Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 3,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (earthquake, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorits): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1940)

148 Zeus Ourios, tkmenos, Eudnemos^ Boreios

on his return from Kolchis first sacrificed to the twelve gods'1.
Pomponius Mela (c. 43/4 A.D.) puts it more curtly: 'The god of the
temple is Zeus, its founder Iason2.' But Timosthenes of Rhodes,
who commanded the fleet of Ptolemy ii Philadelphos, makes the
altar to the twelve gods a dedication of Phrixos3. And Dionysios
of Byzantion recognises two sanctuaries, one on the European, the
other on the Asiatic, side of the strait. Of the former he notes:
'They say that here Iason sacrificed to the twelve gods'4. Of the
latter he states: 'Hieron, the "Sanctuary," was built by Phrixos,
son of Nephele and Athamas, on his voyage to Kolchis'5. The
founder, then, was either Iason or Phrixos. Both attributions amount
to much the same thing. For Iason was son of Aison, son of
Kretheus, son of Aiolos; while Phrixos was son of Athamas, son
of Aiolos6. The cult was essentially Aeolian, and Zeus Oiirios was
but a later religious manifestation of Aiolos himself.

If Zeus Oiirios may thus be traced back to a buried tribal
ancestor, we can understand an otherwise puzzling feature of his
art-type—its markedly heroic character. The Zeus Oiirios whose
statue Verres carried off from Syracuse was known to the Romans as
Imperator1, and is almost certainly represented on a Syracusan coin
as a dignified male figure leaning upon his spear8. As such he
closely resembles the Zeus Strategds of Amastris in Paphlagonia9.
We divine that the old warrior-king, who had led his Aeolians to
victory during life, continued to supply them with favouring winds
after death, and sent the same from his island-home in the Black
Sea.

1 Polyb. 4. 39. 2 Mela J. 101.

3 Timosthenes ap. schol. Ap. Rhod. 2. 532 (Ti/ioaBtviis cod. Paris. Aij/to<rWy7js vulg-)'
cp. Harpokr. s.v. i<p' 'Inp6v (Ti^ocrflec^s vulg. AiJiUoctWctjs codd. B.G.), Souid. s.v.,E4>^9°v
(leg. i(f> 'Iep6v, cp. [Dem.] c. Polycl. 17, 18, 58).

4 Dionys. Byz. frag. 47 (Geogr. Gr. min. i. 57 Muller).

5 Dionys. Byz. frag. 58 (Geogr. Gr. min. i. 75 Muller).

6 Stemmata in Gerhard Gr. Myth. ii. 223 f.

7 Cic. in Verr. 2. 4. 128 quoted supra ii. 917 n. o. Cic. in Verr. 2. 4. 129 f. knew 0
three statues representing Zeus O0/>ios = Iupiter Imperator: (1) a statue brought fi'°m
Makedonia c. 197 B.C. by T. Quinctius Flamininus and dedicated on the Capitol at Rome
(Liv. 6. 29 makes it brought from Praeneste to Rome in 380 B.C. by T. Quinctius Cincin'
natus—an obvious blunder copied by the so-called P. Victor de regionibus urbis Rot)<-ae
reg. 8. 49 signum Iovis imperatoris a Praeneste devectum (in H. Jordan Topographic der
Stadt Rom im Alterthum Berlin 1871 ii. 308)); (2) the statue on the shore of the Bospor°s >
(3) that stolen by Verres from Syracuse.

The cjj. Iovis Imbricitoris (cp. Apul. de mundo 37), Imp. (= Impuberis!), Temperatori^
and Induperatoris, recorded by A. Drakenborch on Liv. 6. 29, are all examples of ingenuity
misplaced.

5 Supra ii. 708 fig. 643. 9 Supra ii. 707 figs. 639—641, ii. 918 n. o.