Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 3,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (earthquake, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorits): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1940)

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Cook, Arthur B.
Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 3,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (earthquake, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorits): Text and notes — Cambridge, 1940

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Schmutztitel

A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION

Titelblatt

III

A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION … ZEUS GOD OF THE DARK SKY … at the University Press

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

[Prosa]

Pherekydes of SYROS frag. 3 Diels ap. Prokl. z'« Plat. 7V*8. … DlON OF PrOUSA or. 12 p. 236 f. Dindorf.

Preface

VII

VOLUME III with its two Parts comprises the third, and final, … itself with Zeus in his relations to a further series of cosmic phaen-

VIII

The former may simplify things and enable you to get more directly … I did indeed pen a screed on 'Korinthos son of Zeus,' but I sup- … well into the framework of the book and very seldom called for the

burden of publishing, despite all difficulties, this costly and un- … under the auspices of two old friends, old in years but young in … I have further been able to count on the co-operation of man)' … feel immense respect. Critics of this type are all too rare.

of pi. i. But Mr Seltman has no monopoly of kindliness. Not a … Mr J. D. S. Pendlebury, Fellow of Pembroke College, has more … cured for me photographs of an interesting pzthos-\id from the same … of access. Dr N. Bachtin gave me prints of Mount Ossa and of the

with Bektashite monks to the summit of Mount Tomori near Berat … For other photographs, too numerous to specify in detail, I am … been generously granted by Messrs F. Bruckmann and Co. of

XII

Richter of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (pi. xxxv, … And here I must add a word on another of Mrs Kennett's

XIII

Sky-god was one main factor, leading the minds of men upwards

Contents of Volume III

CONTENTS OF VOLUME III … § 5. Zeus and the Earthquakes....... 1—29 … (d) The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth .... 68 … § 9. Zeus and the Rain.........284—881

XVI

i. Rain of blood . ........ 478 … i. The Ox-driving of Zeus Hyetios at Didyma . . . 563 … (d) The stone of Elagabalos....... 900

XVII

Q. The Prompting Eros......1016—1025 … (9) The Hierbs Gdmos a.t Athens . ■ • 1047 … (S) Zeus with Hera on the frieze of the Parthenon 1053

List of plates in Volume III

XIX

LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME III … (A) Poseidon, shouldering the island, attacks a Giant … amid the clouds........36 … [A) Poseidon attacks Polybotes in the presence of Ge … VII Amphora from Melos, now at Paris: the Gigantomachy— … VIII Krater (amphora ?) from Ruvo, now at Petrograd: the Gigan- … XIV (1) Gold bulla from Vulci, now at Paris: Birth of Dionysos … XV (1) Lekythos of early Apulian style from Anxia, now in the British … XVI Hydria at Queens' College, Cambridge: Apollon visits the

List of Plates … XVIII Early 'Campanian' amphora in the MuseeBorely at Marseilles : … XXI Plan of the American excavations on the north slope of the … Ge hands Erichthonios to Athena in the presence of … Ge hands Erichthonios to Athena in the presence of … the Snake-goddess (Athena?) of late geometric art . . 189 … XXVIII Votive relief in island marble, found on the Akropolis at Athens: … (1) A heroion containing five stalks of bearded wheat, flanked by … (3) The whole vase (4) Head of Kore (5) Palmette . . 306

XXI

List of Plates … (2) A set in veined alabaster, now at Queens' College, Cambridge 345 … mourners at prothesis below, and subsidiary zones of lions … the uninitiated in the Underworld, together with Oknos … Orpheus leads a family of initiates into the presence of … (a—d) Bouzyges ploughing in the presence of Athena … Europe on the Bull

XXII

List of Plates … the Bull.......' 620 … L Amphora at Munich : Zeus in labour, flanked by two Eileithyiai 663 … LI 11 Amphora from Caere, now in the Vatican : … LIX Pelike in the British Museum: (A) Zeus and Nike (B) Hera … a spectator stands before the Owl on the Akropolis . 777 … LXI 11 Krater at Gotha: Perseus presents Athena with the Gorgon's

XXIII

List of Plates … LXV (i) Etruscan kylix at Leipzig: Pegasos born from the blood of … (1 a, ib) Two differently lighted views of bronze coin now at Paris … LXX (1) A bronze mirror-case in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge : … LXXIV A bust of Zeus Sarapis in lapis lazuli, c. 300 A.D., now in the

Abbreviations

XXV

The following additions should be made to the List of Abbreviations printed in … Am. Journ. Arch. From 1932 (vol. xxxvi) onwards the American Journal of Archaeology … Uabelon Monn. gr. rom. II Description historique iv Paris 1926—1932 with Atlas of pis. … Brit. Mus. Cat. Finger Rings = F. H. Marshall Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, … Brit. Mus. Cat. Gems- = H. B. Walters Catalogueof the Engraved Gems and Cameos Greek … Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Pottery = H. B. Walters Catalogue of the Roman Pottery in the … by E. Pottier at Paris in 1922, has already (1939) run to 63 parts, of which Belgium

XXVI

Holland 2, Italy 12, Poland 3. Spain 1, the United States 6, and Yugoslavia 2. … Farnell Gk. Hero Cults = L. R. Farnell Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality Oxford … Certain Early Forms of Superstition and Society i—iv London 1910. Totemica: a … Head Coins of the Greeks = A Guide to the principal Coins of the Greeks from circ. 700 n.c.

XXVII

Jahrb. d, Deutsch. Arch. Inst. From 1918 (vol. xxxiii) onwards the Jahrbuch des kaiserlich … ctlean Cat. Coins = Fitzwilliam Museum. Catalogue of the Mc Clean Collection of Greek … ~^he Greek Mainland, the Aegaean Islands, Crete. … ssori Min.-Myc. Rel. = The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and its Survival in Greek

XXVIII

Ktinstvcerker Kjfibenhavn 1907. Tillceg til Billedlavler of antike Kunstvterher … work, begun in 1894 and now nearing completion, at present (1939) covers the entries … Repertoire (apart from its first volume, the 'Clarac de poche') claims to have published … i The Excavations. Part 1 (1910—1914) by Howard Crosby Butler Leyden 1922. … v Roman and Christian Sculpture. Part 1 The Sarcophagus of Claudia Antonia … Stuart Jones Cat. Sculpt. Pal. d. Conserv. Rome = A Catalogue of the Ancient Sculptures

XXIX

preserved in the Municipal Collections of Rome. The Sculptures of the Palazzo dei … er d. 26. Philologenversamml. in Wiirzburg= Verhandhtngen der sechsundzwanzigsten … er ' ' Philologenversamml. in Karlsmhe= Verhandlungen der sechsunddreissigslen … eberCat. Coins = The Weber Collection. Greek Coins by L. Forrer i (Auriol Find Class, … Wo .^ar"a' Incerta) London 1929 with Atlas of pis. London 1925.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §5. Zeus and the earthquakes

ZEUS AS GOD OF THE WEATHER. … 2 See C. Davison The Founders of Seismology Cambridge 1927 pp. 160—176. … globe et mesure de la sismicite' in the Beilrdge zur Geophysik Leipzig 1900 iv. 357

2 Zeus and the Earthquakes … Greek earthquakes, being tectonic, not volcanic, in character, … Berlin 1892 p. 437 ff. (fig. 41 chart of Messenian earthquake of Aug. 27, 1886), id. Das … 1891 i. 364ff., Frazer Golden Bough*: Adonis Attis Osiris3 i. 197 ff. ('The Earthquake

Zeus and the Earthquakes 3 … primeval monsters called N„d.«, who broke the very g»™J»*1 ™» ^ … Ml Stdropo, (see further Halliday ad loc. p. ao7ff.). S. Reinach in the Rev. Arcli. 19W … stocks and stones, tried in vain to lift his head (Ov. met. H. 614 «■)• Gla"ts lalf low ,y … Cp. supra ii. 505 f.). It should, however, be recognised that the: express con-

4 Zeus and the Earthquakes … dirbrpeire, irip.Tre 8k fivffTais \ ohflov k.t.A.). But Usener's contention that Aloeus, son of … 8i/j.&Tup)) and in magical spells etc. to a variety of chthonian powers including Hekate … in Roscher Zex. Myth. ii. 2646 = R. Wunsch in the Corp. inscr. Alt. App. defix. p. xv = A. … dXrjdrj, ^AfleTc Kal re\\eubcraTi p.oi rnv irpayfiarelav ravT-qv (on the identification of … F. G. Kenyon Greek Papyri in the British Museum London 1893 i. 106 no. 121, 691 f.

Zeus and the Earthquakes 5 … /bmwAi recurring in L. Macdonald &c. «/. p. 176 no. 3, 9 ft"., p. 177 n°- 5> 12 •' P" … •W*a and is possibly to be connected with Upai, Ionic trf, the 'hawk *p£rev … r93i u. 215 notes that in no. J (pap. Lond. 121), 47s A. i->. WOCK wouiu … no- 5, .7f. (a leaden ^-tablet of iii A.D., found at Hadrumetum) oprij- « *

Zeus and the Earthquakes … The boundless earth and the tall mountain-tops. … Troy-town to boot and the Achaean ships. … Lest o'er his head Poseidon, shaker of land, … This passage is well illustrated by a bronze medallion of … 2 My specimen came from the cabinet of a Greek collector on May 14, 1928. Obv.

Zeus and the Earthquakes 7 … •HworiTaioi is similarly used of Poseidon 20 times in the Iliad, 6 times in the Odyssey … Hence it may be inferred that the old pre-Homeric tags (supra i. 444. »• 384 n. o) to … OwtstUmes epicae Gueterslohae 1892 p. 159 f-)- But the common assumPtlon … indogerm. Spr. i. 254 f.) that boai- bvoat- tbo*i<- are derived from b-M of … Pound like in.TvpiB*rm), 'the earth-god in the water,' cp. Poll. i. 238 yr,...vbrtos(vvoros

Zeus and the Earthquakes … and mean 'burdened with the ground,' 'burdened with earth,' 'laden with leaves.' The suffix … But against all these fancies must be set the solid fact that the said epithets are … (sc. Eurypylos son of Poseidon), 306 ff. Soiol S' vipixalrai \ dvtpes, 'l&vvocrlSa j ytvos (sc. … connects the second element in the compound 'Evvoo-l-Sas with '52 dorice pro yij.' That 52 … ris obaa, Eustath. in II. p. 436, 41 5d7re5oe- ylvtrai Si napd rb 52, 6 SrjXot AoipiKois rijv

Zeus and the Earthquakes 9 … 7*o0ep6, sm4>ep6v. In forwI. 9 BergkVso Diehl a/. Prokl. i» Hes o.d 389 rp^6Xeo, … Dialekte Heidelberg 1909 p. 292, C. D. Buck Introduction to the Study of the Greek Dialects … Erklarung von Mu&Tvp erfunden'). But the normal Doric form of yv was ya (E. Boisacq … *7opa|t 6^0upa j ^Oor, p&r Si ^) = 7i0upa-would support the claim that Sa is a legiti- … Tafel) m| <Wx0o,« ItamMM' to, e,WlY«u.r. F. G. Schneidewin in his Eustathi.

io Zeus and the Earthquakes … KpovlSa Avralov \ aeialxBovos t{kos {sc. Sinis son of Poseidon Avratos (cp. Steph. Byz. s.v. … AopvXaiov I dpxalrjs ^pvylrjs iroXvSaKpvroio KeXaivrjs (allusion to Kelainai). [But in oracl. … originated in a gloss, cp. Hesych. s.v. ivvocrlyaios- Kiv-qo-lyaios. irrLBeTov Hoo-eiSSivos. … SLovos, o-KeSq (sc. Zeus) (Wilamowitz, accepting the vbcrwv of cod. Med.1, rewrites OaXao-aiav … 8. 350, 9- 528, h. Pos. 6), sometimes without the name of the god (II. 9. 183, 13. 59,

Zeus and the Earthquakes i1 … Another and less pardonable blunder in etymology accounts for Bekker anecd. i. l«9, … preserves a genuine appellative of Poseidon, though the glossator-accord.ng to O.JM … 1 Near Therapne was a sanctuary of Poseidon r<udoXos (Pans. 3. 10. ? to*™- »* … ^. i no. ,r3). Beneath a spirited, though much damaged, relief of a four-horse … 2 There was at Gythion a sanctuary of Demeter and, adjoining it, a statue of Poseidon

12 Zeus and the Earthquakes … Poseidon standing, naked, with dolphin in outstretched right hand and trident in raised … 111. 1 no. 805 = Dittenberger Sytl. inscr. Gr. '3 no. 790 a base of Pentelic marble, on the … These inscriptions implya rather half-hearted identification of Erechtheus with Poseidon … the Erechtheion) elai fiwfiol, HotreiSGivos, i<f ov Kal 'Epex#« Bbovaiv (k tov (so R. Porson … tendency to equate Poseidon with Erechtheus, the earlier occupant of. the Erechtheion … 'EpexBius (sc- Medeios ii and Diokles iii in the stemma of the Eteoboutadai as given by

Zeus and the Earthquakes 13 … The fact that Poseidon at Athens bore the cult-title Taiijoxos gives special point to … 1 A rough stone, about a foot long, dug up a little below the great wall which supports … On the Poseidon-cults of Thera see Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. i. S75 n. 1, Gruppe … Myth. Rel. pp. 246, 247, 268, 583 n. 7, 1139 n. 2, 1144 »• *> Farnell Cults of Gk. … ^echischen Dialekte Gottingen 1891 i. 46 no. 66, 2 (Chytroi in Kypros) ififr 'he brought

14 Zeus and the Earthquakes … P. Kretschmer ploughed a lonely and fruitless furrow, when he sought to take the … Poseidon appears as ' earth-carrier' in ceramic illustrations of the Gigantomachy … Rel. p. 258 n. 16, Frazer Pausanias ii. 48—50, E. H. Meyer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. … swim, and how Poseidon flung a trident at him but failed to hit, the missile becoming the … klassischer Altertiimer in Rom3 Leipzig 1912 i. 308 no. 489, with photographs by … Hoppin to 'the Brygos painter' (Hoppin Red-fig. Vases i. 136 no. 80), by Beazley to … from fresh photographs. The rock on (1) shows a scorpion, a polyp, a hedgehog, and

Plate 2

Amphora from Vulci, now in the Vatican :

Zeus and the Earthquakes

16a

(A) Poseidon, shouldering the island, attacks a Giant.

18 Zeus and the Earthquakes … pi. 13, 1. The rock shows a polyp, a dolphin, etc., a prawn (?), a goat, a snake, and … 1 So in the cosmogonies of (1) Babylonia (P. Jensen Die Kosmologie der Babylonier … Briggs and E. G. Briggs A critical and exegetical Commentary on the Book of Psalms … (3) Egypt (?) (E- A- Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians London 1904 i. 288 ff., … (5) Japan (M. Revon in J. Hastings op. cit. iv. 162 f.). … Richardson in an important paper on 'The Myth of Er (Plato, Republic, 616 b)' makes it

Zeus and the Earthquakes 19 … lexaemeron 498—512 Hercher (printed in R. Hercher's ed. of Ail. var. hist. ii. 618 f.), a … ct/iey but the reference is to Thales and Hippon) elpai t6 SSup nai ttip yijp ed> BSaTos … in terti "!jthtra 0rbis terrae 5- 1 (ed- G- Parthey Berolini 1870 p. 18, 1 ff.). Jdem dicit … to Arte M C'U'te ce,ta'n tnat the phrase 'floating on the ocean' goes back beyond Pliny … humor) ad ft* VorsokratikerZ Berlin 1912 i. it, 7 follows Gercke in reading si abundat

20 Zeus and the Earthquakes … Other poets, classical and post-classical, associate the most awe- … eweppwaavro (Eustath. in Od. p. 1885, 60 has eirepptliovro) dvaKrot (cod. Eb reads ILvaKTi) \ … TTjV KQirr\v o'iav tt/s "Upas typa\peii). The former anecdote is a commonplace (supra i. … "OXvp-Trov. Of these passages //. 8. 198 f. has been condemned as a late interpolation (W.

Zeus and the Earthquakes … 3 I have elaborated the point in Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway … X-en. Hell. 4. ?. + f, p-or the sequel see supra ii. 7.

22 Zeus and the Earthquakes … 2 Id. ib. 385, Diod. 15. 49, Paus. 7. 24. 6 with slight divergence in detail. … 8 L. Biirchner in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xii. 677.

Zeus and the Earthquakes 23 … (ToiKdpou v.l. in Souid. J.w. Ta(capov) fltos | <re(cras aTrac-ir l^aUi ras okias. … 5 Cic. & div. 1. 101 (cp. 2. 69) with a useful note by A. S. Pease ad loc The den … Eekker) = Cougny Ant,, Pal. Append. 6. 2,4. .of. «M< «> 1** I … chorus et socii comitentur ovantes, | et Cererem clamore vocent in tecta. serv. d^

24 Zeus and the Earthquakes … G. Wissowa in Pauly—Wissovva Real-Enc. iv. 1351 ff.) consentit, haric Maiam cui mense … qui est Iuppiter, a magnitudine scilicet ac maiestate dictus. The inscription from Frascati … under no. 564 Iovi | Maio | sacrum | P. Mucius pater is now held to be of doubtful … by Arnobius, but set on its legs again by Frazer Worship of Nature i. 334. … Worship of Nature i. 336—339, S. B. Platner—T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary … in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 993.

Zeus and the Earthquakes 25 … " 3 Cxxxiii. 1015 k—c Migne) and orig. 14. 1. if., Amm. Marc. 17. 7. 9—12, Serv. in … lentia | restituit (on a large altar now standing at the southern angle of the Palatine … tt p ' sive deae> I C- Ter- Center | ex voto | posuit (formerly in the church of St Ursus … Cor' 4 = Dessau op. cit. 5047 sive deo sive deae oves II (from the acta fratmm Arvalium … i88°eS' " ^IOm t'le curla frat,'um Arvalium for 224 A.D.), J. Schmidt in the Ephem. epigr. … gs 1 fl""ther D. Vaglieri in Ruggiero Dizion. epigr. ii. 1726 and Wissowa Sel. Kult. … f I.a"' antt1u'M>im return divinarum lib. 8 de feriis frag. 1 (in R. Merkel's ed. of Ov.

26 Zeus and the Earthquakes … Libanios, who composed a special and somewhat hysterical lamentation for the down- … 2 Euseb. hist. eccl. 9. 7. 1 ff. cites in extenso a letter of Maximinus ii (305—313 a.d.), … down by the spread of the new religion (id. 9. 7. 8 ff.). … ecclesiam rettulerunt. scimus autem et apud nos terrae motum factum in locis quibusdam, … non solum autem illi, sed et qui videbantur prudentes, talia in publico dicerent, quia … multae istic conflictationes et pressurae acciderunt vel in commune omnibus hominibus vel … in nostra provincia praeses, acerbus et dirus persecutor, in hac autem perturbatione con-

Zeus and the Earthquakes 27 … Painters and poets, who from time to time personified the … 3 Obviously two could play at that game, and of the two the Christians were likely to … 1 E.g. Io. Chrys. in terrae motum etc. I (xlviii. 1027 Migne) etSere Qeov dvvaftiv, … T°v avviovXov <p6fiip o-uippovtcripovt Ifryinpvt, id. in acta Apost. hom. 7. 2 (lx. 66 Migne) … 3 Not so Chrysostom, who in purely rhetorical vein personifies the Antiochene earth-

Zeus and the Earthquakes 29 … With the shoulders shove and hustle, … He is however conscious that he makes the mountains picturesque, … With the blest Muses' choir. 'Twas I … P- Oppe Raphael London 1909 p. 160 f. pi. 115, 1. The cartoons are now in the South … 4 A small marble frieze found on the base of a lararium in the house of the auctioneer … D. H. Kerler Die Patronate der Heiligen Ulm 1905 p. 86 f. gives a list of saints

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / (a) Zeus and the clouds in the literature

3<d Zeus and the Clouds … at the end of the line). Of these passages two have a noteworthy context: 9. 67 fif. vr\val … ovpavbdev etff. Much the same is said of Poseidon in Od. 5. 291 ff. us elir&v aivayev … Zeis (always at the end of the line and, except in 7. 280, 11. 318, 14. 293, 17. 198, 20. 215, … //. 5. 631, 736, 8. 387, 15- '54. 10> «• 499 Al6s ve<peXrsyeptrao (always at the end

Zeus and the Clouds … 3 Supra i. 14 n. 1, 758, ii. 258 n. 3, 694 n. o, 695 n. o, 1146 f. Cp. Medeia in Ov. … multae ab oriente, aquam in triduum praesagient, Apul. de deo Son: 10 atque ideo … MaXXois and Sir J. E. Sandys ad toe), was intended as a rough imitation of the starry, … ao-Tpaitp Ai6vvo-ov dxexXaiiwe xtTQvt and cp. the vase-painting figured supra ii. 202 … Popularising at Athens a custom which originated in Thraco-Phrygian ritual. But the … 6 Supra i. 420 n. 3, where I was perhaps unduly sceptical of O. Gilbert's conclus.ons.

Zeus and the Clouds

Zeus and the Clouds in Literature 33 … many a Swiss hillside may be seen the mortar from which maroons … Less magical but more majestic is a second stock epithet of the … of heads, crowd-collector,' but there is of course a further hint at the peculiar shape of … ywoixivwv tt)v ipwT-qaiv Treirolr]Kas, d\X' d(p' wv ijKovtras. Clearly the vetpoSiwKTai claimed … 5 The word is a syncopated form of KeXai[vo]-ve<p-qs, as was clearly perceived by

34 Zeus and the Clouds in Literature … though this particular title had been attached to Zeus in early … Broad heaven in the aither and the clouds4. … At the beginning of a hexameter the formula is 7itp>\ /ce\cuce0<5i K/)oW5?j (Od. 9. j52, … 6 77. 5. 748 ff. The first half of the passage is repeated in //. 8. 395 ff.

Zeus and the Clouds in Literature 35 … And Zeus was as good as his word. The sequel tells how … Clearly cloudland is characteristic of the sky-god. Later poets … Up above in the clouds, very stately and grand, … Clearing the clouds off, or collecting them10?

36 Zeus and the Clouds in Art … lotiform thunderbolt, his left a long sceptre. His face, backed by … B. Quaranta in the Real Museo Borbonico Napoli 1834 x pi. 23 with text pp. 1—3, … inspected for me all the frescoes representing Zeus that are in the Naples collection. … 36 Zeus and the Clouds in Art … lotiform thunderbolt, his left a long sceptre. His face, backed by … B. Quaranta in the Real Museo Borbonico Napoli 1834 x pi. 23 with text pp. 1—3, … inspected for me all the frescoes representing Zeus that are in the Naples collection.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / (b) Zeus and the clouds in art

Zeus and the Clouds in Art … Somewhat similar is thedesign that adorned the central medallion … 1 With the works of art recorded in the two preceding notes cp. a numismatic type … fig- 969, 1230 fig. 1024, 1232 tailpiece. Sometimes the eagle hovers (ii. 7°8 fig- °43<- … over the regalia (ii. 811 fig. 778), or appears in relief on an altar (i. 713 fig- S«). 1 c … <£"Wa i„ ripartimtnti di vari colori, nel cui mezzo in una sfera celeste scno d,pmte U

38 Zeus and the Clouds in Art … a wind-swept chlamys fluttering from his shoulder. The great eagle, … Venus very kindly, according to Virgil' (Aen. 1. 254 ff.)) from a drawing by Bartoli in … 1 Other identifications (see the preceding note) are much less probable. Iuno would

Zeus and the Clouds in Art 39 … adstante Aquila, dextraque fulmen minax in hominum exitium torquere videtur: circum-

40 Zeus and the Clouds in Art

Zeus and the Clouds in Art … medallion of Antoninus Pius (140—143 a.d.) with obv. legend antoninvs avg Pivs p p … a medallion, in two bronzes, of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (161—165 a.d.) with … *urtwangler Ant. Gemmen i pi. 44, 48, ii. 215, H. B. Walters Art of the Romans London

42 Zeus and the Clouds in Art … monarchs laid claim to a like exaltation. Thus Kushana kino's of

Zeus and the Clouds in Art … thick mass of clouds (fig. 1S)5. Huvishka, who probably followed … 1 E. J. Rapson in The Cambridge History of India Cambridge 1922 i. 581 ft, cp. … ■ J. Brown The Coins of India Calcutta 1922 p. 35 pi. 4, 3 ('the king seated cross-legged … O. Barron in The Encyclopedia Brilannica" Cambridge 1910 xiii. 317, A. C. Fox-

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / (c) Nephelokokkygia

It remains to consider in greater detail the most famous con- … but scout his suggestions of the Red Sea in the east, Lepreos down … 5 This fable, which is of a type still common in the Balkans (cp. M. Gaster Rumanian

more ancient than the gods, and Zeus ought to relinquish his sceptre … rightly cp. the eTirvfipidiai KopvSaWlSes of Theokr. 7. 23 (see O. Crusius on Babr. 72. 20 … stories to account for parallel features. But D'Arcy W. Thompson A Glossary of Greek … *>V. 'regaliolus'), regulus (carm. de philomel. 43 in Poet. Lat. mm. v. 366 Baehrens), … ibi vocatur, rex avium in Italia, with the remarks of D'Arcy W. Thompson A Glossary

Hellas: Hellenes grovel yet at the sight of him1. The Cuckoo was … men swear 'by the Goose5.' … eiririWiav \rryei • Iktivos cpa.ivtTa.i- (3op£as trvei with the observations of D'Arcy W. Thompson … iktivos merely copied this scholion, prefixing the words Kal rapoip.la- irpoKvKivbelaBai. … f. D. A. in, 362, 13. xii, 400. Zs. f. D. Myth, iv, 447. Kuhn, Westfal. Sag. 11, 74, 221.) … (6Aristophan. av. 498If. c. schol.)' See further Seemann in the Handmorterbuch des … to the Cuckoo. But it is likely enough that they regarded his cry in the spring-time as a … cp. \eip.iiv, kt)ttos, /tortus, and the like).

phantine statue of Athena with a cock on her helmet, said to be the work of Pheidias, on … Leipzig I902 pp. 96 n. 2, 100 n. 3 collect most of the passages that bear on this … Sosikrates (on whom see Laqueur in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. iii a. 1160-1165) … I. Uusiord would divide the lines \byV \ «W, not kvw, \ (weira)). Kara roirwv de' … Plane ram), Arsen. p. 423 f. Walz (goose, dog, plane, ram), and in part by Zenob. … Further allusions in Loukian. vit. auct. 16 £S2. Kal fir), 6p.vio> y( 001 rbv K<n>a Kal ryv … .. ' '4 tace0 ^e philosophis, Socrate contentus, qui in contumeliam deorum quercum et … nnullos etiam afflatus veritatis adversus deos erigit: denique et Socrates in contumeliam

UavoJjpri from his own cj. and 'TapyrjXloi<Tiv from that of F. W. Schneidewin) 'iyxvrov irpb … Kar avrwv (sc. rwv ^ipuiv), Kai 'in ir'pb avrov 'Pa5dp.av8vs... Kp-qtri Si vbp.os fjv 'PaSap.dv8vos, … iurando per canem quemlibet, et lapidem quemlibet, et quidquid iuraturo esset in … Xaxdvwv (cp. the late glosses in Souid. s.v. Xaxdvois- 6Vi ttoWtiv … goose; cabbage; vegetables; wine?). G. Menage in his note on Diog. Laert. 2. 40 … But we have yet to determine the origin and significance of the oath by goose, dog,

P-uvtikov opviov). And a little mythological ingenuity could doubtless discover some spark of … ea quae in templis colebantur. non quod vere lapis et canis essent colenda sapientibus, … What then, after all, is the explanation of these strange oaths? J. Vendryes Language … ignores the fact that in Crete—the very home of Rhadamanthys—oaths were regularly … I conclude, therefore, that in Crete, where men swore officially by rbv Arjua or Urijua … C in. 4

The Birds, flattered and fluttered by this speech, are willing to … auch SidfUovTpos statt StdfjoXos (vgl. hole mich der Kukuk)'). Perhaps /ciW in turn was a … o-TEtpdvTi). It reappears in the Epicureanism of Lucretius (Lucr. 1. 73 flammantia moenia … Archelai 13. 2 (p. 21 f. Beeson) prolationes autem omnes Iesus est in modica navi, et … melnden Engeln ftinf sc. in | der feurigen Mauer, und jenes [Fahrzeug] | des Mond-Gottes

down out of heaven from God' (Rev. »i. 2, cp. 21, 10), 'having a wall great and high; … \ap.TrahK and Severianus of Gabala (on whom see Lietzmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … els to aXXo pjpos ai5ri)s to oUovp.evov vvKTa direpydt;eTai and the whole structure of the … Kai o-Tiynv Kap.apoeiSr). See further a valuable section in R. Eisler op. cit. ii. 619 ff. ('Die

and to demand the submission of Zeus. If he refuses, they will … French examples. Sailors in the Channel regard certain big black clouds as dangerous and … casteu, 'castles' (G. de Montpavon 'Mistral' in Armana Prouvencau 1877 p. 45). … <pa\Xov, schol. Aristoph. av. 565 ^ij/«in« Se vapa tov <pa\\bv) or $0X975 (J. van Leeuwen … Ho<xeiSS>vl rives okewvo-i, as is clear from the previous clause (cited supra n. 1), depends on … tov Upviv wapeXaplev (the clause Std—TrapiXaPev is absent from codd. R.V.). en-XdcraTo to

of their divinity, and are obviously competent to harm or help … in their fine feathers and at once set about naming the new town … P ace curative herbs in their nests) Ivoires doiavrov (so H. Beckh, after Gronovius, for … ' *PringW0rt, see S. Bochart Hierozoicon rec. E. F. C. Rosenmuller Lipsiae 1796 in-

Pisthetairos announces that the sacrifice has proved to be most … sacrifice to the gods1. But Pisthetairos scares her off with threats … And up against him to the sky I'll send … pp. 23, 25 ff.) just as she has collected an oxtail from the altar of Dionysos. The scene, … Attic red-figured Vases in American Museums Cambridge Mass. 1.918 p. 131 (attributed … in the Rivista di filologia 1903 xxxi. 112 f. justly defends the text in view of Soph. Ant.

On the wopcpvpluy or 'purple gallinule' (Porphyria hyacinthinus or veterum) see … eine ganz einzige Farbenwirkung.' Dionys. de avid. i. 25 (prose paraphrase in Didot's … 01 To^bra.1 UeptriKoi 0opoD<rr k.t.X. Despite this warlike appearance, the bird is easily … Po nli UIU'erstand better the curious tradition that in the Gigantomachy Zeus inspired … Hpa \~C' Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 63 Hoptpvpiwvt Se Zei)s"H/>as iiridvixlav ep.pM.Wet Kal toutov

make Porphyrion the main antagonist of Zeus: (1) a kylix by the potter Erginos and the … Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 363^ no. 16 Atlas pi. 5, 3 a, 3 b, 3 c, F. Hauser in Furtwangler— … maler des rotfigurigen Stils Tubingen 1925 p. 465 no. 1), on which the combatants are … op. cit. iii. 40). (2) An amphora with twisted handles, found in Melos and now in the … 193—200 pis 96 ( = my pi. vii), 97 (attributed to the painter of the Talos-vase {supra i. … figs. 301, 302 (first quarter of s. iv B.C.), J. D. Beazley Attic red-figured Vases in American … by the same artist (Furtwangler—Reichhold op. cit. ii. 196). Vases (2) and (3) presuppose … samml. St. Petersburg i. 263 ff. no. 523, G. Minervini in the Bull. Arch. Nap. 1844 »• … (Winckelmannsfest-Progr. Halle i) Halle a/S. 1876 p. 9, P. Ducati in the Jahresh. d. oest. … as yet unvanquished, advances his left fist outlined beneath a lion's skin against the aigi's.

Plate 6

{A) Poseidon attacks Polybotes in the presence of Ge. … ^er-Reichhold Griechisckc Vase7imakreipi. 127 by permission of Messrs F. Bruckmann A.-G., Munich.]

The herald sent to men now returns with a golden crown voted … geschichte in Bildern2 I Das Altertum xi—xii) Leipzig 1925 p. 352 fig. 6). … eu'He de platane'). This would constitute an earlier type of Porphyrion, if we could … Tnballos (on whom see J. Schmidt in Roscher Lex. Myth. v. no2f.) could claim … °lyphonte had been transformed into an owl (<rri>{), her two sons by the bear—Agrios

and will listen to no proposals, unless Zeus consents to restore the … Welcome the Blessed with blessedness crowned. … Aforetime the Destinies led … Triphallo, irepl dppevdrrjTOS, Charis. 1 p. 80, nf. Keil Varro...in Triphallo, carm. Priap.

