DOI Page / Citation link:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.14697#0027
The Mountain-cults of Zeus 875
god of mountain-tops. And, when he is called Hypatos 'the High1' or
1908 xxxiii. 162 suspects an allusion to the veoi avpdpi.01 (?) of (i) and proposes [avjvaywyrj
(tQi)v A\y--]|[p£]wf vewv). The title AocpeiT-qs was due to the situation of the town:
ij yap Hipivdos Keirai p.ev irapa OdXarrav iiri tivos at'^eVos vxprfKov xeppovrjcrov, CTaSiaiov
exovo~7]s tov avxeva' ras 8' ot/ctas e^et veirvKVU}p.evas Kal tois vipeai Sia<pepovaas. aurat Se-
rais OLKo8op.a?s del Kara tt]V eis tov \b(pov dvdfiaaiv aKXrfkwv Inrepexovcn, /ecu to axv^0- TVS
0X77? TroXecos 8eaTpoei8es diroreXovoi (Diod. 16. 76). For Zeus 'E7rtX6<ptos at Nai'ssos see
infra Moesia.
2 Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 1103 n. 2 suggests that Zeus QaXaKpbs at Argos (Clem.
Al. prolr. 2. 39. 2 p. 29, 6 f. Stahlin ovxi p-ivToi Zeus (paXaKpbs iv"Apyei, ri/xtopos oe dAXos
ev KvTrpop TeTi/jLrjadov;) was a mountain-god. This is probable enough, for the summit of
Mt Ida was called QdXaicpov, QdXaicpa, QaXdfcpa, $aXd/c/jat, a promontory in Korkyra
QdXaKpov, QaXaKpbv atcpov, another in Epeiros QdXaKpov, another in Euboia 3>aXd/cpat
(Stephanus Thes. Gr. Ling. viii. 604 b—d). For Zeus KAaptos see supra p. 874 n. 2.
1 Zeus "lVa-ros was worshipped (1) on Mt Hypatos above Glisas in Boiotia (Paus. 9.
19. 3 vrrep 8e TXiaavTos ioTiv 6pos"TiraTos KaXov/uevov, eirl Se avT(2 At6s 'TnraTOV vabs /cat
dyaXp-a). The mountain, now called Sagmatds, rises to a height of 749111 : ' it is bold and
rocky, and has a flat summit which is crowned with a monastery of the Transfiguration,
founded by Alexis Comnenus. The church of the monastery contains fine mosaics, and
stands on the foundations of the temple of Zeus. Both the church and the monastery, as
well as two neighbouring chapels, contain many considerable fragments of antiquity built
into the walls. The dome of the church is supported by two ancient monolithic columns,
with their bases and capitals' (Frazer Pausanias v. 6s). The view from the monastery
embraces the three lakes Kopa'is, Hylike, Paralimne, the Euboean sea, and on the horizon
a whole series of mountains—Messapion, Dirphys, Parnes, Kithairon, Helikon, Sphingion,
Parnassos, Ptoion (H. N. Ulrichs Reisen unci Forschtmgeu in Griechenland Berlin 1863
ii. 28 f.). Maybaum Der Zeitskult in Boeotien Doberan 1901 p. 6 notes the frequent
Boeotian name 'TiraToStopos. E. Sittig De Graecorztm nominibns theophoris Halis
Saxonum 1911 p. 13 f. quotes examples of ' TiraToSupos from Thebes, Tanagra, Delphoi,
Smyrna, of'T7rart'as from Thebes, of'T7raro/cX?}s from Rhodes.
(2) He had an altar, founded by Kekrops 'in front of the entry' to the Erechtheion at
Athens, where he was served with cakes but no wine- or animal-offerings (Paus. 1. 26. 5
'£oti 8e Kal oLKrjfia 'Epex#etof KaXov/ievov • vpb Se tt)s elabSov Aios eVrt /3w/xds 'TiraTov, evda
efj.\pvxov dvovaiv ovSev, irip.pt.aTa Se Oivres ovSev eri oivcp xpV°~acr@al- vop-i'^ovaiv, 8. 2. 3 6 pev
yap (sc. Ke/cpoi/') Ata tc ibvbpiaaev 'TiraTov irpuTos (irpOnov cod. La.), /cat birbaa %Xei '^vX'hvi
tovtuv fxev rfciwaev oiiSev dvaai, irip.p.aTa Se e7rtxu>/)ta eirl tov f3wp,ov Kadriyajev, a ireXavovs
KaXovcriv Zti Kal is -rjpds 'Adrjvaloi). He was on occasion associated with Athena 'T^ctr??
