Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,2): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Appendixes and index (Cambridge, 1925)

The Mountain-cults of Zeus 971

Ankyra1.
Lykia

Mount Kragos 2.

in Phrygiae finibus inauditae per omnia vastitatis petra, inquit (sc. Timotheus), est
quaedam, cui nomen est Agdus, regionis eius ab indigenis sic vocatae. ex ea lapides
sumptos, sicut Themis mandaverat praecinens, in orbem mortalibus vacuum Deucalion
iactavit et Pyrrha, ex quibus cum ceteris et haec Magna quae dicitur informata est Mater
atque animata divinitus). Gruppe op. cit. p. 444 n. 4 well cp. Nonn. Dion. 13. 522—545.

1 Coin-type of Zeus seated on a rock (supra i. 124).

2 Mt Kragos is a continuation of Mt Tauros, forming a promontory (Yedi-Buri'm, the
' Seven Capes') on the south-western coast of Lykia. North of it is the range of Anti-
kragos. T. A. B. Spratt—E. Forbes Travels in Lycia, Milyas, and the Cibyratis London
1847 i. 300 ff. describe their ascent of Kragos (1842) : ' In the afternoon we made our
way to the opening of a pass leading between the summits of Cragus and Anticragus, now
called Mendos and Baba-dagh ;...at daybreak, next morning, (May 27th,) we ascended to
a plain which lies between the two chief peaks at a height of four thousand feet... Leaving
our attendants and horses...we commenced the ascent of the highest peak of Cragus, which
rose precipitously more than two thousand five hundred feet above this alpine plain. The
first half of the way was through a thick zone of forest; the remainder was among preci-
pices of bare rock, in the crevices of which lay the accumulated snow of winter... From
the sharp and narrow summit of this lofty peak we enjoyed our last look over Lycia ; below
us lay the whole expanse of the Xanthian plain, and beyond we could see far into the
gorges and yailahs ['summer encampments'] of Massicytus... Such is the steepness of
Cragus, that its precipices plunge from the snowy summit to the sea, and from the lofty
pinnacle on which we stood we could see the waves breaking white against its base.'
Ancient allusions are collected by W. Ruge in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xi. 1567.
Strab. 665 is worth quoting : eW e^rjs 6 'AvriKpayos.. .Kal pierarovrov 6 Kpdyos, 'lxwv a/cpas
6/crw (icpayas d/crw codd. dxpas oktlo Eustath. in Dionys. per. 847. a/cpas 8vo Eustath. in
II. p. 635, 19. We should probably translate 'eight summits,' not 'eight headlands') /cat
tt6\lv bp.iivvp.ov. irepl ravra p.v&everaL rd opt) ra irepl ttjs XtjUatpas ' ftrrt 8' oiik dirwdev /cat
17 Xt/xatpa (pdpay^ ris, dirb rod aiyiaXov dvareivovo-a (the glen of Avian : see O. Benndorf—
G. Niemann Reisen in Lykien undKarien Wien 1884 p. 82 f.).

Kragos had certain caverns known as the OeQv dypiwv dvrpa. These 'wild gods' appear
to have been the eponym Kragos and his family (Steph. Byz. s.v. Kpdyos, bpos Au/ctas.
'AXei^avSpos Sevrepip Avklclkwv (Alex. Polyhist. frag. 75 (Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 235 Muller)).
aVo Kpdyov rod Tpeptt'Xou viov, prjTpbs Se Ilpa^iSLKijs vvp,<pi)s. eviavda 0' elvai /cat ra
e'lrovop.afop.eva 6eu>v dyp'ioiv dvrpa. airadavaTicrdrivai yap (pacrirovs irepl tov Kpdyov, Eustath.
in Dionys. per. 847 tov Se evravda lavpov to opos /cat Kpdyov (prjai <prjpLifeo~dat, dirb Kpdyov
tlvos eirupavovs dvSpbs, 8s avrbdi daviov TLpdrai. iv roiirip Se tpaaiv ot waXaiol t<2 Kpdyv?
8eG)v dyplujv dvrpa etvai). Kragos and his kin are mentioned also in Panyasis frag. 18
Kinkel ap. Steph. Byz. s.v. Tpe/xtX??, in Timagenes_/ra^\ 1 (Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 322 Muller)
ap. Steph. Byz. s.v. MtXiiat, and in an important inscription from Sidyma (O. Benndorf—•
G. Niemann op. cit. p. 75 ff. no. 53 A, 15 ff. ttjv irpbs vp.d[s /cat TXweis /cat] j ITtfapets
yevea\[oyiav Tpe/xt]j[X]ou /cat Ilpa^tcit/c???, e£ tov TXa>[os /cat] | [K]pdyos /cat ITtVaXos avr/KOV,
5t[aOTj]|[X]?7S yevea\o[yi]as /cat vir efxov 7roX[Xd/cts 8eStf\(apevi)s Kara rds ITo [\~\vxdppov Kal
erepwv iaropias, id. C, 9 ff. ev Se 'ZiSvp.ois, ktlo~p.an ^.iSvpov | viov TXuov Kal XeXetcSoi/os
tt/s I Kpdyov, ' AirbWuva tottlo irpbs \ da\do~o~ri Aoirrols airifKaiui \ diroKpvcpu SvaeicrbSw £k
Kopv\(pT)s Se (pUTOv\Kov dvoiyp.a | pieiKpbv 'ixovri. p.io~ov els & Ka doirTevaai deX-qaaad tls
d(pvu>s j d\po(py)Ti tov debv KaTri\vex@V, Xt'#os /cetrat Trrd}p.a \ (pbfiov 8eiyp.a KaraaKOiruv ' | 81b
/cat /cpor[oO]^[re]s eir dcrpari | '%aipe, "AttoXKov, 6 iy Aoirrwv ' ] eio~epxbp.evoi (pwvovp.ev \
rrjvSe. The cave-cult of Apollon at Lopta described in this curious record may give us
some notion of the deQv dypicov dvrpa : indeed, Apollon himself is on occasion dypios
(Orph. h. Ap. 34. 5). The Titans too bore the same title (Hesych. dypioi deoL' ot Tirades),
perhaps as being chieftains or kings (supra i. 655 f.). Lobeck Aglaophamns ii. 1186 n.'