis aerea, qua in sacrificiis utebantur

631

(sic) d£ii'<?7> lepo<pdvTov lis HXavros and other glosses cited in the Tkes. Ling. Lat. i. … pontificesque ad sa>crificia utuntur = interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 4. 262. This more

632

head. Denarii issued by Iulius Caesar2 in Gault. 50—49 B.C. (fig. 538), … force conceived as resident in the axe itself. Two specimens of … 6 Cp. e.g. a Persian axe-head of bronze, found at Ekbatana (Hajnadan) and now in

633

the symbolic or model axe-head in bronze have come down to us. … The lictor's axe-blade, at least in late republican times, was given … thicker part above the blade is modelled in the form of a bull, whose hollow body is … side of the blade. Along the back of the animal a club is moulded in relief, the handle … minus.... Height o-o8 in.; width 0*095 m- > greatest thickness, 0^025 in. [For 'in.' read

634

perhaps in Egypt after 31 B.C. for Caesarion, exhibit the horse on

635

the Scythians5 and the Germans6, and were perhaps in the far past … its virtues would doubtless be deemed of especial value in expelling … mesolithic or neolithic times and are widely distributed in southern … 3 Supra p. 618 fig. 515. A Syro-Phoenician axe-head of bronze in the Berlin museum … 13 W. Osborne Das Beil und seine typischen Formen in vorhistorischer Zeit Dresden

636

discovered by A. Pasqui in a grave of the Early Iron Age at … scale |), Forrer Reallex. p. 88, cp. B. Schnittger in Hoops Reallex. p. 260.

637

membering that jewelry in general often originates in magic4, and … R. Paribeni to represent originals in gold or gilded metal7. Bulls'- … 1 C. Neergaard ' Ravsmykkerne i Stenalderen' in the Aarbfiger for nordisk Oldkyn- … Chaillu The Viking Age London 1889 i. 80 f. fig. 17 (from Stege in the island of Mtien), … 3 B. Schnittger in Hoops Reallex. p. 399 pi. 33, 1 f. (' Die religiose Bedeutung dieser … considerations' (in Alan 1919 no. 84: cp. id. 'The Origin of Jewellery' in the Report of … 6 S. Xanthoudides in the Kp7?Tt/c7j '^(pij/xepis Aug. 5, 1919, Sir A.J. Evans The Palace

638

axes. Further, in view of the fact that the word labrys is Lydian5, … Tralleis (At din) in Lydia6 and referable to the seventh century B.C.7 … 6 A. Dumont in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1879 iii- I29 f- pis. 4—5 (inadequate), W.

639

axe in ' Minoan ' art is frequently … 2 Sir A. J. Evans in the Ann. Brit. Sch. … For other examples see D. Mackenzie in the

640

lightning3. A parallel might be sought in the crossed lines and … in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1906—1907 xiii. 100 f. fig. 31,/". = my fig. 558).

641

chevrons that appear on Charon's hammer in a tomb-painting at … 1 H. Brunn ' Pitture etrusche' in the Ann. d. … in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. itoo fig. 1359. … E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1837 ix. 253—274), G. Krueger Charon und Thanatos … O. Waser 'Charon' in the Archiv f. Rel. 1898 i. 152—182, id. … Hephaistos, that he has left traces of his early cult in the various Xapdoveia or Xapw^ia of … grim ferryman is a problem as yet unsolved. In any case he stands for the lower, as

642

head in position1. The double axe, when a sacred … fashioned houses in Holstein, Vierlande, etc. as … n. 23, O. Waser Charon, Charun, Charos p. 15 f., id. in Pauly— … eyes of Charon as described by Verg. Aen. 6. 300 stant lumina Jlamma (in culex 216 f. … 1 A. C. Haddon Evolution in Art London 1895 p. 85 f. pi. 1, 1—3. … On the folk-lore of brooms in general see F. Kunze ' Der Birkenbesen ein Symbol des … of Brooms in Japan ' in Folk-Lore 1919 xxx. 169—207.

643

mistletoe as fallen from heaven5, and suggests that, in their view, … lightning-rod ; and even its effigy in the brick-work of the doorway … cations : ' Zum Hammer, zum Donnerkeil und zum Duenerbessem !' Cp. F. Woeste in … examples, tells me that there is in the Museum at Carnac 'an engraving of a fish (poor) … 8 Note, however, the combination of axe, pestle, and broom in the rites of Intercidona,

645

types (Zakro, Knossos), in which eyed butterfly-wings formed one element in a complex … p. 138 ff., L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pit. 1877 pp. 66—79, 94—139, O. Waser … in southern Europe, flitting about the garden-tombs of a summer's evening, with its weird … butterfly, especially of the 'cabbage white' (Pieris brassicae or the like), first in Aristotle … in the nearest flame, led Christians to regard it as the very type of a careless and worldly … an agate, belonging to a private collection in the Netherlands

646

circles, are not uncommonly found in the Greek area. Two came … 1 A. Furtwangler in Olympia iv. 71 no. 524 pi. 26 ( = my fig. 564) with remains of the … 4 W. Reichel and A. Wilhelm ' Das Heiligthum der Artemis zu Lusoi' in the Jahresh.

647

with geometric ware in the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia at Sparta … a system of decoration widely prevalent in the Hallstatt period3 … 1 J. P. Droop in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1906—1907 xiii. 117 fig. 6, e ( = my fig. 568). … Louvre in 1899, mention : ' 109. Petite hachette votive a double tranchant, ornee sur ses … characteristics of Eye Beads from the earliest times to the present' in the Am. [own.

648

into mere pendants (fig. 570)1, and in the passage developed further … 1 M. Hoernes Urgeschichte der bildenden Kimst in Europa Wien 1898 p. 440 ff. pi. 10, … bronze, from Benin, now in the collection of Mr C. H. C. Visick. Scale \.

649

of the Early Iron Age in the vicinity of … 2 M. Hoernes op. cit.1 p. 441 f. fig. 136 ( = my fig. 575): a from Obervintl in the … 4 H. B. Walters in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Bronzes p. 53 no. 344 (from Italy) and p. 57

650

1 G. Gozzadini ' Les families archeologiques et les steles funeraires du Bolonais' in the

651

in the collection formed by Count Gozzadini (fig. 578)1. The gong … and 106, G. Cotteau Le Pre'historique en Europe Paris 1889 p. 79, L. Pigorini in the

652

space two millimeters in depth1 and might be regarded as a cross … axe-gongs were made in terra cotta, and has published examples … the 'Room of the Archives' in the Cnossian palace (fig. 580)™. … sue imitazioni in terra cotta' in the Bullettino di paletnologia italiana pp. 62—76 pi. 3, 1

653

Milani1 in a somewhat tangled passage of theogonic speculation … in such subtleties, risks a similar conjecture a propos of the same … Personally I should contend that the double axe hafted in a … in a shrine (fig. 404)8, were reverenced as the signs of god and … 3 Sir A. J. Evans in the Joum. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 108.

654

blades as any evidence of the divine duality. In art, as in language1, … merely double but multiple blades, as in the case of the mould … in the Gulf of Mirabello, repeated as a pattern to cover the surface … 6 Sir A. J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 108. … nu?n.'1 p. 550. Figs. 585 and 586 are from specimens in my collection.

655

1 My friend and colleague Sir W. Ridgeway in his book The Origin of Metallic … epoch.' He shows from //. 23. 850 f., 882 f. (cp. schol. //. 23. 851, Eustath. in Od.

656

F. Imhoof-Blumer. One of these, a didrachmon extant in the col- … the way in which ' Minoan' art depicted a double axe standing on … in Tenedos, as in Crete, the double axe was itself an object of … of Tenedos.' In The Early Age of Greece Cambridge 1901 i. 444 Sir W. Ridgeway makes … I am quite prepared to believe that double axes were in early times and in some places … Svoronos in the Joum. Intern. d'Arch. Num. 1906 ix. 161 —181 pi. 2 ff. has published a … is far from certain that these castings are double axes : Sir A. J. Evans in Corolla Numis- … 4 F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Zeitschr. f. Num. 1897 xx. 274 pi. 10, 8 (reverse only),

657

we are reminded of the way in which on the sarcophagus from Hagia … (pi. xxvii, by. Perhaps both in Crete and in Tenedos the bisexual … presented in the cabinets of London (fig. 504)6 and Paris7, which … crack in the die. But Mr C. T. Seltman justly observes that the occurrence of three … same dies as the specimen in the British Museum.

658

bunch of grapes, on the other a little Nike engaged in wreathing the … 250 B.C.) from Olympia, recording a decree in honour of the Tene- … Progr. Berliti lxxiii) Berlin 1877 p. 13 no. 6 pi. 2, E. Michon in Daremberg—Saglio … Berlin 1876 i pi. 31, a. My fig. 597 was drawn from the cast in the Museum of Classical

659

Keos in one of his riddles speaks of an axe as the ' ox-slauehterinp- … {frag. 13 Kopke in E. Koepke De Chamaeleontis Heracleotac vita librorumque reliquiis … overt]? eis xa^Ke?01' SodfjvaL rov ireXeKvv rov ovv 2l/j.u>vl8t)v 'in veov bvra QaSiaai rrpbs rov … found in W. Schultz Rdtsel aus dem hellenischen Kidturkreise Leipzig 1909 i. 16, 31, 36

660

of three lyres). In both A and B, according to Schultz, the ' goat ' and ' dolphin ' are … was dubbed a smithy (xaXKewv), on account of its rumbling echoes a bull (implied in … with L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pt't. 1863 p. 116 n. 4), eiiaefieiv Siacpopus. … 'AI0NT202 IIEAAriOS' in Hermes 1888 xxiii. 70—80). Parallels abound : e.g. Kpovos, … hammer is still to be seen cut in the hillside at Tours (H. Bayley Archaic England … to retire for the formation of the Malabar coast, caused vast fissures in the Western Ghats

661

in favour of Dionysos. An Attic black-figured amphora depicts that

662

with Lcbedos in Ionia (Lydia), and with Sebeda in Lykia, treats the … 3 W. Wroth in the Brit. Mns. Cat. Coins Troas, etc. p. xlviii. … 12 Sir A. J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1912 xxxii. 278 : ' The people whom we … reason to think that in Tenedos itself

663

' Minoan ' objects have in fact come to light in Tenedos (fig. 602)1 … with joy that at Asterion in their island were … In Karia a local deity, whose attribute was … In Tenedos too we are concerned with the legacy of the double … younger aspect of the god. But in either case we mean him who … in Tenedos, as in Karia, they belonged to some local deity identified … discern in the new dawn [sc. of classical Greece] are not the pale-skinned northerners— … 3 jn-fra p. 669 n. 5. Mr L. A. Borradaile, Lecturer in Zoology to the University of … a double axe. He kindly refers me to Miss M. J. Rathbun ' Les crabes d'eau douce' in … 8 L. Blbch in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2523 ff., O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.