Pisth. I delight in your hymns, I delight in your songs ; … All that was Zeus's of old … Chor. Raise the joyous Paean-cry,

'having won all that belonged to Zeus1.' The scholiast is puzzled, … in defiance of metre (supra p. 59 n. o) made her a personification of Royalty. … Miinchen 1920 ii. 1. 150) op. schol. Aristoph. av. 1536 regarded her as a daughter of … (3) Others held that she dispensed immortality, as Athena in Bakchyl./ra^-. 45 Jebb … (5) Others cite Dionysios Skytobrachion (E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … (7) C. Pascal Dioniso Catania 1911 pp. 99—no argues that the Basileia of the play

Athenian audience in the days of Aristophanes could hardly have … such o-Ti/3d5es or crrijSdoeia see A. Wilhelm in the Ath. Mitth. 1892 xvii. 190 f. and … Literary allusions include the following: Her. 1 ff.'"H.pi)v... \ dOavdr-qv ^aolXaav... |

in hand soon after the production of the Peace in 4211. Now the … exceptions. U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff 'Uber die Wespen des Aristophanes' in

of more than one new political combination1. The Argives in a sense … 6 A similar allusion to Argive topography occurs in Aristoph. av. 399 aivodavuv iv … that Nephelokokkygia stood in some relation to Mt Kokkygion or Thornax in Argolis

the Cuckoo. I venture to guess that these myths, which appear in old Mycenaean … in cuculum ut ipsis annuntiaret vitae tempora: unde crimini ducebatur, capitalique poena … Dobrowski had gone too far: the chronicle, though not so old as s. x, 'is at any rate … Other Polish chroniclers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries complete the list by … Pollux (L. Niederle op. cit. ii. 153 n- *)■ TIle relevant passages in Dfugosz are as … p. 115 ff-, L. Hopf Thierorakel und Orakelthiere in alter und neuer Zeit Stuttgart 1888 … zur Volkssittengeschichte Hamburg 1801 ii. 363), or those of Guernsey Coucou, cou-cou, dis

the 'Throne,' but was thenceforward known as Kokkyx, the 'Cuckoo.' … c. in. 5

effect produced by the ivory arms, the exquisite face, the gorgeous … Hera, beyond the reach of Pheidias' hands. … 2 W. R. Paton—E. L. Hicks The Inscriptions of Cos Oxford 1891 p. 88 ff. no. 38, … cod.). See further O. lessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 2819). … iii. 1 no. 172, 5 ff. on a taurobolic altar of Pentelic marble, to be dated c. 361— 363 A.D. … /3a<rtX7ji'5os"HpTjs but 9 5aSoO%6s p.e Kbpys BairtX^s Aids iepbi tjkuv \ k.t.X.). So in Latin Sen. … Frag. com. Gr. ii. 61 f., 147 ff., supra iii. 32 n. 5). When, therefore, we read in schol.

whole plot of the bird-comedy. The bird-Zeus was the mate of Hera … urged), lover of old-fashioned Athens as he was, would not have … Athens Dorpati Livonorum 1884 pp. 14—24, followed by O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa … in the mythology of the early kings of Argos. … 4 The vase, when I first saw it, had been very skilfully repainted so as to appear quite

68 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Hera p. 141 ff. (m) Atlas pi. 10, 7, Turk in Roscher Lex. Myth. … 1 Mr H. B. Walters in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iv. 61 says: 'Before Hera hovers … 68 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Hera p. 141 ff. (m) Atlas pi. 10, 7, Turk in Roscher Lex. Myth. … 1 Mr H. B. Walters in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iv. 61 says: 'Before Hera hovers

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / 68-103 (d) The clouds personified in cult und myth

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 69 … O Master and King, holding earth in your swing, O measureless infinite … Arise ye and shine, bright Ladies Divine, to your student in bodily forms4. … 2 When first exhibited at the Dionysia of 423 B.C. the Ne0Acu of Aristophanes gained

70 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … os birep\\apnrpois AktTo-iv KaT^x" I 7V* nibov, p.(yas iv BeoTs \ 4v 8vi)Toial Te 5a.lp.uv. The

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 71 … of explanation from Aristophanes; the worship of angels is, like the new religion in the

72 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … he made it up with her, and sallied forth to the chase. As he did this repeatedly, … mountain-top and hid herself. Then, when she heard him saying the same words, … Jacoby) ap. schol. M.V. Od. 11. 321, cp. Eustath. in Od. p. 1688, 20 ff. … 8 Codd. M. Va. of schol. Od. 11. 321 read & vecp{\a, which is accepted by F. Jacoby.

Plate 12

Kratir in the British Museum : the death of Prokris.

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 73 … his sixth formula: 'Eine Jungfrau giebt fiir Kostbarkeiten in dreimaliger Steigerung ihre … ihr zu folgen versucht. b) oder er sucht sie in ihrer fernen Heimath auf und verbindet

74 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … s A. Aarne Verzeichnis der Mdrchentypen (Communications edited for the Folklore … 5 A. Rzach in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 1204 f., W. Christ Geschichte der … 1 P. Weizsacker in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 766 ff., R, Wagner ib. iii. 180 f. The

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 75 … nlii sunt; quae nubes ipsi a Iunone in sui forma est opposita, 2. 106 Ixion, Phlegyae … Centauri, 3. 4. 6 Ixion Iunonis coniugium petiit; ilia nubem in speciem suam ornavit, … vvvovatq. (but other scholia on the same line give the more usual account: schol. A. C M. … ^rolkeng6ttin birgt sich in dem Mythos von Hera-Nephele und Ixion'). … lch halte '\aviwp filr einen heroisirten Poseidon iaTpbs') or a form of Zeus (E. Thraemer

76 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … 1 G. Kieseritzky 'Iasios' in the Sirena ILelbigiana Lipsiae 1900.pp. 160—163 with fig. … the necks of the horses appears the corner of some squared structure. Above it the

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 77 … 3 Frazer Go/den Bough3: Spirits of Corn and Wild i. 208 f. compares 'the West … frtth *^ F' Jacob>' in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ix. 910 says: 'Danach gehort er … y* Pa ml I TrX^g KfpawuOivra Saipoviw davtiv, \ rbv AapSavov Si k.t.\. F. Gisinger in … Konon narr. 21, writing between 36 b.c. and 17A.d. (E. Martini in Pauly—

78 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … 8 Stes. frag. 32 Bergk4, 11 Diehl, 18 Edmonds ap. Plat. Phaedr. 243 A—B. The … rod 'AXefaxSpou, SeOpo Si wap i]pas eh Af7U7rroc dqW/coiro. The schol. Aristeid. iii. 150 … attributing to Stesichoros the Herodotean version phis sundry rationalising additions of

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 79 … Helene of aither, Euripides' Zeus outwitted Hera by means of a … But Zeus, a very god, met plot with plot: … On the plot see further A. von Premerstein ' Ueber den Mythos in Euripides' Helene' … 2 Eur. Hel. 557 ff. The wraith's disappearance is reported Hi. 605 f. AT. fHfjriKev aXoxos … \byov with the notes of Sir J. E. Sandys ad loc.

80 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … design on p. 73 (part of which = my fig. 23). published a yellow-ground Corinthian pyxis … 63 ' Bakchusgeburt,' 97 n. 353 ' Bacchusgeburt,' 143 ' die sogenannte Bakchusgeburt'). The … d'enfantement (?)' etc.). The hair and the girdle of the central figure prove it to be female. … (2) A black-figured amphora from S. Maria di Capua, likewise in the Bibliotheque … torches, standing on the lap of a seated Zeus (supra ii. 273 with fig. 177, infra § 9 (h) ii

82 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … (4) A south-Italian vase, now lost, but seen by A. L. Millin at Naples in private … The precise part played by Zeus in Philostratos' picture of Semele (supra ii. 28, 828) … cites for comparison and contrast a fresco said to have been found in Rome and formerly

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 83 … grau gemalt sind und vergl. Anmerkung 71 zu S. 68.' Yet see infra §9 (h) ii (k) The … k.t.X. may or may not be purely imaginary, and in any case says nothing of Zeus. … Stuttgart 1889 P- ~r- no. 102, id. in the fahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1903 vi. 103 n. 22, … alluding to Ap6.Ka.vov a town and promontory (now Cape Phanari) at the north-east end … ' 9~24 are quoted in et. mag. p. 280, 13 ff.). | koI puv dxirXwToio SiaUaovTO. Xox«fS I … (7t°mo ircuoos Udarr, \ Wnfiim y\aybeoaav dWjSXuex i\-p-d6a M^- But the corn-ears

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 85 … of other figures to the right, we cannot say. … flowers (Schneider, Heydemann). Beneath the couch a jug and bowl are in readiness for … describe her as a winged Eileithyia), touches with her outstretched left hand the right … P- 8S Galleria no. ,6 pi. 3.). Zeus is seated'to the left. His left leg, covered by a

86 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … 109 ('le fleuve Ismenius'), J. G. Zoega in the … F. Matz in the Bull. d. Inst. 1870 p. 70 f. (first … tion to a lost relief, of which a cast has been … angstvoll ihn umflatterte [? the wing of a winged … in dem jetzigen Zustand mindestens in der Figur des Hermes schwerlich durchaus antik.' … 5 An Etruscan mirror, of unknown provenance, at Naples (A. Sogliano in the Guida … 524, 529 pi. 39, 1. B. Quaranta in the Real Museo Borbonico Napoli 1839 xii pi. 57 with

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 87

88 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … { Winckelmannsfest-Progr. Halle 1885) p. 14 f., C. Pauli in Roscher Lex. Myth. v. 460 f.). … holds a winged thunderbolt in his left. From his right thigh emerges Dionysos as a nude … the birth-goddess (Thalna) who, arrayed in Ionic chiton and himdtion with stephdne, … a lotiform thunderbolt (?). J. de Witte's description of the scene is full of bad blunders. My

Plate 14

bulla from Vulci, now at Paris : Birth of Dionysos.

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 89 … confused the issue by importing a reference to the couvade (hence Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. … early fourth-century mirror in the Museo Civico at Bologna (F. Schiassi De. Pateris, ex … the footstool of which is seen in perspective, and holds up her bared right breast to the

go The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth

92 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … a lion-skin round his neck, a short chiton about his waist, and a knotty club in his right … \4yerat or, less probably, supply the author MaT/>is 6 Qripaios vp.voypa<pos from the context … but adult and equipped with lion-skin and club. He is about to suck the right nipple of … modifications—a Ukythos of ' Apulian' style found at Anxia (Anzi di Basilicata) and now … seated with a floral stephdne on her head and a lily-topped sceptre in her hand. She presses

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 93

94 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … 2 Supra i. 674 n. 2, ii. 957 n. 2. See further O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … Expert philologists have advanced widely different explanations. W. Sonne in the … Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 1316, Hesych. s.v. Zppaos (so M. Schmidt for ippas cod.)- Kpi6s), and … auch mit e'ipuv "listig" zu errare st. * er-sd eigentlich "der in die irre fiihrt") … in the Beitrdge zur kunde der indogermanischen sprachen 1894 xx. 179 f. Cp. Hermes … (Anth. Pal. 9. 824. 2 (Erykios)). As o-wapyavLiSiT-qs meant 'wrapped in the airapyi.vi.ov or

Plate 15

(l) Likyihos of early Apulian style from Anxia, now in the British Museum :

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 95 … XP»c6s. Uionysos elpatpiwrris "in the tufted skin" was a kid, cp. Hesych. s.v. (lpa(piwT7}s'... … bezeichne, wie in ttippvaiv Theokr. 2925. Nicht beseitigen aber lasst sich die zweite … Wann Griechischc Gramtnalik1 Mi'mchen 1913 p. 232 pronounces the verdict: 'Eipcup- … '48 f. draws attention to Aurva, son of Cyavana (son of Cukra son of Bhrgu) by Arushi … Ptttt Calcutta 1903 xii 86 = A/ahabh. 12. 59. 94 'Vena, a slave of anger and malice,

g6 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … a suivi [sur la terre].' H. H. Wilson op. cit. vi. 182 n. 1 further remarks: 'The Padma … Pulindas, and other barbarians or Mlechchhas, living in woods and on mountains.' … as you, being very thirsty, have drunk the water prepared with sacred hymns which was

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 97 … n°tes that, according to an Old French legend, Phanuel once peeled an apple and wiped

98 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … (6) S. Baring-Gould Legends of Old Testament Characters London and New York … (7) In Norse cosmogony Ymir, ancestor of all the giants, went to sleep, fell into … The Religion of the Teutons Boston and London 1902 p. 342, P. Herrmann Nordische … explained. I. Vossius in the notes to J. Alberti's edition of Hesychios (Lugduni

Plate 16

Apollon visits the Lesbian oracle of Orpheus.

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 99 … Robert Gr. Myth. i. 781 n. 3 take the appellative to describe Persephone as a goddess of … is attractive, but cannot claim the support of any actual myth. The preceding statement … 1 O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 1323, citing A. Hug's commentary on … 4 The vase (height 8} inches) was found in Attike, and was acquired by me in

100

ioo The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … 2 The only other possibility would be to regard her as ' the Muse herself that Orpheus

101

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 101

102

102 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … des Orpheus in den Handen einer Muse dargestellt, wahrend eine … des Orpheus' in the Jahrb. d. kais. dentsch. arch. Inst'' 1917 com. 146 f. fig. 1 rightly … p. 97 ff. pi. 1, 2), who likewise occupies a position on the extreme left of the group.

Plate 17

Etruscan mirrors representing the oracular head of Orpheus.

Plate 18

Early ' Campanian' amphora in the Musee Borely at Marseilles:

103

Men believed to control the winds 103 … eponymous founder Henddnemos, who was revered as an angel in … 'lea nube cava tenuem sine viribus umbram | in faciem Aeneae (visa mirabile monstrum) | … 2 //. 5. 449 ff. avrap 6 eidw\ov reP|' dpyvporo^os 'AiroWwp (interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. … 0"nj0e<rcri ^oeias | d<7-7rt'5as (vkvkXovs Xaio-Tjia re irrfpUvTa. W. Leaf adloc. comments: 'The … 4 Arrian. an. 3. 16. 8 Koi ravras {se. Antenor's group of Harniodios and Aristogeiton) … (G. Loeschcke, followed by J. Topffer, cj. b 'EXei'crixiv. But K. VVachsmuth in Pauly— … Men believed to control the winds 103 … eponymous founder Henddnemos, who was revered as an angel in … 'lea nube cava tenuem sine viribus umbram | in faciem Aeneae (visa mirabile monstrum) | … 2 //. 5. 449 ff. avrap 6 eidw\ov reP|' dpyvporo^os 'AiroWwp (interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. … 0"nj0e<rcri ^oeias | d<7-7rt'5as (vkvkXovs Xaio-Tjia re irrfpUvTa. W. Leaf adloc. comments: 'The … 4 Arrian. an. 3. 16. 8 Koi ravras {se. Antenor's group of Harniodios and Aristogeiton) … (G. Loeschcke, followed by J. Topffer, cj. b 'EXei'crixiv. But K. VVachsmuth in Pauly—

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (a) Men believed to control the winds

104

104 Men believed to control the winds … nicht sagen.' Hesychios seems to imply that the pagan eponym became a Christian angel … would detect 'eine Anspielung auf irgendwelche mit den Heudanemen in Beziehung … in the crucial line 19 the reading of cod. A. bpyiwvavep.wi was corrected by J. G. J. … 7 Cp. the Indian 'jar of the winds' (infra § 7 (b)). It was believed that a toad

105

Men believed to control the winds 105 … Prance Paris 1906 iii. 264 f. In Italy toads are said to spring from the first large rain- … >36 'AXe^avefios fiiv 0* to iirdivvfiov 'VfiTedoicteovi. Cp. Eustath. in Od. p. 1645, 42 f. fis … s<?, KaXvo-avt/iav k\ri0rjyai. Souid. s.v. anvovs cites the same passage, but reads KwXwrd- … '/>'Of. in, 3ff. Diels)- 7rai5o"fis 5* dKapuxTwv dvtfxwv fiivos otr iirl yatav \ opvip-tvoi Bv-qTolai … A-Kpdyavri e'eXao-ai abrbv, 3opds bvwv vcpiBivTa iroXfi—a note re-inserted with the … Sl' ^ 6 vbrot e/s rb webloy vTrtptplaWf); Philostratos, a passing cloud for the persistent … Hie fame of the exploit lasted on into the twelfth century (Tzetz. chil. 4. 5^4 ff. t<? vat"* … **PW»S, rb. 8o7MaTa criytiv lea 0pf*8s k.t.X. or the like (see D. Wyttenbach ad loc).

106

to the Winds1. And his employment of bags recalls the methods … A figure interesting in this connexion is that of Aiolos … under the belief that the bag was full of treasure, untied it and, to … Avifiois 0v6/xevos. Supra ii. 464. Cp. the sacrifice of asses to Apollon among the … 2 Frazer Golden Bough2,: Taboo pp. 46 ff., 52 f., 64, 67, 75 f., id. Folk-lore in the Old … Xeyerai Kal dvep,ovs OeXi;ai rijs uipas Tr4pa irvevo-avras. A. von Blumenthal in Pauly— … AXQavBpos has acquired the virtues of 'AXefacir/xas. … to the Winds1. And his employment of bags recalls the methods … A figure interesting in this connexion is that of Aiolos … under the belief that the bag was full of treasure, untied it and, to … Avifiois 0v6/xevos. Supra ii. 464. Cp. the sacrifice of asses to Apollon among the … 2 Frazer Golden Bough2,: Taboo pp. 46 ff., 52 f., 64, 67, 75 f., id. Folk-lore in the Old … Xeyerai Kal dvep,ovs OeXi;ai rijs uipas Tr4pa irvevo-avras. A. von Blumenthal in Pauly— … AXQavBpos has acquired the virtues of 'AXefacir/xas.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (b) Aiolos Hippotades

107

of the winds by Zeus1. And Aethlios, son of Aiolos, was reputed to … Somewhat similar is Philostratos' account of Indian weather-magic». … the context that this Aiolos was the father of Kretheus. It is an assumption that he was … 8 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 738 = schol. Od. 10. 2 <paal yip ol MX/ant* (J- P°tter Cj. … a" MXon-o a,e/io... E. Scheer cp. Eustath. in Od. p. 1645, 59 >• «V *» ,f.

108

by drought, and sends up clouds to moisten the whole country; but if rains … Frazer1. The closest hails from the Slavonic area: … ed. W. Pierson Berlin 1871 p. 27] vgl. SI 91 (18) [i.e. A. Schleicher 'Lituanica' in the … setfaufeit, •(janfcel treiiett. 8itca3 33a»ib 33. I. ©. 86 uetftnfcert ben Stamen in Gardiaito tint … 7re<pevy6Tui> ijfias | dyaBQv Sko(ttov iyyvwuivq oJioeiv. This rewriting of the Hesiodic myth

109

of the earth-goddess Pandora opened once a year at the festival of … berger in the Sitzungsber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wiss. in Wien Phil.-hist. Classe 1900 cxlii. … 3 G. Gerland Altgriechische Mcirchen in der Odyssee Magdeburg 1869 p. 38 ff., … M. Schmidt ad loc. obelizes Hellenis, remarking 'imo Hippoiae.' Euripides in his

110

as hippiochdrmes, 'fighting with chariot and horses,' in obvious … manische Mythen Berlin 1887 ii (Achilleis). 451 ff., H. W. Stoll in Roscher Lex. Myth. … Mercurio' in H. van Herwerden's Album Gratulatorium Trajecti ad Rhenum 1902 … T27"Hpp. k. t. X. For Archinos see E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 541.

111

in … originally a goddess of the Aeolians3. If so, the conception of her … Hippotades was in pre-Homeric days4 none other than Aiolos … (Mrs N. Wedd) in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1898 xviii. 238 ff. For the prevalence of … Bartels Das Weib in der Natur- und Volkerkundt1" Leipzig 1913 i. 713, W. H. R. … Frazer Golden Bough3: The Dying God p. 193 f. comments: 'On this hypothesis we … ■McLennan, edited and completed by Donald McLennan (London, 188j), p. 95)]. In this … 4 E. Forrer ' Vorhomerische Griechen in den Keilschrifttexten von Boghazkoi' in the

112

ii2 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … Phanodemos, a Hellenistic historian interested in religious … 2 A. D. Fraser 'The origin of Aeolus' in The Classical Journal 1933 xxviii. 364—366 … sein, wobei man die audi im Epos nicht ganz seltene Kltrze vor Muta cum Liquida mit in … nichts zu tun'), fails to reckon with the fact that an epic appellative may pass into popular … ii2 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … Phanodemos, a Hellenistic historian interested in religious … 2 A. D. Fraser 'The origin of Aeolus' in The Classical Journal 1933 xxviii. 364—366 … sein, wobei man die audi im Epos nicht ganz seltene Kltrze vor Muta cum Liquida mit in … nichts zu tun'), fails to reckon with the fact that an epic appellative may pass into popular

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (c) The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis

113

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 113 … 3 A. BrHckner 'ANA-KA*AI KEPAMEIKOT' in the llpaKT. apx- I910

114

ii4 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … showed that the spot was taboo1. Behind it were vestiges of a low … 1 A. Bruckner loc. cit. p. 104 suggests that the actual apex, where the road forked, was … The Church of the Hagia Trias was removed in 1931. Excavations conducted by the

115

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 115 … context in both cases is suggestive of fertility and fertilisation. … s'e eine Phratrie bildeten.' G. Lippold in the AtA. MittA. 1911 xxxvi. 106 n. 1 decides … 2 R. B. Richardson in the Am. Journ. ArcA. 1895 x. 220 f. … 6 P. Maas in the DeutscAe Literaturzeitung 1927 xlviii. 1953 f'AKa/xavTluv von Heilig-

116

n6 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … ' (Alia domanda) se (in materia) di oracoli (esista ugual) religio per ognuno, e per il puro … obbligato a conformarvisi; oppure: deriva empieta al puro che se ne serva). In materia … U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff 'Heilige Gesetze. Eine Urkunde aus Kyrene' in … See further G. Oliverio in the Rivista di filologia e di istruzione classica 1928 Ivi. … 4 Pending the full publication in Dilos vii. 2, there is an interim-repoitby M. Holleaux

117

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 117

118

n8 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … of the Pyrrhakidai

119

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 119 … 3 P. Roussel in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1929 liii. 177: 'D'apres les observations faites … Id. De'los colonie atlUnienne Paris 1916 p. 158 n: 5 had already commented on the fact … Romtr Berlin 1901 p. 105 ff., id. 'Der Ursprung des Larenkultes' in the Archiv/. Kel.

120

120 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … 3 F. Jacoby in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xi. 591. … If this passage is rightly assigned by C. Miiller to the Atthls, it may be surmised in

121

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 121 … 1 Aristot. frag. 376 Rose ap. Poll. 3. 17 0 Of irdirwov r) t7)07js 7ra.Tr)p Trpdirainros, … TP"roTwp in der Bedeutung Trpbira-mros bestanden hat und erst in der lexikalischen … But M. Budimir, the Serbian scholar reported by L. Radermacher in the Bert, philol. … Harpokr. s.v. 'Hertwxeia, Souid. s.v. 4>Aoxopos: see E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa

122

122 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … Ovpuipous Kal (ptiXaKas bvras t&v avtp.wi'. Other forms of the names: 'Ap.aXKeid'qf … 2 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 738 = schol. Od. 10. 2 Kal tovtov ?ce/ca ifivdevcravTo airbv (sc. … in den Tritopatoren Ahnenseelen, die zu Windgeistern geworden sind und mit anderen … marised by E. Fehrle in Roscher Lex. Myth. v. 1209 f.), who takes the Tritopatores … 0 On the reincarnation of ancestors in their descendants see E. B. Tylor Primitive

123

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 12 3 … G. Lippold3 has ingeniously suggested that an echo of the prayer … L. Dindorf in Steph. Thes. Gr. Ling. vii. 2473 B restored TptTonovpq- ras yvqelas k. t. X. … A'tgriechischer Vershau 49 ff.).' But M. Budimir, as reported by L. Radermacher in the … TpiToyevijs el-q, fi-q rpiToyivtia.' appevwStis yap ai roiaOrai yvvaiKes. The scholiast's explana- … Jenem Prinzip, das Sommer " Kontrarbildung" genannt hat und das ich ktirzlich in … G. Lippold's attempt in the Ath. Mitth. 1911 xxxvi. 106 to explain the element rpiro- … Tpiro7^i/fia is an appellation of Athena, used normally without her name. It is

124

124 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … Again, the use of such a term as Tritopatores to signify a line … to S. Eitrem's hypothesis that the Tritopatores were originally, like … Quaestiones epicae Gueterslohae 1892 p. 177 f., Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. 266—270, … 7 E. Windisch in the Beitrdge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 1877

125

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 125 … This is the usual version in lexicographers, scholiasts, mythographers, etc.: e.g. … ct^X0t; r) 'A0T]va, Eustath. in Dionys. per. 267 071 r) TpiTiavts, evpeia Xlpw-q, p-iai) Aif3ui}s … effort of scholiastic harmonism will be found in schol. x. (cp. schol. B. L. v.) //. 8. 39 … TP^0etr0ai, ip BvyaTi\p r)v llaXXds, k.t.X. (quoted by Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 355), Mela 1. 36

126

126 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … lacum dicitur apparuisse in virginali aetate, 3. 10. 1 nam quod a Libyca palude hoc … interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 2. 171 a Tritone amne Boeotiae, aut a Tritonide palude … yevv7}8rjvaL' Sid Kal ^piroyiveiav ovofiacdrivai. e'en Si Kal vvv in irepl ras irr\yas Tavras … oBai (the source here is the 'Phrygian poem' of Thymoites (Diod. 3. 67), on which see … c. 376 to the middle of s. iv B.C. the sea-god is replaced by the head of Athena, surviving … representative series, of which fig. 41= J. N. Svoronos op. cit. pi. 18,-23 Paris, fig. 42 … A somewhat similar deity on an unpublished bronze coin of Karystos in my collection

127

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 127 … TV Trora/ji^ TplTuii/t. oZ/ceiotf/isw \byov. k.t.X. {supra ii. 782). W. M. Leake Travels in … Rhod. 1. I09, 4. 1311 ( = Favorin. lex. p. 1776, 5 ff.), interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 1

128

128 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … 7 Schol. Paris. Ap. Rhod. 1. 109 cited supra p. 126 n. o. There are traces of the … 2 M. Budimir reported by L. Radermacher in the Bcrl. philol. Woch. Marz 4, 1922

129

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 129 … 'Here he comes—beard all a-spread, eyebrows arched, arrogance in the air, … ]■ de Witte in the Bull. d. Inst. 1834 pp. 157—159, A. L. C. A. Du Mege in the … P. Gauckler in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 2115 n. xo. … +91 (date either s. ii or early in s. i b.c.) with fig., W. Judeich Topographie von

130

130 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … Notos, Lips, Zephyros, Skiron. And the roof was crowned by the

131

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 131

132

132 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … like the cock with his lively din2, was believed to keep maleficent … 3 F. R. Dressier Triton und die Tritonen in der Litteratur und Kunst der Griecheit … ii. 502, Frohner Sculpt, du Louvre i. 405 f. no. 440, F. R. Dressier in Roscher Lex. My"1*

133

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 133 … sea-processions of the sort were … Enalos6 is typical of commonplace … E. Petersen in the Ann. d. Inst, i860 xxxii. 396 ff.

134

134 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis

135

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 135 … the Tyrsenian pirates metamorphosed into dolphins. Accordingly … Jf> as is commonly supposed4, the Scopaic group—almost cer- … Sieveking 'Der sogenannte Altar des Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus' in the Jahresh. d. … I his escapes E. Petersen's objection that the movement of the group is centripetal, … Mrs A. Strong Apotheosis and After Life London 1915 p. 215 'The dolphins and … hu G°°d photo£raPns of the relief were published by E. Strong and N. Jolliffe in the

136

136 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis

137

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 137 … Whatever be thought of this catena of interpretations, it can hardly be denied that … APollon, according to C. Densmore Curtis in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1920 xxiv. 150,

139

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 139 … beside the Triton3,' that was a case of sheer verbal confusion. Nor … 1 O. Jahn 'Sarcofago della G-alleria Corsini a Roma' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1859 xxxi.

140

wangler1, who gave the name of Tritopatores to the three-bodied … The primitive fancy that winds are the souls of ancestors dead … 2 M. Budimir ' Atena Tritogenija i' aticki Tritopatreiji' in the Glasnik zem. Museja 1920 … 8 B. Schweitzer Herakles Tubingen 1922 p. 72 ff. (summarised by E. Fehrle in Roscher … jectured Trjpvbvas, had he lived to see the triple monster of the Hekatompedon (supra u- … 7 This is nowhere stated. But the early connexion of Aeolians with Asia Minor … wangler1, who gave the name of Tritopatores to the three-bodied … The primitive fancy that winds are the souls of ancestors dead … 2 M. Budimir ' Atena Tritogenija i' aticki Tritopatreiji' in the Glasnik zem. Museja 1920 … 8 B. Schweitzer Herakles Tubingen 1922 p. 72 ff. (summarised by E. Fehrle in Roscher … jectured Trjpvbvas, had he lived to see the triple monster of the Hekatompedon (supra u- … 7 This is nowhere stated. But the early connexion of Aeolians with Asia Minor

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (d) Zeus, Oúrios, íkmenos, Euánemos, Bóreios

141

Ixion, etc.) were at one time regarded as human embodiments of … Encyclopedia London and Edinburgh 1923 ii. 206 s.v. 'Black Sea,' 'All the coasts are … 3 Literature on the subject is cited and in part criticised by W. Christ Geschichte der … l~~9°> 171—255. I follow the lead of my friend Dr P. Giles in the Cambridge University

142

tradition, recognises Zeus as natural lord and master of the winds. … 2 Od. 15. 297 eiretyopAvri Aids ovpip. Strab. 350 quotes the passage as reading ayaWo- … 6 Ap. Rhod. 2. 498 f. rjpi 8' irr)<nai (so G. W. Mooney with one of the Paris codd. … 8 The word p-ijxap in Aisch. loc. cit. hints at the Argive cult of Zeus 1A.t(xaveis (supra … (Geogr. Gr. min. i. 402 f. Mtiller). See further E. Oberhummer in Pauly—Wissowa

143

thirteenth century, but based on an archetype of 130—150 A.D.1, … Ravensburg 1888 segmentum ix. 2 (a full-sized reproduction in the original colours, from … •j Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 755), but more probably of later date (H. Berger

144

waters of the Black Sea, J. Millingen brought to light substantial

145

(fig. 58)1. These comprise a fine gateway of Parian marble flanked … P- 60C publish lamps from Gezer, Jerusalem, etc. with the liturgical phrase <pws Xpicrrov … 42 ff.]. Clarke ii.* p. 441 n. 6: 'During a subsequent visit to the same place, the author … . For another see Michaelis in the Arch. Zeit. 1864 xxii. 198—202 pi. 192. This slab

147

in the British Museum (fig. 61)1. It once supported a votive statue … As to the foundation of this popular cult, tradition was twofold. … append. 1. 108 = F. H.Marshall The Collection ofAncient Greek Inscriptions in the British … p^. Bticheler in the Rhein. Mus. 1881 xxxvi. 338 ff. identifies this Philon with the … g' us) I Marcia C. 1. Syntyche. His father, Antipatros of Tyre, was presumably the … end f" ^2^' <~)n tn's sh°wing tne inscription from Chalkedon may be dated at the

148

on his return from Kolchis first sacrificed to the twelve gods'1. … ancestor, we can understand an otherwise puzzling feature of his … 6 Stemmata in Gerhard Gr. Myth. ii. 223 f. … Makedonia c. 197 B.C. by T. Quinctius Flamininus and dedicated on the Capitol at Rome

149

It is not difficult to imagine the prayers that would be addressed to … 1 Dionys. Byz. frag. 59 (Geogr. Gr. min. ii. 78 f.) 'in fano...statua aerea est antiquae … felicitatem et pietatem: non enim sine terrore utrumque est. alii dicunt puerum in littore … 111 portum. alii aiunt in magna maris tranquillitate, omni vento silente, nave diu retardata, … c,'edibilia existimentur.' Dionysios' gossiping explanations run from bad to worse. The … Gyllius ad loc. cp. Philostr. mai. imagg. 1. 12. 3. But the passage (/cat 6'Epws ivi rrj … ^chiclue in Bildern'2 Leipzig (1925) i. 340 fig. 3. See also … 8S. 82, 22(j. My fig. 63 is from the Brunn—Bruckmann … j ' no' s> B. Sauer 'Der Betende des Boedas' in Philologus … 1 |)e ^e n'story of the Berlin bronze is discussed by A. Conze

151

Boi'das1 of Byzantion2, son and pupil of Lysippos3. The boy uplifts … gestu manuum sublatarum') gives a very full collection of literary passages and con- … Zlu" springenden Amazone' ib. 1905 xx. 108 ff., H. Lucas in the Nette Jahrb. f. kiass. … group the statue as a suppliant with that of a warrior brandishing lance and … rMfigurigen Stils Tubingen 192? p. 187 no. 2)), or as Taras with that of a colossal … lted by A. Conze in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1886 i. 11

152

the fame of this solitary figure standing with outstretched arms on … Yearning with outstretched hands for the further shore. … Zeus of the Fair Breeze fill your every sail. … s Anth. Pal. 11. 53. 1—8 Meleagros. In the last two lines W. R. Paton prints elyaP … 5 On the prevalence of these pests in the Aegean during s. ii—i B.C. see J. M. Sestie1 … Cs-nfirrrplov 'A<TKd\av'i.TT]s, \ crwOds &t6 ireiparwv, | eixip and in smaller lettering ov 8^roV

153

Aphrodite Oicrania, Hearers of Prayer, … goat's flesh, swine's flesh, or aught of the cow. … ne associates of Zeus Ourios are two goddesses, who in function

154

the figure-head of the good ship herself. The latter goddess had a … The bluish marble slab thus inscribed was discovered, in front … to us almost grimly ironical. A third dedication, by a' native of … 2 A. Hauvette-Besnault 'Fouilles de Delos. Temple des dieux etrangers' in &e … Paris 1925 p. 33 f. We still await the definitive publication of this important precinct. … 4 A. Hauvette-Besnault in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 18S2 vi, 343 no. 57 = T. Reinach … 5 The pedestal is K, the paved way V, on the plan (Bull. Corr. Hell. 1882 vi. 3°r

155

below the sanctuary of the foreign gods1. A fourth is a small base … - A. Hauvette—Besnault in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1882 vi. 328 no. 22 = Dittenberger … 4 Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.2 no. 559, 12 n., id.3 no. 977s, 12 n. points out that the … 6 P. Roussel and J. Hatzfeld in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1909 xxxiii. 510 no. 26 AiT

156

This curious title was known already from a passage of … Whether the breeze her sail would shake … UoirXlov vi&s VpefiLavds, | ABXos KorTios tHe/ieplov vi6s, \ Aetiiccos Overdpios no7rMou uios, 1 … (sc. in tertia regione caeli) sunt constitutae. sed omnes circa ipsum Iovem fuerant m … aura, sive utrumque Iupiter | simul secundus incidisset in pedem.

