Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1925)

Gradual elimination of the thunderbolt 739

Klearchos of Rhegion (c. 520 B.C.) and still to be seen at Sparta in
the time of Pausanias1. Klearchos was said to have learnt his craft
from the Cretans Dipoinos and Skyllis ; and the type that he em-
ployed for Zeus was presumably descended from that of the
' Minoan ' fighter with right hand raised to hurl the lance and left
outstretched to carry the shield2.

When archaic sculpture shook off the trammels of strict fron-
tality (c. 500 B.C.), one of the first types to attain comparative
freedom was that of the fighting-man. A small bronze from Dodona3
shows him in full armour advancing against the foe, his right arm
raised for a spear-thrust, his left extended to support a notched
shield. The type again served to represent Zeus the thunderer.
Another brilliant little bronze from Dodona (fig. 66g)4, detailed and
delicate work, the colour of lapis lazuli, gives us Zeus in a similar
pose as conceived by some Aeginetan artist c, 490 B.C. Statuettes
of the sort were multiplied during the early decades of the fifth
century {supra i. 84 ff. figs. 52—54), the outstretched hand of the

vd^os Phot., Xafios Souid.) Trayxpvcebs eifii KoKocrcrSs, \ k.t.X. The schol. Plat. Phaedr.
p. 962 a 44 ff. asserts that the sons of Kypselos, when driven out by the Corinthians,
vowed that, if they recovered their power, they would dedicate to the god at Olympia xpi>-
aovv avSpiavra.. .6\6o~<pvpov. Hence in fulfilment of their vow aveBeaav e/ce(Ve pLeycarov dyaXfxa
Xpvcrovv rod Atos. Ephoros frag. 106 {Frag. hist. Gr. i. 262 f. Miiller) ap. Diog. Laert.
1. 96 made Periander vow that, if he won a victory with a fourdiorse chariot at Olympia,
he would dedicate xpvaovv dvbpidvTa. He won ; but, being short of gold and seeing the
women's trinkets at some Corinthian festival, he appropriated their ornaments and so sent
his promised offering. Paus. 5. 2. 3 has yet another yarn. Kypselos dedicated the golden
image to Zeus at Olympia, but died before he had carved his own name on it. The
Corinthians begged leave of the Eleans to grave on it the name of Corinth and, when met
by a refusal, showed their anger by warning the Eleans to keep away from the Isthmian
games.

From all this we gather that the archaic Zeus of beaten gold was a standing statue of
large size, unaccompanied by an inscription, but traditionally connected with Kypselos or
his sons and widely known as to Ku^eXtScDv dvdd7)p.a (?a hexameter tag). It was kept in
the Heraion and, if it still existed in Pausanias' day, a description of it may have stood in
the lacuna (Paus. 5. 17. 4) immediately preceding his description of Kypselos' chest (so
A. Flasch in Baumeister Denkm. ii. 1104 n. 2: other views in the ed. of Pausanias by
H. Hitzig and H. Bliimner (Lipsiae 1901) ii. 287).

1 Paus. 3. 17. 6 rrjs XolKkio'lkov de ev Seijia Atos ayaXfxa Tttcltov TreTroLr/Tai, iraKaiOTaTov
Trdvrojv biroaa earl xaX>cot} ' 5i &'Xoi> yap ovk Zcftiv eipyaa[xevov, e\y)\ap.evov de idiq. tGiv
fj.epQ)v ko.61 avro eKaarov avvr\pp.oara'i re irpbs d\\rj\a, Kal rjXoi <rvv£xovfflv iwra p.r) 5ia.\vdrivai.
KXeapxov 5e avdpa Prjylvov to ayciX/m Troirjcrai \eyovaiv, 6v Aiiroivov Kal LkuWiSos, o'l b~e
avTOu AcuddXov <paaiv elvat. pLadrjTrjv.

2 E.g. Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de VArt vi. 752, 757 fig. 353, 758 fig. 354, Sir A. J. Evans
in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 125 fig. 15, 126 fig. 16.

:i R. Engelmann in the Arch. Zeit. 1882 xl. 23—27 pi. 1, S. Reinach in O. Rayet
Monuments de tart antique Paris 1880 i pi. 17, 1 with text p. 5 ff., R. Kekule von
Stradonitz and H. Winnefeld Bronzen aus Dodona in den honiglichen Museen zu Berlin
1909 pp. 13—19 pi. 1.

i Bid. ib. pp. 6—12 pi. 1 (part of which = my fig. 669), supra i. 86 n. 3.

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