664

Sabazian and other elements in a manner suggestive of Thrace. Under an arch formed … Stephanus Thes. Gr. Ling. iv. 748 c and O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. x. 1450.

665

adding that in Lemnos they were treated as gods and called … L. Hopf Thierorakel und Orakelthiere in alter und nener Zeit Stuttgart 1888 p. 226 … (A. Furtwangler in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 2198 f., 2224, 2243, O. Gruppe in Pauly— … as did a statue in the Forum Constantini at Constantinople representing Thetis (Arethas … iirl tQv KpordcpLov. k.t.X.). This device became, in fact, a commonplace of marine subjects … Meerkentaur mit Krebsscheren am Kopfe.' See also W. Drexler in Roscher Z<?x. Myth. … namen* Braunschweig 1875 i. 162 'Krabbe'). For the lobster abounded in these waters

666

ages2, and has left traces of itself in modern folk-lore3. The … p- 633, Haebler in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 1459 ^' A. Jeremias Handbuch der … scheinlich haben wir dasselbe Wort, nur das Tier bezeichnend, in dem hssl. Kafiovpovs bei … § 304 carabuream (' codex manuscriptus habet Kapaflovpeav ').] See further F. Boll in the … KeXls, rjs (ovoffKeXlSa eis cod.) to 8vop.a 1.epipap.r)X, k.t.X. O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa … (' Prinz Krebs') tells a Zakynthian tale in which the hero married to the king's daughter

667

in the Agrigentine river-crabs marked with a bull's head (?) … the Tenedian god too was served with rites of omophagy, in … notice the horrible statement of Euelpis that in Tenedos, as in … fluviatilis, a species of crab common in the sweet waters of central and southern Italy, … 10 (a fanciful rendering of the Telphusa fluviatilis, cp. ypavs as a name for ' crab ' in … Verwandtes Berlin 1910 ii. 124 and Index p. 500 s.v. 'Krebs'; and for the crab in

668

legends of the island, which tell how a prince, caught in adultery, … With this may be combined sundry statements occurring in the … (s. ix A.D.), and they in turn depend upon earlier and more reliable … coming in connexion with another proverb, the 'man of Tenedos.'

669

A briefer form of the same paragraph is found in Zenobios' col- … Poseidon and reigned as king at Kolonai, Kolonai being a town in the Troad over … the hawsers from his ship to a certain rock or tree, Tennes in anger cut the cables … 1 Zenob. 6. 9. Cp. also Eustath. in Dionys. per. 536, Phot. lex. and Souid. s.v. … because at a place called Asterion in their island there were crabs the shells of which were

670

came and dwelt with his children in Tenedos. Here they were all … But Tenes, though in reality a son of Apollon, passed as the son of … Rhoio was with child (by a man, as he supposed, but in reality by … they kept got in and broke the wine-jar. The maidens, fearing their … 4 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 232 ff. = Eudok. viol, 549. … Nikainetos AvpKos and Ap. Rhod. Kavvos) see P. Friedlander in Pauly—Wissowa Real-

671

cliff. Apollon, however, established them in the Chersonesos, giving … manifests herself by night, working cures and helping women in … 2 Immerwahr Kult. Myth. Arkad. p. 55 ff., K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … formula is missing from the list drawn up by S. Baring-Gould and J. Jacobs in C. S. Burne … 1911 p. 22 ff. Peruonto, the princess Vastolla, and their two children, shut up in a cask … Doralice in the chest on board ship). … 10 In a tale told by the Kirghiz of Siberia the daughter of a certain Khan, kept in a

672

netted it in his rough cloak, and learnt from it a spell to obtain all his desires. … experiment, bade the Half-Man by dint of fig and spell hide a spoon in the … wrong he had committed, and told him all. So the king in amazement took his … In another, from Ulaghdtsh, a village of Kappadokia, the boy destined to be king is … 1896 p. 313 ff- (princess and Sluggard shut up in a crystal cask and sent into the air … some more serious stratum of popular belief: cp. what Zeus says of men in Plat, synip.

673

original character of the heroine as an earth-goddess persists in the … Only it must, I think, be borne in mind that Tennes and Hemithea. … can detect the Thraco-Phrygian Dionysos and Semele, who in turn … Then, in the sixth century B.C., we find a Janiform image serving the … from their midst a very handsome statue of 'Tenes himself, who in … A scaraboid gem of striped brown sard, found in Kypros and now … 5 Cic. in Verr. 2. 1. 49 Tenedo...Tenem ipsum, qui apud Tenedios sanctissimus deus

674

head (figs. 608, 609)1. One specimen, in the British Museum, gives … It is possible too that both god and goddess stood in some relation … is from a specimen in the McClean collection at Cambridge. These coins are all drachms … 4 K. Sethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 325.

675

we may surmise that at Gaza, as in Tenedos, the Janiform head … apparently as Zeus Aldemios or A/dos4, while Zeus in turn was … the primeval androgynous being represented in the temple of Zeus … G. F. Hill in the Joum. Hell. Stud. 1915 xxxv. 150 risks no conjecture. … of a specimen in the British Museum (Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Coins Rep. ii. 534 no. 235

676

axe in a circle1. Now Proculeius is known to have been interested … Zeus in Korkyra was none other than the weapon of the old … 3 Numismatists for more than a century past {e.g. S. Havercamp in Morell. Thes. Num. … fish must have been a sting-ray. Returning to the subject in The Times Literary Supplement … sting-ray are well known in Melanesia generally and also in Queensland (e.g. British

677

in question. … and, in old aniconic days, leaves his weapon as a tangible token of … the axe-head being the male, the axe-handle the female, element in … pigeon,' he wrote, ' is still upon the oak-tree, she that is wise in … cult-scene at Hagia Triada. In both we have the same noteworthy

678

in the sacred tree, by the forefather of the Dodonaean priests is … 2 Text unpublished; German translation in J. G. von Hahn Griechische und albanes-

679

is yours, so am I !" "Hush, blasphemer !" "Why so? You are in truth my … the priest took in a whole month. Thereupon the priest said " You're no good … king had an axe made that weighed a hundred pounds. But the lad took it in … This folk-tale, which in part falls under J. G. von Hahn's thirty- … human thought, and we need not hesitate to recognise in the axe-

680

departure left his sword in a tree, where it was long to be seen2. … Another myth that should be considered in this connexion is … may be suspected that in this form of the story the sword has taken … 2 Varro and Cato ap. Prob. in Verg. eel. praef. p. 348 Lion. … A. Meineke in Philologus 1858 xiii. 510 f. proposed S,i<prjpovs \ifj.rju- and [ret] wept 'V-qyiov … 4 Serv. in Verg. Aen. 2. 116, Prob. loc. cit. Cp. Serv. in Verg. eel. praef. p. 95 Lion. … . 9 Interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 5. 72, Hyg. fab. 164, Fulgent, myth. 3. 8, Myth. Vat.

681

image in its branches, attacked by two men with double axes and … Adonis. In my opinion it is far more probable that the coins of … fig. 3 r6. G. F. Hill in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycia p. 71 describes the goddess as … PJlanzenwelt in dergriechischen Mythologie Innsbruck 1890 pp. 76 f., 106 f.).

682

The sword left in the tree is a circumstance which occurs in the … birth, who was called Volsung and became king of Hunland in the … plunged it up to the hilts in the tree-trunk, declaring that whosoever … Similarly in an Irish folk-tale7, when Fin and the Fenians were … 2 Id. ib.'A : The Magic Art ii. 21. Cp. the parable of the barren fig-tree in Luke 13. 6—9.

683

that thus far the story has at least some points in common with … The enormous appetite of the strong man in the folk-tale from … Demeter heard it and, appearing in the likeness of her priestess,

684

the primitive form of this myth3. In particular, the axe imbedded … One other example of a weapon fixed in a sacred tree occurs, in … he laid waste the precinct of Demeter in the plain of Dotion, and used its timber to make … 3 On the development of the myth see O. Crusius in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1373— … the frieze of the great altar at Pergamon (H. Winnefeld in Pergamon iii. 1. 154, M. Frankel … arose from a gloss on wapd rep 'TQlicXip, in which case Apollodoros will agree with schol.

685

Axe-blades and axe-hafts in megalithic art 685 … in succession, Iphiklos would beget a child. Thus instructed by the … ((f)) Axe-blades and axe-hafts in the megalithic art … that in Gaul there may have been a cult of the axe comparable with … ' Thus the representations of the axe symbol in prehistoric art offer three … /cetV avrrjv rots /xoploLS rod ttcllSos. k.t.X. (quoted by Eustath. in Od. p. 1685, 38 ff.). … 4 A. de Longperier in the Comptes rendus de la seconde session du Congres International

686

686 Axe-blades and axe-hafts in the … 'Minoan' data, that in the contemporaneous1 megalithic art of Gaul … fig. 625. Scale sV)j 1875 p. no f. from the allee couverte of Gavr' Inis in the commune of … ' Les figures sculptees sur les monuments megalithiques de la France ' in the Revue men-

687

2 O. Montelius The Civilisation of Sweden in Heathen Times trans. F. H. Woods

688

688 Axe-blades and axe-hafts in the … during the earlier part of the Bronze Age (Sir A. J. Evans in The Athenceum Dec. 25,

690

the carved slabs of the same age1 from the dolmen of Collorgues in … arose in neolithic times3. … My lord was wont to set, twelve in a row, … And shoot a shaft through the axes, twelve in all, … That I shall mind me of it even in dreams4. … are from C. Bicknell The Prehistoric Rock Engravings in the Italian Maritime Alps … Saint-Sernin' in the Mimoires de la Socie'ti des lettres, Sciences et Arts de VAveyron 1892 … 5 W. Crooke 'The Wooing of Penelope' in Folk-lore 1898 ix. 131 ('I may, perhaps,

691

into the sea by Nauplios in revenge for the fate of his son Palamedes … at Mantineia10, where in later days her grave was shown11. F. Solmsen12 … i Didymos ap. Eustath. in Od. p. 1422, 6 ff. and schol. Oil. 4. 797. … restores 'Apvaia from Tzetz. loc. cit.). See further J. Schmidt in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. … ever he does not identify with the Homeric heroine. Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 772 says expressly … 9 W. H. Roscher 'Die Sagen von der Geburt des Pan' in Pliilologus 1894 liii. 368 ff., … 12 F. Solmsen in the Zeitschrift fiir vergleichende Sprachforschung 1909 xlii. 233.