and other deities (Dem. c. Macart. 66 (a Delphic response) av/xcpepei. 'Ad-qvaiois irepl tov
ar/fietov tov ev rt3 ovpavQ yevojxevov dljovras /caXXtepetV Att'T7rdra), 'Adr/va 'TiraTr], Hpa/cXet,
'AttoXXwvl Swr%>t, Kal diroivip.Treiv ' ApMpibveaai). Cp. Cougny Anth. Pal. Append. 1. 201.
iff.= Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 no. 170, 2 ff. 'Tif/i/xeSiov "Tirare, wdrep elp^v-ijs j3advKa[pTrov,] |
ffbv 'EXat'ou (for 'EAeou) fiw/xov iKeTevo/xev Tj/aeis, (scansion !) | Qp-qiKes oi vaiovTes ayaKXvTOv
dcrTV to [Sa]p5e[wi'(?),] | k.t.X.
(3) The tetrapolis of Marathon sacrificed to him in Gamelion (R. B. Richardson in
the Am. Journ. Arch. 1895 x.209ff. col. 2, 13 Att vir[aTb: oh A h h (?)] = J- de Prott Leges
Graecorum Sacrae Lipsiae 1896 Fasti sacri p. 46 ff. no. 26, b 13 Ad 'T7r[arwt----]).
(4) At Sparta he had a statue of hammered bronze by Klearchos of Rhegion (Paus. 3.
17. 6 (supra p. 739 n. 1), 8. 14. 7 tov is ~ZirapTiaTas Xbyov ra eVt tov dydX/xaTos tov
'TwaTov Atos).
(5) In Paros on the top of Mt Koitnddos the little church of the Prophet Elias has
built into it boundary-stones belonging to Zeus "TTraros, to Aphrodite, to Histie Ay/ilr)
(O. Rubensohn in the Ath. Mitth. 1901 xxvi. 215). The first of these, a rough block of
white marble, is inscribed in lettering of s. vB.C. [6]pos 'TiraTo- d[re]'[X]e(rrot ov c?e/xj[t]s
ovSe 7i>/'aij[/c]t [sc. eheXdelv) (Inscr. Gr. ins. v. 1 no. 183 with fig.).
god of mountain-tops. And, when he is called Hypatos 'the High1' or
1908 xxxiii. 162 suspects an allusion to the veoi avpdpi.01 (?) of (i) and proposes [avjvaywyrj
(tQi)v A\y--]|[p£]wf vewv). The title AocpeiT-qs was due to the situation of the town:
ij yap Hipivdos Keirai p.ev irapa OdXarrav iiri tivos at'^eVos vxprfKov xeppovrjcrov, CTaSiaiov
exovo~7]s tov avxeva' ras 8' ot/ctas e^et veirvKVU}p.evas Kal tois vipeai Sia<pepovaas. aurat Se-
rais OLKo8op.a?s del Kara tt]V eis tov \b(pov dvdfiaaiv aKXrfkwv Inrepexovcn, /ecu to axv^0- TVS
0X77? TroXecos 8eaTpoei8es diroreXovoi (Diod. 16. 76). For Zeus 'E7rtX6<ptos at Nai'ssos see
infra Moesia.
2 Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 1103 n. 2 suggests that Zeus QaXaKpbs at Argos (Clem.
Al. prolr. 2. 39. 2 p. 29, 6 f. Stahlin ovxi p-ivToi Zeus (paXaKpbs iv"Apyei, ri/xtopos oe dAXos
ev KvTrpop TeTi/jLrjadov;) was a mountain-god. This is probable enough, for the summit of
Mt Ida was called QdXaicpov, QdXaicpa, QaXdfcpa, $aXd/c/jat, a promontory in Korkyra
QdXaKpov, QaXaKpbv atcpov, another in Epeiros QdXaKpov, another in Euboia 3>aXd/cpat
(Stephanus Thes. Gr. Ling. viii. 604 b—d). For Zeus KAaptos see supra p. 874 n. 2.