157

religious interest of the passage lies in the fact that the wind astern … It is possible that some such conception underlies the remarkable … 7 Eustath. in 11. p. 964, 63 f. o6ev &vep.os ferai, 5s e'| UpdSos nai Toia&rrjs uXtjs rip … Kepa/iei/cy. Kal 'HVi'ooos (/rag. 106 Flach, 104 Rzach) • Evpvyvw 5' In /coOpos (K. W. … * early as *. v u.c. (E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1822, W. Christ … 10 Frazer Golden Bough3: Taboo p. 349ff. ('Names of the Dead tabooed'), E. Clodd

158

Androgeos, 'The man of earth'1, might fairly be dubbed Eurygyes, … more definitely as 'the hero astern'4. This expression might no … Gaertringen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 1328 'Der Besitzer des weiten Saatfeldes … The lexicographers place these little figures on the poop, not the prow (Hesych. s.V. … I illustrate a single and a double amulet of Ptah-Seker, in green glaze, from my collection … cod., cp. Eustath. in Od. p. 1599, 1 Tiyypuv, p. 1880, 64 Yiyp&v), ol Si TiywV HaraiKos

159

war-galley with a small armed figure at the prow (good specimens are Brit, Mus. Cat. … representation of the dwarf Pataikos is seen on statHres of Arados, struck in s. iv b.c., … and a specimen in my possession (fig. 69)). On coins of Arados struck in s. iii—ii b.c. this … '9. 12 f., pi. 2+) 4) cp. pi. 24, ,6 and 20). Figure-heads of this sort would be gilded … Much material with regard to apotrdpaia on ships will be found in D. Kuhnkenn … PP- 65—69, M. Hoernes Urgeschichte der bildenden K'unst in Eurofa Wien 1898 p. 383 ff.,

160

the ship's trail and supplied her with a steady breeze, much as Boreas … Nor were the Dorians wholly untouched by the same supersti- … S. Wide3, who observes that beside the sanctuary of Zeus Eudnemos … Malerei u. Zeichnung d. Gr. ii. 717. The subject is a parody of Od. 5. 291 ff.; but note … Gr. Myth. Mel. p. 834 n. 9, O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 843. ^ … A modern parallel to Zeus Eudnemos may be found in Buenos Aires, 'Good Winds

161

stood a shrine of the hero Pleuron1, eponym of Pleuron in Aitolia2, … Aeolian god evolved out of an Aeolian hero. But though Zeus as … ■ Dai'machos of Plataiai (on whom see E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal-Enc. iv. … Thouk. 3. 102, cp. Strab. 464 f. See further G. Hirschfeld in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal- … P- 794 disagrees: 'Un rapport avec xkebfnm..JSe. justifie mal'). Presumably in the first … no. Heberdey and A. Wilhelm in the Denkschr. d. Akad. Wicn 1896 vi. Abh. p. 102

162

a | j known as the Triopion on the Appian Road1, … Scattered allusions to Zeus as a power controlling the winds may … not in our face. Oppose not with thy breath the calm breath of Zeus, oppose not … Zeus. His approach at the close of Aischylos' Prometheus Bound10 … Marcellus is thinking of Od. 4. 563 ff. Cp. also Hyg. fab. 140 at Latonam lovis iussu … 8 The passage ends thus: crv 8', w XlocreiSov, <k iieraippivov irvevaov, ixt] /caret p.irait°v^ … g&jj Se 6a\drT7is Slvoi airoreXovvTai. With the context cp. Lucr. 6. 423 ff., O. Gilbert D*<-

163

sky with sea. Aristophanes in the Clouds personifies Dittos in a … To whisk her away, like a bundle of hay, … efai0v7js I irepl tt)v \pu\ijy trepi!3a.iri. I have adopted the translation of B. B. Rogers, but … *"EMocrTp6/3i\os,4 (4Auf Zakynthos ist das Wort corrumpirt in dvepioa-TpovcpiXos unci … Auch hat man filr diesen Fall bestimmte Beschworungsformeln. In Athen pfiegen … ^irk"™16 zu hegen scheint.) Ganz ahnlich in anderen Gegenden. Auf Kephalonia, im

164

Nymphs1 or other supernatural agencies2. Indeed, the word A nemos, … p. 150 ('The habit of travelling on a whirlwind, or more correctly perhaps of stirring up … Neugriechen Leipzig 1871 i. 175 (' Sicherist dieses Wort in einer Anzahl von Redensarten, … 5 On this point there has been divergence of opinion. J. C. H. Biichler SG. 913- … Turpines zui, adding the note ' Henning ergdnzte zu zuirbila; mir wenig wahrscheinlwh- … resufflat, | ilia per impluvium turbine flantis abit): 'This reference to the turbo (tW … Dr B. F. C. Atkinson kindly consulted on my behalf Dr A. Fah, the librarian

165

The Arrhephoroi … Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 54 (Isle of Man), 67 (Northumberland), 127 … Some have regarded ' App-qtpopia as a clipped form of' Appryro<popia (so schol. Aristoph. … The Arrhephoroi … Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 54 (Isle of Man), 67 (Northumberland), 127 … Some have regarded ' App-qtpopia as a clipped form of' Appryro<popia (so schol. Aristoph.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (a) Arrhephóroi

166

The Arrhephdroi … Lobeck Aglaophamus ii. 872 f. held that a.ppr\<pbpoi meant 'basket-bearer's,' the first part … Miss J. E. Harrison Myth, Man, Anc. Ath. p. xxxiv derived the name from tpc), m … Personally, I see no sufficient reason for discrediting the explicit statements of Istros, … Gr, Myth. Rel. p. 34 n. 2, F. Hiller von Gaertringen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-F"c- … wrongly supposed an allusion to Platon the comedian Ni)crois)=^. mag. p. 362, 38 >•

167

The Arrhephoroi … "faoTaroi, Paus. Gramm. frag. 94 Schwabe ap. Eustath. in II. p. 1165, 10 f., Favorin. … O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 45 f. … ao p *?' 0l(lfather in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. x. 1950. … MU(<rT)ap(w„. The inscription, which is throughout ill-spelt, actually reads ETMAAN

168

The Arrhephoroi … for two Hersephdroi of Eilithyia at Agrai (fig. 73)'. It would seem, … 'in Form einer Wfeihimg] an Demeter und Kore.' But, for the dative, cp. Moir. H1 … [V]rjs Oe^Sos in late careless script, W. Larfeld op. cit. ii. 1. 266 pi. 1.

169

The Ari~hephoroi … Equally beset with uncertainties is the other end of their journey. Their destination, … Ad-qvas 'ASpiavas EKaXecac, a>s <&\iywv iv '0\v/XTna5uv ircvTeKaiSeKaToj). The precinct, on … Si iJXXo ti ko/xltpixriv iyKcKaXv/i^vov). The actual chasm or fissure has not yet … Recently O. Broneer of the American School at Athens has found on the N. slope of

170

170 The Arrhephoroi … resting on loose earth. These had carried small stones (phailoiT) set upright in mortar—

Plate 21

Plan of the American excavations on thenorth slope of the Akropolis

171

The Arrhephdroi … Near her temple stood a square herm of Aphrodite, which bore an inscription stating that

172

The Arrhephoroi … Mantel luftenden Aphrodite'), S. Reinach 'La Venus drapee au Musee du Louvre' in the … Equally persistent, and hardly more encouraging, have been the attempts made to … ('Wofinden wir denn imathenischen Cultus uberhaupt und speciell in demjenigen Athenas, … p. 264). Others have seen them in the processional figures of the olive-tree pediment … und unentwickelten Formen lieber Errephoren'), G. W. Elderkin Problems in Periclean … 1 Mommsen Feste d. Stadt Athen p. 319 f. On Genetyllis and the Genetyllides in

173

The Arrhephdroi … umenti peplo. Cp. what is said of the planet Venus in Ausort. append. 2. 17 f- Evelyn … shows Eros watering slender flowers that spring from the ground. A female figure with … Genetrix?...in a garden') = Gnecchi Medagl. Bom. ii. 40 no. 13 pi. 68, 1 ('Venere') = my … I54ff. nos. 226—283). Here are a few examples: fig. 78 from the Vautier—Collignon

174

The Arrhephoroi … without a phidle, at a lighted altar; the space behind her is sometimes filled by a floral … noniani || s ■ c head of Venus Erycina to right, with ear-ring, stephdne, and wreath;

175

The Arrhephoroi 175 … iii. 9 no. 126 pi. 5 (=my fig. 86)). Fig. 87 is from a specimen of mine. For the extant … eiriX<bpiOL Kal oi £6>oi. Kal 6 y.h /3w/tds inrb Tif obpavy 0 ntyiaTbs itrri, -rroWCiv U in airou … Kovtos (3oi)\7)(ris. k.t.X. We gather that every morning the open-air altar of the … »'iti nella storia dell' antica Sicilia Catania 1911 p. 87 notes the beneficent mfluence of … Onomasticon ii. 756, Carter Epith. dear. p. ioi, O. Jessen in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. … Coins i. 263 no. 2234 pi. 72, 7, Head Hist, num.- p. 138)- Note too the frequency of floral … The dove had a special significance in this cult and was in all probability viewed as an

176

The Arrhephoroi … With Aphrodite was associated a youthful consort, presumably Eryx her son by the … Poseidon (Apollod. 2. 5. 10, Dion Cass. frag. 4. 2 Bekker, Serv. in Verg. Aen. 5. 24, … 1 figure virile,' Plead Hist, num." p. 138 ' wingless Eros'. Fig. 90 is from a specimen in my … vvvi B' oio-irep airy i) KaroiKla Xeiiravdpei Kai rb iepbv (so the second hand in cod, B. 17 T^

177

The Arrhephoroi … All these traits are consistent with the view (R. v. Scala in the Historische Zeitschrift … 38, 273); even Nilsson Gr. Feste p. 374 dismisses her as 'ganz semitisch.' But the hound … them till he is himself slain by Herakles (Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 866, 958). In any case this … Tts aKvroTofios ftXavrTjs Xidivov rvirov : see further O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … 16 ff. an inscription dating from the early part of s. iv B.C. and admitting of fairly certain … temple (Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 1 no. 375, 3 ff. an inscription from the end of s. iii B.C.

178

The Arrhephoroi … Athen p. 477 n. 4, does not cure the passage. R. F. P. Brunck prints ov 8-qXeia pavov Sis … The cult lasted into Roman times (P. Foucart in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1889 xiii. 167 f. … when Kore was associated with Demeter (H. G. Lolling in the AeXr. 'Apx- 1889 p. 130 … Chloe schuldig sincl'). This identifies it with the site of the Boi/fi/ytos aporos (Plout. praec.

179

The Arrhephoroi … fw[cra] I AA, le/xiawa h a\<phuv (kt^vs ||||, 01x0 x[5s..]). In Mykonos a calendar of … But the real interest of Demeter XXdr; lies, not so much in the details of her cult, as in … 392, 402, 405 pis. 124 (photographs) and 125 (plan). The broken base of Pentelic marble … "ckstcht aufdas Alterlhum Breslau 1885 p. 64 adds: 'In klaren, mondhellen Nachten, … er^a„dtes Leipzig 1895 p. 24 f., and in the Lex. Myth. ii. 3147 ff-

180

The Arrhephoroi … And, if so, it may well be that in the 'something wrapt up9', … 7 Plin. nat. hist. 2. 36—38 ending with the words: 'itaque et in magno nominum … How are we to explain Souidas' dppt)vo<popeXv (certified by the order of letters) in the

181

The birth of Erichthonios 181 … jt j- ^ 20°- Id. ib. n. 1 observes that Hermes too is 4ptx06vios in et. Gud. p. 208, … 3o/f°*^OUrSe' etymo'°gically akin to Erechtheus (J. B. Bury in the Class. Rev. 1899 xiii. … persoriar' ° 'Ep'xe<5,"os XeYiWos. Harrison Myth. Man. Anc. Ath. p. lix 'the double … ( = my fi us 'Die Geburt des Erichthonios' in the Arch. Zeit. 1872 xxx. 51—57 pi. 63 … '924 p*,' c^man Athens: its History and Coinage before the Persian Invasion Cambridge … 27, . p - 2 Kinkel) jxurip 'EpixSbviov Kai"H<paiiTToy eV 7775 (pavrivai. In Norm. Dion.

182

182 The birth of Erichthonios … that the head, shoulder, and breast of the child, parts of Kekrops' fore-arm and of Athena s

183

The birth of Erichthonios 18 3 … one of 'Die Manieristen ...die Vertreter eines verschnbrkelten, archa.s.erenden St. de. … Vasenbildem Halle a. S. 19.2 p. 51 t), and as a Bassarid, nurse of Dionysos, m Nonn. … 6 Sir C. H. Smith in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iii. .59 no. E .82 ('Type of birth … W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 75° f-

184

184 The birth of Erichthonios … kratir at Petrograd (Stephani Vasensamml. St. Petersburg ii. 339 ff. no. 1807, id. in the … "YLfi-qv. On Dia as consort of Zeus I have said my say in the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 177 f.> … ilia and nib, F. Hauser in Furtwangler—Reichhold Gr. Vasenmalereim. 95—98 pi- … T. D. Beazley Attic red-figured Vases in. American Museums Cambridge Mass. 1918

185

The birth of Erichthonios … jn the Ann. d. Inst. 1877 xlix. 427 ff. is for Kekrops or Hephaistos, preferably the … 2 Almost all exponents from Inghirami loc. cit. onwards have identified the seated … J Eurtwiingler Vasensamml. Berlin ii. 718 f. no. 2537, W. Helbig in the Bull. d. Inst. … 4 B. Graef 'Die Zeit der Kodrosschale' in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst.

186

186 The birth of Erichthonios … 1 Kekrops and his daughters Herse, Aglauros, Pandrosos supplement the theme of

187

The birth of Erichthonios 187 … Finally Hephaistos ceases to be reminiscent of Zeus and … The reverse design (inset on pi. xxiv) shows Heos in pursuit of Kephalos, one of whose … sych. s.w. iaTT) Aai'a and TrdyKV<pos), together with the /j-opiai, which were believed to … 18 ff-)- See further Boetticher Baumkulttis pp. 107—111, L. Stephani in the Compte- … t5^"43> 89, 1—25, 90, 1—34). Figs. 96—99 are from specimens in my collection.

188

his tongs. A couple of little Victories, hovering in the air, offer … So far we have seen reason to think that the Arrhephoria was

Plate 26

the Snake-goddess (Athena ?) of late geometric art.

189

The Athenian Akropolis had from time immemorial been the … filologiske Meddelelser iv. 7) Kyibenhavn 1921 pp. 1—20, id. A History of Greek Religion … A kindred, but further developed, figure occurs on the remarkable terra-cotta plaque … Publication with a col. pi. is shortly to appear in Hesperia. The plaque (9^x5 ins., … KTuvvav cod. xjt AaKtSaiyadvioi Se Oi-mv. Athena in due course was Christianised and

190

snakes, her owl1, her olive-tree2, her relations to the priestly king … 4 Od. 7. 80 f., cp. //. 2. 546 ff. (of later origin? See now J. M. Paton in L. D. Caskey— … 5 Supra ii pi. xlv (in pocket at end). … ii. 625 f. figs. 529, 530. Jjjjig. 100 I add another of these … 1305 n. 1 and by L. Malten in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … pick Vorgriech. Ortsn. 66 erklart so wie der lemnische Mosychlos, an dem der Gott in … dem Namen zu suchen.' See further L. Malten 'Hephaistos' in the Jahrb. d. kais-

191

A. Fick as a great philologist merits a more patient hearing. In his Vorgriahische … Phallos (Hermes) die Hauptgottheiten der Tyrrhener.' In HattiJen unci Danubicr in … s>nd Lemnos und Attika. Andere Namen des Gottes sind Palamaon und Palamedes, in … Attempts to explain the name, which appears in Ionic as'AB-qvri 'Aflijra'?;, in Aeolic … 47 f.=vi. 108 Atanulus (atnanulus cod. A. Swoboda in his ed. of P. N'igidius Figulus … e* re (aere Scaligeri marg. j. H. Onions cj. aereum) in Saliaribus adtanus (A. Swoboda

193

Kretschmer's ingenious speculation could, I think, fairly claim the support of certain … 227—229, 231—241 (of which 235 = my fig. 102), C. Schuchhardt Schliemann's Excava- … P- 4 no. A 4 (1) pi. 5). These urns begin by being distinctly human in appearance. The … S^schichte Berlin 1908 pp. 173—176 figs, a—i, H. Seger in M. Ebert Reallexikon der … de VArt iii. 695 f. figs. 503, 504, and col. pi. 4, J. L. Myres The Metropolitan … \ ) A vase from tomb xiii at Mochlos, which Sir A. J. Evans refers to the ' Early … l92U*!eme serie Candie 1911 p. viii pi. 10, 6, Sir A. J. Evans The Palace of Minos London … Priatel SUlta^e tvPe- A. late Egyptian (?) specimen in my collection is no less appro-

195

object, found in the Amenophis iii level (1411 —1375 B.C.), seems to have been connected … °n eithertt°im T" ° °f theSC haVe snaky nand'es formed of four loops vertically arranged

196

1924 p. 50 pi. 33, of which nos. 5002 and 5oc>5 = my figs. 111 and 112, G. Karo in

197

to further finds—the head of a terra-cotta figure and another tube-shaped vessel with … zuTp ^ la Mer ^* Paris '910 P- 200 with fiS- »4»i G. Karo in D. H. Haas Bihleratlas

200

belongs to the same language as the place-name Phaistdsx. Now … Bottomless vases are in the nature of funnels, and sometimes certainly, as in the Dipylon … (d) Hellenistic relief-ware of Graeco-Egyptian style has sometimes by way of prophy- … It is perhaps not too hazardous to conjecture that Trojan Gesichtsumen .and the like … many years ago I toyed with the notion (Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 85 n. 1). I now agree … <S>aicrTos &v, Tb t\Ta. Tpoae\Kvadp.evos;). Nevertheless it remains probable that the … 'Affavav (quoted also, less exactly, by Marius Plotius Sacerdos de metris in H- * e … 250, schol. Plat. Tim. 23 D—E p. 948 a 12), sometimes /3ou7r\ij£ in the sense of ^

201

would be but local equivalents of Kronos and Rhea1. Some such … Platon5 too with curious frequency insists on the partnership of … as old as Hesiod6 and brilliantly illustrated by the Anesidora-cup … and Athena (U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff in the Sitzungsb. d. Akad. d. Wiss. … WinT" VaS" in the British Museum London 1896 p. 29 pl. 19, E. Gerhard in the

202

ii. 342 no. 22, attributes this kjilix to the 'Meister der Penthesileia-SchaW; Pfuhl … schrifteu Giitersloh 1894 p. 203 f. no. 187, correcting the Corp. inscr. Gr. iv no. 7416)- … And the composition as a whole is comparable with that of the Triptolemos-relief from … ' Av-qaiSiipa, like UavSdpa, was an epithet of the earth-mother (Hesych. ' Avqo-iS&pa' … i] yij, Eustath. in 11. p. 1057, 47 f. 'irepoi Se AaSiiivqv aWtjyopovvTes ivravda tt\v yv" <Pa<xl … Demeter, who was likewise empowered 7^5 Kapirbv av-qaeiv (h. Dem. 332). Thus in the … Starting from this fact archaeologists, in primis C. Robert (Archaeologische Maerchen

203

the ager Tarqiiinimsis was being ploughed and the furrow was driven deep, up came on … belief V° Schultz in Roscher Lex. Myth. v. 3 ft.). Similarly in Greek

205

But the Anesidora-cup is not the only witness. The fact is that … J^73 p- 72 (L) col. pi. 22 (= my fig. 122)), which shows the head and lifted hands of Ge … gured volute-M^r at Oxford (P. Gardner in the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 1 ff. … Red fi Wolters in the At,u Mitth- 1888 xiii. 104 f. fig. (= my fig. 125. Scale \), Hoppin

207

stands before him in the pose of the Dresden 'Lemnia.' An archaistic … Furtwangler took this relief to represent the Athena Lemnia of Pheidias receiving a … erg Glyptotek i no. 3,5 pi. 3, E. Reisch in the /ahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. iS … Robert'^" U1 h'S Denkm- 1 1°° f- fig- 759. A- RaPP in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 2733.

209

headed by Hephaistos and Athena, the former bearing sword1 and … 1 On the famous ^iXaipa made by Hephaistos for Peleus (Hes. frag. 110 Flach, 79

210

of three standing deities—Volcanus with Minerva at his right hand … by the handsome numismatic types of Rome and Romanised Greece. … (fig- I3 0s ar"d in that of his wife Faustina the Elder6 portray the … 2 Supra ii. 63 n. 1. But see on the other side G. Wissowa in Roscher Lex. Myth-

211

her we perceive shield, snake, and olive-tree—the insignia of the … Ntti is a helmet set on a tall cippus, behind him a shield, and in the … accordin"'°S °vA'Xap"elis ^FraS- hist. Gr. iv. 313 Muller, Apollonios of Acharnai {c. 100 B.C.

212

winter1. Apollonios of Achamai, a writer on Athenian festivals, … Harpokr. loc. cit.). Souid. XaX/ceia bis is repeated by the et. mag. p. 805, 43 ff. and in … at her feet (Imhoof-Blumer Monn. gr. p. 413 no. 158) and imperial bronze coins of … Trieste Firenze 1829 iii. 80. For the legend see supra ii. 950 f. fig. 842 AIA IAAION … 4 V. von Schoeffer in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. iii. 2067.

213

reason to doubt Souidas' statement that the festival itself was … T°VS Beovs Kal tpiXonpias tt)s els ttjv ^o]v\i]v [Kal tov Sij/xov k.t.X.]. See H. G. Lolling in … H^aio-Tou. The exact position of these altars, which have perished, is unknown. They … ^l t" rot hiepSi toi t'o ]le<pai<rT0 Kal tW ABevalas.' E. Reisch in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch.^

214

His statue must be taken to include the whole cult-monument; for … loc. cit. p. 61 argues well in support of them. … tcu ayaKparoiv i[s t6 !i\irpal<jTwv (list of names).. No. 371, 2 ff. x^Kbs £ovt0[e---Ta^~

215

statues and note that tin was bought for 'the floral ornament … Ported on a floral ornament is a type existing in several replicas3 … 3 E.g. the Athena of the Musee Cherchel (Reisch be. cit. p. 64 ff. fig. 33), the

216

to be called by the curious1 appellation HephaisUa1. In 343/2 B.C. … hear no more of the temple-deities for a good five hundred years. … with silver; more probably they were of precious stone7 or vitreous … (= my fig. 137) recognised the appellative on the fragment of a painted terra-cotta pinM … '\drjvaluv~]. Dittenberger in line 20 restores avatietvai. to re dya\[\p.a twl re 'H0a/irrwt … 7 Pheidias made the pupils of Athena Partlienos in precious stone (Plat. Hipp- mal'

217

Richter The Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks Yale University Press 1929 p. 137 with … Now regarded as doubtful. I take this opportunity of publishing another small bronze

218

detailing the story of Erichthonios, the reputed child of Hephaistos … 'Some state that he (sc. Erichthonios) was a son of Hephaistos and Atthis, … leoni fuisse inditos oculos e smaragdis ita radiantibus etiam in gurgitem, ut territi thynM … 3 Id. ib. sed quoniam Minervam virginem volunt, in amborum contentione Vulcam1111 … 4 A statue from Crete in the Louvre (no. 847). Height i-42m. The back, the left … E. Reisch in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1898 i. 55 fig. 32 (head in profile), 72 … Gorgdneion; also the child's head and arms with the upper part of his body. See Clarac … 6 Apollod. 3. 14. 6, paraphrased also by Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 111.

220

virgin, would not brook it, and he dropped his seed on the leg of the goddess. In … 'With regard to the birth of Erichthonios, Euripides tells the following tale. … - Kallim. frag. 61 Schneider. The sequel is preserved on a wooden tablet among the … Chapters in the History of Greek Literature Oxford 1921 p. 103). … 6 J. Escher-Biirkli in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 441 would identify the spot as

221

perhaps in the middle of the sixth century B.C.1, perhaps rather in … 2 C. Robert in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 136, L. Malten in the Archiv f. Pel.

222

the pantomime must be familiar with the whole range of Attic … fecisset, Iuno cum sedisset subito in aere pendere coepit. quod cum ad Vulcanum missuro … ut quidquid vellet praesumeret. ille Minervam in coniugium petivit; Iuppiter imperavit … Xa§wv t& dvofia ToOro = Nonnos Abbas in Greg. Naz. e. Julian. 2. 27 (xxxvi. 1050 Migne-

223

Such explanations are the expiring efforts of the mythopoeic mind; … 1 See e.g. Harrison Myth. Mon. Anc. Ath. p. 119 f., F. Diimmler in Pauly—Wissowa … ' ' Robertson A Handbook of Greek Roman Architecture Cambridge 1929 pp. 118, … 4,. 1.. heen seen with varying degrees of clearness by many scholars, e.g. O. Jahn … the"aia Berlin 1907 p. 89, E. Fehrle Die kuitische Keuschheit im Altertum Giessen

224

brevity—is this. The Akropolis at Athens was originally called … Minerva Apollinem eum, cuius in tutela Athenas anliqui historic! esse voluerunt, Clem. Al. … in Firm. Mat. 16. 1 quinque Minervas fuisse legentibus nobis tradit antiquitas. una est … 3 Hera recovered her virginity every year by bathing in the spring Kanathos neai … les Naissances Miraculeuses Paris 1908 pp. 1—280 ignores the topic.

Plate 28

Votive relief in island marble, found on the Akropolis at Athens :

225

founded a sanctuary of Athena Meter1. And at Athens, though … 1 Paus. 5. 3. 2. Famell Cults of Gk. States i. 303 comments: 'Athena ^lyp-rjp need … ot>o-a,i> iviOyiKe, ko.1 rrj 'A6V? t^veiaOau Trapr\yyii\o-tv. An Etruscan statuette of a winged … ^ ">Piez Hist, de VArt viii. 618 ff. with fig. 314, E. Pfuhl in the Ath. Mitth. 1923 xlviii. … _I30 fig. 4), in which a family of husband, wife (pregnant), and three children (one … EuW e GeDurt-' O. Weinreich il>. p. 28 acutely suggests that the 'foolish stories' told by … a cg,n ™"s connexion it may be noticed that Niket. Chon. 359 B p. 739 Bekker says of … (e> . 65 Athena is opBoTirdos in many archaising reliefs and vase-paintings … 1'ate ^^"^ ^e "at Sems of the Augustan period—where however her full breast is … iniitatmy 144 from a cast). »• 188 ('Der Kopf ist ohne Helm' is wrong; the helmet … the godfj P" l89- N°te also the part played by the priestess, apparently impersonating

226

reminiscent of a ' Minoan' mother-goddess. Indeed, when Alexander … The two chief centres of his worship on Greek soil were … p. 103 ff. no. 58 pi. 7 stattr. Figs. 142 and 143 are from specimens in my collection-

227

Herodotos1, quoting Hekataios2, tells how the Pelasgians, who had … Thouk. +. 109 with J. L. Myres in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1907 xxvii. 204 f. … rj 2+I> 55 ff., etc.) are collected by L. Malten in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 329. … nat..erS: see L- Malten in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 338 ff. ('Allegorische und … Sella* u dle dem Hephastos heilige Flamme, sondern die Flamme, in der Hephiistos

228

totle's1 treatise on meteorology. The philosopher compares thunder … J L. Malten in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 319, 328, id. in the fahrb. d. *alSt … passim, C. Swainson The Folk Lore and Provincial Names of British Birds London 1° … Perhaps p.arpbppnrvos cod. points to a compound of p.arpo- with piKvbs, cp. ^P' ^

229

Properties to the soil. Dioskorides1 of Anazarbos, a contemporary … w"h her left arm propped on a pistrix, beneath which are waves. Close by is the rocky … C Fredrich in the Ath. Mitth. 1906 xxxi. 73 n. 1.