692

most suggestive Studies in the Odyssey maintains that Penelope, like … In any case the occurrence of a bird-name in connexion with the … to his reputation as a borer and fashioner of timber9. In this respect … 1 K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1398 f., O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. … H S. Wide 'Baum, Vogel und Axt' in the Sertum philologicum Carolo Ferdinando … 7 R. Lydekker The Royal Natural History London 1894-95 iii. 551 'The bill in all … 9 Extensive collections of woodpecker-names will be found in J. Rendel Harris

693

in the Nouv. Ann. 1839 ii. 261 ff. pi. 21 and pi. d, Reinach Re'p. Vases i. 239 f., 1, 2). … 3 Cp. the description of the Dodonaean Zeus in Pind. frag. 57 Schroeder ap. Dion … 1903 xvii. 412, Folk-lore 1904 xv. 387), has in sundry quarters fait fortune—see e.g. Miss … investigation of its antecedents, a task in which, so far as Byzantine literature is concerned,

694

buried in Crete. Ninos as king of Assyria was succeeded by Thouros, called also Ares. … wife and sister Hera, followed his father Kronos, who being old and infirm abdicated in … Persians, over whom he ruled for fifty-three years'. It must be borne in mind that this … in the narrative of Georg. Monachos chron. 1. 3 (i. 12 de Boor) e'xw Se yvvaiKa ^e/xlpa/juv, … Kal Aids. Yet another spelling is found in Synkell. chron. 171 b (i. 322 f. Dindorf) 6Vt irpb … Further, the Chronicon Paschale (early in s. vii) 36 a ff. (i. 64 ff. Dindorf) already has the

695

in 44 c (i. 80) it gives the epitaph in the form ivd&Se Keirai 6avu>v IITkos 6 Kal Zeus, 8v Kal … frag. 4. 4 in cod. Paris. 1630 eAa/3e 8e eis yvvaiKa IUkos 6 Kal Zeus tt\v idiav avrov d8e\<p7]v … are the sons of Kronos by Pbilyra; Zeus is buried at Knossos in Crete (Io. Antioch. frag. … Keirac Oavcov IUkos 6 Kal Zeus, 3v Kal Ai'a KaXovai flo. Antioch.frag. 6. 4 in cod. Paris. … The Excerpta Latina barbari published by A. Schone in his ed. of Euseb. chron. … c. 700 a.d. from a Greek original probably written in Alexandreia soon after 412 a.d. and … eius in diuisione terrae fuit occidentales partes tenens- sicut sine urbes et sine reges essent- … Erant enim omnes partes illas sine urbes et sine regem secundum quod narrat historia. In

696

son Mannus (Iul. Afr. tact. 29: cp. W. Kroll in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. x. 116). The … p. 695), whose name has been curiously misinterpreted. C. Miiller in the Frag. hist. Gr. … annalist C. Sempronius Tuditanus, consul in 129 b.c., who concerned himself much with … Further than this we cannot trace it. But C. Trieber in his important article 'Die Idee … (Trieber id. p. 340 n. 2 thinks it was Kastor of Rhodes, whose work j. W. Kubitschek in … to have been identified with a king.' With regard to the woodpecker in Mesopotamia he … pecker is known. The bird is described as "green" in a syllabary. It is certain that the

697

the Greeks and busied with this myth in the fifth century B.C.2, would … In weighing these various hypotheses we must not lose sight of the fact that IliVos 6 Kal … Tievs finds its ultimate explanation in an actual Cretan cult, and that this cult was known, … following F. G. Welcker Die Griechischen Tragbdien Bonn 1839 i. 384, E. Oder in the … 5 77. 2. 829 Type'iys opos aiirv with Eustath. in II. p. 356, 11 ff. and especially Strab. … 7 Refuted by J. A. Scott ' Odysseus as a Sun God ' in Class. Philol. 1917 xii. 244—252

698

propriateness in this oddly assorted couple; for the solar sign of the … Penelope—whatever they may have been in the prehistoric past— … Those who have weighed the evidence adduced in the course of … usual crop of rites and ceremonies, which in process of time, obscured … whole series of evolutionary forms5. In this connexion I would … children; and will say of them, when they come in, that they are as like their

699

nothing is known. It may have consisted, for instance, in one of the … likewise conclude that the words in question 'refer to some children's … examples doubtless exist in other collections. They attest the … 3 On these irepiairTO. or Treptafj.fxa.Ta see O. Jahn in the Ber. scichs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. … Cabinettes in Wien Wien 1850 p. 19 no. 1 pi. 1 ( = my fig. 633), E. Fernique in Darem- … best illustration of the passage in Theophrastos to Sir Richard Jebb. He told me that,

700

upon his historicity. C. W. Goodwin 'On the name Astennu' in the Zeitschrift fur … the Magian Ostanes...a Grecised form of Astennu?' Sir G. Maspero in the Proceedings

701

of magic dealt in hatchets {secures). He adds elsewhere1 that the … jecture2. J. Dalechamps3 in 1587 said that the jet was placed on a … mysteries (Synes. ad Dioscorum comment, in Democr. in M. Berthelot Collection des … donne une origme babylonienne.' F. Granger in The Journal of Theological Studies 1904 … 2 On the virtues of jet in general see G. F. Kunz The Curious Lore of Precious Stones … 4 C. Salmasius Plinianae exercitationes in Caii Iulii Solini Polyhistora Parisiis 1629

702

posed ; for in East Prussia it is still customary for the midwife to put … Axinomancy, strictly so called, has varied somewhat in its modus … quae ad interrogata movetur & in gyrum vertitur,' E. B. Tylor in The Encyclopedia … j. Tuchmann in Alehtsine 1888—89 iv. 285 (followed by E. Riess in Pauly—Wissowa … in suspicione haerent: ad cuius se mentionem securis, vel levi impulsu circumagit aut

703

Axe-superstitions are with us still2. P. Sebillot in his Folk-Lore … ' It was formerly the custom, if an offence were committed in the neighbourhood of … remembers to have heard his father mention the custom, which is duly noted both in … A pole-axe formed part of the escutcheon of Sir Hywel in commemoration of his doughty … (in pre-Celtic times?) the custom to kill off the aged and infirm by means of a club or … father in the head, as effete, & of no more use.' Cp. ib. p. 127). Sir G. L. Gomme … Noth I Den schlagt mit dieser Keule todt' (W. J. Thorns in the Gentle/nan's Magazine

704

stone in their pocket during stormy weather and, if thunder were … to the sky. Peasants on the farms near Beuvray in Saone-et-Loire, as soon as … lightning and hail. This custom is half-Christianised in the district of Saint- … viz. the primitive belief that the thunderbolt falls in the form of an … iyxeiKepawov Zfjva with schol., Eustath. in II. p. 839, 9 fF. oiJrw kcu 6 Zeus vvv fyei

705

Nonnos in the fifth century of our era makes Nike pray to Zeus … in the fray … Eustathios in the middle ages explained that 'Zeus has a fiery spear4,' … At Hydisos in Karia Zeus Areios, the 'Warlike,' appears on a … 4 Eustath. in II. p. 1240, 51 f. /cat Zei)s be irvpivov ixeL Sbpv, Tovreoriv Zyxos. e£ ov … F. Streber in the Abh. d. bayer. Akad. /Sj5 Philos.-philol. Classe pp. 232—239 pi. 4, 5,

706

Whether the Zeus Areios, before whom at Passaron in Molossis the … used to sacrifice to Zeus Areios5, may have stood in some relation to … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Caria, etc. p. 122 pi. 20, 12, W. Wroth in the Num. Chron. … problematic (cp. C. Robert in Hermes 1S88 xxiii. 430 with n. 2). The coin which … in the Abh. d. bayer. Akad. 1835 Philos.-philol. Classe p. 234, viz. that the archaic … no. 14 dpetou. See further O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. ii. 624.

707

together with Hera, is mentioned in an inscription of 69 A.D. as the … But for Propagator (E. Aust in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 746, … 1 G. Hirschfeld in the Sitzungsber. d. Akad. d. Wiss. … W. Abeken in the Ann. d. Inst. 1839 xi. 64 pi. A, 2, Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus

708

suspected in the case of that imperial favourite Iupiter Victor*, whose … Other and less sophisticated examples of Zeus with spear in hand … Iupiter Stator (on whom see E. Aust in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. … Fig 646 figure standing erect with a'spear (sceptre?) in one hand, a thunder-

710

supported on a rock and his arm thrown up in astonishment at the … the handle shows the face of Aphrodite, with a flower4 in her hair, … 1 His pose recalls on the one hand that of Hephaistos on a black-figured amphora in

711

observed that in this imposing design the thunderbolt is definitely … bay or olive. His eyes show traces of incrustation in silver—a … 1 "P. Jacobsthal Der Blitz in der orientalischen und griechischen Kunst Berlin 1906 … 2 H. Lechat 'Statuette de Jupiter' in the Rev. Arch. 1917 i. 68—71 pi. 3 ( = my

712

Iupiter, grasping a bolt in one hand and a spear in the other, … be said of Greek art ? The question arises in connexion with an … 1 J. Toutain in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 1327 f. fig. 4593 ( = my fig. 652) … According to H. B. Walters, 'Zeus has three darts or arrows in r. hand.' But nos. 854— … O. Jahn 'Gigantomachia, dipinto vasculare ceretano' in the Ann. d. Lnst. 1863 xxxv.

Plate XXX

Ionian (Cean ?) amphora from Caere, now in the Louvre : Zeus, in the Gigantomachia,

713

and that the weapon brandished in his right hand appears to be a … the subject as a whole, but with the weapon of Zeus in particular. … has argued in the same sense: he points out that Zeus, unlike the … We are on surer ground, though in a less Hellenic atmosphere, … 1 On this type-form see Overbeck op. cit. Zeus p. 341 ff. and H. B. Walters in the … . 3TOaVAOn =IIo\ii/3wr)7[s]. The same irregularity in the writing of ^-sounds is, … 7 P. Jacobsthal Der Blitz in der orientalischen und griechischen Kunst Berlin 1906

714

had in early days been called Chrysaoris^. Its inhabitants, the … phiktiones, between 205 and 202 B.C., in honour of Antiochos iii and of Antiocheia in … surmounted by crescent, holding phidle and torch (A. v. Sallet in the Zeitschr. f. Num. … num.'1 p. 624 f.): the two deities here represented are presumably those named in Strab. … L. Burchner in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 2485, Dittenberger Orient. Gr. inscr. sel.

715

in his version of Sanchouniathon's history3 gives Chrysor as the … are Greek, at least in appearance. It is, however, an assumption … the Golden Sword,' the latter element in the compound being akin … phenomenon already noted in other connexions9.

716

that Ionic minstrels, and after them the poets in general, spoke of … quiver-strap {aorter), or lyre-strap, or lyre3.' Artemis too in an … Winged his way heavenward: in Zeus' home he dwells … Robert Gr. Myth. i. 290 n. 5, O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 2484f. … epithet could only have been chosen by an interpolator. But Demeter is ^upTjcpopos in

717

A terra-cotta relief from Melos, now in the British Museum … end-panel of a limestone sarcophagus from Golgoi (Atkienau) in … rides a horse in the pendant relief, found in the same Melian tomb in 1819 {Brit. A/us.