1 Zeus "lVa-ros was worshipped (1) on Mt Hypatos above Glisas in Boiotia (Paus. 9.
19. 3 vrrep 8e TXiaavTos ioTiv 6pos"TiraTos KaXov/uevov, eirl Se avT(2 At6s 'TnraTOV vabs /cat
dyaXp-a). The mountain, now called Sagmatds, rises to a height of 749111 : ' it is bold and
rocky, and has a flat summit which is crowned with a monastery of the Transfiguration,
founded by Alexis Comnenus. The church of the monastery contains fine mosaics, and
stands on the foundations of the temple of Zeus. Both the church and the monastery, as
well as two neighbouring chapels, contain many considerable fragments of antiquity built
into the walls. The dome of the church is supported by two ancient monolithic columns,
with their bases and capitals' (Frazer Pausanias v. 6s). The view from the monastery
embraces the three lakes Kopa'is, Hylike, Paralimne, the Euboean sea, and on the horizon
a whole series of mountains—Messapion, Dirphys, Parnes, Kithairon, Helikon, Sphingion,
Parnassos, Ptoion (H. N. Ulrichs Reisen unci Forschtmgeu in Griechenland Berlin 1863
ii. 28 f.). Maybaum Der Zeitskult in Boeotien Doberan 1901 p. 6 notes the frequent
Boeotian name 'TiraToStopos. E. Sittig De Graecorztm nominibns theophoris Halis
Saxonum 1911 p. 13 f. quotes examples of ' TiraToSupos from Thebes, Tanagra, Delphoi,
Smyrna, of'T7rart'as from Thebes, of'T7raro/cX?}s from Rhodes.
(2) He had an altar, founded by Kekrops 'in front of the entry' to the Erechtheion at
Athens, where he was served with cakes but no wine- or animal-offerings (Paus. 1. 26. 5
'£oti 8e Kal oLKrjfia 'Epex#etof KaXov/ievov • vpb Se tt)s elabSov Aios eVrt /3w/xds 'TiraTov, evda
efj.\pvxov dvovaiv ovSev, irip.pt.aTa Se Oivres ovSev eri oivcp xpV°~acr@al- vop-i'^ovaiv, 8. 2. 3 6 pev
yap (sc. Ke/cpoi/') Ata tc ibvbpiaaev 'TiraTov irpuTos (irpOnov cod. La.), /cat birbaa %Xei '^vX'hvi
tovtuv fxev rfciwaev oiiSev dvaai, irip.p.aTa Se e7rtxu>/)ta eirl tov f3wp,ov Kadriyajev, a ireXavovs
KaXovcriv Zti Kal is -rjpds 'Adrjvaloi). He was on occasion associated with Athena 'T^ctr??
and other deities (Dem. c. Macart. 66 (a Delphic response) av/xcpepei. 'Ad-qvaiois irepl tov
ar/fietov tov ev rt3 ovpavQ yevojxevov dljovras /caXXtepetV Att'T7rdra), 'Adr/va 'TiraTr], Hpa/cXet,
'AttoXXwvl Swr%>t, Kal diroivip.Treiv ' ApMpibveaai). Cp. Cougny Anth. Pal. Append. 1. 201.
iff.= Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 no. 170, 2 ff. 'Tif/i/xeSiov "Tirare, wdrep elp^v-ijs j3advKa[pTrov,] |
ffbv 'EXat'ou (for 'EAeou) fiw/xov iKeTevo/xev Tj/aeis, (scansion !) | Qp-qiKes oi vaiovTes ayaKXvTOv
dcrTV to [Sa]p5e[wi'(?),] | k.t.X.
(3) The tetrapolis of Marathon sacrificed to him in Gamelion (R. B. Richardson in
the Am. Journ. Arch. 1895 x.209ff. col. 2, 13 Att vir[aTb: oh A h h (?)] = J- de Prott Leges
Graecorum Sacrae Lipsiae 1896 Fasti sacri p. 46 ff. no. 26, b 13 Ad 'T7r[arwt----]).
(4) At Sparta he had a statue of hammered bronze by Klearchos of Rhegion (Paus. 3.
17. 6 (supra p. 739 n. 1), 8. 14. 7 tov is ~ZirapTiaTas Xbyov ra eVt tov dydX/xaTos tov
'TwaTov Atos).
(5) In Paros on the top of Mt Koitnddos the little church of the Prophet Elias has
built into it boundary-stones belonging to Zeus "TTraros, to Aphrodite, to Histie Ay/ilr)
(O. Rubensohn in the Ath. Mitth. 1901 xxvi. 215). The first of these, a rough block of
white marble, is inscribed in lettering of s. vB.C. [6]pos 'TiraTo- d[re]'[X]e(rrot ov c?e/xj[t]s
ovSe 7i>/'aij[/c]t [sc. eheXdelv) (Inscr. Gr. ins. v. 1 no. 183 with fig.).