231

sundry other rites, after which she filled a whole waggon with the … In addition to the immediate sequel cp. Galen. pAdobos OtpairtvTiKri 4. 7 (x. 298 Kiihn), … F.W. Hasluck 'Terra Lemnia' in the^4««. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1900—1910 xvi. 220—230 … H. F. Tozer The Islands of the Aegean Oxford 1890 p. 260 'In Western Europe it

232

packets of Lemnian earth, dug before sunrise on August 6 (the … tively light red, white, and dark red. The first and third have stamped … and reads TERRA WWM. SIGILLATA (?). It may be a rival earth of … estranges Paris 1555 p. 29 f. (Greek mass celebrated in small chapel of Sotira, after whlC 1 … Erdfeuer; der Feuerdamon hauste dort mit der Erdgottin. In der rotlichen Erde slt>

233

Hephaistos with the earth-goddess Lemnos1(fig. i52)2,c°nsummated … PVcrl, vepi(aTT) '"Efiflapos el,' rovriari vovvexvs, <ppbi>ip.os), who stood in the closest relation

234

in early days on Mosychlos, the mountain of volcanic vents1. Be … shows obv. bust of Hephaistos to right, with full beard, pilos, and no chiidn; rev' … Riicksicht auf das Alterlhum Breslau 1885 p. 314 ff., C. Fredrich in the Ath. Mitth- i9°6 … 5 Plout. de fac. in orb. lun. 12 6 5e Zeus rjpXv ovtos ob rfj pih avroi tpicrei xp^fie'"'l

235

Hephaistos might be interpreted as the lightning-flash2—a fitting … aTrrbp.evbv re Kal afievvvp.evov k.t.X., Serv. in Verg. Aen. 1. 47 physici Iovem aetherem id … A.<ppoblrriv iroTe fxev 'Hfpcuo-ry, tQ x&ov'ui) irvpi, irore be "Apei", ra; deplcp, Eustath. in II. … ep.vOevo'e (sc. "Of/.r}pos) rr\v virobe£ap.evqv rb 8eoirpbfiXT}rov Trvp' evravda yap dvUvrai yijyevovs … old rb tovs Trp&Tovs laws dpt;a/j.e'vovs xp7/<7#cu Trvpl £k KepavvofioXiov Kaioftevip avTtp TepLTVxetv, … olSov airivdrjpa, Kepawov, Eustath. in II. p. 151, 30 f. (cited supra n. 7), 40 ff. bib ov … ai,^pw7rots fj Kal 5id twos p>v}xavVSi Trvpbs ae'pos Kareuex&^Tos, k.t.\., Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. … Gr. i. 60 MUller), frag. 71b (Frag. gr. Hist. i. 125 Jacoby, who however starts the

236

method of allegorical conjecture had come curiously near to divining … Hephaistos and Athena—if I am right—were at first the sky- … 3 Miss E. M. Dance, in an unpublished treatise (An Analysis of the Orphic Myths 1933 … dem die Hosen lagen, schwanger.' After nine months Satana split the stone and a

237

The Daughters of Kekrops 237 … " The simplest and most satisfactory derivation of "AyXavpos is from £7X065 (* 07X0/05 for … ketraufelnde...bethauung'). E. Maass ' Aglaurion' in the Ath. Mitth. 1910 xxxv. 337—341 … Mommsen Feste d. Stadt Allien p. 7 n. 3 thinks that "A7Xavpos may refer to the dew … The Daughters of Kekrops 237 … " The simplest and most satisfactory derivation of "AyXavpos is from £7X065 (* 07X0/05 for … ketraufelnde...bethauung'). E. Maass ' Aglaurion' in the Ath. Mitth. 1910 xxxv. 337—341 … Mommsen Feste d. Stadt Allien p. 7 n. 3 thinks that "A7Xavpos may refer to the dew

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (b) The daughters of Kekrops

238

238 The Daughters of Kekrops … the crow as a typical informer see O. Keller Die antike Tierwelt Leipzig 1913 ii. 103 (■)• … 1872 ii. 245 f. ('The Owls and the Crows'), D'Arcy W. Thompson op. cit. pp. 46' 98' … 3 Pellene, an ancient city of Achaia, ' stands on a hill which rises at the summit into

239

The Daughters of Kekrops 239 … 'Athena, wishing to make him (sc. Erichthonios) immortal, reared him in … V Miv depTafrovaa piya rpixpos 'T\pi£wpov | daTvpov eiaavifiaiv—points rather to Pallene, the … ■427 ff. with the remarks of E. Kiister Die Schlange in der griechischen Kunst und … (Paus. 6. 20. 4 f., stipra i. 58, ii. n?i), Zeus Sosipolis at Magnesia on the Maiandros … 3 Apollod. 3. 14. 6 (continuing the passage cited supra p. 2i8ff.) tovtov 'ABr/vd Kp6(pa … . HyS-poet. astr. 2. 13 eum dicitur Minerva in cistula quadam ut mysteria contectum

240

240 The Daughters of Kekrops … Lactantius Placidus6, rewrites the whole narrative in absurd romantic … ' The literary evidence was diligently collected and arranged by B. Powell Eric^ … 3 Fulgent, myth. 2. n (continuing the passage cited supra p. 222 n. 7) quem Miner* … agoras {supra p. 237 f.), makes Agraulos and Pandrosos the guilty sisters. J. Toepffer in

241

The Daughters of Kekrops 241 … and Herse were not originally a triad of sisters. Of the three, … 111 Anspruch genommen'). But see J. Toepffer in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 829 and … c"ri?3eiJa„ • Kai yfrp y-Q ocaXXweic > Kocrfieiv Kal Xap-irpiveiv eariv. The words inserted are … Miss J. E. Harrison 'The Three Daughters of Cecrops' in the Journ. Hell. Stud. … C. in. 16

242

242 The Daughters of Kekrops … 4 Skamon of Mytilene (s. iv b.c., according to F. Jacoby in Pauly—Wissowa kea … 8 Dem. de pais. leg. 303, Lykourg. in Lcocr. 76 f., Philostr. v. Apoll. 4. 21 P" I+ … Philochor. frag. 14 {Frag. hist. Gr. i. 386 Miiller) ap. Ulpian. in Dem. de pais- le$'

243

The Daughters of Kekrops 243 … I3'- 1 (note the proximity of no. 371 Aenrvorp6po[n], cp. supra p. 241 n. o). Hesych. s.v. … 3 J. M. Paton The Erechtheum Cambridge, Mass. 1927 pp. 119—127 ('The Pan- … K<lT^KecTo. Trdrpiov 5' eVri tois 'ASrjvalois Kvva pi?) avafio.iveiv eh aKpo-jroXiv.' The topo-

244

244 The Daughters of Kekrops … name for Ge3. Kourotrdphos too was, at Athens, an epithet of the … 58 f. (attributed to the period 83—73 B.C., though W. Larfeld Handbuch der griechischen … 3 This conclusion was anticipated by Miss J. E. Harrison in the Journ. Hell. Si**^' … k.t.X., Prokl. in Plat. Tim. iii. 144, 4 ff. Diehl o8to dr/ Kal avrrj (sc. r] yrj) dvvdpets &el … npbdvpa consisted in an offering probably of grain, possibly of blood, but hardly ° … A. ed. Aid. and the epitome Harpokr.) dveLV oiv, Kal iKaXeiro t6 0vp.a irripoiov.'

245

The Daughters of Kekrops 245 … ment of Ovid14, any sanctuary set apart for her. Again, Athena— … * Corp. inset: Att. ii. 3 no. 1160 (a broken base of Pentelic marble found on the … Ka-T*VKetia<se to!s dvBpwwois t'-ov ck tCiv eplwv eadrira. This hangs together with the attempt

246

246 The Daughters of Kekrops … Pandrosos, Pandrosos than Aglauros, the three names being pr°~ … What better guardians could Athena have found for the infant … by most Greeks and Romans to be a sort of dew, which fell from … p. 240 Ovid's three thalami may be derived from the internal arrangement of the Erech- … 3 Harpokr. s.v. "AyXctupos (dypavKos codd.. A.C.M.Q. But the alphabetical order … Deipnophorta, at which a dinner was served for them with much pomp in accordance vvi … 12 Apollod. 3. 14- 3- Hermes' union with Herse is hardly older than the HelleW* '

247

The Daughters of Kekrops 247 … headed, Eos refrained from union with him, but tended him in her … the goddess transformed him into a cicala {tettixf. Confusion … 24°. See further T. W. Allen—E. E. Sikes The Homeric Hymns London 1904 p. 197 f. … 49> 347 pi. 8, 4) = my fig. 153, J. Schmidt in Roscher Lex. Myth. v. 1029 fig. 4 an Etruscan

248

248 The Daughters of Kekrops … (a) Athena and Erichthonios, who sits up in his basket to greet her. The wicker h

249

The Daughters of Kekrops 249

250

250 The Daughters of Kekrops … Jacoby) ap. schol. A.B. Gen. II. //. 3. 151, Hieronymos of Rhodes (ft 290—230 B.C.: … In Loukian. Icaromen. 13 Empedokles, speaking as an inhabitant of the moon, says … In point of fact the cicala lays its eggs in the ground (Aristot. hist. an. 5. 30. 556 a 29 fi.i … 8 Asios frag. 13, 4 f. Kinkel ap. Athen. 525 E—F (Samians visiting the precinct of … 1. 6 Kal ol irpeo^vTepoi abroU (sc. the Athenians) tQv evba.ip.bvwv bid t& afipoblaiTOV oi iro^us … ii—iii. 2 no. 1377, 13 (an inventory of the Parthenon 399/8 B.C.) [xpvolbia bidXiffa <rilW'iKT

251

The Daughters of Kekrops 251 … Britonum, schol. Hermog. in C. Walz Rhetores Graeci Stuttgartiae et Tubingae 1833 iv. … rtrriya Kal avrbxBova elvai Kal p-ovcxikov, Prokop. of Gaza epist. 18 koI yip <re vvv imBvpwv … enim cicadas aureas gerebant partim in vertice, nonnulli in fronte, Phot. lex. s.v. … The name KepKurrr) applied to a small species of tettix (Stephanus Ties. Gr. Ling. iv. … Various views have been taken in modern times with regard to the precise nature of

252

252 The Daughters of Kekrops … (2) F. Hauser 'Tettix' in the Jahrcsh. d. ocst. arch. Inst. … attack by Petersen in the Rhein. Mus. 1907 lxii. 540 ff-

253

The Daughters of Kekrops 253 … >s '883 vi. 41, fig. (of no. 20), T. Schreiber in the Ath. Mitth. .883 v.... »7*.

254

254 The Daughters of Kekrops … We are not, therefore, surprised to find that the tettix occurs as a private badge on … 1926 pi. 37, 6—15) and again on tetradrachms and drachms with the names ot ^

255

The Daughters of Kekrops 255 … Pl- 107, *j—69. Fig. 166 is from a specimen in my collection). (4) obv. cicala; rev. … otrmischief (L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pet. i860 p. 91, 1864 p. 130 f.. "8&5 … T tne terra-cotta models of the UtHx, of which sundry specimens are extant. <->M

256

256 The Daughters of Kekrops … H. B. Walters History of Ancient Pottery London 1905 i. 445 pi. 40, c, Per jjgazl&J'

257

The Daughters of Kekrops 257 … °r me. I Throw it into the fount that I may go and fetch it, | And sit and eat it with my … See further B. Laufer Insect Musicians and Cricket Champions of China (Anthropology … HlHo T°'17' fAww the choice of the word kikvs was determined by a reminiscence of

259

The Daughters of Kekrops 259 … Ahnlichkeit des Tabakrollchens mit der Cicade, sei es in Gestalt oder in Farbe.' Cp. … The same variation meets us in the case of the hero, whose name Titfwvos, Tithonus … ^paring Efas ( = Evas) as the name of Memnon in Etr. Spiegel iii. 218 f. pi. 235, 1. … rei6°' 820 and W" Deecke in K- °- Mu"er Die Etrusker Stuttgart 1877 i2. 481 propose … 'ed tmat'on be reliable (supra ii. 421 n. o), it is possible to suppose that the -in- of TinBun … Z 75-78 claims that Qesan too has survived as Tesana, 'the Spirit of the Dawn, and … v AIore ingenious, but also more speculative, are the suggestions of S. Bugge Das … Pie-Greek Anatolian name, borne e.g. by a brother of Priam (//. 20. 237)- A cuneiform

260

260 The Daughters of Kekrops … in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2184 f. had already derived 'Attikti … active in meaning.

261

who distilled the fructifying dew1, had as his consort Pandrosos the … ^pefe fii\i (Galen, irepl Tpotpusv Swdp.eo)s 3. 39 (vi. 739 Kiihn)). Virgil says of Iupiter: … Hesych. "Eppos- 6 Zei/s. M. Schmidt is silent. J. Alberti, who records the guesses … About an hour's walk to the north-east of Vari (Anagyrous), some 29om above the … Stott amps^ w'tn P's- 12—H an<i ngs. 1—5. The cave consists of an outer and an inner … who distilled the fructifying dew1, had as his consort Pandrosos the … ^pefe fii\i (Galen, irepl Tpotpusv Swdp.eo)s 3. 39 (vi. 739 Kiihn)). Virgil says of Iupiter: … Hesych. "Eppos- 6 Zei/s. M. Schmidt is silent. J. Alberti, who records the guesses … About an hour's walk to the north-east of Vari (Anagyrous), some 29om above the … Stott amps^ w'tn P's- 12—H an<i ngs. 1—5. The cave consists of an outer and an inner

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (c) Zeus Érrhos, Ersaîos, Ikmaîos, íkmios, Áprios

262

1884 iii. 217 fig. 25, T. Schreiber Atlas of Classical Antiqtiities ed. W. C. F. Anderson … dialecticum"1 Lugduni Batavorum 1910 p. 587 gives 'Uptros ("EfNnjs?)). H- Stuart)-'^0 the

263

^X\coiK[oS6]iJ.eaei' = a sixth foot plus the first half of a hexameter plus a complete hexa- … Cl't effi^'11011 to lIle d^ies already mentioned there was the seated goddess, whose rock-

265

title of kindred origin preserved by Hesychios1 is perhaps Ersaios, … Keos was once so well watered that, like certain others of the … (=my fig. 178), C. H. Weller in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1903 vii. 267 ff. fig. 4 photo) and … 0tl ^ a""^ yXibao-ris /xiXiros yXvdwv piev avbri' (11. 1. 249)), it may be that the honey found … drearn',s" W this is right, Nonnos had the sanction of cult-usage, when he made Semele … RoSe2 ndros (p]in- ""l- hist. 4. 65 Hydrusam). Tenos (Aristot. frag. 553 Rose, 595

266

of the great culture-heroes of Greece, who learnt the care of sheep … credit this notion of an Arcadian settlement in Keos (' Quod veteres scriptores Ar>st' ^ … 'iveKev rijs UfidSos Kai Tijs lrvorjs twv dviuuv. So cod. Par. The vulgate ^^p0v>

267

sacrifice before the rising of the dog-star. The poet's allusion to … gods of field and fold. Cheiron, foretelling to Apollon the destiny … Of flocks a guardian sure, … Cj _ iesych. s.v. Unaala- 6 tvSpoaos &ip, vypaala. In Paus. 1. 32. 2 L. C. Valckenaer … vi. .' j || Thramer in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1913

268

Pindar appears to be weaving together a warp and a woof of diverse … from Arisie' and that Ariste was an appellative of Artemis6: 'His … vol I irXijo-o-ovrai Xivtais oprvyes iv vetpeXais. In line 33 the papyrus has yap-^pocrapicrraioij ■ • … Mair did well to prefer A. E. Housman's [Z-q]vbs &<p' lep<4> uv. The form 'Iicplov, in- … Timaios: see E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 676) 4. 81 Sid Be rvv … rijs e\alas Kapwov, Paus. 8. 2. 4 eirel roi Kal Beol rare eylvovro ii; avBpdnrwv, of y'Pa k … \6yov elSws virepf}i]<xop.ai. Perhaps we catch an echo of the other version in Hes)

269

back once again to the domain of Cretan religion, with its great … On the whole, I am disposed to see in Aristaios another example … 1 Ant. Lib. 1 (after Nikandros erfpoioiifieva book 3) Hermochares of Athens saw … (q J* tale of Hermochares and Ktesylla is paralleled by that of Akontios and Kydippe … " Examples of the name as bome by men are collected in W. Pape-G. E. Sense er

270

guess?—dubs him 'King' of the Ceans1. Diodoros, probably drawing … 4 With Xdpfios cp. Pind. Pyth. 9. 64 arfp&ai xdp/J-a <pl\ois of Aristaios himself- … bronze coins in the Leake collection and two in the McClean collection.

271

In this connexion a word must be added on a Thessalian cult … 8' '83 is from a silver didrachm, now in the British Museum, published by W. Wroth in … ^ ng. 186 is the Weber specimen. … spe ■ °bv' Zeus K,u'os Ks"P'a »• 006 n- 3 fi8- 823) or Head of emperor. 1 neurL' a … K"t° 544'2 f" 11 (j"^ra "• 4)- 6 B- Keil in Herm" l88? xx- 63°- … ' , anz 'n the Ann. d. Inst, it

272

by a small pediment. The first to be found read AlAcpPlOY, which … sipated when Giannopoulos produced a second inscription from the … Heidelberg 1909 p. 242 and in greater detail F. Bechtel Die griechischen Dialckte Berl"1

273

conquered the demons of drought1—swore to the Asura Namuki2 … W. H. D. Rouse 'Baldur Story' in The Folk-Lore fournal 1889 vii. 61 notes the … a Hi ^rom'se was kept until at dawn one day Indra saw " foam in the sea similar to … f xii. 6. 8 has:..."he cut off his head at dawn before the sun had risen with

274

Sir James Frazer1, who cites the tale as a parallel to the myth … a class of magical practices in which demons were routed by means of river-foam, ca'^ … 5 Orph. frag. 183 Kern ap. Prokl. in Plat. Craiyl. p. no, 23 ff. Pasquali (1 … Etym. i. 160 f. from &<ppb-s 'foam' + a participial form of the root di 'to s n{sc¥

275

A<ppoSiT7] enthalt in seinem ersten Teil unzweifelhaft arppbs, in seinem zweiten wahr- … "aXaa-o-jjs | Sebpo&toiAevqv KvOiipriv | eXoxeiwe ttovtos &<ppt£, Himer. or. 1. 20 'in rov a<ppbv … ' +52 and L. Preller Griechische Mythologie- Berlin i860 i. 263 note the Semitic aphrodeth, … a^a'>'disches Handworterbuch iiber das alte Testament™ rev. F. Buhl Leipzig 1915 p. 657 … ' e'nzelne Taube.' But all this fails to justify the initial 'A- of 'Atppobhij. … in J*raDern, welche...die Astarte von Babylonien entlehnten. auf diese aussprache des sh … ^e«*e*,S-m suPPort H- Grimme in Glotla 1925 xiv. 18 with n. t. See also Schrader

276

old as Hesiod1, reappears in fifth-century science2, and quite con- … See further V. Costanzi 'Zeis "Atpptos e il nome 'Atppodirr]' in the AM d. r. accad. di … collected by L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pet. 1870—1871 p. 11 ff. … forefather of the I … Antioch. (i.e. Malalas, s. vij/rag. 4. 4 (Frag. hist. Gr. iv. 542 Mtiller), cp.the Chronicon … erat 0Xei^t'f evTevdev yap 6 'ATroXXwmar^s Atoye^s ra atppobloia KeKXrjadai (3o6\eTai. The … Vindician. frag. Bruxell. de semine 1 (in M. Wellmann Fragmentsammlung der griech- … spiritus sanguinem suspendit, cuius alia pars carne bibitur, alia superans in seminaleS … autem Saturnum fingunt Coelo patri genitalia abscidisse et sanguinem fluxisse in mare,

277

We might, therefore, without deserting the Greek area, conjecture … Some twenty minutes west of Pherai (Velestino), on the right … has been at work, helped latterly by Y. Bequignon and P. Collart of … haitt "•' W'desPreaa- beliefs attaching to 'cuckoo-spit' are not unworthy of attention. The … specie ' enera °* tne "rcopidae or frog-hoppers is labelled aphrophora, and one of its … Birds Lond ^ *"rtner ^~ Swainson The Folk Lore and Provincial Names of British … 3 Until the obT- aS elsewhere (supra »• 894 n- 3) superseded by St Michael? … A- M. Woodward in the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1926 xlvi. 246. … We might, therefore, without deserting the Greek area, conjecture … Some twenty minutes west of Pherai (Velestino), on the right … has been at work, helped latterly by Y. Bequignon and P. Collart of … haitt "•' W'desPreaa- beliefs attaching to 'cuckoo-spit' are not unworthy of attention. The … specie ' enera °* tne "rcopidae or frog-hoppers is labelled aphrophora, and one of its … Birds Lond ^ *"rtner ^~ Swainson The Folk Lore and Provincial Names of British … 3 Until the obT- aS elsewhere (supra »• 894 n- 3) superseded by St Michael? … A- M. Woodward in the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1926 xlvi. 246.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (d) Zeus Thaúlios

278

by terra-cotta figures and vase-fragments. Next, a necropolis of … 5 a. M. Woodward in the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1924 xliv. 275.

279

and in its turn destroyed by fire c. 200 B.C. It was approximately … It would seem, then, that from the neolithic age down to our … „ BuU- Corr. Hell. 1926 L 562, A. M. Woodward in the Journ. Hell. 9iu ■ j

280

of Enhodia1, whose head indeed appears on the coinage of the town … of marble, found there by Arvanitopoullos4, has a small pediment … 1 A dedication to Enhodia at Pherai was published by P. Monceaux in the Bull. Coir- … which see K. Regling ' E N NOAIA' in the Joum. Intern, a"Arch. Num. 1905 viii. 1751 … doubted that this curious recital has borrowed more than one trait from the Thessalian cu

281

above, a space left blank for a painted portrait below, and in the … and central disk3, beneath which is the fragmentary inscription: … Yet another dedication to the same god has recently been found at … Zeus Thaulios was worshipped also at Pharsalos5. Above the … - N. I. Giannopoulos in the 'E^.'Apx- 1913 P- »'» fig" 3 ( = my fiS" Pheral n0, ' … Bull. Corr. Hell. ,9« xlix. 460, A. M. Woodward in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 19*0 … f W tPi^n°4qUelle'> Prc»i^o"c sherds and one of geometric date. He conjectures

282

rocky surface of the hill-top has been so worked as to leave out- … by certain 'kinsfolk of Parmeniskos1.' The hill (fig. 192) is crowned … [lapavrivoL (referred to the preceding gloss by J. V. Perger)] axOetaa iwb Kredrov (I- VosS

283

Gaertringen2, F. Bechtel3, and F. Solmsen4. But none of these is … 4 F. Solmsen 'Zeus Thaulios' in ffermes ,911 xlvi. 286-291 criticises Bechtel sview: … vereinigen.' Solmsen further propounds a conjecture of his own: 'OouX- kann sich UUt … CWUrger'), eaOX.a 'the Throttling-festival' ('Wtlrgefest'), and QavUos the god served … W it be objected that the Macedonian Ares GaOXos [supra p. 182) can hardly have been

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (a) Rain-magic

284

284 Rain-magic in modern Greece … ' I chanced one day upon a very old woman squatting on the extreme edge … rain. It was two years since any had fallen, and as she had the reputation of … catch the mumbled incantations which followed on my behalf, Of these however … - In the drying-up of the springs and in the rain of ashes Mr Lawson sees an alius'011

285

Rain-magic in modern Greece 285 … Freshen all the neighbourhood ; … Gladness be in gardens all; … At Shatista in south-west Makedonia the song is alliterative2: … Ca3 x¥?*flth* <al1 from Thessaly and Makedonia), G. F. Abbott Songs of Modem Greece … j< and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge .9.0 pp. «3-»5- Cp. O. Schrader in

286

286 Rain-magic in modern Greece … In Zagorion, a district of Epeiros, it has become Papparoima, … That well the rye may grow. … 7 W. R- S. Ralston The Songs of the Russian People- London 1872 p. 228. … 11 E. Gerard The Land beyond the Forest Edinburgh and London 1888 ii. 13.

287

Rain-magic in modern Greece 287 … e ceremony regularly takes place all over Roumania on the third Tuesday … et'V^6 °Penm§' words of the rain-song: ' Perperia, all fresh bedewed,' … der Neu *' PerPe"ca, Old Slav, 'prepera, *preperica. Cp. B. Schmidt Das Volksleben … 'H^epoXi^ v°lkonomos' Mittheilung a. a. O. [S. K. Oikonomos in Bretos' 'E0xik6j< … l0ff- Laml Ha '/"'si' "" II2> CP- Aristophanes of Byzantion hilt. an. epit. 1. 36 p. 8, … form is Tepffe7S<Jn °P' P* 2*: <But the most general, and, as I think, most correct … ^arCfor^ SU2gest that it stands for 7rept7rop€i'a, with the same abbreviation as in

288

288 Rain-magic in modern Greece … We go through the village, … It should be added that, whereas in Serbia and Bulgaria the … Bough'3: The Magic Art i. 273.

289

Rain-magic in modern Greece 289 … . 2 For guesses see J. S. Stallybrass in J. Grimm op. cit. ii. 594 °- •£®*T" J^nJ … kerning nature. Others connect it with Did-Lado, from the Lithuanian DuK gr … Work DUgrUcUsckm ZWoSeriin ,9». L 64 has established the fact that th Aeol c … 74 f- concludes that the North Achaeans in general originally worshiped ^^Jj

290

290 Rain-magic in modern Greece … J M. Hamilton op. cit. p. 158 on St John's Eve: 'The consultation of oracles belongs … Glennie The Women of Turkey and their Folk-lore The Christian Women London^^

291

Rain-magic in modern Greece 291 … 0ne by one. They tell fortunes by the condition of the trinkets : for instance, if … ' E- '913 p. 14a f. ('Das Fest des KX^as') gives a good account of the festival as

292

292 Rain-magic in modern Greece … p. 123, cp. p. 20. Fad. in the Ann. Brit. ScA. Ath. 1906—1907 xiii. 354 (cited stl*

293

Rain-magic in modern Greece 293 … cecl;1 an °ld healllen festival which was celebrated on the same day. On the day pre-

294

294 Rain-magic in modern Greece … Dickins) have shown that the universal Greek custom of immersing … 'At Epiphany a priest goes in procession to a spring, river, cistern, or to the … 'At Athens an imposing procession goes from the church of St. Dionysios to

295

Rain-magic in modern Greece 295 … ft^-i P'P^any song from Imbros connects the Jordan water used … S'ttin A ^>own t0 the river Jordan went [leg. Down by the river Jordan was

296

296 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … Usage, no doubt, differed from place to place. In Rhodes the … Zenon of Rhodes/r«£y 1 (Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 175 Mliller) ap.

297

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 297 … At Eleusis the first formal act of the yearly festival was the … corned to use the public baths, nevertheless at the Eleusinia and … ff- = Dittenbelger Syll in r' Gr?- no. Jo, 34 ff--*-3 ™- 93. 34 ff- (Attic decree of … a3!"' 1 dates the incident 'avant 340').

298

298 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … for Pelusiis) tinguuntur idque se in regenerationem et impunitatem periuriorum suorun"1 … 3 E. Strong and N. Jolliffe in the Joum. Hell. Stud. 1924 xliv. 103 ff. … polemic of Lobeck Aglaophamus i. 775—783 hardly suffices to establish his emends

299

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 299 … £j°r\ tne culminating act of the mysteries was the exhibition to … conc^"0,6^"11111 ^u'sset> quam si hodie aliquis sacrae cathedrae orator pro eo quod in fine … Suppi. ,g ?eim ' Incantamenta magica graeca latina' in the fahrb. f. class. Philol. … *itn those aft '8S lakes the Pnrase o-twwrj to go with the words before it, not

300

3<oo Rain-magic in ancient Greece … ment qui fut en usage dans I'initiation'). S. Reinach, however, in the Rev. &t. Gr. 1906 … him ends in a sentence probably defective and certainly obscure (Hippol. ref. haeres- 5* … (2) According to F. B. Jevons, the corn-ear exhibited at Eleusis implies a corn-tote^

301

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 301 … (3) Elsewhere Reinach treats the corn-ear as the offspring of a priest and a priestess, … a«ount of the rite is given by Harrison Proleg. Gk. Rel? p. 548 ft". and Fr azer Golden … *pra i. n Q^ Asterios bishop of Amaseia (dated c. 330—c. 410 a.d. by W. Christ … P* 39f« (cited supra ii. 132 n. 2)). It is probable that in early days this union … +23/2 is c' f10' 10 Inscr. Gr. ed. min. i no. 76, 10 ff. (an Athenian decree of c. … llap9cW(f) 0°i ^"W0"' Eustath. in Od. p. 1387, 17 ff.) or ippiap (h. Dem. 99 … se of th-P De'"' 5;2^' Cwnich' however, were wells for water. A.B.c].). The

302

302 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … the grain for sowing. The a-rrapxal thus became veritable ' starting-points' of the k6k~Kos … (5) Count Goblet d' Alviella Eleusinia Paris 1903 pp. 71—73 holds that the nature … autem frugibus expiatum ut vivis redderetur). Similarly in Egypt Osiris or the Osirised … (6) P. Foucart, the father of this Egyptising hypothesis, in his final work on 1 ^ … played Theos to her Thea (but see, for other possibilities, O. Hofer in Roscher

303

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 303

304

304 Rain-magic in

305

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 305 … Probably in the dirge called TAavepws (A. Rusch in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xiv. 1048 ff.). … al; Bhilai I 6 cora^on °f a chamber dedicated to Osiris in the Ptolemaic temple of Isis … ESyptlan p Egk- p- 7°5 f- PL 26 3' f" E- A- Wallis Budge 0siris and the … P" 19 ff.: illustrations of Diod. u I*; evolution of the Osirian fetish stat,

306

306 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … en Egypte' (p. 54 ff.: corn-maidens in ancient and modern Egypt, after Miss W. S. … In this connexion special interest attaches to two finds from the west of the classic' … ventional figures bearing garlands and gifts, are seen five stalks of bearded W ^ … and 22, 1—5 ( = my pi. xxx), F. Lenormant in the Gaz. Arch. 1870 v. 31 ff- with 2 … (follows Minervini), id. in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 1066 fig. 1308 ('^ffruits … redderetur). The point to notice is that, in the lower register of the obverse, of

Plate 30

(3) The whole vase. (4) Hea

307

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 307 … ■Ancient Pottery London 1905 i. 476 f. fig. 106, ii. 158) substitutes a small crop of wheat. … aseJ ii. xf, 1 and 18, 2) on which the heroion has within it nothing but a bay-branch. … , en the two. He notes that some details in the arrangement of the shields at the … Met reSuIai"ly> not wheat, but barley (e.g. the hordeitm hexastichon on coins of … Son f1 t0'^ Jesus- Thereupon Jesus made answer: 'The hour is come, that … SuPrerne "° ^ ^aster nere hints at his own impending Passion as the … symboHSmPeC'alIy aPProPriate to the Greeks. And, if so, it is at least possible that the … 3o' in Ttnormant Sonographic de la Vote Sacrle Eleusinienne Paris 1864 p. 85 ff. no.

308

308 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … The association of Men with Pan and the Nymphs is noteworthy- … 1 A mistake for vwepKiie. 11. Giintert, however, in his interesting treatise U» ^

309

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 309 … W- Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2765. … 'pi . volive relief of Lysimachides, found in 188.5 during the excavation of the … aPpare' ^ 97°)> holds rhytin and bowl. His consort, the chthonian goddess, has … (^nvyno^°5 fXX' —I^ two n£s- an(* a careful line-drawing of the fragments … Presumabl °^d°n "929 P- 3>o), was dedicated c. 100—90 B.C.—the dedicator being

310

Rain-magic in ancient Greece

311

Rain-magic in ancient Greece

312

312 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … dveBrjKev. Svoronos p. 495 adds that the fourth line may have started with Kal TpiirToX^^h … liv]povkeT j aveB-qKev. The centre of the relief is occupied by an assemblage of the … M. P. Nilsson in the Archivf. Rel. 1935 xxxii. 81 ff. supports the usual identin

313

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 313 … ment that Proklos was an adept in Chaldean charms, who by spinning … P it^a^" ^arr's°n in the Ann. Brit. ScA. Ath. 1908—1909 xv. 322 n. r, cad. Themis* … f'oetaf "^y^ntion 7rp6s rds apxo/ievas iVoxwrets 19 Diibner (in the Didot ed. of the … IM""}>MTa 7r°>k1"' ^/KW apoi/pais. Similarly in the epitome entitled 'Opptus Xi0ikA

314

314 Rain-magic in the cult of Zeus … or, later, in the poet's description of the fighting over Patroklos— … Lightened and thundered and made quake the ground4. … on cult-usage, the actual rain-maker was probably the priest of Zeus … 5 Solin. x. 1 quam (sc. Roraam) Arcades quoniam habitassent in excelsa pai

315

Rain-magic in the cult of Zeus 315 … lsse Iovem' in hoc scilicet nemore. sane ad illud adludit quod primi dicuntur Iovi … q er an der Kiiste Latiums gehoren immerhin in den Bereich der Moglichkeit,' cp. … Wis n "le 'dentincation of this spring see Frazer Pausanias iv. 383 and Bolte in Pauly— … a>td pr ' ^*orSan ' Greek and Roman Rain-Gods and Rain-Charms' in the Transactions … Athens fo '0tlma as P"estess of Zeus Lykaios (supra ii. 1167) postponed the plague at … 6 Urther T- Zielinski in the Archiv f. Rel. 1906 ix. 43.

