Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 3,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (earthquake, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorits): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1940)

Hephaistos and Athena 193

Kretschmer's ingenious speculation could, I think, fairly claim the support of certain
extant types of sacred or ritual vases: (a) Gesichtsurnen or 'face-urns' from the second
city at Troy, c. 2500—2300 B.C. (H. Schliemann Troy and its remains London 1875
P- 34 f. nos. 10—13, id. Ilios London 1880 pp. 290—292 nos. 157—159, 339—345 nos.
227—229, 231—241 (of which 235 = my fig. 102), C. Schuchhardt Schliemann's Excava-
tions trans. E. Sellers London 1891 p. 68 figs. 66—68 ( = my figs. 103, 105, 101), Perrot—
Chipiez Hist, de VArt vi. 561 fig. 247, 807 fig. 376, 903 ff. figs. 454, 455, W. Dorpfeld Troja
"nd Ilion Athen 1902 i. 255—257 pi. 33, 1 — 7 (of which 4 = my fig. 104), M. Hoernes
Vrgeschichte der bildenden Kunst in Europa3 Wien 1925 pp. 358—362 figs. 5—8, Brit,
mus. Cat. Vases i. 1. 12 no. A 68 pi. 2, E. Pottier Vases antiques du Louvre Paris 1897
P- 4 no. A 4 (1) pi. 5). These urns begin by being distinctly human in appearance. The
uPper part, or the lid, has a projecting nose, arched eyebrows, and round prominent eyes.
Mouth, ears, and a peaked cap may also be added. Some specimens have the ears bored
'°r metal earrings. Others indicate in relief a necklace and a transverse band across the
chest, or make the head support a bowl and the hands a two-handled cup. The body is
rounded and, as a rule, equipped with rudimentary arms, conical breasts, and a flat disk
(navel? womb?) occasionally marked with a cross or swastika. Later the jars become
'ess truly anthropomorphic : the peaked cap turns into a handle, the brow sinks to a
straight line, the eyes dwindle into dots, the arms may be duplicated as a pair of spirals,
"■ow H. Schliemann was certainly wrong, when in Troy and its remains p. 113 and llios
P" 281 ff. he took such vases to represent Athena in the shape of an owl (Oea y\avi<£nris
Aflijj,^ injra g ^ (jj) ;j Similar face-urns, of the Early Iron Age, found in Pomerania,
*-ast and West Prussia, Posnania, Silesia, Poland (J. Schlemm Worterbuch zur Vor-
S^schichte Berlin 1908 pp. 173—176 figs, a—i, H. Seger in M. Ebert Reallexikon der
orgeschiclUe Berlin 1926 iv. 1. 295—304 pis. no—122, A. Gotze ib. 1926 vi. 384 f.
P»- 96 f.), Etruria (J. Martha L'art (trusque Paris 1889 p. 468 fig. 305, E. Pottier Vases
antl'jues du Louvre Paris 1897 p. 33 no. 709 pi. 28, Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases i. 2. 250 f.
^°s- H 213 pi. r7) H 214 pi. 17, H 215, H 216 pi. 17), and Kypros (Perrot—Chipiez
de VArt iii. 695 f. figs. 503, 504, and col. pi. 4, J. L. Myres The Metropolitan
"seum of Art. Handbook of the Cesnola Collection of Antiquities from Cyprus New York
9J4 p. 104 no. 793 fig., p. 113 no. 931 fig.) are purely human in design. Their signi-
ance is probably apotropaeic. The figure shown is the guardian, who protects the
°ntents of the urn. At Troy this figure is always female. It is, then, very possibly to
^c identified with the city-goddess Athena, but not as ykavKuiris (M. Hoernes Urgeschichte
T "ifdenden Kunst in Europa1 Wien 1898 p. 175, ib.2 Wien 1915 p. 362). A custom
'his sort does not easily die out. A thousand years later those who dug the first shaft-
(A C ^ ^kenai Put 'n a globular vase still decorated with a pair of outstanding breasts
• Furtwangler—G. LSschcke Mykenische Thongefasse Berlin 1879 P- 3 P1- *> 'i Perrot—
hlPiez Hist, de VArt vi. 912 fig. 464).

\ ) A vase from tomb xiii at Mochlos, which Sir A. J. Evans refers to the ' Early
lnoan iii' period, e. 2400—-2100 B. c. (R. B. Seager Explorations in the Island of Mochlos
jj 0.1 New York 1912 p. 64 figs. 32, 34, G. Karo—G. Maraghiannis Antiquites Cretoises
l92U*!eme serie Candie 1911 p. viii pi. 10, 6, Sir A. J. Evans The Palace of Minos London
jjg^1- lI5 fig. 84, O. Montelius La Grece prhlassique Stockholm 1924 i. 27 fig. 116a,
repre~myhg- 106). This remarkable vessel, painted with yellowish white on a dark ground,
to Serv S a kma'e figure wearing a kind of turban and holding her breasts, which are pierced
hut a S Spouts- ^oth Seager and Evans infer that she is a primitive mother-goddess. It is
Chipj^ep from tllis Alma Mater to some of the Cypriote vases noted above (e.g. Perrot—
sp0llt.ez ^'st- de I'Art iii col. pi. 4 = my fig. 107), which being furnished with a single
wholl *)r°!Jak')' did duty as feeding-bottles for infants. A mother-goddess would be a
Priatel SUlta^e tvPe- A. late Egyptian (?) specimen in my collection is no less appro-

(c) yi!°pped by the head of young Horos (fig. 108. Height 4 inches).
^eth-Sh Ut>Ular vessels ""om various cult-centres in Palestine, Crete, and Rhodes. At
of the Tjan ^5e*a*)'the Hellenistic Nysa Skythopolis (supra p. 88 fig. 31), the excavations
°ne sid l^.erS'ly of Pennsylvania Museum brought to light an earthenware cylinder, from
e °f which projects a crudely modelled head wearing a crown of feathers. This
c- III

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