718

head in a wallet {kibisis), turns his back on the moribund Medousa … for itself. A small two-handled vase from Nola, formerly in the … mounted by a Sphinx Medousa has fallen backwards in death. … with snakes in their right hands, pursue the hero, who keeping firm … 1 G. Colonna Ceccaldi ' Un sarcophage d'Athienau (Chypre)' in the Rev. Arch. 1875 … 3 and 4 ( = my fig. 657), Reinach Re'p. Vases ii. 49, 2 and 4, E. Kuhnert in Roscher Lex.

719

hung up like weapons in an armoury1. This last touch was not

720

particularly happy, and is abandoned in favour of a duplicated … pp. 26—28 (' De Chrysaore a prima ortus fabula alieno'), id. in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii.

721

phon1), who first became attached to the birth-saga in Asia Minor, … in Chrysaor a personification of the lightning7. I am no devotee … 2 Hannig's views have been summarised and criticised by Gruppe in the Berl. philol. … den Vorderteil des Pegasos auf die Munzen setzte, in das benachbarte Bargylia, das er … rophontes das Goldschwert in der Hand und den Pegasos reitend hervorsprang : das ist … Xpvadup 6 XapLTrpbs drip. k.t.X., Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 17 to 5i XeirTo/xepearepov eis to aidepo- … 7 It is noteworthy that in Orph. lith. 551 xPv(ra°Py rieptr^t (xpvaavpLp ed. Aid.

722

significant exception. In the Council Hall at Olympia even as late … ii. 238 ff. gives two tales, which have points in common with the myth of Perseus,

723

Tyana in Kappadokia (supra p. 569 n. 4). But all deities by whom men swore were … a town in Armenia Maior. Kltlov in Kypros is less probable). … Hierapytna and one of its colonies (Corp. inscr. Gr. ii no. 2555, u ff. = F. Blass in … the one side and Priansos on the other (F. Blass in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.-Inschr. iii. … vdrpLOv Kal Ata | AiKTalov in the second inscription. A. Boeckh in the Corp. inscr. Gr. ii.

724

Zeus IHarios occurs in Dion. Hal. ant. Ro?n. 2. 49 K&twv d£ Hopnios {frag. 50 Peter) … The facts relating to this deity are collected by G. Wissowa in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. … Duonus Cerus in the case of Ianus (supra p. 328 n. 8), Bona Dea in that of Fauna, Deus … sees lions in the way. W. Schulze ' Zur Geschichte lateinischer Eigennamen ' in the Adh. … 1 ff. Lindsay, interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 4. 204, 8. 301, H. Hagen anecdota Helvetica … nostri qui per Dium (so Scaliger for deum) Fidium iurare vult prodire solet in com- … Privernum (Liv. 8. 20) were perhaps solar symbols, as I conjectured in Folk-Lore 1905

725

{urfeta = orbita) in his hand {Tabulae Iguvinae \\b, 22 ff. pune seste, | urfeta manuve … appears to have stood in very special relations to the lightning-flash. G. Wissowa in … bidentalium) occurs on the base of a marble statue, found at Rome in 1879 and representing

726

' the image of Zeus in the Council House is of all the images of Zeus the best cal- … Agamemnon swore that in good sooth Briseis was a stranger to his bed, is repre- … its right, and very ingeniously compares a bronze in the Baduitt collection at St Moritz … in Christian times the subject of another curious confusion. For … Magus (see e.g. G. Salmon in Smith—Wace Diet. Chr. Biogr. iv. … Iupiter lurarius, worshipped at Rome on the island in the Tiber (Dessau op. cit. … (E. Aust in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1246). M. Besnier Vile Tibe'rme dans

727

In view of the epic parallel adduced by Pausanias and of the con- … 3 On Zeus in relation to oaths see further E. von Lasaulx Der Eid bei den Griechcn … The formulae used by the Greeks in the affirmations of everyday life are collected and … rad' opas;), or by the addition of an epithet hieratic {e.g. cj 'Zev BaatXeu in Aristoph. nub. … (2) In the locution 7rpos {rod) Alos the article was commonly dropped. Thus Meinhardt … added epithet {e.g. the obvious vt) rbv Ata rbv awrrjpa in Aristoph. ran. 738, 1433, eccl. 79, … pf)p.aTos yiveTaLvrj At, Choirobosk. schol. in Theodos. AI. can. isag. Kavwv dpaev. f (i. 192,

728

eavr-qv d\X' ev avvrd^ei, Phot. lex. vrj At /cat vrj Aia e/carepws. In Aristoph. eccl. 778 f. … in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1899 ii Beiblatt p. 48 ff. publishes an archaic inscription … Grcecarum antiquissimarum3 Berolini 1907 p. 116 no. 16, 11 f. =F. Blass in Collitz— … or occasion (e.g. (1) J. R. S. Sterrett 'Inscriptions of Assos' in Papers of the American … 6p/cf[ws irdvras rj] \ [fxdv k.t.X.]. Cp. the oath of Demaratos in Hdt. 6. 67 f. 'idve tu Ati

729

In s. iv b.c. and later the witness-group Zeus, Ge, Helios revived (Psurvived) in public … 532, 8f. (Paphlagonian oath of allegiance to Augustus in 3 b.c.) bp.vvco Ala, Yrjv, "HXtof, … N. coast of the Euxine ((1) C. T. Newton The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in … op. cit. ii 208 f. no. 400, 10 ff. (deed of enfranchisement in 41 a.d., with name of Polemon ii … of s. iv b.c.) oUtw irorjaoj j vol p.a Ala Kai "AXiov). H. Usener in the Rhein. Mus. 1903 … for judges at Knidos in s. ii or i b.c.) vai tov Ala Kai tov 'AttoXXoj tov Avk[lov Kai rdv Yav]).

730

Demeter, and Zeus (Demarchos frag. 89. 25 Sauppe ap. schol. in Aischin. c. Tim. 114 … Poseidon, and Demeter, divinities of sky, sea, and land. ((1) The heliastic oath in Dem. … us Ai]p.o<TdivT)s ev Ttp /caret Ttp.o/cpdrous. (2) H. G. Lolling in the Ath. Mitth. 1879 *v- 201 … in Keos) ravra | [ep-irebopK-qaui vrj rbv] Aia, vr} rr/v Adrjvdav, vi) rbv HoaeidQ, [v]r) | [rrjv … to be an Athenian oath (schol. A. D. in II. 2. 371 tSiov eivai rbv bpmv <paal ruiv' Adrjvaicov, … Kpdros, /cat Trd^res c^eot /cat 7rdo"at, as in private duty bound (supra i. 187), puts Helios in … Finally we observe that in treaties between state and state the oath-gods of the parties

731

increases, in relative importance. … his strong right hand is rushing against his foe in the attitude of … of iv B.C. between Praisos and Stelai in Crete) opvvoj A?jl[fa Aiktouov, IIoTjetStDea, … xie serie ii. pi. 76 (=my fig. 664), J. D. Beazley in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1914 xxxiv.

733

bolt in his right hand, a sceptre in his left. But it is noticeable … restraint (fig. 13)2. The bolt is held, not in the raised right hand, … 2 Supra p. 27 n. o. See J. D. Beazley 'The Master of the Berlin Amphora' in the … 3 De Ridder Cat. Vases de la Bibl. Nat. ii. 279 no. 385 ('stamnos'), J. de Witte in

734

Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1143^ fig. 3, J. D. Beazley ' Kleophrades' in the Joiim. Hell. … 3 The belief that the souls of men are weighed in a balance was common to the Greeks, … Hektor (//. 22. 208 ft.). The scales of Zeus were in fact already proverbial (E. Heden … gov 5' iiriirav £vybv Ta\dv\rov), and in his tyvxocrTacria showed Zeus aloft on the tkeologeton … For Achilles and Memnon as represented in art it is always Hermes that holds the … tragedians. A Campanian hydrla figures Aphrodite with two Erotes in her scales (Brit. … scenes of ' Phallenwagung' (A. Mau in the Rom. Mitth. 1896 xi. 11 f. no. 5, F. Hettner

735

a grand impartial figure, clad in chiton and himdtion, with a knotted … thunderbolt in the same hand—an awkward handful4; the thunder- … 2 J. D. Beazley Attic red-figured Vases in American Museums Cambridge Mass. 1918 … 4 This clumsy combination occurs first on a stdmnos in the Louvre (G 370) by the

736

1 G. Ghirardini in the Ann. d. Inst. 1880 lii. 100—117, Mon. d. Inst, xi pi. 19 ( = my

737

from Falerii in the Villa Giulia at Rome, a vase attributed by G. … the presence of Zeus. Herakles is followed by Hebe, in whose ear … The same transition from might to right in the popular con- … erect with a thunderbolt in his raised right hand and an eagle on … 2 P. Ducati I vast dipinti nello stile del ceramista Midia Roma 1909 p. 50, id. in the … in ten years he had kept his vow (Aristot. oec. 2. 2. 1346 a 32 ft.). A Platonic gloss in

739

Klearchos of Rhegion (c. 520 B.C.) and still to be seen at Sparta in … shows him in full armour advancing against the foe, his right arm … delicate work, the colour of lapis lazuli, gives us Zeus in a similar … aovv avSpiavra.. .6\6o~<pvpov. Hence in fulfilment of their vow aveBeaav e/ce(Ve pLeycarov dyaXfxa … his sons and widely known as to Ku^eXtScDv dvdd7)p.a (?a hexameter tag). It was kept in … in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 125 fig. 15, 126 fig. 16.

740

god being often used to carry his eagle. So, for example, in the … meant for an eagle and a thunderbolt in the other hand. On his head too is set … H. Brunn3 and J. Overbeck4 were probably right in contending

741

that the statue in question was made before the loss of Aigina's … 2 C. T. Seltman 'The Temple Coins of Olympia' in Nomisma 1913 viii. 24, 35 f. … 0 In 455 B.C. the Messenians besieged by the Lacedaemonians on Mt Ithome quitted … the new city founded by Epameinondas in 369 B.C. (E. Pfuhl in Pauly—Wissowa Real-

742

(fig. 674)1 show a bearded Zeus advancing to the right in the same … Polykleitos and Myron. Another statue made by him4 for the in- … 3 A. Frickenhaus 'Hageladas' in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1911 xxvi. … Hist, num.2 p. 413. Fig. 676 is from an uncatalogued specimen in the British Museum, … in the Journ. Intern, d'1 Arch. Num. 1899 ii. 302 pi. 14, n, W. Wroth in the Num.

743

in the old familiar scheme. Since Zeus Itkomdtas1 and Zeus Pats'2 … the classical period. He appears in this guise, now as a bronze … 4 E. Pfuhl in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 2193. … 7 (1) On coppers of Kierion in Thessaly, struck after c. 350 B.C. {Brit. Mus. Cat. … (F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Num. Zeitschr. 1878 p. 30 b pi. 1,

744

force of his archaic pose. A little bronze in the British Museum … formerly in the Pourtales collection (fig. 6S3)3 gave him a chiton as … (Mionnet Descr. de mid. ant. Suppl. ii. 392 no. 1133). (9) On a copper of Serdike in … 1 Reinach Pierres Gravees p. 134 no. 1, 4 pi. 123 (cornelian in the collection of the … Pourtales-Gorgier Paris 1841 p. 27 no. 123 fig., O. Jahn in the Ann. d. hist. 1869 xli.