316

316 Rain-magic in the cult of Zeus

317

Other cults that gave the sanction of religion to the rites of rain- … 'To my astonishment, I learnt that this monument of Roman municipal piety … Marcus Aurelius has preserved the Athenian equivalent of our … : S'r A. J. Evans in Archaeologia 1885 xlix. t. 104 f. fig. 48 ( = my fig. 202), id. … S ^Valup Kal tu>v TreMuv. jJVoi ov Set (6xe<T0ai, 77 oCtws, air\ws xal fKevdtpws. On the … Other cults that gave the sanction of religion to the rites of rain- … 'To my astonishment, I learnt that this monument of Roman municipal piety … Marcus Aurelius has preserved the Athenian equivalent of our … : S'r A. J. Evans in Archaeologia 1885 xlix. t. 104 f. fig. 48 ( = my fig. 202), id. … S ^Valup Kal tu>v TreMuv. jJVoi ov Set (6xe<T0ai, 77 oCtws, air\ws xal fKevdtpws. On the

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (b) Prayers to Zeus for rain

318

hissar, a village in Phrygia, he found an inscribed marble stele now … Alkiphron, a later contemporary of Lucian2, pens a graphic litt'e … wapiar^cnv. In Aristoph. vesp. 88 <pi\-r]\ia.<rTris there is of course a sly reference to

319

The relation of rain to Zeus 319 … g es- Supra ii. 1167 n. 4. Cp. Anth. Pal. 7. 533. 1 (Dionysios of Andros) KaX Ati Kai … cP" E. Legrand—J. Chamonard in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1893 xvii. 286 f. no. … '< 40 f. (but see supra ii. in. 2). … See F t TfXioi/ | 'e"\Keiv Karudev rauro touS' u5wp ■jrdXii'; Silenos of Chios (on whom … ^Ustat'h *USi> 'C<lT°' °Si" "ffc" ° Zfl's *a story rePeated by Tzetz. in Lyk. 786, … The relation of rain to Zeus 319 … g es- Supra ii. 1167 n. 4. Cp. Anth. Pal. 7. 533. 1 (Dionysios of Andros) KaX Ati Kai … cP" E. Legrand—J. Chamonard in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1893 xvii. 286 f. no. … '< 40 f. (but see supra ii. in. 2). … See F t TfXioi/ | 'e"\Keiv Karudev rauro touS' u5wp ■jrdXii'; Silenos of Chios (on whom … ^Ustat'h *USi> 'C<lT°' °Si" "ffc" ° Zfl's *a story rePeated by Tzetz. in Lyk. 786,

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (c) The relation of rain to Zeus

320

320 The relation of rain to Zeus … fiaffiXei SvGTvxtltto-vTt afHaas irvpdv; copied by his pupil Io. Chrys. in S. Babylaw, c\ … VSap 7) rb in tou Albs, 7. 5. 2 dyadd 5k rd in Atis (sc. lidara), 8. 7. 3 rd vap.aTLaia o~vp<p£?aV … cod. V.), Eustath. in II. p. 153, 34!. Sebw to §pexw Aeus Ka'L Zeus 6 'dTjp. On the su ^ … ptv-qpao-i (frag. 2 (Frag. gr. Hist. i. 183 Jacoby)) ypd(pois> woe- "'Apyetoi the

321

The relation of rain to Zeus 321 … Cloud-collector,' so that vecj>e\-nyepe'Ta Zeis in a sense was the mountain—just as the … ,\^jSImachos of Alexandreia frag. 22 (Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 341 Miiller)) ev ti} Trepl tuv … ^P^yr)aav aixve\ov Kai otvov iiroiriaav. H. W. Stoll in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1242 f. notes … et°'~" °fTVPes eiwv, cp. made esto). The reduplication is of a common type (baibaWu … fru;t u' ^75 n. 2, 1226] or rather ^dXcupos was god 'of the Swelling Tips' on plants, … ContendL'cjr^e' 'wno 80rfies himself'J but the connexion is somewhat doubtful). It is … etymolo'giesUC <er s readinS of Greek religion is simple and so far attractive. But the

322

322 The relation of rain to Zeus … Gods and Rain-Charms' in the Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philologtca^ … Kenyon Greek Papyri in the British Museum London 1893 i. 83 ff. no. 121 omits the … would have the further merit of rounding off fitly a hexameter verse. ^ pjehl … which C. B. Gulick renders 'theme of Olympian Zeus's song'), | &s iv x<?/>c" Op*fe be … hinting at an etymological connexion between verbs and vlbs. . Qf the

323

The relation of rain to Zeus 323 … " the Cabinet des Medailles at Paris (fig. 204)9 and in the Lobbecke … ^ifottiefr*10* Curetas ab imbri I ■•• I praetereo. The section is discussed by W.Vollgraff … n l° A- L6bb \ Forsc)utnge* in Ephesos Wien 1906 i. 56 fig. lU (= my fig. 204).

324

324 The relation of rain to Zeus … Thiere des classischen Alterthums in culturgeschichtlicher Beziehung Innsbruck 18 … nec Pluvio supplicat herba Iovi. The last five words are cited, but wrongly attribu … " Babelon Monn. rip. rom. i. 426 fig. describes the obverse design of a fje … videtur, Jovis Eleutherii sive Liberatoris.' H. A. Grueber in the Brit. Mus. Ca ■

325

The relation of rain to Zeus 325 … ^Paui/nrt/, 07reP t-T.X. The reference is to 55. 23 Kai to SoiSeKarov rb if Ka7nra5oKla to … M ith lhe nor 1 premit sePulcro with F. Vollmer's note ad he. The former is in accord

326

326 The relation of rain to Zeus … themselves but also gave their horses to drink. And when the barbarians now … alone had the saving water; in any case Marcus took pity on them. « g … This passage together with other ancient allusions to the ^

327

The relation of rain to Zeus 327 … * cons. Honor. 339 ff., and a forged letter of M. Aurelius (printed as an appendix to … ™s ToC SeoaSbroxi). Now this ypatp-q may well have been the extant column of … A S^e tne Punitive lightning and its effect upon the foe. … s- Xiv is ^nthoPOulos hist. eccl. 4. 12 (cxlv. 1004 b ff. Migne), who writing early in

328

328 The relation of rain to Zeus … Apollinarios, who was bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia and probably wrote only one 0 … discussam contestatur). Christians of the east soon quoted the letter, putting their 0W11 … Arnouphis. Later writers refer to the prayers of the emperor himself. Petersen's hypo''16, … historicity of the thirst which brought the Roman army into dire straits, the sudden r ^

329

The relation of rain to Zeus 329 … 166—175 n< Qj,. > ;n the Nene Heidelberger Jahrbiicher 1895 v. 123 returns to the … Th. Mommsen 'Das Regenwunder der Marcus-Saule' in Hermes 1895 xxx. 90—106 … 'on s extravagant rhetoric—how a great thunderstorm saved the Romans, man and … q , Wunder seine Sonderart eingebiisst hatte'). The emperor attributed his victory to … was mistaken in regarding the Christian tradition with all its five

330

The relation of rain to Zeus … bfiflpiov iiSuip). Dion, a superstitious narrator and himself the author of a book on

331

The relation of rain to Zeus 331 … S1gnally answered. Christians asserted that it was the prayers of … -Uinchen 1924 ii. 2. 796 n. 11), referred the rain to the magic arts of Arnouphis. Christians … Period: it perhaps emanated from Asia Minor at the beginning of J. iv ('Auf Kleinasien … 10n to its contents in Rutin, hist. eccl. 5. 5 tradunt historiae cum siti eius (sc. … fas lus Africanus rather than Apollinaris: hence his omission of the story as to the name … tale °f " "** °-<t>u\bn-ov, cp. or. 34. 21). Claudian, the last of the heathen to tell the … In f ?ncIus'on more improving than impressive. … ^'gne), Xi'vr05 °P' Euseb' hist- eccl- 5- 5- 4. Greg- Nyss- or- in xl mart- 2 <xlvi- 75? c ff-

332

332 The relation of rain to Zeus … The Egyptian Thoth from the time of Herodotos, if not earlier, had been equa … W. Scott inserts roirov after bfiov and omits toAtwv)). On the Egyptian antecedents of this … fievai). The Testament of Benjamin, a Greek translation of a Hebrew or Aramaic orig … cod. g) tov lieXlap oi Svvarai TrX-nyijvai). And a passage in the late Platonic epinomU s … In this connexion we may venture to compare Eph. 2. 2 /card tov alSiva to … and Rivals of Christianity Cambridge 1915 i. 98 ff.). The same hymn in a tip*.' ^gtf.

333

The relation of rain to Zeus 333 … Rain, then, was conceived sometimes as the child of Zeus, … enient at the west end of the Duomo in Siena, which shows Hermes Mercurius Tris- … cj * A.e.X.) densi funduntur ab aethere nimbi. The rain-god of the column bears so … 4 This is in fact the common identification (e.g. W. Ramsay in Smith Did. Biogr.

334

The relation of rain to Zeus … two separate notions current among the lower classes in his day. … lich, sie sahen selbes in der Luft unter der Gestalt des Regenbogens: die Natur … Physik und dem Regenbogen seinen Ursprung hat cited by W. Schwartz in the … = Mond, als A Sin="Urin" in den Nerabinschriften, als Buchstabe & = $. du ^ v0,i … collected instances from Germany and France. Thus in the Oberpfalz, when it ^

335

The relation of rain to Zeus 335 … osz gepess.' Elsewhere on the Rhine, if it rains on June 10, ' Margarete pisst in die … 'ganZ euiSeweicht)- Even more remarkable is the parallel adduced by N. G. Polites … ii, Schrader in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1909 … 'Eine £,°3,P" 3?2> Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 819]).' Id. in Schrader Reallex.2 ii. 227: … ^'tei'turn 6 orstel,ung> die in dem Verhaltnis zwischen Soma und Regen dem vedischen

336

3 3 ^ The relation of rain to Zeus … Xtpciv dirodXifHovTa < tov debv > to vdoip diriBetv. 'The sieve of Eratosthenes' was an … in his Reallex. iv. 171 f., Hug in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xi. 1483 f-; -,c … daamonem in hoc compellunt vt reo nominato (nam omnes suspectos nominare 01 ^ … studio, vbi semper pro voto aleam cecidisse comperi, in posterum tame quieui, ^pijuS

337

The relation of rain to Zeus … P°l°niti hm"1'1" po!licenci°.' Here and there Pratorius reports local usage, e.g. Ci 'in … A. Bouci^.LgV1115 monograph, which is tough reading, the topic has been handled by … 1 xvi and xvii), Frazer Golden Bough3: Balder the Beautiful i. 236,

338

338 The holed vessel in Egypt … i. The holed vessel in Egypt. … E. Fehrle 'Das Sieb im Volksglauben' in the Archiv f. Rel. 1916—1919 xix. 547—'55 … (July 10), and St Hippolytus (Aug. 13). Greater detail will be found in C. ^ ,f, … of the Saints Edinburgh 1914 iii pi. opposite p. 388 (St Benedict with the broken.ocesSion … 338 The holed vessel in Egypt … i. The holed vessel in Egypt. … E. Fehrle 'Das Sieb im Volksglauben' in the Archiv f. Rel. 1916—1919 xix. 547—'55 … (July 10), and St Hippolytus (Aug. 13). Greater detail will be found in C. ^ ,f, … of the Saints Edinburgh 1914 iii pi. opposite p. 388 (St Benedict with the broken.ocesSion

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (d) Rain as water poured through a holed vessel or sieve

339

The holed vessel in Egypt 339 … the task every day in the year. Diodoros' statement was almost … pajjjt Canopi sacerdos, callidum quiddam excogitavit. hydriae fieri solent in Aegypti … foramir^f haCC Chaldaei> itur in conflictum, circa hydriam ignis accenditur, cera, qua … tereti f ° C° '° Ct cluas' suggillato, ventre tumido in modum hydriae cum dorso aequaliter … <"s ^byos X 'larrat've 's repeated in Greek by Souid. s.v. Kavunros' 6 iv Alyvwrw. wort,

340

34° The holed vessel in Egypt … and the water issuing forth from the holes put out the fire 01 … The same tale, compressed, recurs in Kedren. hist. comp. 325 c (i. 57° ^ tO") … 1 H. Kees in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. x. 1869 f. - jtfylh-

341

The holed vessel in Egypt 341 … During the last twenty years the pentagram or pentalpha has been the subject of … ' Kugler in A7io 1911 xi. 489 f.: ' p—p— (5) ist Ideogramm ftir uadu "erheben, … ng des Kreislaufes ist das Pentagramm. Das Pentagramm erscheint in der … elaiHischen » dessen kosmischen Sinn wir S. 50 besprachen4 (4Das Vorkommen in

342

342 The holed vessel in Egypt … statir of Melos, struck in s. v B.C., has obv. a pomegranate with traces of two leaves, … 969—972 pi. 19, Head Hist, num.- p. 537). Under the empire the pentagram is placed … (3) Bronze coins of Nuceria (Nocera) in Bruttii, struck c. 350—270 B.C. or later, Qpj, … Fig. 2t6 is from a specimen in my collection). (4) Unciae of central Italy in- ^ 0lS, … pentagram as obv., the club as rev., type), or obv. a swastika in relief, rev. ^ ^ oW'

343

The holed vessel in Egypt 343 … P" 3r5 no. 102), Bruttii (ib. Italy p. 321 no. 22), the Mamertini (ib. Sicily p. 111 … F- Dornseiff Das Alphabet in Mystik und A/agie Leipzig—Berlin 1922 p. 84 n. 3: … Hebrew letters in the angles found at (d) Tell Zakariya, (e) Gezer, and (/) Ophel7. … . ""''i>. 209, fig. 359, and (/) Annual, iv. p. 191,fig. 203^0.7. Cf. also the late inscribed … t Sir \y. jj_ Flinders Petrie Decorative Patterns of the Ancient World London 1930 pl. 48 … ts' sat. ' 8.Was the initial of W»WM and was itself transfixed with a dart (schol. … ■ an infelix littera would be out of place. 2 5ar/ra i. 109 n. 3.

344

344 The holed vessel in Egypt … Osiris and the Nile see further Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. pp. 1573 n. 5, 1580 11. 8. … SBev Zeis irtav IreKev "Apea. This exploit of Zeus is unrecorded elsewhere. Is … e/xtpaivei reXov/ikv-qv, k.t.X. On the NciXiya see R. Wagner in Roscher Lex. Myth. … pp. 42, 48 (summarised by G. Roeder in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. x. 1872 W ^ at

Plate 33

(2) A set in veined alabaster, now at Queens' College, Cambridge.

345

The holed vessel in Egypt 345 … water. A shout is raised by the people present, … the dead WGre leSu'arly employed by the Egyptians to contain the principal intestines of … ^•'isteid rUn^ ^eS ^T''wassers und der Muniieneingeweide.' In this connexion note

346

346 The holed vessel in Egypt … These joint representations show the two 'Canopi' of Osiris set … flanked by //. 5. 31, then from right to left 'Canopi' of Osiris, Horus, Isis, Nephthys(?)' … 'Canopi' of Thoth, Anion, Mut, and in lieu of an epigram 77. 187—191- W … 'Canopi' of some missing deity, Shu, Tefnut, Hathor, and the lines eh KatcoPi r 1 … of Ra, Atum, Nut, and the lines 'A/ypios iandet kclt Utos Sis Sij/j-op Hirnvra , ^ … suggests ' that the underlying idea is probably astrological: thus, the opposite sides … specimen in my collection, likewise struck by Hadrian.

347

The holed vessel in Egypt 347

348

348 The holed vessel in Egypt … decorated with various figures. It is even possible that the series … 2 An engraved cornelian at Florence shows the Canopus of Isis carried by a … avTiaTpotpbv Tiva tovtov rcj? Ail ehai. the

349

The holed vessel in Egypt 349 … this constellation7. It is therefore quite conceivable that the rounded … °r Eumenouthis9 seems to have been equated with Isis. In this … berger . ^ayce the Rev. £l. Gr. 1894 vii. 297 f. no. ix (inscription only) = Ditten- … viyrov XeiXoi/ should be taken together as ' helmsman of the

350

350 The holed vessel in Egypt … its cover shaped like the head of Isis. It is decorated with two … ('Canopus, with the head of Athor, flanked by two Asps; on the belly of the vase … See W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 433 ff. and R. Eisler milennial

351

The holed vessel in Egypt 3 51 … sent the sacrifice of Bousiris with some approach to Egyptian … 4 R- Hackl 'Mumienverehrung auf einer schwarzfigurig attischen Lekythos in the … paty fig. 234). The learned author interprets the vase-painting as a combination of two … c°nsulting the oracle of a ' Canopic' jar.

352

352 The holed vessel in Egypt … I should like to know if there is any record of the history of this vase before it … It must surely be the same as the Vivenzio vase though Miss H[arrison] ^asng … pi. 21. Id. in the Ann. d. Inst. 1829 i. 302 f. (Gaia emerges, disturbed by a grave- … 2 Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iv. 71 no. F 147. Mr Walters takes the subjec ^

353

The holed vessel in Egypt 353 … . w°od near Kyrene sprang up as the result of a heavy pitchy … 2 t^e analogous Semitic conception of 'the windows of heaven' (Gen. 7. II, 8. 2, … "le dom^°SS'k'e l^at some sucn significance was attached to the louver or circular opening in … cit,t p g_a P- 44i n. 7), spangled with rosettes or stars (?) of gilded bronze (Durm op. … caeli su f- 3- 104 ^ ^c qu'bus in terris—et eris mihi magnus Apollo—| tris pateat

354

354 The holed vessel in Greece … 2 L. Malten Kyrene Berlin 1911 p. 190 ff., H. C. Broholm in Pauly—Wissowa Rea … 0 D. D. Luckenbill 'Jadanan and Javan (Danaans and Ionians)' in the ZeitscnrtJJ' ^

355

Water-carrying and the Dana'ides 355 … to the throne; and Danaos, fearing the sons of Aigyptos, at … • ^ernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1005 f., O. Waser ib. iv. 2087 ff., 20948". … foil tUn° Pr'mum dicitur Minerva navera fecisse biproram in qua Danaus profugeret … ^}rc^ . wnorn see a valuable paper by C. Blinkenberg ' La deesse de Lindos' in the … '[Tlnv°m °f Argos' which has obv. the forepart of a wolf to the right, rev. H PA KAE … of … 1555 frw Words were added to the text of Apollodoros by B. Aegius in the editioprinceps

356

356 Water-carrying and the Dana'ides … daughters as prizes in a gymnastic contest5. … avrbv assigns a love-motive, which—as C. Bonner in Harvard Studies 1" ^epos … Lynkeus, after Danaos' death, present Abas, who had been the first to inform ^ ^

357

Water-carrying and the Danaides 357 … • Schwenck in the Rhein. Mus. 1856 x. 377 ff. … anderer V- Roscner Die Zahl 30 in My thus, Kultus, Epos und Taktik der Hellenen und … *ii. j4i p Ftinfzigzahl der Monate personifiziren'), J. E. Harrison in the Class. Rev. 1898 … u- Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2642 f.

358

358 Water-carrying and the Danaides … geistvoller Erklarungsvorschlag' by C. Robert4, is of course open to … carded. There is more to be said for the folk-tale comparisons made … bravery, strength, or endurance, as well as mortal danger in case of … original core of the myth two different and alternative endings to … 4 Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. ii. 266. Cp. H.J. Rose .-4 Handbook of'Greek

359

Water-carrying and the Dana'ides 359 … Thiimb t ' e The Handbook of Folklore London 1914 p. 346 no. 13 ('Hop 0' my … a superna^est llome several times, but at last fails to do so. 3. They fall into the power of … 8 ■S,««»°nner 'n Transactions of the American Philological Association 1900 xxxi. 31. … i>at in schoi K Harvard Stud<" >>> Classical Philology 1902 xiii. 151 notes, however,

360

360 Water-carrying and the Danaides … aber die Schonen mochten ihre Vettern nicht. Auch die Zahl ftinfzig ist in der Sage … erklart, wie in Argos Hypermestra. Fast mochte man von einem pelasgischen … conjectured that the Lemnian myth has been partially assimilated to the Argive. … 3 On the historical element in the myth of the Argonauts see now the a dm ^ … 6 L. B. Holland 'The Danaoi' in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology

361

Water-carrying and the Dana'ides 361 … Strabon9, without naming the author, cites another version of the … ^ aPpears, then, that a Hesiodic line mentioned Danaos as the cause … 4 G. Hirschfeld in Paulj—Wissowa Real-Eiic. ii. 730. … Atrip. esPerate guess of Aristarchos (Hesych. s.v. Styiov "Apyos quoted infra n. 8, cp. … tenT'*0"""' ' A'6s P(PXaM^"ov tyai yap to pXafai. M. Schmidt in his ed.

362

362 Water-carrying and the Dana'ides … 2 Herakleides of Kyme (a contemporary of Philip ii of Macedon: see F. Jacoby in … Opinions have differed as to the trustworthiness of Swabs = fi/pos. Gruppe Gr. My ' … jetzt das gebet des alten Chryses rlauav Aavaol tp.6. S&upva (A 42).' On the Danavas ^ … compared with a cow (1, 32). This name seems to be identical with the wor g t0 … doubtless identical with Vrtra. Indra cast down the wiles of the wily Danava ( > ^fll

363

Water-carrying and the Dana'ides 363 … 74 f.: i'p " '^°"and 'The Danaoi' in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 1928 xxxix. … +g • • Wace in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1921 —1923 xxv. 85 pi. I, nos. 53

364

364 Water-carrying and the Danaides … 1845 iii. i3i_I34 with section, id. in the Arch. Zeit. 1850 viii. 241—244 pi. 22, 1 PIfl_"' … L. Blirchner in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Em. xi. 1477, K. Sudhoff Kos undKnidos MtWc e … 4 H. W. Stoll in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 947, J. Escher-Biirkli in Pauly—W'sS° … 6 H. R. Hall in The Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge 1924 ii- 276- jjatur … Illyrian names has kindly furnished me with the following examples: ^ Ani<ai'oS

365

Water-carrying and the Dana'ides 365 … Witn j **w^<»'Ta Ylarpaov llafovo [cp. the silver coins of Paionia, struck c. 340—315 b.c., … Venetiaf S-aet'a^' ^emauus (ib- >2 no- 2195 near Aquileia) god of the river Timavus in … ^aUnia\ : l" Lyk- AL 105°- The story is told, with some variation (Brundisium, not

366

366 Water-carrying and the Danaides … But here a further possibility has to be faced. If the Danaoi … —E. H. Bunbury The Topography of Rome and its Vicinity London 1846 P- 43° ' ef … 3 Schrader Reallex." i. 329 ' Lateinisch-keltisch Ddnuvius, ahd. Tu0"°f"^c\i in … 4 C. G. Brandis in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal-Enc. iv. 2105 'In der lnat

367

Water-carrying and the Danaides 367 … oj.nt derive aussi en Irlande un nom de la mere des dieux.' But the supposed connexion … Isla 1884 PP" I4°ff-> "°ff-> 253 ff-. 266 ff., C. Squire The Mythology of the British … '° say si 06 ^e'''c' 's a term of linguistic rather than racial significance, it might be safer … C- Squire op. cit. pp. 50 f., 252 f., J. A. MacCulloch in J. Hastings op. cit. iii. 285 b f., … JUlctalJ0sit' Cr UrSeschichte Europas Strassburg 1905 p. 74 f. fig. 55 f. prints in impressive

368

368 Water-carrying and the Dana'ides … SieXe'xQv- The reference is presumably .to Serenus Sammonicus, an antiquary who ^^ … 8 Frazer Golden Bough* i. 91 f., ib? The Magic Art i. 262 ff., J. Rendel W< ingS

369

Water-carrying and the Danaides 369 … So far little or nothing has been said about a point which to the … Supra i. 756 n. 6. But see also W. Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the … J' Rendel Harris in Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 431 ('Occasional Rain-charms'): 'At Ourfa … 52-_!gUng articles by J. C. Lawson ' IIEPI AAIBAXTS1N' in the Class. Rev. 1926 xl. … Ve8etati . Uolde" Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 97 ff. ('The infl uence of the sexes on … **' 3). 6 ove'm°tive was merely a poetic recasting of the prosaic fact (supra p. 356 … 949 ff., C. Bonner in Transactions of the American … *• ifus "lann 'Eeitrage zur Kritik und Erklarung des Dialogs Axiochos' in the

370

370 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … 5 The situation of this fountain has been the subject of long and lively debate^ … re yafitKwv Koi is aXXa twv lepwv vo/ilfeTcu. t£ vSutl xprj&Bai.). The name Kalhrr ^

371

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 371 … ?9°5 Pp. 179—185), and embodied in the final publication by F. Graber 'Die Enneakrunos' … nies Frazer, after a patient hearing of both sides, can sum up thus: ' On the whole the … a°leh^ ^ "^"h' [in the Gbtt. gel. Anz. 1907 clxix.] 472 die Dbrpfeldsche Hypothese … (jjScoe sPa<3e. But the literary evidence is almost all against him; and at any moment

372

372 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … If a man died unmarried, his relatives still performed the 'bath- … no such statues or reliefs or paintings have come down to us, the … 6 A. Herzog 'Eine Lutrophoros' in the Arch. Zeit. 1882 xl. 131 ff. suppo5"^.) … 7 Eustath. in II. p. 1293, 8 ff. Kai tois irpb yap.ov Se reXevrdxiiv Xovrpo<j>bpos^ … 8 Hesych. s.v. Xi(36as (L. Dindorf in Stephanus Thes. Gr. Ling. v. 277 … (see e.g. supra ii. 2 n. 4) to the Libyan custom of pouring water into a ho e ^ ^ a

373

ater-carrying in connexion with marriage 373 … Over some of the graves in the 'Dipylon' cemetery at Athens … a bottom with a hole left in it6. A. Bruckner and E. Pernice, after … plSi * Hirschfeld in the Ann. d. Inst. 1872 xliv. 142 ff. no. 41, A/on. d. Inst, ix … 6qj q0j^' ^" Wide in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1899 xiv. 201 ff. no. 22 fig. … XvUi. j, rUckner—E. Pernice 'Ein attischer Friedhof in the Ath. Mitth. 1893 … T^Sen Pi ft f " 'n the A'h' MiUh- 1880 y- 177 f- Cp- Furtwang'er Samml. Sabouroff

Plate 35

Loutrophbros in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York :

375

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 375 … W. Zschietzschmann 'Die Darstellungen der Prothesis in der griechischen Kunst' … a ln (Fwtwangler Vasensamml. Berlin i. 371 ff. nos. 1887—1889, G. Henzen in the … •J £• 237 a—c) with text p. (45) by E. Pottier). The main design is a red-figured … £n . ^les painter ('Schiller des Euthymides'), cp. Leonard in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … '^otfip • ^a'Se *°unct at Athens and now in the Schliemann collection (P. Wolters … ^issowa ,? rs in the Ath- Mitth. 1891 p. 384 nos. 31 and 34, Nachod in Pauly— … er Sculptured Tombs of Hellas London 1896 p. 113 ff. pi. 4 f.

376

376 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage

377

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 377

378

378 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage

379

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 379

380

380 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … The columellas, of which there is a large collection in the National Museum at Athens … iii. 2 no. 1747 Qpcttruv | Qpaavfi&vros \ Kucvvvets in lettering of 100—50 IS.C. A. Conz … portions of marble vases on their flat tops, A. Conze op. cit. iv. 14 f. no. 1769 a ;" jet … 2 From the Elgin collection, now in the British Museum (Brit. Mus. Cat. ^cil^-0 … Berlin 1906 iii. 364 no. 1715 pi. 367, 2 ( = my fig. 242)). The circular plate on thepetajls … Still in situ outside the Dipylon at Athens (C. Curtius in the Arch. Zeit- 1 / g … Reliefs ii. 177 no. 1). The handle is formed by apistrix with dragon's head, sp ^jofl*

381

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 381

382

382 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … holds a lagobolon. Pentelic marble. Height o-57m. The same type recurs in A. Conze … siecle' in the Rev. Arch. 1924 ii. 37—45 pi. 3 has proved (1) that the youthful figures on … significant symbols of the Dionysiac faith (p. 43 f. 'Sans doute, leur caractere s> . ^sjte< … 6 Fragment found iv Wcrei Movo/i/ian Sij/xou <3?yAi;s, now in the National ^^45)>

383

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 383

384

384 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … (b) From Athens, now the property of Trinity College, Cambridge (J. Stuart— … 1882 p. 270 Cambridge no. in, Kaibel Epigr. Gr. no. 49, Corp. inscr. Ail',^e sUnk

385

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 385 … {<:) From TovSl near Ambelokipi, now in the National Museum at Athens (A. Milch- … ''s handle° °^ lesurrect'on)- The highly ornamental loiitrophoros has a taim'a slung from … ^ilchhof l° W6St °f Kal>'via Kuvaras, now in the National Museum at Athens

386

386 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … (e) Fragment found in the northern corner of the harbour (C. Curtius), sT0Vp0ol"flS … enclosed by the handles of the loutrophSros resemble those described supra \ jjl5ci-ibeC

387

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 387 … From a red-figured loittroplwros, dating from the first third of s. v, in the Louvre … M. Mayer in the Ath. Mitth. 1891 xvi. 310 n. 2 and P. Wolters id. p. 389^ with fig. … Indies ^ a cava"er m black-figured technique. The black figure and the long … °fteri the "' receftaculis sepulcralibits Athenis 1921 p. 25 f. fig. 4 ( = my fig. 253)). As is … an owl, is seen a large one-handled jug half-sunk in the ground.

388

388 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … wedding procession, in which the bride (bowed head, myrtle-wreath above, Eros hovering

389

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 389 … a'idled, black-figured lontroplioros, visible behind a rouge-pot of alabaster (?) on a coffer, … . (*) A red-figured epinetron or 6nos by the same painter, from Eretria, now at Athens … °f Myrtle 1,0^wros and a pair of black-figured Ubetes on stands, decorated with sprigs … Cttt- Vases r 8Ured a»'phora from Kameiros, now in the British Museum (Brit. Mi/s.

390

3go Water-carrying in connexion with marriage

392

392 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage

393

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 393 … Is it to be regarded as a pathetic reminder of all that might have … grave ' suggested that originally the custom of placing a water-pitcher on the … at Berlin^6 l°"trofh6ros thus placed Poulsen cp. the stile of Silenis, daughter of Myiskos,

394

394 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … attacked the problem1, summarised his contentions as follows2: … third and last stage of the custom under discussion is presented to us m … mythology, but in real life had long since decayed into a m'^aSe, … 1 First in his monograph Totenkochzeit Jena 1904 pp. 1—38, then in his °°stjy in h's

395

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 395 … Custom past and present, ancient literature, modern folk-song, all agree in their … '9°7 p Erman A Handbook of Egyptian Religion trans. A. S. Griffith London … H8 n. 2, . tne gold tablets from Orphic graves of s. iv—iii B.C. near Thourioi (supra ii. … 0 ^ersepnon ern" wkich seems to have been spoken by the mystagogds or hierophdntcs … ,*°me> which' h 2 f' 4 Kern'- CP- >"et another, of s. i or more probably s. ii A.D., from

396

396 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … a fertility-charm of a simple and intelligible sort. As such it can … 3 Eustath. in II. p. 1293, 6 ffi oi 5e iraXaioi aep.i'uvovcn to iroTap-Lov vypov-> i ipofX0, … 4 F. von Reitzenstein in the Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie 1909 xli. 671 £1 grunnen … Esthonia, etc.]. See also Frazer Gotten BougA': The Magic Art ii. I59'- '

397

Water-carrying and the mysteries 397 … the othg en P'tchers:

398

398 Water-carrying in connexion … - C. Bonner in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 1902 xiii. 166 'The circui ^ … with lithographic pi., drawn by H. Schenck (part of which = my fig. 261)- … vSap dvayKal;ovo-i (pipeiv. The 'Sicilian or Italian' of the former passage is'^-^W1

399

with the mysteries … re^ding ia <^t ffTi9 dadevchy irapa rb direSov. More probably rjirfdaval conceals the true … Z**- ' A' Kaumeister in his Denim, iii. 1924 fig. 2040, W. H. Roscher in his

400

4-00 Water-carrying in connexion … Again, a black-figured lekythos, which was found in 1820 … runners; and Orphic influence is already traceable at Athens in s. vi Ti.c (L- … eine Parodie der Danaiden und des Oknos vor uns'), A. Furtwangler in the y gs … ('emphatically not Danaides...but "Uninitiated".... The ass and...Oknos h tbe0.

Plate 36

Unmitiated in the Underworld, together with Oknos and his ass.

401

with the mysteries 401 … cit. rightly interpreted the lame ass and the lame driver looking … ass). p tu nu"a voce deprompta tacita praeterito (a variant version of Oknos and … le Wove, ^ e.- Under his bench lay a hungry she-jackal, which kept eating the rope as … Xxii. glave yielded the Medem-irate'r, described and illustrated supra i. 251 f.

