Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 3,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (earthquake, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorits): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1940)

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 89

reflects a very ancient ritual of adoption1. The detail of the sewing
ierrdphthai) is probably to be connected with the office of the birth-

the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Palestine pp. xxxvi, 77 pi. 8, 5. Fig. 31 is from a cast kindly
supplied by E>r Hill).

1 So first J. J. Bachofen Das Muiterrtcht Basel 1897 pp. 243, 256, 259, though he
confused the issue by importing a reference to the couvade (hence Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel.
P- 904 goes off on a wrong path). Farnell Cults of Gk. States v. 110 keeps a clearer head:
' The old attempts to interpret this as nature-symbolism have failed ludicrously. The first
to strike the right track was Bachofen, who, following the anthropological method,
explained the myth as the reflex of some primitive social institution; but his suggestion
that we have here a divine example of the couvade was not altogether happy, though the
couvade was practised by primitive peoples of the Mediterranean area. The travail of Zeus
is more naturally explained by him as a primitive mode of adoption, wherein the father
pretends to actually [(.raV)] give birth to the adopted son; and this would be the natural
method for a people passing from the rule of the matrilinear to that of the patrilinear
descentb. [bWe hear of the same fashion of adoption among the Haidas of North
America who are in the transition-state between the two systems.] Dionysos, therefore,
was accepted and affiliated in this wise to Zeus by some Hellenic tribe who were still in
that stage, and whom we cannot discover, for we do not know whence the story first
radiated, though we may surmise that it arose in Boeotia.' The latter part of this state-
Went, however, will have to be modified by those who accept the recent attempts of
H. J. Rose ('On the alleged Evidence for Mother-right in Early Greece' in Folk-Lore
I9H xxii. 277—291, 'Prehistoric Greece and Mother-Right' it. 1926 xxxvii. 213—244)
to disprove the existence of mother-right in early Greece.

Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art i. 74 f. illustrates 'Simulation of birth at
adoption' from a wide area, including one classical myth: Diod. 4. 39 (from an older
handbook of mythology (E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 674)) irpovOerhv
5 T}tuv tols eiprjfjifrois on pera ttjv airodtuaiv avrov 7i€us"H.pav p.£v e-7reio"ep vloiroirjaao'daL
Tov Hpa/cX^a Kai to \oiirbv eis rbv airavTa xpovov pvqrpbs efivoiav irapex^o'Oai (irap^effdai
cod. D.), tt)V bb rixvusaiv yeviaBai <paai roiavTtjv • t7)v"Hpav avo.f3S.aav em (eiri tt\v vulg.)
K\tvqv Kai tov 'HpanXta •npoo\a§opivqv Tpbs to aCjpa bib. rwv evbvp.drwv dfpetvaL Trpbs tt)v
7?}e, pup.ovp.£vTiv tt]v dXrjQivrjv ytvevw birtp P-^XPL T°v v^'v iroiuv tous [Sapfidpovs orav derbv
vlbv iroulaSaL ftovXwvTaL, Lyk. At. 39 6 bcvrtpav reKouaav k.t.X. with Tzetz. ad loc. tt)v
Hpay Xeyec bid rod k6\tov yap avrbv rjytv (ijveyKev cod. a) &s rUrovaa Kai T*Kvoiroiovp.£vr].
Cp. three important mirrors which represent Hera suckling a full-grown Herakles: (a) An
early fourth-century mirror in the Museo Civico at Bologna (F. Schiassi De. Pateris, ex
sententia J. T. Biancani sertno Bononise 1808 pi. 10, Gerhard Etr. Spiegeliii. 125 pi. 126
( = my fig. 32), E. Brizio in the Guida del Museo Civico di Bologna Bologna 1882 p. 24
Sezione antica, Sala viii, E Vetrina di fronte, Sezione di mezzo, J. Bayet Hercli Etude
Critique des principaux monuments relatifs a l'Hercule Etrusque Paris 1926 p. 150 ff.
no' D) shows Herakles as a well-grown youth, with his lion-skin round his neck and a
srnooth club at his side, bending forward to be suckled by Hera. She sits on a throne,
the footstool of which is seen in perspective, and holds up her bared right breast to the
hero's lips. Behind her and leaning on her shoulder is Iolaos (Gerhard says Ares), with
chlamys and lance. The whole is surrounded by a beautiful ivy-wreath; and the reverse
has a frilled( = rayed) solar (?) head. A similar design on a terra-cotta medallion in relief
was reported by W. Helbig in the Bull. d. Inst. 1866 p. 65 f. It was found probably at
palestrina and was then in the possession of Castellani. Helbig took the medallion to be a
model for a bulla. But A. Kluegmann in the Ann. d. Inst. 1871 xliii. 21 regarded it with
"lore likelihood as the centre of a bowl. The group of Hera suckling Herakles was flanked
by two standing youths clad in chlamydes—apparently a duplication of Iolaos. (/') A fourth-
century mirror from Volaterrae (Volterra), now in the Museo Archeologico at Florence,
e'aborates the subject (G. Korte in Gerhard Etr. Spiegel v. 73—78 pi. 60 ( = my fig. 33)>
A- B. Cook in the Class. A'ev. 1906 xx. 416 f. fig. 4, J. Bayet op. cit. p. 150 ff. no. E