745

In general, the striding god was superseded either by the stand- … original statue, represents Zeus standing in an attitude that bespeaks … from some great Attic sculptor of the fifth century4, is in the Uffizi … Greek sculptors rarely represented Zeus in chiton and himdtion (supra i. 86 f. fig. 55

746

in his Denkm. iii. 2127 f. fig. 2384, W. Amelung Florentiner Antiken Miinchen 1893 p. 10, … Fig. 685 is a fine bronze from Paramythia, now in the British Museum (H. B. Walters … locality, preserved at Constantinople and published by M. Collignon in the Bull. Corr.

Plate XXXI

Bronze statuette of Zeus in the Uffizi at Florence.

Plate XXXII

1 Silver statuette from Macon, now in the British Museum : … 2 Silver-gilt statuette from Macon, now in the British Museum :

747

arm higher in order to obtain a more imposing effect (fig. 686)1. The … brown. It was found in 1763 at Chalon-sur-Saone, in an oaken box along with seventeen

748

Roman bronze in the British Museum (fig. 687)1. The beardless face

749

( = my fig. 688 : scale f), ii. 207) has a youthful Zeus with a sceptre in

751

standing figures as represented in sculpture3 … Patina : grey-green. This remarkable bronze was found in … base or larophorum (cp. Dessau Inscr. Lat. set. no. 4106, 4 f. with E. Saglio in Daremberg— … the other side, in place of the pillar, was found a little Lar (o,045ln high) holding rhytdn … of Greek Birds Oxford 1895 pp. 2, 8, O. Keller Thiere des classisehen Alterthums in … see the lists in K. Sittl Der Adler und die Weltkttgel als Attribute des Zeus (supra i. 46 … 5 Eagle in the right hand of Zeus : (1) at Vienna (von Sacken op. cit. i. 10 pi. 2, 5

752

appearing far up in the blue2 was a visible manifestation, nay an … now in the British Museum … eagle's flight in Apul. flor. 2. When … Eustath. in II. p. 1351, 29 ff., et.

753

worshipper's oblation. The statuette, which in style is post-Lysippian, … The seated types of Zeus are of interest in relation to the work … imitative series. For example, Zeus enthroned with a thunderbolt in … Walters loc. cit. and in his British Museum : Select Bronzes London 1915 pi. 19 with text … Vases ii 103 ff. no. B 147, W. Henzen in the Ann. d. Inst. 1842 xiv. 90—103, A/on. d.

754

Installed in this unique position it was naturally copied and re-copied … at Taouion (Tavium) in Galatia {Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Galatia, etc. p. 24 pi. 5, 2 ( = my … 567) : see further J. R. S. Sterrett in the Papers ofthe American Schoolof Classical Studies … (A. von Domaszewski in the Ajrh.-ep. Mitth. 1885 ix. [i4f. no. 65), another I.o.m. … auraria[r(um)] | v. s. a(nimo) [l(ibens)] at Apulum (Karlsburg) in Dacia (Corp. inscr. … normal and exceptional design. Fig. 694 is a burnt onyx in the British Museum, formerly

755

is the small seated Zeus in silver with gilded drapery, thunderbolt, … in a foregoing note3. But more often the Romans were content with

756

looking bronze found in Hungary (pi. xxxiv)1, which—like sundry … in the god's right hand, the thunderbolt in his left. A second little … 1 H. B. Walters Brit. Mus. Cat. Bronzes p. 170 no. 909 and in his British Museum: … hissar), a Macedonian colony in Phrygia (A0KIM6fiX MAK6A0 NftN), struck under

Plate XXXIV

Bronze statuette found in Hungary, now in the British Museum : Zeus

757

at Heraia in western Arkadia5, was not unnaturally imitated at … waist, a sceptre in his left hand, a winged thunderbolt in his right, … the dedication of Athena Parthenos in 438s, took a hint for his … ment of the old Hekatompedon at Athens held an eagle in his left hand (hand holding … 0 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Peloponnesus p. 59 pi. io, n, P. Gardner in the Nzun. Chron. … [F A A] E 10 [N]) ; fig. 701 is from the Pozzi example, which is now in my collection

758

and the sceptre in the god's left hand, but replaced the winged … suppose) in the neighbourhood of Olympia4. The comparative … attacked by L. Pareti ' II processo di Fidia ed un papiro di Ginevra ' in the Rom. Mitth. … - Brit. AIus. Cat. Coins Peloponnesus p. 59 pi. 10, 12, P. Gardner in the Num. … 3 P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins p. in ('no doubt mount Olympus').

759

to us. The small marble Zeus in the Musee Lapidaire at Lyons2, … 186 no. 1 f., E. Wolff in the Ann. d. Inst. 1841 xiii. 52 f. pi. D, O. Benndorf in the Arch.

760

form of it in the throne-legs and in the relief-pattern that connects … domain. In point of fact, he did nothing of the sort. He set aside … Right leg is in advance of 1 Left leg is in advance of , Right leg is in advance of … I add, for comparison, four throne-legs of white marble formerly in the collection at … Texte p. 261 fig. (eight examples), C. L. Ransome Studies in Ancient Furniture Chicago … ;i From a specimen in my collection.

761

drachms issued later in the name and with the types of Alexander … proceed to drape the himdtion over the left shoulder—in short, … 2 Figs. 705, 706 are from specimens in my collection. Fig. 707 is from one in the British

762

without a back, with an eagle in his right hand, a … tentionally combined an obverse type, which in the … type of seated Zeus, in which the right hand held … andria Kat'isson' in the American … Hoards' in Numismatic Notes

763

The sceptre (for both painting and relief postulate a sceptre in the … formerly in the Castellani collection and now in the British Museum (F. H. Marshall … acanthus-leaves) and surmounted by a small flower of four leaves in gold. Figs. 708 … This would seem to be the only ancient Greek sceptre in existence1 (A. Sorlin-Dorigny … 37, M. P. Vlasto in the Journ. Intern. cTArch. Num. 1899 ii. 315 pi. IE', 16). And the … num.'1 p. 58, Hunter Cat. Coins i. 68 no. 22 pi. 5, 6, M. P. Vlasto in the foum. Intern, … decoration of sceptres (A. Sorlin-Dorigny loc. cit. p. 1116), which, at least in many cases,

764

764 Modifications in the shape … outstanding feature in the Zeus-cult of Tarentum1, has wholly … sentation. Lightning in Mesopotamian art is either bipartite or tri- … 2 P. Jacobsthal Der Blitz in der orientalischen und griechischen Kunst Berlin 1906

765

Western Asia Washington 1910 p. 128 f. fig. 368 b and in M. Jastrow Bildermapp, zur … Fig. 714 from a haematite cylinder in my possession : Ramman seated with the light- … Fig- 715 from a cylinder (W. H. Ward The Seal Cylinders etc. p. 171 fig. 456 and in

766

766 Modifications in the shape … ^^J^^^^S^^^^;' ^t-* , nadin-aplu (c. 1123—1117) in the … 1105) in the British Museum no. 90840 … Shamshi-Adad iv (825—812 B.C.) in … in the Louvre (W. J. Hinke op. cit. … Habba and now in the British … type in W. J. Hinke op. cit. p. 25 … on a humped bull with a lightning-fork in his hand.

767

in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 53 … later Hittite relief in dolerite … with the lightning-fork in his … vases etc. and in shapes com- … Middle Kingdom and later, was ' always used in hieroglyphic inscriptions as a symbol

768

768 Modifications in the shape

769

The forms thus evolved in the near east made their way west- … (884—860 B.C.) and now in the British Museum nos. 28, 29 (A. H. Layard A second … Mosul (A. H. Layard Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babyloii London 1853 … Jastrow op. cit. p. 30 pi. [4, no. 48) : Adad standing on an ox with the double fork in his … god Adad in the temple of Esagila, belonging to the treasure of the god Marduk.' Adad,

770

Modifications in the shape … Thus when a 'Caeretan' hydria in the Louvre1 figures a stag-hunt … 1 E. Tottier Vases antiques du Louvre 2me Serie Paris 1901 p. 65 no. E 697, id. in … is holding in either hand objects which may be meant for lightnings (F. Halbherr—P.

771

early kylix of 'Chalcidian' style1 from Siana (Mnasyrion ?) in … {supra p. 731 fig. 663) treats the bolt in the … times. Indeed, a rare copper of Kibyra in Phrygia, struck by … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases ii. 2ioff. no. B 379, Sir Cecil Smith in the Journ. Hell. Stud. … Tvavaaro be 0\6£ (so Aristarchos in schol. LTV ad loc, cp. schol. A id., Eustath. in II.

772

772 Modifications in the shape … tonitrua mugisse et ipsum Iovem quae in manu eius inponitis fulmina timuisse, de … A. du Bois-Reymond in Jacobsthal op. cit. p. 10 n. 6 adduces Rudyard Kipling The … is all its smell; | And lo, he is horribly in the toils | Of a coal-black giant flower of hell !' … Lyrics London 1884 pp. 418—422, 463, J. Murr Die Pflanzenwelt in der griechischen … that in so doing it is virtually adoring the sun (Prokl. de sacrificio et magia ed. M. Ficinus … p. 10 pis. 1, 10; 4, 13, 16) and of Amen-Ra in his ithyphallic form (Lanzone op. cit. … In the Book of the Dead cap. 81 A the deceased says: 'I am the pure lotus, which

773

op. cit. p. 19 fig. 1) and as connected in various ways with him at Denderah (Lanzone … of Alexander in Kos : the flower in question was a species of lily (Nik. up. Athen. 681 B, … 1 (Berlin). Cp. the lotos-wreath of Antinoos on a relief in the Villa Albani ( L. Dietrichson … royal sceptre ! (for examples vide ]. N. Svoronos in the Journ. Intern, d''Arch. Num. 1899 … ' When he rises in brilliance from the lotos, the whole world comes to life ' (H. Brugsch … was in the beginning, the glorious lily of the great water. Thou earnest forth from the

774

Modifications in the shape … the earliest times connected with tiie lotos. In the text of Unas, a king of the fifth … 1 In India the lotos seems to have borne much the same character as in Egypt, though … waving a rose lotos in his hand and having a blue lotos attached to his ear (Bhdgavata-