402

402 Water-carrying in connexion … to the upper air5. Below we see Herakles himself dragging a three-' … E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1837 ix pi. i = Reinach Rep. Vases i. 258, 4, InghiraI* … 4 The three judges of this vase have been variously identified: … Rhadamanthys Kronos Minos (E. Gerhard in the Arch. Zeit. 1843 '• 2° … An analogous group on the vase from Altamura (Heydemann Vasensamml. 1 ~<

403

with the mysteries 403 … W. H;°nfues' or a triply forked tongue, in it, but (as J. C. Orelli—J. G. Baiter— … Was three h""'* ^°"ows suir- Latm writers in general settled down to the belief that he … Gently °U ?' P,lil°patr. 1, cp. pseudolog. 29). But the title T/Kxep/Sepos, which … Tnt< Gres_ ^43 Kekker), Souid. s.v. Kdpy, Tzetz. chil. 2. 751, Kosmas of Jerusalem ad … de ygHmPs rtOvat0s above *e Pylian Plain, Sir A. J. Evans claims to detect'the

404

404 Water-carrying in connexion … Mythologie Berlin 1891 p. 81 ft'., H. M. Chadwick The Cult oj Othin London r899 P* 7* … Religionsgeschichte Leipzig 1910 p. 474 ff. ('Yggdrasil'), J. A. MacCulloch in }• ;v. … anciens Germains aimaient a construire leurs maisons'). See further the m° J^y d$'"s

405

with the mysteries 405 … Vtrpov, ' Hard by the river-banks there rose a tree exceeding tall, | Wherewith the serpent … fia°les oft•■H L itteratur'1 Miinchen 1897 pp. 615, 617, 896] (Kalila and Dimna, or the … Sonaethin ms. ^rom two branches, which are at the brim of it, whilst his feet rest upon

407

with the mysteries 407

408

Water-carrying in connexion … 1 Corinthian skyphos shows Kerberos with 1 head and a frill of snakes. … I illustrate the main ceramic types: (1) the Corinthian skyphos from Argos (A. Conze … iii. 98 fig. 3771. Herakles brings Kerberos to Eurystheus, who takes refuge in his/"' ' … unique silver drachme'Q) of some Etruscan town, now in the British Museum, _ … devoted to Herakles that it was also known as Herakleopolis (W. Ruge in Pauly- … Min. i. 104 no. 15 pi. 15, 3 (= my fig. 272) Berlin). Other renderings of the sa gIuiner … The variation in gem-types is even greater. A cornelian scarab i'1

409

with the mysteries 409 … ' er Lippold: scale {). A cornelian scarab of late Etruscan style, formerly in the … Ppold Gemmen pi. 83, 6 p. 180). Another Etruscan scarab, of the same material and style, … "^kes Herat] ^' and Jet anotner> °f tne same description, in the British Museum, … ,tei"e Ber/,*10"* of early Koman date in the Berlin collection (Furtwangler Geschnitt.

410

4io Water-carrying in connexion … It would thus appear that Kerberos started with one head, and that in Attic art he … 'HpaxXeovs dxOijvai Trap' EupwrOea) and S. Eitreni in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xi. 274/' … May not the double head of the kvwv "AiSov, the ianitor Orci, whose duty it ** ^pgied … Single, double, and treble heads are found again in the case of Orthros o saII1e

411

with the mysteries 411 … t&vara, karvara = nepptpos)), F. Max Midler (in the Transactions of the Philological Society … ancT^' 8'°SSed karbura = KtpPepos), id. The History of Indian Literature trans. J. Mann … * 22 f- (accepting A. Kuhn's dog Sdrameya = the god 'Ep/xetas, "Epp.rjs and A. Weber's … p. !^ree BruxeHes 1883, E. W. Hopkins The Religions of India Boston etc. 1895 … c°nclusion 'ntles aDour|d ; but on the whole I incline to accept as probable the following … Sciet,ce o/eiS?ectively' and even as Moon and Sun (F. Max Miiller Contributions to the

412

412 Water-carrying in connexion … suppose that Kerberos and Orthros formed an original pair resembling the dogs of \ama. … myths, and are brought together only by a pedigree-making rhapsode of the seventh or … cpwvov, \ k.t.X. with the comments of F. Jacoby ed. 1930 p. 87). In the second place, … And, if Orthros is analogous to Cyama, he should be the clog of darkness. But, of t'ie … Greek Religion Cambridge 1910 p. 99f., who notes (a) that in a folk-tale from Zaky11 ^ … pp. 79 ff., 227 no. 7 ' Die Herrin iiber Erde und Meer' translation of an unpublished te^ … ii. 112 ff., 310 no. 97 'Das Haar der Schonen der Erde' translation of an unp ^

413

with the mysteries 413 … On the hound as chthonian see K. Dilthey in the Arch. Zeit. 1873 xxxi. 83 f. (Erinyes, … ^tamorphosed into a bitch, was one of Hekate's hounds (Lyk. Al. n74ff., cp. frag. … ... Itertum Schleusingen 1910 pp. 35, 35 f., ^{. = id. in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … Inscript'- 723 °^ and the Coan °ionysos ZnvWlras [W. R. Paton—E. L. Hicks The … + P1- 9. 22—26, 107 pi. 10, 2, 109 pi. 10, 10, in ff. pi. 10, 12—14, 11, 26,

414

414 Water-carrying in connexion … for reverse type, not Miletos, son of Apollon by Akakallis daughter of Minos, … 'A7r6XXwvos et/wXcn-Toe Kal bipeyov 7ra/)a fitpos yd\a), nor yet Kydon, the eponymous … fc.r.X.) and perhaps represented as a dog (on a clay seal-impression of the Middle ^ ^ … Charybdis in der Literatur und Kunst der Griechen und Rbmer Zurich iS°4 P" tjie … iii period (1700—1580 B.C.) from Knossos published by Sir A.J. Evans in ' .~ ]ys

415

with the mysteries 415 … ^tradrac]ln^' lgl 286 is from a specimen in my collection). It should be noted that other … 37 ff0, and th°n E<1 W'th the <rKiXw'' or' dog-fish' (H. Bonitz Index Aristotelicus p. 686 a

416

4i6 Water-carrying in connexion … dog's head). Indeed, it is not impossible that 2kv\\cl ab initio meant 'Dog' (O. Waser in … tov o-KyKoirviKT-qv \{yei with schol. ad loc. in Cramer anecd. Oxon. iii. 351, 5 ff. citing … in II. p. 843 Bachmann)), and that as a mythical monster she was 'eine ' f)llls … Seehunde, von denen die griechischen Gewasser wimmelten,' cp. W. Aly in . *^ j,est

417

with the mysteries 417 … Sfave on Mt Sipylos in Lydia. In view of Paus. 1. 22. 3 toO Be Xeyofitvov Ai6s re elvai Kai … eworthy would not be left untended.' It must also be remembered that the bones … m0unta.ISC Atlas'). How this happened is far from clear. Conceivably the Lesbian … a Mt Je V' -(as/' 5- '8o)- A parallel is afforded by Tanagra: here was a tomb of Orion, … ■"^'•(iXoj S.Were °f kindred significance (W. Scheuer in Roscher Lex. Myth. v. 82 … ■ Accorcl'in ,a ei"~Pokorny Vergl. Wbrterb. d. indogerm. Spr. i. 739). … 1 ftnd. of31 the ancest°rs of my house' [Or. 982 ff. trans. E. P. Coleridge). The

418

4i8 Water-carrying in connexion … Graeci Berolini 1879 P- 349 a 6 f., b6 f., Olympiod. in Aristot. meteor, p. 17, 19 ff- … rideadaL' ...aKoOeip 5' earl Kal twp traXai&p crvyypacpicdp, old tprjtfip 6 ra AvSta & ,ffQ^p,& … But it is dangerous to assume that the details of a Greek myth originated in 11 c011ie … 3 Cp. Plat. rep. 363 c e<TTe<f>apw^povs (of Orphic mjistai feasting in ^

419

with the mysteries 419 … A gold tablet of s. iv—iii B.C., found at Petelia on the east coast of Bruttium and … lit j^*', ^88ls 'he facsimile published by D. Comparetti in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1882

420

42o Water-carrying in connexion … the … Berolini 1922 p. 105 f. ('Fragmenta veteriora' 32b)), of which the archetype aS^, 5^1(£, … midal Paris 1854 PP- 156 ff., 311 f., observes that the oracular trees of the Sun ^ ^ se0do-

421

with the mysteries 421 … nia I Si come argento chiare, candidante'), and that in Chinese—according to the … Vet Pe's conjecture that on Greek soil Xe<iKt\ was a surrogate of aripai, (supra ii. 492). … (Pind /°a^' ^ermann f°r codd.) dVoire/xTre), traceable back to the time of Pindar … ailcl Life f\t resur)Poses a folk-belief in two contrasted fountains of Death (Forgetfulness) … v aher0 amem' V° ^ac't- in Thessalia duo sunt flumina : ex uno bibentes oves nigras fieri, … eXteilsion of'u C°Uld 6asily be Iengthened), and (c) that the said folk-belief was itself

422

422 Water-carrying in connexion … inscription, discovered by J. T. Wood on the site of the great theatre, gives a list of Pe^ra … andere Form haben mtisste'...). But the analogy of the Munich amphora v^geSt pre'

423

with the mysteries 423 … Arc'1- Zeit '"f.d"S. d'a"ti'l"i,ifigurie Paris 1833 p. 179 n. 3 pi. 45, E. Gerhard in the … A*n- d. /^Uhg (Winnefeld Vasensamml. Karlsruhe p. 99 ff. no. 388, E. Braun in the

424

Water-carrying in connexion

425

with the mysteries 425 … Comparable with these 'Apulian' vases both in subject and in … ^utters in the breeze. Beyond the break would come Kerberos, … Co^tctio a'3'es (Heydemann Vasensamml. Neapel p. 816 ff. no. 709 in the Santangelo … filing;\°i'lti be noticed that, where Orpheus is present ((2), (3), (4)), the Danaides are … ^a"Ued a„ 54 pl. 90, b for 'a limestone version of the floral decoration common on

426

426 The myth of the Danaides … 1 Somewhat different, but exposed to a like objection, is the view taken by n-j ^ … 4 Soph. 0. T. 25 ff. Similarly when Lykourgos, king of the Edonoi, slays r£,coVer … 0 In the Swiss canton of Valais it is believed that old bachelors, when ^ the

427

The holed vessel in Italy 427 … Now it seems a priori probable that the same ancient fertility- … Unless you weep for her with tears of silver, … e effort after the unattainable. But whether Plautus was here … crit>run*>*eud- 100 ff., where for the vulgate 'non pluris refert quam si imbrem in … fybea efa°*Sl<ies g'l°»iologion in Boissonade anecd. i. 29 SiKritp ko/ilfctv ijdap fj v\lv6ov

428

428 The holed vessel in Italy … 1 Rohde Psyche* i. 327, E. Fehrle in the Archivf. Rel. 1916—1919 xix. 550- ^eil … D. Detlefsen.—VIII codd. d. T.). Liv. epit. 20 supports the earlier date. … 10 In both the statues published by Clarac the sieve is a restoration: they ^ jgdW

429

The holed vessel in Italy 429 … Was a mere2 ' ^oma quadrata : there was no mundus on the Palatine—Boni's find … H3__i8g° 'Altare mit Grubenkammern' in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1903 … alat>ne sett\"*d'aea WaS not idenlical with mundus, nor yet the special name of the

430

43° The holed vessel in Italy … structures in Rome, one in the Comitium, the other of unknown locality, which were, °r … Romulus as the founder of Rome, and everyone knew that Romulus' f°unclati°npai!ltine … town of Four Regions (Plout. v. Rom. 11 brings the experts from Etrunaas

431

The holed vessel in Italy 431 … jj°'ng^ ov,n account of the mundus, which was penned before I had read any of the fore- … vi. p0^'. I5+* 3off- Miiller, p. 144, i4ff. Lindsay Mundus ut ait Capito Ateius in … sCt.., Vol«erunt UCem °.uandam adducerentur et patefierent, nihil eo tempore in republica

432

432 The holed vessel in Italy … The mundus, then, was in some sense the gate of the Underworld- … that Rome boasted of rival entrances to the nether regions, we are … which the mouth of the bottle-shaped/mma^ was corked orstoppere … aedem Martis, quam cum propter nimiam siccitatem in Urbem pertraherent, in … T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford 1929 p- 327 .'. . … urbem ducto. Since rain was sent by Iupiter, the old magical rite was attache^ ^tibU^

433

The holed vessel in Italy 433 … puras ponunt, fasces retro avertunt, precem indigitant, hostiain instaurant). The stone … as a magical or quasi-ma.gica.1 cure for the drought (Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 268 f.). Why … Bough*. The Magic Art i. 310 n. 4)? … a d02C^' fast- 3. 285 ff., Plout. v. Num. 15). Numa, at the advice of Egeria, posted … u'n. j. " Sracious' mood and the place was called liicium in consequence (Plout. v. … T's° f>'ag. m"1,'^ made some slip in the due performance of these rites (L. Calpurnius … Since the'' A"r' Vict- de viris Mus*- 4- *)• … '^'ydrcw'J16 Kad .independently hit upon the rendering Elicius,' 'of the Oak.' He … C. m Wy attentlon to a paragraph by H. Schuchardt in the Zeitschrift fiirromanische

434

434 The holed vessel in Italy … Philologic 1903 xxvii. 105 f. Schuchardt there quotes with approval the contention^ … 1 Sir J. E. Sandys A History of Classical Scholarship2 Cambridge 1906 i- ^f2' ^cb' … in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2723 reads Bachetidis ('so der eine Gudia ;^ fl;t: … 6 G. Wissowa in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2723, iii. '9+' ,'-^/e/i>'c

435

The holed vessel in Italy 435 … °°f was found, the sides of which are lined with blocks of … P°ntifica'Hb'*R1US' C|U0^ eo at*ua 'n tru"eum effundatur. unde manalis lapis appellator in … 4nt- i i aSl'° in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 346, Smith—Cheetham Diet. Chr. … •914 D', Sllb>'in The Times for Jan. 8, 1914 p. 5, id. in The Year's Work in Class. Stud. … ■le'tUio <t■ 6 1921 L 45—61 (="*■ 'n "mundus" e la " Roma quadrata" ' in the … ,],rgUes that D°Se'- howevei'. in Sludi e Materiali di. Storia delle Religioni 1931 vii. 134 f.

436

436 The holed vessel in Italy … 11 L. A. Constans in the Comptes rendus de I'Acad, des inscr. et belles-lettres ^

437

The holed vessel in Italy 437 … scan ideas of a nether world7' and the lapis manalis was … dead16 ^aCt' ^U'y notec* ky Sir J. G. Frazer, that 'thespirits of the … **S dug ro 6 neighbourhood of what is now called the Comitium,' not 'a circular trench … nterP>-etationin& Patet' in the Jonrn. Rom. Stud. 1912 ii. 26 = id. Roman Essays and … t'iern in knl "tr ***** l8' 205 far Septembri extremo usque in idus Octobres, alii post hun … "te'"Pretati Fowler in the Journ. Rom. Stud. 1912 ii. 29 = id. Roman Essays and

438

43 8 The holed vessel in Italy … ° On the schol. Bern, in Verg. eel. 3. 105 p. 774 Hagen (in the Jahrb.f. class-* ^ … Ovid. Plutarch places the mundus, into which at the foundation of the city ^'^'^jd pu£s … usually assumed that Plutarch has blundered. But A. L. Frothingham in the A • aflJ

439

The holed vessel in Italy 439 … Qu. ' nieu-d-\ vgl. xv-davos: xita, got. giutan) in der Bed. "gewaschen" deutet Schulze … ^ed- W'ohl ricnten") nach Niedermann JA. 18, 81. Von ders. Wzf. meu-d- in dieser … r°m fundus rtT'° * la LanSlle Lat- P- 608 f. likewise separate mundus the adjective

440

44° The holed vessel in Italy … the Mimoires de la sociiti de linguistique de Paris 1914 xviii. 305—310 regards W … in the Irish domun 'world,'the Gallic Dubnotalos, Dubnocouevos, Dumnotvti e<LC' … 6 In the epitaph on Cn. Naevius preserved by Gell. r. 24. 2 I should take ^ … The term 8rio-avp6s as applied to the tlwlos-tombs of Greece is criticised by ^mnet … and K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2340 think that the my 1

441

The holed vessel in Italy 441 … b'anc Pa /C^CITI" inarS/tpas \ Scms dyoi IlvOoiSc fily avXao-Ke doneiuv). But the resem- … ciebant C'U'^US con5Uetudo est Termini (terminis codd. B.G.) sacrum fieri, in fossis … b'Vra J; " th in Smith—Wayte—Marindin Diet, Ant. i. 893 f. See also E. Samter … atlc'ent msj-a lete c°upee' in the Rev. At. Gr. 1925 xxxviii. 44—69 (many parallels … J>lers The "4r,nrbiS Romae aniiquae* Berolini 1912 p. 29, W. J. Anderson—R. P.

442

442 The holed vessel in Italy … 1 In some respects the closest parallel might be found in the P/iilipPe'°" a ls. 79-"

443

The holed vessel in Italy 443 … 'Also he (sc. Agrippa3) completed the building called the Pantheon. It has … P. 382_ " * 'atner—T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford 1929 … n i8q-> jjj as to '"e character and general aspect of Agrippa's Pantheon. … . anteon g s°uth and covering the whole space now occupied by the Piazza del

444

444 The holed vessel in Italy … Mommsen's conjecture is sound4—by the seven gods of the week … fig. 291), D. S. Robertson A Handbook of Greek &= Roman Architecture Ca … 58r n. 61: 'Mommsens Vermuthung, in den sieben Nischen hatten die.s|epestechenlJ^'

445

The holed vessel elsewhere … fenciful to suggest2 that such an arrangement of the louver5 points … e transition in meaning from a window to a sieve8 was therefore … ■Babylonian a ^ touched upon ceilings made to represent the sky in the case of … Sllch treatllle t Uncben 1910 has shown the way and collected much relevant material); for … I J' A. Letro'n on Gen- 6- Tne v'e«'s of the early church fathers are collected … nubibus 12 ( = Ps- 18. 11) posuit tenebras in circuitu suo latibulum, cribrans aquas

446

The holed vessel elsewhere … (Hulda, Holle, Hulk, Holl, etc.5). She is a sky-power of some soi … 2 A. Marmorstein 'Das Sieb im Volksglauben' in the Archivf. Pel. 19'^ j^0Pu^al … (■Holdd_ is the kind, benignant, merciful goddess or lady, from hold (Pr°Pltl"Su'b'terra»ea" … people, of whom dame Holde, so to speak, is the princess'), 1888 iv. 13^7 ■' ' \Vol^e!'

447

The holed vessel elsewhere 447 … enderson Notes [on the Folk-lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders … diu(sci mc^' m unholdam ([F. Kauffmann 'Dea Hlu'Sana' in Beitrage zur Geschichte der … Einfjl)s en lst nun in spacer, vielleicht erst in christlicher Zeit und z. T. unter dem … R. M ^ und Sagen'), id. in Hoops Reallex. ii. 556 f. s.v.' Holden; Frau Holda, Holle,' … *'th the iV °r ^°^e> whose name appears at an early period to have been associated … field Sanie l'me a divinity of the fertility of the soil. Wherever her procession

448

448 The holed vessel elsewhere … 'So he went in, and walked up and down the wide expanses of heaven- … comes to the same thing after all, whichever way they carry the bean), straig ^ … out of a well into a bucket, but at the same time he observed that the buc … M. Hunt London 1901 ii. 279 ff. no. 178 ('Master Pfriem') with the n°te

449

The holed vessel elsewhere 449 … 0 I'ft a pile Df Wood, but adding logs to his burden instead of sub- … Verbial phrases. Thus the Germans say: … taje ^ e task laid upon a human by a superhuman being. In a folk- … 6r*7re'"Wcre 8i au ^(7e^^e'1' Kai rfiiivavTO Old to elvai to JiJXov aiiTwv ir\dywv ovk … Paris iqo1";,the^'WW *J traditions populaires 1894 ix. 168, id. Le Folk-lore de

450

45° The holed vessel elsewhere … sieve. It is not, however, easy to cite unequivocal evidence of a sieve … 2 J. Jacobs English Fairy Tales" London 1898 p. 215 ff. ('The Well of the Wo"tb(, … sed mature suis armatis & ordinatis occurrens, forti congressu omnes in ^"^j^j ali's … On sieve-superstitions in general see supra p. 336 n. 5 and G. F. AD"

451

being actually used in a rain-charm within the confines of Europe. … (e) Rain as the seed of Zeus, … 2 Slut. Bough*i The Magic Art i. 284. … Ja/"eop-ra^2 °" The Paris papyrus appears to date from s. iv A.D. (F. G. Kenyon … *id' l9l3 xvi Un 1928 6+'' 0n 7,'il'"-0V 0Swp consl,lt also R- Wtlnsch in the Archiv … being actually used in a rain-charm within the confines of Europe. … (e) Rain as the seed of Zeus, … 2 Slut. Bough*i The Magic Art i. 284. … Ja/"eop-ra^2 °" The Paris papyrus appears to date from s. iv A.D. (F. G. Kenyon … *id' l9l3 xvi Un 1928 6+'' 0n 7,'il'"-0V 0Swp consl,lt also R- Wtlnsch in the Archiv

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (e) Rain as the seed of Zeus

452

noteworthy, because they seem to imply that Zeus was in a very … Again, Arnobius makes a hypothetical opponent explain away the … iuvat.' The etymon 'Iupiter...qua...iuvat' is untranslatable. ae n°n … de foedis voluptatibus loquitur, sed pro imbris nomine ponit Iovem, in fdiae sign

453

Zeus descends in rain to fertilise the earth 453 … gUt indeed the thought was a commonplace in classical poetry5. … Lacks moisture and a drought destroys the corn. … 25 ff. ; Ban-aides frag. 44 Nauck*- ap. Athen. 600 A—B and Eustath. in II. p. 978, … ^ous 1 TJ ""ipuv ris apa codd. J. G. J. Hermann cj. SevSpuris wpa) S' in voti^ovtos … Ka-P*<n> b4 ' .Ustath- in II. p. 978, 22 ff., alib. ip§ p.tv 6/j.ppov yaV, firav £vpbv rMoi>\

454

454 Zeus descends in rain to fertilise the earth … Home again go to the very height of heaven. … 6 Ribbeck. Supra i. 26. in; j875 … n. 6, 1132 n. 3, etc. For a fine expansion of the theme see Prof. F.

455

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 455 … br ereuP°n Akrisios returned to Argos and made an underground chamber of … Caniij.: 1 3 ^' See now M. P. Nilsson The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology … ^•Myth ^cher-Burkli in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv. 2084—2087, Preller—Robert … £d the other AP-" Rh°d" 109'• Cp- E"dok. viol. 40, Favorin. lex. p. 98, 43 ff..

456

45° The myth of Danae and analogous myths … 1 Supra ii. 671 n. 4. See also A. Taylor 'Aussetzung im Boot' in the Handwortei'D … 2 Stephani Vasensamml. St. Petersburg \\. 281 f. no. 1723. To the bibliography glV … Beazley Attic red-figured Vases in American Museums Cambridge Mass. 1918 P* 94* ___ … 6 Opinions differ as to what the carpenter is doing. G. P. Campana in the ^Q … p. 192 (the vase is described p. 189 ff. and the reverse figured pp. 181, »«5) ■' ju foi'et … ...scheint nicht ausgedriickt zu seyn : auch ist der Deckel, in welchen es ge

457

e myth of Danae and analogous myths 457

458

458 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … Zeus p. 412 : 'mit einem in seinen Einzelheiten unaufgeklarten Apparat an dem Kaste11 … der Petersburger Ermitage' in the Arch. Zeit. 1872 xxx. 37 f., who makes out a stro ^> … former view is supported by the analogy of a red-figured stdmnos from Caere now "

Plate 38

Carpenter completes the chest in the presence of Akrisios, Danae,

459

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 459

460

460 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … improbably5 Danae was depicted sitting on the nuptial coudT^a^, … 6 Ter. Eun. 583 ff. dum adparatur, virgo in conclavi sedet | suspectans ^ii0I1dan|

462

462 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … 1893 p. 7 gives a list of four paintings, which—along with others of more dou ^ ^ j. … 3 Hardly to be explained from Hyg. fab. 63 Acrisius earn in muro lapweoJg^oftW

463

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 463 … the de s a hmdtion, which she lifts with both hands to catch … p0"1"'1- d. the R5m- Mitth. 1900 xv. 167 f. with fig. 4 (in half-tone), Herrmann

464

464 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … combined with the rain into which he had transforrneo ^ j,e

465

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 465 … ^°rcol0l]0riS are noiie too happy. The painter, however, had an eye … Afl l8S5 li 1 Ca'"P- P- 35 no. 116, B. Quaranta in the Real Museo Borbonico

466

466 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … 3 Anth. Pal. 5. 30. 5 f. (Antipatros of Thessalonike), 5. 32. 1 f. and 5- 33' … 6 Tert. apol. 21 amatorem in auro conversum Danaidis with J. E. B. ^^f'^jt, lifeC … [Danae] virgo cantatur, 1. 19 dum et Danae imbre aurato corrupta est non P ^ ^ (in … Dindorf=the Chronicon Paschale 38 c—D (i. 69 Dindorf), Myth. Vat. 1■• J^'J, pif**1'

467

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 467 … Little is added to our understanding of the myth by other repre- … a Woru ^ ^ draws attention to the Defensorium inviolatae virginitatis b. Mariae virginis, … It g' 1 of this xylographic work). … - j ' , einach Rep. Peinttires vi. 199. Painted for Ottavio Farnese in 1545. … modelling eh™ CeSare Vecelli- or Girolamo'), J. Addison op. cit. p. 40 f. ('The finest, in … of whirl, the Ber- Gesellsch. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Classe 1873 p. 126 pi. 2

469

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 469 … Intaglios with their smaller field have room only3 for the isolated … tyiSc„ ' Gauck'er in Daremberg—Saelio Diet. Ant. iii. 2109. But see H. Dessau in Pauly— … after a j "'"taurine Constantine 1892 xxvii. 230 ff. with pi. (part of which = my fig. 304) … n ist in • A""sh"yt''- Zeus p. 411: 'Es ist ja Thatsache, der

470

47° The myth of Danae and analogous myths

471

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 47 1 … In this same comfortless bronze-bolted bark, … Publishes an2' in the RSm- Mitth. 1933 xlviii. 284—288 pl. 48, 4 ( = niy fig. 310) … Nv°rk of holding out the upper part of her garment to catch the shower. Good … i9 yth °f; 37 Bergk4. 13 P>iehl, 27 Edmonds. I follow the text given by H. Weir

472

472 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … 3 A. Wirth Danae in christlichen Legenden Wien 1892, reviewed by C. Schmidt 1 … (When baptised by Timothy, a disciple of S. Paul, she broke up her idols and cast ^ … 1896 i. 152, 1881 ii. 413 n. o. S. Baring-Gould The Lives of the Saints Edinburg1 … attacked her with his sword, the rock opened and received her into its bos to

473

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 473 … S, jj k ' s^ou'°- be observed that neither the tower of S. Irene nor the tower of … ■^^PiVios °^P0V *X€vc yanoKMrop v4nos Zevs), Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 838 Aavd-q, tjv

474

474 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … L. Radermacher in the Archiv f. Ret. 1927 xxv. 218 notes also Artemid. oneii'oc'' … of popular belief. 'Happy is the bride the sun shines 011.' ^ 1927 X!(V' … 2 Nikeph. Skeuophylax encomium in S. Thtodorum Siccotam 5 {Anakcta&" ^jrt' … E. Venables in Smith—Wace Diet. Chr. Biogr. iv. 933. F. G. Holvyeck A ^gjjali* ' … v. S. Theodori Sicealce 3) concepit mulier ex eo, & in quiete stellam vidit mg

475

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 475 … Credited with procreative powers. H. H. Bancroft3 in his account of … (in f\]rnian^' Switzerland, etc. a shooting star implies the death of a man), id. ib.2 p. 94 … den lv, U Geissen, und die Deutschen sahen besonders in den Kometen, aber auch in … J. Qr: 10otlng stars in relation to souls see further the beliefs and practices adduced by … "f^'eligio* Athens I0o4 860 ("• on no- 273>' w- Wallis in J. Hastings Encyclopedia … ™ter pr ' ancroft The Native Races of the Pacific States London 1875 iii. 175 n. o … 'ncreased that'113'116^ ""shaken; and her store of worldly possessions so greatly … bPlrit fell Upeor earment was blown from off her breast, and a dewdrop from the Great … a'e °ther ruins° "°ne otner than Montezuma, and who built the large casas and all

476

476 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … [History of the New World called America Oxford 1892] i. 414 n. 4 and '^t. S^S''

477

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 477 … ^gain, in an Olympian ode3 Pindar speaks of Rhodes— … lndar does not expressly assert that Zeus was in this wondrous … Vet* ad * °^^a&v virepfidKU fioq.- | Ovpavbs 5' £0pi£e viv Kal Tata fxaTTjp. The schol. … i°Sy»in. 9 ^Cpi "r'oeiKTiKwi, 3. 2 (ix. 200 Walz), Liban. or. 31. 6 (vii. 10 Foerster), … Probably drawing upon Zenon of Rhodes (W. Christ Gcschichte der

478

47 8 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … i. Rain of blood. … And from aloft, out of the burning sky, … Kp6vu>v, Kirov. Hence in Clem. Rom. horn. 5. 13 (ii. 184 a Migne) El'MP TVcorteci^ … This singular tradition perhaps implies the folk-etymology of MwwP"" hwejg i8?5 … xwp'f?—an obvious piece of folk-lore. The inhabitants of prehistoric Mykenal ^ 4». 9' … 5 H. G. Evelyn-White Hesiod: The Homeric Hymns and Hovienca … 47 8 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … i. Rain of blood. … And from aloft, out of the burning sky, … Kp6vu>v, Kirov. Hence in Clem. Rom. horn. 5. 13 (ii. 184 a Migne) El'MP TVcorteci^ … This singular tradition perhaps implies the folk-etymology of MwwP"" hwejg i8?5 … xwp'f?—an obvious piece of folk-lore. The inhabitants of prehistoric Mykenal ^ 4». 9' … 5 H. G. Evelyn-White Hesiod: The Homeric Hymns and Hovienca

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (f) Ominous rain sent by Zeus

479

Rain of blood … Let gouts of blood drop from the very sky— … pl«. ■ su"j°in in tabular form the time and place of each fall of blood-rain recorded by … At Rome for two days on the Area Concordiae (Liv. 39. 56, Iul. Obs. … In the territory of Praeneste (Iul. Obs. 71 = 12). … .2 Round the river Anio (Iul. Obs. 104 = 44). … 3o j ' Aspis on the north coast of Africa (Dion Cass. 48. 52). … wly, when the Lombards under Alboin invaded the land (C. Lycosthenes

480

Rain of blood … sthenes (K. Wolffhart) op. cit. p. 356 has under the date 874■ tribws … ]. Jonstonus Thaumatographia naturalis Amstelodami 1665 p. 122. Haydn* ^ ^jjs in

481

Rain of blood … j s rather isolated notion seems to have arisen, in some more or … tenders • fU7ru"' /^<WTi}<rete yevos. Miss W. C. Wright in the Loeb edition (London 1913) … ^ 1' 4, Ei arisen from seed dropped by the sky upon the ground (Theophr. hist. pi. … *;lltious Vftrii y from thcog. 563, where the right reading peXiqun (codd. D. E.) has the

482

Rain of stones … A good example is furnished by La Crau, a large plain in the … Paris 1890 i. 1147 ff. with view and map, Lippincotfs Gazetteer of the WorldVo^ … 7 Mela 2.78 alioqui litus ignobile est, Lapideum (lapidcus cod. A, wIien^nt) in 1U° … Campos in provincia Narbonensi. . j-Jetcl1 … 6 in Liguria quoque Lapidarios Campos, quod Iovi eo

483

Rain of stones … To get a stone from the ground—the ground is soft. … The incident appealed to certain astromythologists of the … ^lsPuted constellation Engonasin or Ingeniculus4. In the northern … On the L'T<1 ^ lroi^fiaTa ^e ^X" k.t.X. … in I}' A' IeremkL«PZ'S '9°3 PP' IOO~I04 and Index P- 555- … Hols°xi>n adferre; alii Promethea in monte Caucaso vinctum, schol. Arat.

484

Rain of stones … cus5. Teukros of Babylon (c. 100 A.D.)6 went so far as to call him … 2 A. Rehm in F. Boll Sphaera Leipzig 7903 p. 149 n. 4 and in Pauly … 4 Cic. de nat. deor. 1. 108 defessa velut maerentis imago (a rendering of Aiati … Kal x6pa£ tjjavti avrov ttjs Ke<pd\7js codd. T.R. (two MSS. of Rhetorios,^ an^ ^gloif)- … dicit; qui videtur, ut lamentans filiam in ursae figuram conversam, genu … est ellopum ex Gr. iWoiroi (quid!). But, if Ellopia was a district in no

485

Rain of stones … 1" Theseus raising the rock was a subject in vogue with artists for some five hundred … ntal relief surmounting a stele of Hymettian marble inscribed c. 136—133 (?) b.C. with a … *l*cfle opere in plastica Roma 1842—1851 pi. 117, Brit. Mus. Cat. Terracottas p. 398 … Point1 r°C^ "e t'le sn'e'd' 'ne sneathed sword and the quiver (?) of Aigeus. Aithra … an,j " lc^len Sammlungen klassischer Altertiimer in Rom3 Leipzig 1913 ii. 455 f. no. 1924), … c. tg0 iheseus raises the rock in the presence of Aithra and two maids). Pausanias … TheS:„;0Uecti°")- At Troizen too, where the original rock of … 0tl Drt>n?.e V^TPV I 6tjkc avv apiriBecffi), the same type reappears … Gttel/rrl e", dlese die Troezen vorgefallenen Ereignisse betrifft' in the Nachr. d. … in … teller /Presentir>g Theseus and the rock are listed ib. pp. 69—71) and H. Steuding

486

Rain of stones

488

Rain of stones … But such attempts too often involved a misconception of the old … 4 E. Bethe 'Das Alter der griechischen Sternbilder' in the Khein. Mus. l9°° … 8 Hipparch. in Arati et Eudoxiphaen. comment. 1. 2. 6 Manitius with the tra … 9 Ttol. syntaxis mathematica 7. 5 (ii. 52 ff. Heiberg) with the translation of K- … S22, E. Vinet in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 527 fig. 615, A. Furtwangler in ^gS(, … 11 E. Schmidt 'Der Knielauf in the Munchener archaologische Studien M-U ^ p,ate

489

Rain of stones … tetnpie 0f n ln Posture of Herakles crouching to shoot in the eastern pediment of the … de"hch. arc]6'1 Munchen IQ" P- 20 fig. A. 86): see A. Kalkmann in the Jahrb. d. kais. … 56t pubr J* fr°m a twelfth-century MS. of Germanicus at Madrid (cod. Matrit. A 16 … ^S-poet Hy£inus Printed by Erhard Radtolt at Venice in 1485 fol. dv. … Obvj Ti" HP«ic\^ y attached to the description of Ophiuchus) 4\Xot 5<? <paal Tives abrbv

490

Rain of stones

491

Rain of stones … Bootes grasping his lagobolon—witness the Carolingian paintings … The Suffering Hero … (Teukros of Babylon … ot))^ 11 one fra°S °f Atllens U. ii A. D.), author of a famous astrological poem Thesaarol,

492

Rain of stones … commanded by the divine voice from the Alban Mount—for this too is 11 fl … down—or on the advice of soothsayers. At all events it remained a regulai CI … The great voice heard from the grove on the mountain-tui^ … 6 F. Boll op. cit. p. 260 f. in view of SI KinfiaXa Kal drXas (leg. "Arte*) c° j.steilunge11 … 1 Supra p. 483. The HerculesLapidarius worshipped in the neighbourhoo ^ ^ … nel monte Albano' etc. in the Ann. d. Inst. 1873 xlv. 163 ff. (' Tempio di d; Gj ^

493

Rain of stones 493 … ^ale' in the Not. Scavi 1912 pp. 382—384. … 0f o lve °f no serious mischief. Shocks were felt here in the year 1829, and in many

494

Rain of stones … 57 a.d. A rain-storm followed by the fall of white and black stones at Ahmed … So far as Italy is concerned, the decreasing number of entries rather suggests til … of fiery dust to the year of Leon i's death, which he places in 4 ^ ^x … ami. 472 (li. 931 c Migne) attribute the fall to an eruption of -jjgne) … 860 a.d. Blood-red dust fell from the sky at Byzantion ([Georg. Mon

495

Rain of stones … iii. Rain of food. … a ••••At even ye shall eat flesh, and in the morning ye shall be filled with bread ; … ""•"as eit \ Ka^ V0Te ^v 0a-ri'' & Bvfttnty e-Tnireo-ovaav (sc. the ashes from Vesuvius) … ^ilf^')^ "to* 111 ^' Hastin8s A Dictionary of the Bible Edinburgh 1900 iii. 236 … ■£-• " hiPley c a ' stlngs A Dictionary oj the Bible Edinburgh 1902 iv. 179 (' Quail'),

496

Rain of food … the Hebrew tradition. There is, however, reason to think that t e … 3 Hence the names aep6p.e\t (Arayntas frag. 1 (Script, hist. Alex. Mag. p- l^0^^01 … Roterodami 1708 p. 170 f. (lib. 3, cap. 9): 'Locum accepi fuisse in regno j^intf"'

497

Rain of food … f^Kparo, I 'Ep/ids 6' eXec oXTrip ] foots otfoxo^trat.' Eustath. in Od. p. 1632, 61 ff. … In ^. *"etwindendt'' ai. tara-s, s. Tetpw. Also in der Bedeutung ahnlich wie aixfipoala. … Problenj tert Calypso Halle a. S. 1919 p. 161 ff. is dissatisfied with the solution of the … *&U*m' "'-«//« Negation- die wir in so Ublichen F ormen, wie lat. ne-scio, ne fas, «'- … ]j j^0"5'. Vr) 2eSnet es in Fallen wie vq\(rit, v-qpefios, vr\Kt<JTO%, vr/ypeTos, vtiwuos, … in er Ansicnl r,, 1. setzl,nB durch ov verschont geblieben sein; ein solcher Fall ist … ^ern* "^"gabe ' gellort in ''efstufiger Stammesgestalt nach dem Hauptton zu horn.

498

Rain of food … Hermes in seiner Eigenschaft als ipvxoirotxirbs heranzuziehen [supra ii. 384 n. o]. P 39| … 1 M. J. Berkeley in J. Lindley—T. Moore The Treasury of Botany- London « … (sc. quam roboribus). Honey dripping from the oaks is a characteristic of the g e]la, … rather, as Tzetz. ad loc. saw, to beesnests in hollow oak-trunks (pseudo-Pho -y ^nti- … (A. Hecker and F. Diibner would read airevSop.ivo^. H. Stadtmiiller ^ jg of … ventures to connect fx,i\i 'honey' with /j.e\ia 'ash-tree,' citing in support the ^ T<t … More weight attaches to a northern parallel. The ancient Scandinavian" ^^ey-fi1

499

Rain of food … y nologie Berlin 1891 p. 81, F. Eckstein in the Handioorterbuch des deutschen Aber- … ]lea^ore than fifty years ago my brothers and I, as boys in our father's garden, used in the … ^en> epist. 12. 2. 4 aiunt inveniri apud Indos mel in arundinum foliis, quod aut ros … ^QVfn' ^ydeI(ker The Royal Natural History'London 1896 vi. 198 ' The sticky substance … °r Sacch • '^^"pBdia Brilannica1* London 1929 xi. 715 'The exudation of a nectar-like … nPec'es of SUcJ"lp°rtant source of sweet liquid for honey-bees is the excretions of many

500

Rain of food … But if honey, why not honey-cakes? Why not dainties of a^ … And soup all hot and Lord-knows-what goes gurgling down the gutter. … avv£X&'> of-otus eVe/ccus ylverai da\pt\h. otSa W Tore Btyovs apa irKeiarov boo>egSot … Galen's statement that on Libanos men spread skins upon the ground to ^^011 … The relevant lines are 6 Zeis 5' (W oi'ccjj Kawvla Kara tov nepa/iov f}a\avet>0€l> I £( n<t

501

Rain of food … J- E. Wells A Manual of the Writings in Middle English sojo—1400 Yale University … '^n"nal!co-criticus et archceologicus Oxonise 1705 i. 231—233, then e.g. by T. Wright in … ^Similar fancies crop up here and there in much later verse (cp. T. Crofton Croker … in ». ' 1 Amz en prent tout a son voloir.' This thirteenth-century French poem is copied … Stuttgart ear''est Elusion occurs in one of the Carmina Burana (ed. J. A. Schmeller … Ccaccio's Secta ^ecii voluntas mea est.' But the first detailed description is found in

502

5<D2 Rain of food … Sachs 1530 in einem Schwank gegeben' [E. GoetzeSamtliche Fabeln undSchwanhi^ … ' The Story of Schlauraffen Land' is taken from a German poem of the fourteenth century … printed in 1575. My pi. xl is from the Bilderkatalog zu [M.] Geisberg: Der detiW … See the tales cited by J. Bolte—G. Polivka Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- ■ … eirl fiarpaxuv. But K. W. Dindorf rightly retains the manuscript readings)- Jjer)l cp- … Xtiipav.' To the same effect Agatharch. de mari Eryihraco 59 (Geogr. Gr- ^^4***

Plate 40

jt " Waluiar,,, f'^i'ritn h«w Ckl fur pjrcrol man tin EanDi ibui ballrc OrrfilHa. l|) JCJnla In prm f aiO … Sti,faoj, p'k"Jf™ ?11«''tn <a'(mi Mr fdjuls rrlrD rtn» 3atr« all Crr 1(1 flui in« rgxtlauraffrii i anOl … ^""9 X?!,a, Wiffrr hi h la' °" »ro(Tr I'ua rin Arpn Oamu i(n fdjludiiia trreji )u iirarlin … fro^ Schlanraffe,ila,idt, ' The Country of Cokaygne,'

503

Rain of food … Cp. the beliefs noted by J. Jonston Thaumatographia Naturalis Amstelodami 1665 … et tornbe en produisant une pluie de poissons [J. de la Chesnaye in the Revue des … produit parfois des pluies de grenouilles ou de petits poissons [L. F. Sauve in Milusine … ^gt man sprichwortlich: Wenn's Krotten ( = Kr6ten) hagelt,' H. Bachtold-Staubli in the … auben an den F.-Jtezen. ...Der Glaube ist heute noch lebend: in Westbohmen meint … nicht ^ater'a' die Thierchen und giesst Leben in sie hinein. Ich rathe Dir aber … In . .'antur-'...'Alise dinrereU (rectius qua Sioirereh) CselitUS vel cum pluuia demissa;, … lThe inhabit° re°ent examp'es. The Daily Telegraph Saturday 17 March 1934 p. II :

504

Rain of food … (2) a rain of milk: … 130 (Iul. Obs. 87 = 28 Romae in Graecostasi.) … 106 (Iul. Obs. 101=41 in agro Perusino et Romae locis aliquot.) … (3) a rain of oil: … Schlaraffenlande' in H. Paul—W. Braune Beitrdge zur Geschichle der dentsche" ^ gfc … bogen des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts' in the Zeitschrift des Vereins fiir Volksk* ^Jfr … 258 ('158. Das Marchen vom Schlauraffenland'—a full account of all European

505

Rain of food … S u ^ans Sachs 'Sturm des vollen Bergs,' a poem of 1536, in E. Goetze Hans … i , ' c"mbing a greasy pole for a prize fastened at the top of it.' … lHkt ein auf^ schildert ■■■ *»« bei jenem feste, z.b. in Magdeburg, bildetc den mitlel- … 'ga/acit*** de" Gral oder Venusberg besuchen' Garg. 414 Sch. ...er ist da in

506

Rain of food … On sundry occasions Zeus by means of a timely rain extinguished … Litteratur6 Miinchen 1912 i. 125, A. Rzach in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. VJU- _ … 1465. On <t>ii|, acc. *fra (Hes. theog. 326), as the Boeotian form of S^yf see

507

The story passed early into the repertory of the mythographical … Catai S'Xth"cenU,ry *tile of bluish marble at Sparta (M. N. Tod and A. J. B. Wace A … Real.}? 6" .^Ut n's interpretation, though adopted by K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa … °f the tJ °CS' by Teleboes to Ptereleos, and that Amphitryon had claimed it as his share … Jyog, hisi Q*'e-ra ln wmcn king Pterela used to drink. Charon of Lampsakosfrag. 11 … 6 P°Uon llm^end' 3- 108. 1—3)) and a tripod dedicated by him in the sanctuary of

508

in all probability1 following Pherekydes of Athens {floruit 454/3 B.C.2)) … that one night three times its length3, had taken upon him the likeness of … 2428 D; also the variant phrase rpuriX-qvos in Nonn. Dion. 25. 242 f. 0.8X0. pev o-P ^ … deum genitor, ne te (sc. Auroram) tarn saepe videret, [ commisit nodes in sua vota ty … ammiraretur, Mart. Cap. 157 ut in ortu Herculis geminatae noctis obsequW ^gC\

509

This tale was perhaps that dramatised by Sophokles in his … tllrn^Peregit- The Christian Fathers, bent on aggravating the enormities of Zeus, even … noctiba/CO" <77reip5 &e6"> Amob- nat- 4- 26 quis illum (sc- lovem) in Alcmena novem … successive steps in this mythical extension appear to have been as follows: … The te + ^Day)+ NiSht + (Day) + Night + (Day) + Night + (Day) + Night = 9 nights. … ^6al-En • ^'"Phitryon Breslau 1876 p. 34 ff. and K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa

510

night1—and of course the usual crop of moralising maxims. These … - R. Engelmann in the Ann. d. Inst. 1872 xliv. :—18, id. Beitrage s" ^ragihf" … pp. 65—70 figs. 40 and 41, F. Mauser in Furtwiingler—Reichhold—Hause^^ jftcieft'

Plate 41

A krater from Santa Agata dei Goti, now in the British Museum :

511

structure built with fenders and a triglyph-frieze. In front of it is … • 35o-_,„ a e Univ. Press 1929 p. 295. He was successor and imitator of Assteas

512

have already fallen, one beside Amphitryon, the other at the feet of … Alessandro Castellani' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1872 xliv. 1—18 pi. A (part of_w ,bverse) … 4 T. Avellino in the Bull. Arch. Nap. Nuova Serie 1855 iii. 173 P1- 14 \^noli l8?7 … apotheose d'Hercule' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1847 xix. 263—278 pi. o (reverse), jrevets_e)'

513

'o's breastplate. On the left two Silenoi, Skopas* and Hybris2,

515

Arethousa1 and Premnousia2, are quenching the fire with their … t),at y " Hauser in Furtwangler—Reichhold—Hauser Gr. Vasenmalerei ii. 256 points out … 227, gt'ne Was use(l to quench the ashes (//. 23. 237 f., 250 (., 24. 791 f., Verg. Aen. 6. … J92G ii_ " Romer Giessen 1925 pp. 1—116 and a review by S. Eitrem in Gnomon … s the ^-U4" … a m°un'ain-god in the presence of a nymph (Adrasteia?); id. ib. p. 291

517

So much for the evidence of the vases. They portray the crisis … Sudden, swift, strong the wonder3. … Paris' ' • ^' 20 a t>ronze com °f Skepsis, struck by Caracalla, which has the judgment of … In g ° tne vase-painter. Was the ground-line originally a caduceust … Pandit p0[Q )|--,spiritum admitte hunc, precor, | in astra...vocat ecce iam me genitor et

518

the Euripidean Alkmene. Indeed, in another play'Plautus actually … 3 Supra p. 510 n. 1. See further the admirably careful chapter of l. Sec ia^2__-248 … have done, Euripides would not have tolerated an actual apparition of Zeus, ^ pjus

519

boys beside him. On hearing Kroisos recall the warning of Solon, … Point all wrong. Apollon had no business to control the weather: … 6 r.'. Scl>wartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 670. … 'tf"i> "'ES))et^')0.S T* T# ""o^" itpov rod "AirdXXwi'os Karatpefryei 6 Kpoiiros, Kai u>s rpls in r$ … kfe's i<"t>a\(aTKa'TaTpoStS'""rcs >ll5fff^ai Kpoww xai 5n &na\-o(p0els in roll j3acriXe(ois Kai

520

rather than to Apollon: lifting his hands to the high heaven the … A fate foreseen being bitterest of all. … also made valuable gifts to the oracle of Apollon at Branchidai (Hdt. t- 92> ^ gr& … (obverse and reverse). See also the due de Luynes 'Cresus' in the -d""' yasesl- 'g

521

back to the decade 500—490 B.C.1 and is in general agreement with … V"'r'i- Uen' faumewter in his Denim, ii. 796 f. fig. 860 (obverse), A. H. Smith in the … "P°s T°^s 7'56^ Witn the name ECBvuos cp. Xen. Cyrop. 7. 2. 29 dxoiaas S' 6

522

Apollon. The same is true1 of an engraved gem in the cabinet of … subsequently boasted of his escape and was … the Sun dried him. His daughter Phania … mately overtook him at the hands of Kyros5. _ … 10 On the name Apvas as implying the cult of an oak-Zeus in northern

523

Pyre and placed upon it the body of Dryas. He was about to slay … ln the Acts of Paul and Thekla*. According to this romantic … ^ 0), e w°rds of Parthenios are : <pavTa.ffp.aTos Se $elov yevop.e'vov Kai ii;<nrivaLws vSaTos … M-2^896 and f bapt' See further J- Gwynn in Smith—Wace Diet. Chr. Biogi: iv.

524

judgment-seat of the proconsul Kastelios, and, when Thekla would … his mercy caused an underground rumbling, and a cloud full of water and ^ … Campus Martius, so fierce a rain-storm fell that the common ^ … assigns the work, with some hesitation, to the half-century ?*>°~3°° ' J 1933 P'

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (g) Zeus Ómbrios

525

Lykophron in his Alexandra speaks of Elis as— … • Schvvenn3 in his monograph on human sacrifice among the … that" °r ^^held by him. It was on account of a persistent drought … B*e'°s eCv ' ViTfav r** *HW" 0'7<"", K.7-.X. = Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 160 M6Xttis yap tis

526

the district1. It may well be, then, that in Elis too the same … a. d. S. 1917 p. 323 f. M6\iris occurs as an actual name in Thera {/user. Gr- … 7 On the strength of this Attic cult A. Boeckh in the Corp. inscr. Gr. ii no. »37+^ cj. … 8 Supra ii. 897 a. 5, 1226. The inscribed 'Geometric' sherds found by the Am ^ … with the start of an abecedarium aba Nos. 13 and 14 fig. 6 are parts of a sma' e( … But the connexion of Zeus Ombrios with Gaia is not impossible (Paus- I

527

the altars and sacrifices of Zeus Ombrios, Demeter Proerosia, and … Phrygia had a legend of the flood2, which has come down to us … ^r Nannakos was a king of Phrygia, as Hermogenes asserts in his Phrygia?i … S' neighbours asked an oracle how long his life would last. The answer … later wj^ ^'/'0/os' Ikonion, Mt Baris, etc. attest a Phrygian tradition of the deluge fused … l'll'stoir j tradit'on)> E- Babelon 'La tradition phrygienne du deluge' in the Revue de … 'he In,,6 C' Was daughler of 'Nannakos-Annakos,' hero of the Phrygian flood.

528

given was that, when he died, all men would be destroyed. The PhrygiallS … a century since concluded that Annakos, who lived for oVCl^e of … in Miscellaneous Tracts on Antiquity London 1779 i. 206. fjS

529

^hilippus Senior (figs. 332, 333)3. The design unites two consecutive … P°n the lid perches the raven, and towards it flies the dove with … of gSUfiGce to cite Eckhel Doctr. num. vet.- iii. 132—139, F. W. Madden 'On some coins … (*n»y fi Madden in the Num. Chron. Second Series 1866 vi. 194^, 198 pi. 6, 1 … in the I ' , a<^en loc. cit. pp. 195 f., 198 pi. 6, 2 (—my fig. 331) from the specimen … ^ ^addi' ^ac*^en loc- c'1- PP- '9^—T98 pi- 6, 3 ( = my fig. 332) from the specimen in … Stated, a j . other drawing is an enlarged copy of the type on the coins, and not, … alSQ J?e abgegeben v!" Gemalde in einem dffentlichen Gebaude, etwa in einer Stoa, die

530

it remains at least possible that the Jews had there fastened on … was the name of some local festival6. But, whatever … Ktfivpa in Phrygia (supra ii. 771). ^ fro111 … 4 G. Hirschfeld 'Kelainai—Apameia Kibotos' in the Abh. d. berl. Aliad\^ fkylttW

531

a genuine Phrygian flood-myth underlies the story of Priasos, … ^ypatos quelled the flood and drove the waters back from the peaks … °Cat'°n jj"7'7'1" Kai "^fare yaiav airacrav \ av£bp.evoi" k.t.X. The first hint of this … vgia CW^5 *Pu7fes. See further Sir W. M. Ramsay The Cities and Bishoprics of … I* Cessiveiy " 522—544- Within this short passage we get the sky-god called … St- XftX^-fraa- 6Van in The Cambridge History of India Cambridge 1922 i. 422- CP-

532

In this connexion space must be spared for a few words regard- … • of tllS … in the British Museum. Cp. P. Gardner in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Greek an

533

The type itself was a Hellenistic modification of the old Hellenic … ^'OArvraAd°nald loc- ciL 45° {-' 465 P1- 3> 9 silver tetradrachm in the British Museum:

534

Homeric study had become one of his most essential attributes-— … 1 H. Winnefeld in Pergamon iii. 2. 50 ff. Atlas pi. 24 ( = my pi. xlii), D*t_ 111

535

(%• 346)1 and its counterpart from Falerio (Fatterone) in Picenum … The same subject, but without the aigis, is already found on the Gigantomachy- … ^ase ano- frieze presuppose a common original, perhaps the Pheidiac painting inside … nt°nino Pio rinvenute in Cirene' in the Notiziario archeologico 1916 ii. 193—216 pis. 1 … a'W<0* I Z^iwmaCC"rate transcription). The other, on the narrow end of the base, reads

537

347)1- Zeus as conceived by the great cameo-artists of the … 'ctfC ^^e"en'st'c sculptor which stood in different buildings in Cyrene but were … Inst, ii; , 6 ^Ilr"cis in the Ann. d. Inst. 1839 xi- 21—23 Cun Apollo Libico'?), Mon. d. … ('torsedu Seln ). Reinach Rep. Stat. ii. 108 no. 5, id. in the Rev. Arch. 1921 i. 155 … ^P^esos tow" A ^ral3'an sardonyx of two layers, whitish grey on opaque black, found at

538

round his head and an aigis over his left shoulder. Even the … Hardly less remarkable is a cameo of mottled green malachite, now in my collection … above recorded, though earlier than such degenerate works as the mask from Otiic01 … Pliny speaks of it as highly prized for making seals (Plin. nat. hist. 37. 114)1 … Later still (s. ii B.C.?) and of much less merit is a grandiose circular sardonyx ntiJ … Zeus p. 243 ff. Gemmentaf. 3, 4, L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pe"t. 18 1 1

540

human Zeus was not complete without at least some hint of the … Atlas pi. 5, 1 (photograph of gem = my fig. 348, a: scale ^) and 2 (photograph 01 ^ … It should be added that all three cameos owe something to the ever-popular "

541

(%• 351)1 and those struck in India with a bilingual legend2 and … Cambrid"'- p. 839 fig. 370, G. Macdonald in The Cambridge History of India … ^ight <. ■ ' Cat' c°>"s Greek and Scythic Kings p. 23 pi. 7, 5 statir of Indian

542

horseback with lance at rest; on the other, a radiate Zeus standing, … a specimen from the Tremlett collection, now in the Fitz.william Museum. … in the Num. Chron. Fifth Series 1923 iii. 323 pi. 14, 13 and 14 ( = niy fig. 354/' v … in the Fitzwilliam Museum. 1 Q.

543

No less dignified is the Zeus who appears on a silver coin of … right h' B" ^Vllitelleacl in the Num. Chron. Fifth Series 1923 iii. 334! pi. 15, 4 ('The … Wretch'j1 'n the Num- Chron. Fifth Series 1923 iii. 340 ('thin, curved object in

544

(fig. 361)1. Pantaleon has Zeus holding the same Hekate and … cp. ib. pi. 4, 5 drachm, G. Macdonald in The Cambridge History of India … donald in The Cambridge History of India Cambridge 1922 i. 449, 465 p« 3> 7^[s])' … 4 Supra i. 543 n. 1 Zeus and Hekate as parents of Britomartis (?)• Egge''n^

545

child of the fire-god, was Grecised into a torch-bearing Hekate. … aiirT1^ k£ Seen t'iat f°rePart °f tne elephant in front of Zeus … ln(jra sPr,Mg the Aptya deities, Trita, Dvita, and Ekata. 2. They roamed about with … 1921 n\\\ 1897 P-68f-. id. in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh

546

palm. A handsome tetradrachm of Attic weight issued by … wears a bell on his neck, and again raises his trunk at the s … 3 M. Winlernitz A concise Dictionary of Eastern Religion Oxford l9l°\^\ J3int'ef

547

lis master1. The elephant that occurs so frequently on the Indian … redoubtable beast, is in fact ultimately none other than the therio- … »' ^°Wn Tht Coins of India Calcutta 19M P- *° P>- 6jo , , fi„. ,67),

548

Quasi-Greek in effect is a unique tetradrachm of Amyntas … 1 R. B. Whitehead in the Num. Chron. Fifth Series 1923 iii. 332 P1". l3'oUt tb3' … p. 109 pi. 62, 21, R. B. Whitehead in the Num. Chron. Fifth Series 1923 339 … Square bronze pieces issued by Spalirises have obv. the king standing wl ^ gcytfl

549

c- 50 B.C. onwards combine the enthroned type of Zeus with the … ni°Uv j ,° y Homs of Honour London 1900 pp. 1—315, I. Scheftelowitz ' Das Horner- … Sla"t>en< ^lent' (483—487)), id. 'Horn I.' in the Handwbrterbuch des deutschen Aber- … 0'herrit ^?/^° '4- ^ag'cal aspects of horns'(794s—796s). '5. Horns in sacrificial … irahle surSS0Wa Keal-Enc- "iv. 1899—1906. This should be supplemented by the … ' 3T8 ff-, iv - esna"'e '"'fudentum und seine Stelte in der Rcligionsgeschichte Giessen 1929

550

coins of Gaza struck by Hadrian (figs. 3741, 37S2) and again by … for regarding this divine pair as Marnas, the young Cretan Zeus, … incised in an archaic alphabet of Graeco-Phoenician character (see e.g. j-]ie of '''e … Religion of Ancient Palestine in the light of Archaeology London 1930 p. l8° P ' A … 8 G. F. Hill Some Palestinian Cults in the Graeco- Roman Age (extr. iw"0).phfP … 13 The point is contested (K. Preisendanz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-tin■■■ l0„ici s

551

Markos Diakonos1, writing c. 420 A.D.2, tells how in 395 the … °utside their city called the place of prayer. But, when nothing … to do so, proclaimed a fast, and bade all keep a night-long vigil in … and jye'an ^eus and tbe Cretan Artemis, connected in name in the same way as Zeus … tjjat v a Semitic name, was later etymologized to suit the Cretan Marnas. However, … n. jj ^'S'' ™wkos Diakonos (infra p. 553 n. 1), and Stephanos of Byzantion {supra i. 149 … ^°Hand ~p\ tlle ^atm rendering by Gentianus Hervetus in the Acta Sanctorum edd.

552

same number of prayers. Then on to the shrine of the marty … AvSvvaiov fiixpi- rVs SeKartis. k.t.X. The naive phraseology would be bar

553

and herself broached the matter to Arkadios, who at first was … found a Christian church in the heart of Gaza. And so it fell out. … ^'*si 6 ip'i "? Ta T^"ots codd. Barocc, Vindob. The correction was made by Henschen) … 'uget in'T0"' episL IO'" 2 iam et Aegyptius Serapis factus est Christianus; Marnas

554

temple down to the ground, for many dreadful things have happened … de igdrepov edaare avv rw TrepiftoXtp. Kai fierd to Karjvai KaBdpavres rbv rbirov ^ ^g ],of 5

555

Porphyries set them in the pavement outside the new Church on … women, dogs, pigs, and cattle—an outrage which offended the … ut set at liberty by Heliogabalus, once came among the senators … \ ^J" ^" A. S. Macalister The Philistines: their History and Civilization p. 110 ft. … logy Lonrl l" 4'8, ^" A- Cook The Religion of Ancient Palestine in the light of Archaeo-

556

to salute Alexander Severus. The indignant Emperor cried out: … tion3 found at Portus Traiani states that the men of Gaza, at the … Aldemios or A/dos*. Perhaps he had a soecialised cult on the … times as a youth', sometimes as a full-bearded god8. ^ain^e of … 1 L. Friedlander Darstellungen aus der Siitengeschichte Roms in der Zeit von … iirip.tk-t)Tov toO Upou. The restoration <•£ ivKe\etjcrews is due to P. Wesselwg-

557

Hadrian to that of of Geta (figs. 374, 375)1 he is a youthful hunter … a mature man half-draped in a … The same god is represented on … Cet"tain Wen_cut blocks of stone and … ' ^ende/V1'" the Brit- Mus- Cat. Coins Palestine p. lxxi.

558

a statue in white crystalline marble. The god is seated on a throne … left was raised and the hand must have rested high up on a long … he—like his predecessors of Pergamon or Rhodes—relied on sheer … was a local cult of Bakchos Ombrikos, 'god of Showers.'3 The … f. d. alttest. Wissensch., N. F. it 1925 S. 16 f.)'), S. A. Cook The Jtehgto» >;

559

°f this cult is unknown, but the appellative is already found in a … at Caere and now preserved in the Louvre2, which illustrates two … ^he fi ** ^ute-player and a masked man4 dancing to the sound of

560

'Kindly,' and Op/ielandrds1, 'Helpful'; the master, Omriqos, that is … If so, the master of the wine-bin began by representing … Finally, we may note that in Kypros the part of Zeus ()inb1l0S … no. 382 = R. Meister in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.-Inschr. i. 247 no. 750. Inscr. „^(ie … Opfergaben wird zur mimischen, burlesken Diebesszene, die in der Posse foit L … reasonable suggestion' ! But Miss Frankel admits that the misshapen Coiinthia"jene … Darstellungen mil mythischen Personen gruppiert werden') and that the p ^jjnd

561

head spout, from which gushes a stream of water still coloured … Iiygtl sen^aUy similar to Zeus Ombrios, ' the Showery,' was Zeus … T Lit°arrhUmmer in PauIy—Wissowa Real-Em. iii. 2531. … head spout, from which gushes a stream of water still coloured … Iiygtl sen^aUy similar to Zeus Ombrios, ' the Showery,' was Zeus … T Lit°arrhUmmer in PauIy—Wissowa Real-Em. iii. 2531.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (h) Zeus Hyétios

562

that of Themistios includes Demeter's daughter, Zeus Hyetios, an" … G. W. Elderkin in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1933 xxxvii. 393, moved by the analogy ^ … interesting possibilities, but hardly amounts to a rigorous demonstration of any … d'Inscr. gr. no. io04 = Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.3 no. 1107 (in the 0 q 0f its … iirifirji'ioi (sc. priests who made the monthly offerings) ai<T£7rd77eX|T0t, to t£ , vto t°"' … Apparently the sacrifice to Zeus'WTios had been allowed to lapse for some y

563

the grove of Trophonios at Lebadeia1. And it was at his altar in … first inscription was published by B. Haussoullier in … J<"eil 'n ^taewtw> kut&pxvs (see A. Boeckh on the Carp, inscr. Gr. ii no. 2880 and H. … taPidly f auspicious name), was the right man to run up the steps of office and pass … S 221 ff. no" 'Shed ty W" R' ?at0n and J" L- MyreS the J°"rn- HelL Siud- 1896 … 2858, m the flanges Hcnri Weil pp. 149—154 citing (1) Corp. inscr. Gr.