775

flowers associated in the Germanic area with thunder or thunder-gods : e.g. in Germany … p. 642 f.); in Denmark the burdock is tordenskreppe; in Norway the aconite is Thor-hat … blance in colour, sound, shape, etc. H. Friend op. cit. i. 72 says : ' The Thistle again was … note that Silene infata is called Thunderbolts at Higham in Kent, 'where the children … to pluck the flower, for if, perchance, the petals fell off in the act, the gatherer became … loc. cit.), or applied to nuts in general (Zonar. lex. s.v. j3a\dvovs AioV rd k&pva • tov … an Ionic poem of s. iii a.d. printed in F. S. Lehrs' ed. of Oppian and Nikandros Parisiis … flower with red stalks (Plin. nat. hist. 27. 44). See further J. Murr Die Pflanzenwelt in

776

776 Modifications in the shape … modifications. In the first place its petals, stylised into rays (fig. 740),

777

such flames in red, and it may be presumed that this variation on … thunderbolt, repeatedly mentioned or implied in Attic poetry8, was … figured Vases in American Museums Cambridge Mass. 1918 p. 94, Hoppin Red-fig. … 3 E. Petersen 'Bronzen von Perugia' in the Rom. Mitth. 1894 ix. 274 ff. fig. 3 and in … 4 Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iii. 137 ff. no. E 140, R. Kekule in the Ann. d. Inst. 1872 … 5 Supra p. 24 fig. 10, p. 735 fig. 666 (with which cp. the stdmnos in the Louvre (G 370)

778

Modifications in the shape

779

—a variation in shape which has been diversely explained. T. H. … rendering of curled flames. P. Sarasin8 contends that lightning in … by the occasional appearance of lightning in spiral form. As to … 1 H. Usener ' Keraunos ' in the Rhein. A/us. 1905 lx. 26 { = id. Kleine Schriften … 2 We need not, however, imagine with A. H. Sayce ' The winged thunderholt' in … 4 G. Fougeres in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. ii. 1358 f. … the effect produced by rifling in modern guns?' in the Class. Rev. 1916 xxx. 46 ff. … 9 So G. Meyer in G. Curtius Studien zur griechischen und lateinischen Grammatik

780

Modifications in the shape … struck by the temple-mints at Olympia (pi. xxxvi)2. The coins in … in fact, transformed before our eyes into a winged creature instinct … no. 3256, E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1836 viii. 99 ff., Mon. d. Inst, ii pis. 30—32, … :J C. T. Seltman 'The Temple Coins of Olympia' in Nomisma 1913 viii. 23—65

781

butterfly in the sunlight (pi. xxxvi, 3). Now it half-closes them … (pi. xxxvi, 3), but early in s. iv involves the wings and sepals as … thunderbolt of Zeus as in part serpentiform. The lord of the aigis … cerning it. When animal sacrifices were offered in hot weather, flies

782

782 Modifications in the shape … cut up by way of preliminary sacrifice9. We gather, then, that in

783

fly nor dog would enter the temple of Hercules in the Forum … and Zeus figure in the version preserved by Pausanias6: … were sent packing across the Alpheios. The Eleans too are said to sacrifice in … Theriomorphism in the long run gives place to anthropo- … ap. Apollon. hist. mir. 8), and from Mt Carina {v.I. Carina) in Crete (Plin. nat. hist. … the Orleans collection (Reinach Pierres Gravees p. 138 no. 59 pi. 126, E. Thraemer in

784

784 Modifications in the shape … Iron the Cyclops forged in that great cave— … least of its features from weapons wielded by human hands. In … Indo-Greeks.' Fig. 745 is from another specimen in the British Museum.

785

in the god's right hand has a heart-shaped pistil, probably meant … in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1797 ff.

786

trident in this way2. But the point is not, what the Greeks and … H. B. Walters5 in 1893 struck out a new line of investigation. … sceptre. Poseidon—he suggested—was at first simply Zeus in his … 2 See e.g. Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. i. 570, F. Durrbach in Daremberg—Saglio … 4 Plout. de Is. et Os. 76, schol. Aisch. P. v. 922, Serv. in Verg. Aen. 1. 133, Myth.

787

2 I reprint the illustration given by Mr Walters in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1893 xiii. 17. … . 50 no. 368, Frankel in Ant. Denkm. i. 3 pi. 7, 28.

788

52 no. 387, Frankel in Ant. Denkm. i. 3 pi. 7, 18. … paralleled from a fifth-century stater of Melos (R. Jameson in the Rev. Num. iv Serie … in Europa Stockholm 1903 i. 77 ff.

789

In 1898 O. Gilbert, undeterred by an emphatic protest on the … Holding in his stout hand a dread long-edged … lightning of Zeus5. H. Usener in 1905 likewise declared for the … times tridentiform9. Similar views were expressed in 1907 by the … 6 H. Usener ' Keraunos' in the Rhein. Mus. 1905 lx. 23 ( — id. Kleine Scliriften … show the trident-mark in the rock beneath it, but there was a corresponding hole con- … M. P. Nilsson 'The "ZxVP-0- Tpiaii'T?? in the Erechtheion' in the Journ. Hell. Stud. … ,J I suppose that Loeschcke had in mind the kylix signed by Xenokles (Brit. Mus.

790

In 1911 C. Blinkenberg1 devoted a chapter to the subject and con- … brought in from Assyria, and that it was therefore interpreted … 1 C. Blinkenberg The Thunderweapon in Religion and Folklore Cambridge 1911 … that ancient seat of civilization. Together with the axe (in western Asia Minor the double- … an ' earth-temple' in a pariah quarter belonging to the village of Agravaram near Vellore.

791

kings1 (fig. 754)2 and—I may add—-as still to be seen in Civa- … ing number of scholars. C. Fries in … The arguments advanced in its … 2 I figure the reverse of a gold coin of Huvishka (c. n 1 —129 A.D.) in my collection. … Sanskrit bhavesa, 'the Lord of being,'—a title of Civa (E.J. Rapson in The Journal of … 5 J. E. Harrison in the Class. Rev. 1912 xxvi. 197.

792

1 The plan given in the UpaKTiKa rrjs e-n-l rod 'Epex#efoi/ eTriTpoTrrjs Athens 1853 pi. 3 … 2 Bibliography in J. Schlemm Wdrterbuch zur Vorgeschichte Berlin 1908 pp. 500— … 3 The Abbe Breuil suggested to me once in conversation that concentric circles with

793

in one passage probably6, in another certainly7, uses Erechtheus as … 4 A good parallel is furnished by the sacred rock that juts up in the centre of the … 10 H. Usener op. cit. p. 140 f. took the name to mean the 'Breaker' in the agri- … Bonnae 1901 p. 66 f. on Paus. r. 26. 5. Erechtheus is already replaced by Poseidon in

794

in a chasm of earth1. According to Hyginus, he was slain by a … hypaethral opening in the Erechtheion floor was the chasm where … the former, wielded the lightning,—that his trident, in short, was … Poseidon was a lightning-god. Once, and once only, in the extant … other in peaceful attitudes. E. Petersen op. cit. p. 65 observes that the scene presupposes … 5 Sir A. J. Evans in the Num. Chron. Third Series 1896 xvi. 109 ff. pi. 8, 7 ( = ray

795

uplifted thunderbolt in the attitude of Zeus. Since the great god of … lawn that, about the year 450, the old Zanclaean elements in the … Sikels2. Here then, if anywhere, we should look to find Poseidon in … 762—764) show Poseidon brandishing his trident and Zeus brandishing his thunderbolt in

796

Different in character from this early representation are the

797

(fig. 758)1- The duplication was, however, presumably intended in

798

Byzantion, issued c. 221 B.C., figure Poseidon erect with a trident in … bolt in his right hand, the trident in his left, with an eagle perched … In the first place it may be conceded that weapons of the sort … Taurische Chersonesus, etc. i. 148 no. 57. Fig. 759 is from a specimen in my collection : … verlegene Mythen' in the Abh. d. berl. Akad. 1839 Phil.-hist. Classe p. 35 pi. 1, 5, F. … 4 A. Mau in the Ann. d. Inst. 1884 lvi. 320, Man. d. List, xii pi. 7, 3 and 5 ( = my … l'oggetto che Nettuno regge nella sin., ne cio che sta in cima alio scettro di Giove.'

799

double-pointed spear-head of copper was found in the sepulchral … Again, a weapon of this type figures in Greek mythology. … Aischylos in his Nereids said of the same weapon : … Peleus in turn by Cheiron9,—a pedigree which points to Thessaly … fig- 39> I2> L. Savignoni in the A/on. d. Line. 1903 xiii. 93 f. fig. 6 (from a pile-dwelling … 10 E. Petersen in the Ann. d. List. 1884 lvi. 284 f. ('un bidente'), Mon. d. List, xii

800

found at Vulci, and now preserved in the Stadel'sches Kunst- … in point of fact they are Poseidon and Aithra (or Amymone). … anderer Sammlungen Berlin 1848 i. 20 ff. pi. A—B ( = my fig. 767). Bibliography in

801

trident-head ! In view of this shameless tampering we cannot put … E. Braun in 1837 drew attention to the fact that Rafael and

802

other painters represented Pluto with a two-pronged fork in his … side a three-headed Cerberus, and in his left hand a two-pronged fork. … is an inscription in raised letters : … the amulets on a Tarentine cake-mould in the British Museum11. … 8 F. Wieseler in the Arch. Zeit. 1859 xvl1 Anz. p. 115* f. Pourtales—Gorgier collec- … 12 O. Jahn in the Ber. sacks. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Classe 1854 p. 52 n. 93

803

Salvia (Urbisaglid) in Picenum there came to light in 1853 portions … a thunderbolt and a trident in his left hand, and a two-pronged … from the Etruscart Charon4. But O. Waser in his monograph on … 1 G. Schmidt ' Tie mattoni dipinti di Urbi.saglia ' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1880 lii. 59— … 4 E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1837 ix. 256, 257, 274, G. Dennis The Cities and

804

cuto in cima,' on a red-figured krater noted by G. Henzen in the Bull. d. Inst. 1856

805

problem along other lines. The Etruscans believed in lightnings … fork. Moreover, the Romans, who in all matters of divination … atmospheric terrors. But some at least of the Greek philosophers—in particular, … 1907 pp. 627 ff., 629 f., 634 ff.J, thereby anticipating, not only the belief in electrical … Akropolis at Athens, holds in two of his left hands an attribute which has been … Sculpt, gr. i. 208 1 une sorte de foudre.' Good illustrations in Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de … 8 G. Wissowa in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 429 ff.

806

the bidental just because their peculiarity connected them in the … 1 H. Usener in the Rhein. Mus. 1905 lx. 22 ( = id. Kleine Schriften Leipzig—Berlin … SihceXKa 5c r/ Stxbdev — Eustath. in II. p. 1235, 56 f. … Augustan, in Eur. Phoen. 188 arms Poseidon with a bident (rpiaivo. eari to 56pv < oS

807

conception of him as hurler of the same. Thus Mantineia in Greek … Zeus was recognised in literature4 and had numerous cults from … cpav(o)vs, which together with no. 36 = 0. T. Newton in The Collection of Ancient Greek … 3 (1) A tomb-inscription from Kition in Kypros associates Kepavvtos with Kepavvia … (2) A fragmentary inscription at El-Malik/ye (El-Malka) in Syria mentions Kepavvios … 9eto Kepavviw'T^iffTw \ evxv" dveQy\Kev (Inscr. Gr. ins. ii no. 126). Adler in Pauly—Wissowa … (4) Kition in Kypros (Corp. inscr. Gr. ii no. 2641, 2 ff. Aii Kepavviwi---| ' AcppodiTr/i, … 3 ff. Alt Kepavviio dd\.\j3o(\)ridevTO}v aw\/xdTicv 5vo k.t.X., where K. Keil in Philologus

808

M. Clerc in the Bull, Cor?-. Hell. 1886 x. 401 no. 4 Aids | Kepavviov | dvvapus a stone at … A. von Premerstein in the Denkschr. d. Akad. Wien 1911 ii .Abh. p. 17 no. 24 … (9) Nikopolis on the Danube, in Moesia Inferior (A. von Domaszewski in the Arch.-ep. … (12) Melos ('E0. 'Apx- no. 3544 p. 1846 cited by K. Keil in Philologzis 1863 Suppl. ii. … (13) Elasson in Thessaly (Inscr. Gr. sept. iii. 2 no. 1275, A. S. Arvanitopoullos in the … (17) Rome (P. Gauckler in the Comptes rendus de I'Acad. des inscr. et belles-lettres … Forrinae assimilated to the Furiae. See further G. Wissowa in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.

809

Of these the most instructive is that of Seleukeia in Syria, the … actual bolt wrought of gold, like those that were borne along in the … appears, not only from a gloss in Hesychios", but also from sundry … pi. iof., Head Hist, num? p. 782 f. Fig. 771 is from a tetradrachm in my collection : … reckoned from the beginning of the city's autonomy in 108 or 109 B.C.); in field monogram. … Septimius Severus, M 2 Caracalla, xi. 1258. W. Wroth in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins

810

of Diokaisareia in Kilikia, struck by Iulia Domna (figs. 773, 774)1 … on its box-like seat is a winged thunderbolt erect in a ^wj/-human … and sculpture of the west6. A silver coin of Vespasian issued in the … of the decemviri in 217 B.C.10 But the type probably hints that … G H. Usener in the Rhein. Mus. 1905 lx. 6 (=id. Kleine Schriften Leipzig—Berlin … from a specimen in my collection.

811

in gold. Domitian, who was often called Iupiter4 by the poets of … however the thunderbolt is unwinged. Lastly9, a relief in the … standing towards the left, in military attire, with a thunder- … An engraved cornelian in my possession (fig. 777. Scale -j) … 8 Cohen op. cit.2 ii. 304 no. 345 (silver of 145 A.D.). I figure a specimen in my

812

have occasionally been found in Sicily (fig. 779)1. They were doubt-

813

1 G. Kaibel in the Inscr. Gr. Sic. It. p. 608. … inscriptae' in the Ephemeris epigraphica 1885 vi p. xlv s.v. 'fulmen.1

814

In view of the foregoing examples it may be maintained that … sublime to be represented in human form4, whose potency might … At Tegea in Arkadia there have from time to time been found … ' Antike Schleudergeschosse' in his Kleine Schriften Leipzig 1878 ii. 262 f. no. 32 … one foot only remains ; (b) a god in Roman military costume, with a spear in his right … Ke t[<2v t'StW]. This has been variously completed. S. Ronzevalle in the Rev. Arch. 1902 … avedrjKev']. Semiramis is here the goddess Semea or Sima, on whom see O. Hdfer in … lunar but later solar god of Palmyra (id. in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ix. 750 f.),

815

applied to Zeus both in literature4 and in cult. … in Mysia he had a festival lasting more days than p^j^ f^ … and nights in each of three successive months, … - A. S. Arvanitopoullos in the 'E0. 'Ap%. 1906 p. 63 f. fig. … Eustath. in 11. p. 786, 4, Scholl—Studemund anecd. i. 264 'E7rt#era A16? (6) do-rpairaiov, … (i F. Lenormant in the Lev. Arch. [864 ii. 49 'ibo'^e tt)l ^ovXrji /cat tlol br)p.Loi [ Avrav-

816

in the fifth century B.C.1 Indeed, it not improbably dates back to … with a priestess called the Fire-bearer5. The rites thus practised in … l'erikles in his character of human Zeus: cp. Aristoph. Ach. 530 f. … Coins of Axos in Crete, struck in s. iv. B.C., have obv. head of Apollon, rev. tripod ; but … 5 L. Couve in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1894 xviii. 90ft. no. 10, 2 ff. = Michel Recueil … A. Nikitsky in Hermes 1893 xxviii. 619 ff. — Fouilles de Delphes iii. 1 no. 13, 1 ff., cp. ib.

817

whatever its precise usage in the ceremony, confirms us in the … more than any man to help forward the study of Thracian archaeo- … of the Athenians at Delphoi, relating to the third Pythais, that in the spring of 105 B.C.) … L. Couve in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1894 xviii. 87 ff. no. 9, iff. = Michel Recueil … attischen Pythaisten' und Deliasten' in Hermes 1888 xxiii. 321 ff., 633, V. von Schoeffer … Le culte d\4pollon Pythien a Ath'cnes Paris 1905 p. 1 ff., W. S. Ferguson ' Researches in … mistaken in supposing that the need-fire was carried in the tripod : see Boethius ofi. cit. … 2 Sir W. M. Ramsay in the Ath. Mitth. 1888 xiii. 235 f. no. 1 {Khadyn A'han)

818

his name and nature1. The monuments in question comprise seven … sented by five examples2, shows a bearded god, usually clad in a … ZAAM0SI2' in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1913 xxvi. 225—261. … Nude bearded (?) god, brandishing bolt (?) in raised right hand and extending left arm, … (2) Marble relief from Pascalevetz near Nikopolis in Moesia, now at Sofia (Reinach … (3) Marble relief from Samovoden near Nikopolis in Moesia, now at Sofia (G. Seure … Bearded god, with chlamys, brandishing club-like bolt in raised right hand and extending … (4) Marble relief from Biila Tcherkva near Nikopolis in Moesia, now at Sofia (G.

819

feet two of the reliefs give a gliding snake (figs. 782, 783). In the … (5) Marble relief from Bouzadjilar in the district of Sliven, now at Sofia (S. Reinach … in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1913 xxvi. 233 ff. fig. 5 (=my fig. 785)), uninscribed. Height : o'i9m.

820

She holds in both hands attributes hard to determine—in her right … Zeus fulminant in a chariot with a snaky tail before him being … shows the Thracian god once more in the guise of a Greek Zeus4, … 3 Marble relief, found in 1875 near the church of S. Eusebio at Rome, i.e. on a part

821

The coins of Serdike and Pautalia in Thrace adduced by Seure" … 2 Since this paragraph was penned I find that I have been anticipated in the sugges- … 6 G. Seure in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1913 xxvi. 240. 7 Supra p. 743 n. 7.

822

Nopcsa believes that Zibel- Thiurdos lives on in Sn Surdh, 'Saint … first element in Zibeletzis, a well-attested variant9 of the Getic … 1 G. Seure in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1913 xxvi. 242 f. … (Th. Mommsen in the Ephem. epigr. 1877 iii- 236 no. 8). … 5 W. Tomaschek in the Sitzungsber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wiss. in Wien Phil.-hist. … 13 In Cic. in Pis. 85 a te Iovis Velsuri fanum antiquissimum barbarorum Sanctis-

823

Dionysos in the likeness of the Thracian rider-god1. For further … reason to believe that original unaspirated voiced stops became in the … normally occur in most Greek dialects. If this is the explanation … a spirant in Modern Greek. As to the suffix -el-, I suggest that … simumque direptum est Turnebus cj. Iovis [vels] Uri<i>, J. H. Mordtmann in the Rev. … to him in the chant of the Elean women [farm. pop. 5 Hiller—Crusius ap. 1'lout. … v. s. (2) G. Seure in the Rev. Ei. Gr. 1913 xxvi. 239 n. 10 (Pannonia) r. o. m. Heroni.

824

Dr Rendel Harris in a brief but important chapter2 collects … the root appearing in Sanskrit as sjird, trnatti, which is commonly used of Indra … posed to be an extension of the root (r, I-E. *\lier, seen in Greek retpw, trope, Lat. tero, … %eipes KLuovurai—a desperate guess. In all probability (supra p. 260) ToyyvXaTys was

825

Crushed in his head with his avenging scourge, … Oppian4 (c. 170 A.D.) describes a storm at sea in similar terms : … had) some warrant for it in earlier Hellenic poetry. Accordingly … twice in the Iliad, and in neither passage is there the least allusion … time (? Early Iron Age) and in a place (? Thessaly) when and … lash clings about the tradition of his primeval contests. In repre-

826

In anger twists his bolt and plies his lash … This old belief in the whip of the lightning-god accounts for a … heard rolling and rumbling in the coombs of the stern and barren … Eustath. in Od. p. 1760, 58 ff. I have quoted and discussed these passages in the Journ. … iraibapiov, or at most veavlas (see the passages adduced in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1902

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / § 4: Zeus and the thunder

827

pressly connected, with the name of Zeus. Thus at Bathos in … has left a trace of itself in a custom common to both Greeks and … Lightnings with smacking sounds5.' More probably the sounds in … 1 So H. Usener in the Rkein. Mas. 1905 Ix. 13 ( — id. Kleine Schriften Leipzig—Berlin … of Sir J. G. Frazer, H. Hitzig and H. Bliimner. A. G. Bather and V. W. Yorke in the … 7 E. Riess in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 42 f. (on the strength of Aristot. anal. post.

828

' Lightning3.' Already, however, in Hesiod's time this theriomorphic … strong-souled Arges ' as Kyklopes resembling the gods in all points, … angelic pow ers. Ioannes of Gaza (c. 536 A.D.)8 in his description … young man go free. Similarly in a song from Epeiros a Lamia, … 5 PUn. nat. hist. 35. 96. 6 O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. My///, iv. 1503.

829

' " Now thou art in, my pretty youth, forth shalt thou come, ah, never ! … edge of the cliff in Thera (Santorini). She knew ' the god above … nexion with Zeus. The modern mind, steeped in Semitic thought3, … cries in ringing tones : … as the articulate voice of Zeus, they thought of it sometimes in a … Mohammed, who is enthroned in the clouds, where the thunder is his voice,' etc. … 7 See the conversation between Strepsiades and Sokrates in Aristoph. nub. 382 ff.,

830

tion there is no certain trace in epic verse1. But Pindar began one … genuinely Greek. For, not only does it occur elsewhere in literature7 … Lys. in, Orph. Arg. 1278, Cougny Anth. Pal. Append. 6. 95. 3, 6. 210. 2, Tzetz. alleg.

Plate XXXVII

Terra-cotta group from Gnathia, now in the British Museum :

831

The inhabitants of Krannon in Thessaly kept as a sacred object … in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1496 f. justly notes the Orphic colouring of the passages from … vase, ii. 194 pi. 96 a red-figured amphora in the Louvre, Lenormant—de Witte El. mon. … fig. 55 north frieze of the Siphnian Treasury ; Die Skulpturen des Pergamon-Museums in … base), n| in... Back of Zeus slightly modelled.'

832

a bronze car. In time of drought they shook this car and prayed … 4 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Thessaly etc. p. 16 pi. 2, 13. Fig. 788 is from a specimen in … his errand. Hence he is punished by thirst in the summer, and proclaims his punishment

833

rattling chariot is found in the myth of Salmoneus, who likewise … Zeus Brontaios, the god 'of Thunder,' figures in late literature7 … broad pedestal, with a thunderbolt in his raised right hand, a sceptre … Archelaos in his 'ldicxpiirj) [A similar account is given by schol. Arat. phaen. 449, schol. … that, he indulged in lust. Apollon in anger turned him black and so shaped his crop that … On the raven as a weather-prophet in antiquity see supra p. 518 n. 4. … p. 750, 19 f.), Athena BoXavU-q daughter of Bpovreas (Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 111).

834

1 This detail is omitted in the drawing by E. Landron here reproduced.

835

thunder-stone' and ' lying prone' in the appointed place had been … Thunder, says Sir William Ramsay, ' in early summer is ex- … to the traffic in Phrygian slaves, spread at a comparatively early … 2 F. W. Hasluck in the Jotim. Hell. Stud. 1907 xxvii. 66 no. 12 NeXeaypos teal … Kurtkbi (A. Korte in the Ath. Mitth. 1899 xxiv. 441 ff. nos. 35—37), Giinjarik (id. ib. … 5 Bithynia (G. Mendel in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1900 xxiv. 411 no. 103 Essir-heui, … The Roman Iupiter Tonans, a very different deity, was likewise represented in Greek

836

crude bust from Dorylaeion (Eskishehir) in the British Museum … bust of Zeus in relief, with an eagle perched on his right shoulder. … Phrygia in which he is mentioned occurs on a gravestone11. Those … 2 Sir W. M. Ramsay in the fount. Hell. Stud. 1882 iii. 123 (Nakoleia) Ad UpovruvTi … 4 Id. ib. 1882 iii. 124. But see F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 891. … 7 A. Korte in the Ath. Mitth. 1900 xxv. 416 f. no. 26.

838

before attaining the sanctity of their god3, so in all likelihood the … it will be remembered that in Orphic, and therefore Thraco-Phrygian, … the throne of Zeus in the Idaean Cave9. And it is reasonable to … 1 A. von Domaszewski in the Arch.-ep. Mitth. 1883 vii. 176 no. 22 (incomplete), … Gr. p. 132). Other views are noted by O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissqwa A'eal-Enc. iii. 888f.

839

more relevant to observe that the cult of Zeus Bronton stood in … mother Rufina 'in accordance with a command of the god Phoibos1.' … the Delphic ddyton. In this accommodating system it may well be … 6 In Nonn. Dion. r. 427 ff. [supra p. 449 n. 2 (2)) Typhoeus describes the thunders

840

I shall endeavour in a few concluding paragraphs to emphasise … Sky, conceived in zoi'stic fashion as alive with a life of its own ; … heavens and come down in the form of a bright blinding flash … for all that a divinised mortal even now £in Elysium' (enelfsws)6. … I shall endeavour in a few concluding paragraphs to emphasise … Sky, conceived in zoi'stic fashion as alive with a life of its own ; … heavens and come down in the form of a bright blinding flash … for all that a divinised mortal even now £in Elysium' (enelfsws)6.

Chapter II: Zeus as god of the weather / Retrospect

841

Agyiefis-posts covering the navel-string of Zeus, in accordance with … Then followed Dionysos, brought in by a wave of Thracian immi- … Zeus, the omphalds of Ge, the tripod of Dionysos—-importing in

842

Zeus and Ge were purely Hellenic. Their counterparts in the … the east as Zan. lanus was in effect an older Iupiter14, Zan an older

843

pillars with individual effigies, and pillars in the shape of the … twin character. Hence the savage notion that twins in general are … Herakles and Iphikles11. A recurring feature in such cases is the … suggested rather a terrestrial abode in or near Thrace1'1. And this

844

on his journey southward he was associated with different trees in … met Artemis first in Asia Minor or the Archipelago, where she … double axe in 'Minoan' and post-'Minoan' times14. Thisjrnplement … 6 For Phol (Pol cod.) in the Second Merseburg Charm see K. Miillenhoff—W. Scherer … Germanische Mythologie Berlin 1891 p. 262, E. Mogk in the Gruudriss der ger?nanischen … Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte Leipzig 1910 p. 311 f., R. A. S. Macalister in the

845

Dikte5, set up between a pair of bovine horns, as in Cretan art … and a double axe in his hand7. We identified him with Kronos, … In Asia Minor, if we may trust Plutarch, the double axe (Idbrys)

846

In Karia the cult of Zeus had probably been superposed on that … abnormal figure, which recurs at Snzcasa in Kappadokia5 and is … in Karia and Crete alike the Idbrys was primarily the attribute of a … the Levant in the opening centuries of our era—witness the coin- … that Constantine, who during his stay in the east had observed the

847

Further examples of the double axe in the east1 and in the … consists in diagonals and zig-zags probably derived from lashings10, … A marked trait in the 'Minoan' axe was its tendency towards … cult of two axes in the island19. Rather there was reason to suppose … and their effigies were combined in the male-///Y.y-female head,

848

in the earth-mother's tree1 could be traced here and there in Hellenic … Hydisos is represented in military costume, now brandishing a … Zeus. Far more frequent than any of them as his attribute in … bolt gives way to the sceptre, and the impetuous thunderer in time

849

Hdrkios,' God of Oaths,' continued to grasp a thunderbolt in either … types of Zeus—striding, standing, seated—till they culminated in … federal coins of Arkadia. His purpose in so doing is problematic : … and from place to place. In Mesopotamian art it was first a bipartite … of the temple-mints at Olympia13. Ultimately, in the east the

850

in the west skeuomorphised into a barbed or hamate missile2. In … and we can see some fitness in the later fusion of Zeus-Poseidon … In short, it was argued that the bident of Italy and the trident … (Storpdos, Astrapaios, Astrdptoti)™. The cults in question had their

851

emperors1. Coins of Diokaisareia in Kilikia even figure the thunder- … attack with a thunderbolt in his right hand, an eagle on his left, … Dionysos. The two appellations, outlandish enough in appearance, … Zeus, the Splitter,' with reference to the thunderbolt in the god's … Astrape or Sterope. These allegorical powers still survive in the … in Thessaly16, certainly entered into Thessalian ritual17 and myth18.

852

Zeus as god of Thunder had a wide vogue in the north-western … in the dust. The philosophers with clearer insight perceived that … found at Canusium iCanosci) in 1851 and now preserved in the … II II. Heydemann in the Ann. d. Inst. 1873 xlv. 22 ft", pis. B—C, D, Mon. d. lust, ix

Plate XXXVIII

The main design on a krater from Canusium, now; in the Museum at Naples : the doom of Dareios.

853

in three registers, of which the lowest shows the vast resources … prostrate themselves in attitudes of grovelling submission. We … chosen councillors, partly in Greek, partly in oriental, attire : their … waits the executioner with a drawn sword in his hand. In the … 5 Ail. var. hist. \i. 62. So Com. Quaranta in the Bull. Arch. Nap. Nuova Serie

854

Aphrodite Ourania6. Before her stands a sinister figure in the … plinth in the very centre of his design is written the single word … 3 G. Hirschfeld in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1443. … 8 O. Jahn in the Arch. Zeit. i860 xviii. 41 ff. suggested the Akaiot 77 llepcrat 77 H,vv6uikol … London 1891 p. 274 ff. There is much useful matter in the earlier commentaries of … Christiana comparatum, etc. Jenae 1819 p. 7 ff., C. Petersen Cleanthis Stoici Hymnus in … thes) Gottingae 1889 p. 3 ft., W. L. Newman, 'Cleanthes' Hymn to Zeus' in the Class.

855

Trap' bcrov tov ^r\v airibs ecrriv rj Sid tov 'ct\v Kex&prjKev, k.t.\. For Kleanthes in particular

856

Such the strong help thou hast in hands supreme, … Nor in the heaven above, nor in the deep, … in their system are hopelessly confused and contradictory, as may be seen from an … of God is vindicated by the consideration that evil is ultimately swallowed up in good,

857

N'or hear it and in wise obedience … Some sunk in desperate strife for glory vain, … and that the apparent irregularity of nature is in reality only a phase in the working of … a cult of Zeus 'O/xopujos (J. R. S. Sterrett in the Papers of the American School of Classical … in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. viii. 2263 f., 2269. See further infra Append. B Boiotia)—

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Gradual elimination o£ the thunderbolt 733

appears quaintly enough on the shoulder of the vase1 as a woman
running towards the right but looking behind her. Zeus, occupying
the main field of decoration, advances with hasty steps, a thunder-
bolt in his right hand, a sceptre in his left. But it is noticeable
that, as compared with the previous design, his bolt is not brandished
so high and his onset, motived by love not hate, is less furious. On
a red-figured hydria at Paris, assigned by J. D. Beazley to the
' master of the Berlin amphora,' a painter of the ripe archaic period,

It III 1111 III 1111J11II1111 111 1111111111II1 LI 11111II f 11111111111111111111111 f

Fig. 665.

the same theme of amorous pursuit is rendered with even greater
restraint (fig. 13)2. The bolt is held, not in the raised right hand,
but in the lowered left.

Contemporary with that vase is a fragmentary kraterij) at Paris,
painted in all probability by the artist who worked for the potter
Kleophrades. This noble sherd shows Hermes weighing the warrior-
souls of Achilles and Memnon in the presence of Zeus (fig. 665)3.

1 J. D. Beazley loc. cit. notes: 'this is the only lekythos where the figure on the
shoulder is related to the figure on the body.'

2 Supra p. 27 n. o. See J. D. Beazley 'The Master of the Berlin Amphora' in the
fourn. Hell. Stud. 1911 xxxi. 294 no. 25 a, id. Attic red-figured Vases in American
Museums Cambridge Mass. 1918 p. 36, Hoppin Red-fig. Vases i. 71 no. 83.

3 De Ridder Cat. Vases de la Bibl. Nat. ii. 279 no. 385 ('stamnos'), J. de Witte in
the Ann. d. Inst. 1834 vi. 296, Mon. d. Inst, ii pi. 10, B ( = my fig. 665), Reinach Rt!p.
Vases i. 89, 4, Overbeck Gall. her. Bildw. i. 527 no. 65 Atlas pi. 22, 9, O. Crusius in

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