564

The Ox-driving of … Polydoros certainly, date from the reign of Prousias ii (180—149 B.C.), (4) an unpub'1 … griechischen Inschriftenkunde Wien 1909 p. 177 ff. (A. Rehm in Milet iii- 27fl) ^ … Sefoos] I [to]0....., [jSoi^os 6 a]u[To]|[C] tov irpo^rov vim IIo<«5c6|cios. The jnscf'P ^ … To these inscriptions should be added a marble slab built into the churchyalC j^^f. … 2 W. R. Paton—E. L. Hicks The Inscriptions of Cos Oxford 1891 p- 77 "^llen-

565

the twentieth day of the spring month Batromios there was … -se proved unsatisfactory, a further selection of nine oxen, one … sacrinceH 6r sacrificed to Artemis IJepaia by Lucullus (Plout. v. Luc. 24) and the … perquisit , carried the 7^, i.e. those parts of the sacrificial victim that were the … p ^OjSao-jXjj °l ^" °-PX°VTa* toUtovs, oi Si j3a<riXfis, oi St Trpvravus, Poll. 8. in oi

566

The Ox-driving of … dtroppalveTai 0a\\do-<rai (cp. Inscr. Gr. ins. v. 1 no. 593, i4ff. = F. Bechtel in ^ ^-s … Zeus Ma%ave6s is here associated with Athena Maxavls. At Argos near the ^gut,'

567

on the eleventh day of some month later than Pedageitnios … n°- 766 a pSros slab in the Museum at Tanagra (Skimalari) [Ai6]s | Tsla[x\avi°s> I … *<U iiriTe-xy-qfi.fcrui, evpins) and an acrolithic image of Aphrodite Uaxavlns (Paus. 8. 31. 6 … Ta»rr)s irXucrrai fiiv ein.Texvri<reis, TavToia Si ivdpwirou avevpriptiva is \byovs iarlv). On the … p ri^n ^"th MaxaveiJs or ilaxdveios, which in Korkyra was the equivalent of the Attic … P- 2^> and the cautious statements of W. Sontheimer in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. … 'l With "lean'nS of Maxaveus as an appellative is uncertain. Lykeas' attempt to connect … ^ergk4 C'Uaie with Pindar's conception of Zeus as patron of the arts, cp. Pind. frag. 57 … jfpios ZeiJs an^ ArSlve cult of Zeus Maxacetfs underlies Aisch. suppl. 594 to ran fiijxap,

568

The Ox-driving of … and Geta, show Zeus himself attired in the self-same costume … made by the late Mr F. Anderson and published in the Class. Rev. 1903 xvn- 4 'poinn8> … and Geta (the bust of the latter purposely obliterated). See also supra i- 19 8 ' … in the Rhein. Mus. 1916 lxxi. 159, H. Oppermann Zeus Panamaros Giesse

569

Again, at Halikarnassos the cult of Zeus Askraios, who—as we … 6 T^S'r.A- J- Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1925 xlv. 8 n. 18. … ^ero(Jo^ai T°" Kapiu). Frau Adler in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. x. 1949 comments: … CuIt on c erslan Invasion Cambridge 1924 p. 88 f. would find a trace of the Isagorean … fiS- 480 / aC'ng ,lead of a panther—the sacred beast of Zeus Kdpios (cp. supra ii. 575 … ,)efbre ot"er hand it must be borne in mind that Attike was ravaged by Carians

570

570 The Ox-slaughter of … 5 O. Jahn 'Giove Polieo in Atene' in the Nuove Memorie dell' Institute at W geas … But by far the fullest collection of material is that of J. N. Svoronos *fs pl. Si>

571

fifth century1, it is tempting to suppose that the statue here … bolt and lightning-bird. Nevertheless the eagle was hardly an … strid^ SeC0nc^ SrouP represents Zeus in milder mood. He no longer … \ ^e^en of"'?*6 pL ?2' "5' pK 73, '3' pL 75' ,3, p1' 8'' t?—3X1 My fig' 391 is from

572

The Ox-slaughter of … In imperial times a fresh set of bronze pieces (figs. 399^4°2^ … fig. 397 is from a specimen in my collection, fig. 398 from Imhoof-Blumer and P- … iiber dieselben bei der Kleinheit des Bildes und der massigen Erhaltung des -^^g in … ii. 12 pi. 2, 23, all of which depend on the drawings in E. Beule1 Les monnaies … „——m„ „m„---...... — ...... j,. yy pi. n .. - Df the ci … (=my fig. 401) and from a cast of the specimen in the British Museum \- jjanP

573

outstretched hand is better employed in holding a phidleij) over a … statu ^at'ler t^at three series of coins represent three successive … >l, 23 f n in the Nuove Memorit deW Institute) di Corrispondenza Archeologica 1865

574

574 The Ox-slaughter of … in Athen' in the Ath. Mitth. 1908 xxxiii. 17—32 has proved from inscriptions tha ^ … ttj x"P'—a continuity of garb which allows us to suppose that it was an old tracut;10jeSS … Berlin 1910 pp. 167—180 ('Das Bild der Athena') concludes that the standing a|j)0se … This Kapxv^'-o" was an object of value, which is frequently mentioned in the … 3 Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 no. 242 lepius \ Aids lloXUus. Roberts—Gardner "vieW, of

575

the Dipotiem1 or Diipolieia^, the Dipoleia? or Diipoleia^, the Dipolia5 … Pp. in—113 ('Bouphonia, or... Dipolia'), Frazer Golden Bough*: Spirits of Corn and … 1 J- Wackernagel in the Rhein. Mus. 1890 xlv. 480—482 argues for AuroXieia as the … restorations and publishes a more exact reading of the latter line, viz.: Kip[v]x<riv ol … A ^e for .°lr°kosk. orthogr. in Cramer anecd. Oxon. ii. 192, 29. … '74—176). J. Wackernagel in the Rhein. Mus. 1890 xlv. 480 ff.

576

576 Ox-slaughter of Zeus Polieus at Athens … Grammalik3 Leipzig 1896 p. 132 n. 2, A. Thumb in K. Brugmann Gr>^li$C … the root ire\- and to regard it as the festival of the At7r6Aot or 'Zeus-worshippers- … The two names occur together also in Aristoph. nub. 984 f., Ail. var. hist. 8- 3 ^0\, … Bovtpbvia, Eustath. in II. p. 691, 64. Bovcfyovia Hesych. s.v. (cod.), Bekker an

577

Ritual of the Dipolieia 577 … ^vZf^"e^Ta a-vao-TyadvTwv iv riircp diriBavc 0wia Xipov (so C. A. Lobeck for the corrupt … 1 istage) NauT?" *^eitwi ovros Si tov eTCL<r<pd£ai>Ta (on the assumption that this omits

578

578 Ritual of the Dipolieia … cakes4, were placed on the bronze table [or altar of Zeus Poheus ]• … 2 H. von Prott in the Rhein. Mus. 1897 lii. 187 ff. contends that Porph. de abst- … of von Prott's contention [id. in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. Suppl. m. 330/- jfjisch* … misrepresentation of the facts. For he had himself lived and studied at A then ^ … Apollonios and Longinus, so that he certainly ought to have known the ritual ^ … 3 Paus. 1. 24. 4 Kpi8ds...p.ep.iyfiivas irvpois, described in the sequel as tuv … jtidruc. The word iriXavos (on which see P. Stengel in Hermes 1894 xxi ' ^rl, … p. 88 ff.) is used of the same offerings by Porph. de abst. 2. 10, schol. Aristop • ^eSycb'

579

Ritual of the Dipolieia 579 … aus. 1. 24. 4 eirl roe flu)ibv. (1) P. Stengel in Hermes 1893 xxviii. 492 n. 1 denies that … Scribing a f°'t '1'mse'f c't- regards the discrepancy as evidence that Pausanias is … 'nederDarstel^lat taMe and altar served the same purposes and ends by asserting: ' Wie … °'ed below It"' But llis Premises are far from secure. He thinks that the Naples vase … mM4s of Paus TPa-vifo I kvUtt), XiVfi, 6v\-qhoou> 6ewv (Saure pirns; that the silver

580

580 Ritual of the Dipolieia … (one restored), inches high. The clay is covered with a white slip, which s'l£>W tre i5 … K. Galling Der Altar in den Kulturen des alten Orients Berlin 1924 p. 9 ^ ('"' 'Q f, ('I"e … Tischaltar') pi. 15 figs. 8, n, pi. 16 fig. 12. Recently W. Deonna in a AesAJ 0i.

581

Ritual of the Dipolieia 581 … a tahie th X °^erec' at tne Bouphonia.' Now if the said traces were really those of … ikropoliTZ (afa.'n cp- the Dareios-vase). L. Ross—Schaubert—C. Hansen Di … since suggested Ganymedes, and R. Forster in the Bull. … ^'-/JjJ jj.* abst- 2. 30 -roi's Kararqafibrnt /3oCj. P. Stengel in Pauly—Wissowa … ^Presente<j of tne ceremony—a moment of tense anticipation—is, if I am not mistaken,

583

Ritual of the Dipolieia 583 … s'Tial m°Sl 'dent'cal group, except that the white ox seen against the altar is on a slightly … ^esie"^™" ^°'T"" C7r' T0V jSw/tii". I should endorse the opinion of L. Deubner Attische … the r 'U-n^ voraus-' It is, however, possible that in Pausanias' day the finest ox was at … t. 2o Tavr-0 k.t.X. All attempts to fill the lacuna must, of course, rely on Paus. … Pailsanias -' P' 7'8' 43 ff" See mrther an interesting note by Sir J. G. Frazer in his

584

584 Ritual of the Dipolieia … lines before, in the clause irpiv 1) Qyo-ebs dtpelBi], Pausanias had used the same wo … by E. Pottier in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. ii. 270 n. 24 and printed in the ^.^gp … Ka.Te"yvu(7av the text is sound. A. Nauck wanted to read oSros … H. von Prott he. eit. p. 195 ingeniously suggested that the aorist Kareirbvrut^peUt>ne'

585

Ritual of the Dipolieia 585 … as gene,' clans2.' But Photios speaks of the Kentriddai as ' apatrid … an Kerykes4.' Further, as J. Toepffer pointed out5, the Kerykes … °utypoiy Kentriddai, and Daitroi, who discharged the priestly … Wpt0, in Pauly_W issowa Real-Enc. xii. 308)—at any rate they swore by Poseidon … ^tthid°gra h 359 Muller))- 0n K-leidemos of Athens (Tertull. de an. 52), the oldest … ft iri lhe B yi"r' °f PorPh- a&s/. 2. 30 were merely three 'classes' of officials taking

586

586 Ritual of the Dipolieia … 6 tovs /36as fidWwv irAu/a. Infra p. 587 n. 1. o[n the … 4 E. L. Hicks The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the Brit'sl1 contents

587

Ritual of the Dipolieia 587 … Gr-Plasifki"^ra " p1' xii the CWS' base)- Tnis peculiarity is explained by Overbeck … ? st'lted ari(jC ne" tells me (2° December 1934) that he too views the tip-toe attitude as … ° Which the y a Variety of causes contributed to produce the mannerism, in the vogue

588

588 Ritual of the Dipolieia … Kirchen Athens' in the At/i. Mitth. 1906 xxxi. 318 after Neroutsos ''A07><u XpHrTia"11"1 … 2 The frieze has been well published and discussed several times during the ^ ,^ … Eleutherios') with pis. 34—40 (from fresh photographs of the original: pi- 39

589

Ritual of the Dipolieia 589 … tjj s attendant, distinct from the Boutypos or Bouphonos; and in … Genealogie Berlin 1S89 p. 159 identifies the priest of Zeus … ""guishes'th 1897 " '^entities tne Bol"'l''n" w'th the Bou0<W, but dis- … ,&*c Us mann in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 8wf., K.Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa

590

590 Myths of the Dipolieia: Sopatros … According to Theophrastos3, time was when men offered to the … 4 Porph. toe. cit. Mopov t) XiSnrarpov two.. O. Jahn in the Nuov. Mem- d. .nniU1zi … p. 122 pointed out that Mop.ov ?) was an interpolation on the part of Porphyrins ^ … 5 Id. ib. p. 164 n. 3 compares Leukippos, son of Xanthios, who having uilint^"0(,r(*>))> … 7 A. Nauck [supra p. 577 n. i) of course accepts the convincing

591

Myths of the Dipolieia: Sopatros 591 … This story is undeniably constructed with ancient materials. In … ce<l"raTp<H' ^eT" TV* ?rpd£ews avevpeBivTos. But the Greek is so unusual as to be almost … in terris^'S' 6' ante ' 'mP'a quam caesis gens est epulata iuvencis, | aureus hanc vitam … ?0t a'so in p C occ'derat bovem, actusque in exsilium tamquam colono suo interempto, … ^^iii. tgg n * T° ty**Oai irono8trji<sar. W. W. Hyde in the Am. foum. Phil. 1917

592

592 Myths of the Dipolieia: Sopatros … present case; for Athenian law expressly ordained that the a^ie^' … (ed. Gaisford ii. 196 f.) ^ac 5i tis irap avrois (sc. the Phrygians) yewpyfibv (Sovv^ ^ ^p … 1 See H. E. Seebohm On the Structure of Greek Tribal Society London i8o5 P" … 3 One thinks of Thaletas invited to Sparta, of Epimenides invited to Athen 1 ^ … 4 H. Hubert in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 1508, K. F. Smith in j- ^t\ye … 7 P. Stengel in Hermes 1893 xxviii. 491 ff., id. Opferbrdttche der Griechen

593

Myths of the Dipolieia: Diomos 593 … a knav^ f** C'°es l'le assumpti°n that the worthy Porphyrios was either a fool or … accidenf £r t'lat tne Attic Sopatros gave rise to the Delian, or else that the two were … 'Pzig-^Tj611^6' 'n Hermes 1893 xxviii. 490 and in his Opfcrbriiuche der Gritchen … I897 lii. °n """^ovs yap k.t.X.). But he is refuted by H. von Prott in the Rhein. Mus.

594

594 Myths of the Dipolieia: Diomos … 'Attiktis. Nauck adopts Meursius' cj. 'luapty, but the correction should be itse … 4 P. Stengel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 831. is sta'e<1 … 6 E. Maass in the Gail. gel. Am. 1889 p. 826 regards … Maass loc. cit. p. 828 f. supposes that Diomos was priest of Zeus

595

Myths of the Dipolieia: Diomos 595 … by g e priest and his god. The derivation here propounded was already recognised … n. jj ' CJ- "'ai's, in the sense of iraiSiicd, for Tari/p). Further Usener op. cit. p. 213 … V' 83o f) 1 me la>'' not 10 the east (A- Milchhofer in Pauly—-Wissowa Real-Enc. … ^0rPh. J^' Wever, Toepffer proposes to substitute QavXuw for Alopos in the text of … and took'Stjenes not on'y taught in the gymnasium of Kynosarges (Diog. Laert. 6. 13) … C°nsi(lerabie fe8etarian diet »<*-3 P- 318 n. 3) and treated the popular religion with

596

596 Myths of the Dipolieia: Thaulon … Korkyra, who is known to have expounded Homer in the th'r … irbwavov, Sirep t\v irapeaKevao-fie'vov els tt]v Ovfflav iv tois AuiroXlois. On the … with the name of this poor lady, transforming her into a man, a fool, a jjuSt£itb- … 6 G. Wentzel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 718. Supra i. 224. ^ J3oUiD-

597

Myths of the Dipolieia: Thaulon 597 … at Thaulon had been in exile—a point in which his tale recalls … to the Kerykes even more closely. We have already seen … tllat insertio W°Uld emen<1 the reading of schol. T. into <puyaSev6eis <Ji! avrb>. But … t"e b0(]y of t°j OVT^os i>. But he wrongly supposed that wvBp.^v was a pit into which

598

598 Myths of the Dipolieia: Thaulon … a footnote6 a conspectus of recent views concerning its most … and good. But when Deubner goes on to contend that the remainder of the j a … d'Athenes et d' Eleusis' in the Revue historique 1931 clxvi. 1—76. … 3 Hesych. KevrpiaSai ■ twv irepl ra p.mTripia and the schol. Aristoph. nil '-^j sSibljr … One wonders whether any buphonic traits still linger in the folk-beliefs of r0$b(&

599

Purpose of the Dipolieia 599 … t^6 ate °f the festival (Skirophorion 14: supra p. 576) corresponded with the close of … an Zeus Polieus [supra p. 564 ff.] mit dem Stieropfer der Buphonien in … have Plnls °f Corn and Wild ii. 6 ff. ('The ox sacrificed at the bouphonia appears to

600

6oo Purpose of the Dipolieia … schlagen, auch nicht auf dem Wege iiber das Zeusfest in Kos'). … der nach alter Uberlieferung unblutige Opfer verlangte, in einen blutigen umgevvan<Je … Heidelberg 1858 p. 420 f. falls back on the Varronian idea (supra p. 591 n. 1) ' jt jgs … Opfergebrauche aus.' Etc. But the most persuasive exponent of this somewhat sen ^ … i. 296. The same explanation contents Mommsen Feste d. Stadt Athen p. i» an … firmer ground of anthropology. Primitive man commonly dreads a great strong ^ ^fees … as if he were himself dead (J. Spieth Die Religion der Euxer in Slid- Togo ^e^J,B die … getotet hat, und werfen es ins Meer; der Tater selbst aber muss in Afrika «1

601

Purpose of the Dipolieia … °P- cit. p. 108). The parallel is certainly striking, and Schwenn goes on to explain that … ether this 'weak point' is really fatal to Schwenn's hypothesis. The same difficulty … • Lenormant in the Ann. d. Inst. 1832 iv. 60—68, Man. d. Inst, i pi. 44, a, b, attempted … ren-' CP* t'le 'yPe °^ Gaia recumbent with hand uplifted in supplication on sarcophagi … PP 601 ^6US ^er Erde entsteigend, moglich.' Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Si ilpt. … wheel v °Ut £rass> corn'or the like and drawn by an old-fashioned

602

Purpose of the Dipolieia … But more certain indications may be drawn from the date of the … 7 Was the use of the Aids k&Siov at the Skirophoria (supra i. 423 n. 1) com|3a"Jion … 8 Mommsen Fes/e d. S/ad/ Athen p. 504 ff., ±. Cahen in Daremberg—SagH° ^ … Schema des KiroaKoirtiuv. In der linken Hand scheint er zwei Ahren zu halten. ^ |st

603

Purpose of the Dipolieia … Virgins called Hydrophoroi brought water, ostensibly for the … Cajc An"rot. (Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 351, iv. 645 MUller) in frag. Lexici rhet. p. 671, 16 ad … 'X«WS Alro^uvtos (Apollon. Ascal. in Frag. hist. Gr. iv. 313 Muller) = Phot, lex. … (schol. pmilarly Nilsson Gr. Feste p. 172 f. concludes that the 'Tdpo^dpia of the Aeginetans … tahol. p; f Arg°nauts (Ap. Rhod. 4. 1763 ff., Apollod. I. 9. 26) and with the Ac\<f>lvia

604

604 Purpose of the Dipolieia … La" of … 7 B. Tamaro in the Annuario delta r. Scuola archeologica di Alette e delle tuff ^ … "Hpuos in Delphi, audi die Buphonienzeremonien in Athen in die minoische JM ^ … Himmels notwendig war, wurde die Stiertotung schon in vbrgriechischer Zeit m ^$

605

Purpose of the Dipolieia 605 … ZUr(i^"n^t bilden die attischen Buphonien, die mit ihren Wurzeln in vorgriechische Zeit … Altert. °n'e des Zeusfestes ist nicht zu tlbersehen, dass dieses keineswegs in das graueste … P°ssibir VUlt Ul>er die archaische Zeit hinaufgehen kann.' But Deubner ignores the … mterPret t nded horse, a waterfowl, and a man—symbols all suggestive of a solar

606

utter guilt that drove the actual Bouphonos into immediate exile, … conceived as a bull2, we cannot but conclude that the ox of the … s Thus far I find myself in agreement with B. Schweitzer Herakles Tubingen r9^ … befriedigend erklarte Rolle in den diisteren 8pw/j.eva...der attischen Buphonien '). . … in the ed. Basel 1542 for vt'hiv) top KaXobjievov Hovfyyiov. tovtwv Se vavrav if?w … In yap -qv Kai tovto yivos Tiixtlinevov irapa rots' AByvalois, e£ ov tytviTO i] Upeia rqs

607

have been found in pieces near Vari and now in the collection of … content to leave him anonymous. It is of more importance to note … am indebted to Professor Robinson for the large-scale photographs, … the th' graffito, of which the first two words are scratched on the reverse, … j"egestion that° l°C' "'' P' 1 ?6 1: ' Professor Elderkin makes the interesting

608

field1 had been borrowed to depict the later discovery of the yoked … I pass on to observe that Bouzyges was the eponymous ancestor … 2 Cp. the curious tale told by interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 4. 402: in Attica regi°ne … virginem in formicam convertit eamque, ut proditricem, adversam frumentis, quae sempe … colligi in unum iussit easque in homines commutavit: unde Myrmidones appel'atl s … 301, Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. i. 222 n. I, O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-E,ic' … Byz. s.v. Baihua, who is cited also by Eustath. in II. p. 1076, 28 Bovbaav \eyW ' r^vei … decidedly more probable that the goddess drew her appellative from an old p a | … 6 J. Toepffer Atlische Genealogie Berlin 1889 pp. 136—149, id. in Pauly—"

609

Akropolis1 and were entrusted with the discharge of several sacred … ^ gather from other writers that Demophon was the first person … refer to th' ^'Scllin- * fals- leS- 78 (quoted supra p. 606 n. 6). Does this in reality … ^heatre ' ']'^t^r• ii. 467 ff. no. 271 Bovpjyov | Uptwt Aios iv \ UaWadiip on a seat in the … . ^- E)itt eckh in the Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 491 had proposed to read Mapa6wt>w[s], … S ^ 3 {fir ' *' 5' Cp" Dionysios of Samos frag. 5 (Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 9 f. Miiller) -

610

that ultimately the Bouzygai were responsible for keeping the … and to make the cakes for the sacrifices out of its produce.' … declared that Bouzyges was none other than Epimenides, the … an analogy between the sacred ox of Athens and the sacred t> … 5 Aristot. frag. 386 Rose2 ap. interp. Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. '9 "^jjtote^1"'

611

opiophagy1, not to mention a yet more primitive stage of sheer … ^ . ' nrst sight it seems tempting to detect a faded trace of it in the story of Demophon, … in loned as such in a number of extant inscriptions, mostly found at.Eleusis itself or … ^(1)1.! ^TV" °® ^XoW or the like' na 83°' 1 ff- (on the Rarian Plain) [t6v &<p' … "Pafliii,; ' ^f°' 1 (at Atnens "n the church of the Panagia) YL\top.ip-qs Mavrlov … ? P0"^ ^ ;/'^aT^pa' I Mw?9e«roi' dip' eo-Was, no. 913, 1 ff. (in the temple at Rhamnous) … ""ijfler^ • 9»o, 6ff. (on the Akropolis at Athens) 7; /SouXtj | Kai 6 Srj/ios | i<p' iarlo.% \ … c^l'ficatic>n anJ f .custom thus attested has hitherto been regarded as a ceremony of

612

Ombrios in Elis1, that of Zeus Lykaios in Arkadia2, and that of … Nor can human sacrifice be invoked to account for the BaXAij-nis or 'Stone-thro … resembling the Ai6>o/36Xia of Damia and Auxesia at Troizen (Paus. 2. 32. 2 _.•„{, … Hitzig—Bliimner in their commentary on Paus. loc. cit. successfully explain a. ^ abef … nicht der Perieget, sondern der Grammatiker Pausanias, derVf. eines attischen^ ^ in

614

ing (fig- A1 A)1 shows Athena Pollds2 seated on the left with helmet, … salute a stately bull, the forepart of which is seen standing … Vases ii. 122, 5 and 6. The present whereabouts of the vase, to me at least, … 3 Gerhard op. cit. iv. 123 rightly connects the altar with the 'Gotterbild. … pi. 58, no. 1536 pi. 59, and above all the splendid series in the Lloyd collection \ ^ ^

615

to be certain that we have here the ox of the Bouphonia. What is … Without attempting further to investigate the prehistory of the … 1 "^iteess the myths of Antiope {supra i. 535 n. i, 736, 740), Deo or Demeter … 0 during s. vi and the early decades of s. v B.C. in the art of Sicily and central … ^"^i'p black-figured lekythos from Kyme in Campania, now at Naples (G. Fiorelli … which sne .W llle Co"ipte-rendu St. Pet. 1863 p. 135, on account of 'die Rebzweige' by

617

right to left1. The Hellenistic age, tiring a little of this hackneyed … ln regarding it as a substitute for a flower held in the hand: Europe was certainly a tree- … (3) A late black-figured oinochoe with trefoil mouth, now in the possession of Mr C. T. … 01 alone the bull was inscribed lEVC details were gilded, and the sea was simply … aixQcIi red-figmed fish-plates at Petrograd (supra i. 547 with fig. 414) supply the … P- 47j)- I therefore figure a second, now in my collection (fig. 417),

618

type, sought to vary the traditional pose1, imported fresh elements … these coins to Phaistos: on their reverse the legend surrounding the lion's scalp has e't|1^ … in the possession of Mr Bisset in Rome. This mirror, which measures 'IS jt was

619

°f interest into the scene1, or changed the time of action by showing … ^ A good example of the sort is a 'Lucanian' amphora in the British Museum (Brit. … % 2847) ~, '9) Atlas P'- 6, 11, J. A. Hild in Daremberg—Saglio Did. Ant ii. 863 … 'hat of 7Sr°u':' °^ South-Italian vases combines this representation of Zeus as a bull

620

up a wreath as omen of successful love. And four stars indicate the sky, which is the true … op. cil. p. 435 n. (a) illustrates the colour of the bull from Didymos ap. Eustath. in Od. … porrigit ora, 865 nunc latus in fulvis niveum deponit harenis, Sil. It. 14. 568 f. ardet et … perilnrip. (B) Zeus, half-draped in a himdtion, with a bay-wreath on his head an ^ … (2) An Apulian amphora in the Museo Gregoriano of the Vatican has the "W^fre

622

The fertilising god must needs have a fertile bride. … (3) A South-Italian krate'r (hydriaf), likewise in the Museo Gregoriano, simpli"_es ^ … An Apulian krate'r in the Louvre represents a slightly earlier moment in the ac ^ … Toh cjtvroh irepLxebjxevov. Here too in the midst of the meadow is a spring we ^^hed

623

t0ml) at^SS'ble Eur°pe—we can hardly rate the evidence higher—hails from the tkdlos- … ** SoHdra V 1 a"d A' J" B- Wace c- '400—1350 B.C. (A. W. Persson The Royal Tombs

624

times1—a total duration of nearly two thousand years. The theme … Der Glaube der Hellenen Berlin 1931 p. 112 (' Bronzerelief' !) and A. Roes in the /"'"^ … Europe, this is by far the earliest trace of her myth on Greek soil, and the bull- … 1 Roman wall-paintings and floor-mosaics of Europe are listed by Helbig Vr0 * g5, … 1—6. One painting and a couple of mosaics will serve to illustrate the range and va … Leipzig 1929 p. 289 f. pi. 4 (a good reproduction in colours), O. Elia Pitture ^\(-

625

to indicate that this is holy ground. The whole composition, with its clear-cut contours

626

(2) A mosaic, found at Praeneste (Palestrina) towards the end of the seventeent … problems of interest (O. Jahn Die Entfuhrung dcr Europa attf anttken ^ gtl,isi

627

c*mpanUcht Wandmalerei Leipzig 1873 p. 224 ff., id. in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 14121!". … more sensibly taken him to be Agenor the … near^tVi a'most equal interest and of even greater beauty is the mosaic found in i860 … ^-fos, w.|t] gracefully on his back, resting one hand on his head, the other on his flank. … a8reemetu °n" The obvious intention to represent a wedding train and the general … 0C6' 8Te><ir11US10n l° EuroPe in the Homeric poems occurs in the Aids airaT-q (II. 14.

628

a deep-seated belief among the Mediterranean peoples that the … Eumelos of Corinth, whose floruit (supra i. 738) should have been fixed later ^ … wrote a Evpairla dealing with the tale of Europe, but the three extant fragment < … Among Latin poets treating of the same subject the following deserve notice. … 3 Edhem Bey in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1908 xxxii. 521—528 pis. 5 ( = »>y ^' a"„d if' … 4 The inscription at the foot of the stile, apparently composed in impe ^^£v\^

630

and a himdtion. His left hand grasps a sceptre, the lower end of … (Yjai TeKnu[i>] I [«r]ai t[Hv Kijiix-qrGiv?]. (2) an altar, with a bucranium in relief; 1^^yjros … "BpaK\ei\dov 8etp | 'OXplip {,Tr\[£p......]. (5) a broken stile, with a relief of Zeus s a … 1 Harrison Themis'2 p. 149 n. 1: ' Miss M. Hardie [Mrs F. W. Hasluck], of Ne ^ … 2 So on a fragmentary relief from Tralleis (Edhem Bey in the Rev. Arch- *?°^ejnach … which showed a similar sacrifice about to take place at the foot of an old P'an^ajn di'°>te … 6 Cp. Apollon o\/3ios in Anth. Pal. 9. 525. 16 'iXfiiov, dXpioepyiv.

631

Aischylos in the first of his extant plays makes the chorus of Dan- … Representations of Io are collected and discussed in primis by R. Engelmann De … st>^{it'SC^len ^s's zuzugeDen- Wenn man aber bedenkt, dass der Wechsel in der Dar- … at ^ Us alfeady before the close of s. vi B.C. (supra p. 221) on the throne of Apollon … depjcts / now in the British Museum (Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases ii. 115 f. no. It 164),

633

(=my fig. 428) was the first to publish the correct design and to include a point noticed … now at Vienna (Masner Samml. ant. Vasen u. Terracotten Wien p. 52 no. 338), by 'the … right to 0 b}!.an olive-tree on the left and a palm-tree, with a doe behind it, on the … Girgenti p • ' *}' ^' D" Beazley cit- P- no no- 0- A red-figured hydrla by 'the … e ^"'11. jif. ]' 7'cus and ,lera balance each other on the left and right (E. Petersen in

634

Aeschylus' in Harvard Studies.in Classical Philology igor xii. 335—345 with col- p'- ^ … 1 R. Engelmann in the /ahrb. d. hais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1903 xviii. 38 ff. fig'1 \ jQ … der Zeitbestimmung noch etwas holier hinaufgehen.' The vase represents a '3ea'vear5

635

stengel, den sie in der Rechten halt, sehr passend als Tochter des Flusses Inachos … reliefUlefixes 01 ten'a colta, semi-elliptical in shape and adorned with the head of Io in

636

(Annual Report Boston 1901 p. 63 n.). There are several in Berlin, and many in tne … head, indications of cow's hide (?)'), and from her ears hang earrings of one drop- joVed

637

3 Bovine ears, an unnecessary deformation, are discarded in most representations of … kn°Wn to °]{ Atllens> tne famous contemporary of Praxiteles (Plin. nat. hist. 35. 133), is

638

die campanische Wand?italerci Leipzig 1873 pp. 113, 140 ff. in his conjecture, n°w … iii. 316, fig. 708, H. Bulle ' Untersuchungen an Griechischen Theatern' in the Ai'h- … malerei Pompejis Leipzig 1929 p. 258 ff. with figs. 62 (wall), 154 (head of Io from P'10 … nos. 131—134, Reinach Rep. Peint. Gr. Rom. p. 15 nos. 4 and 6, p. 16 no. 2), of … and one from the Macellum in the 'Fourth Style' [c. 50—79 a.d.) (Herrmann … Nikias' masterpiece exerted a powerful influence over the vase-painters of South _ g … 12, Reinach Rep. Vases ii. 16, 2), shows Io after her wanderings seated on the a ^ … holding his eagle-sceptre. On the left, Hermes, with supported foot, wau~— ■ eSl … Berlin ii. 873 ff. no. 3164), which makes Io sit on the pedestal of the godde-

640

Artemis' fawn in the foreground shows to whom that precinct belongs. Finally, in ' e … On comparing these two vases with the Palatine copy of Nikias' painting it becomes … loc. cit. that the statue of Hera on a pillar was a stagey addition due to the greek … Heydemann Vasensamml. Neapel p. 443 no. 2922, O. Hofer in Roscher LeX'

641

A cornelian signed by Dioskourides, the supreme glyptic artist of the Augustan age … ,o^m.entaf- 5i 10 (inadequate), A. Furtwangler in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. … locc- cittT °L "1IS mas'erpiece have, of course, been made in modern times (A. Furtwangler

642

By a natural play upon names Zeus Olbios was taken as the … For the coins of Gaza see supra i. 236 n. 3 figs. 176, 177. … in Monumenta Asiae Minoris antiqua 1931 iii. 44—79 ('Uzundja Burdj—■'-,'0'c.a'sarean(| … which is represented apparently on a bronze coin of Olba struck in the time 0 tj,e … no 1231 apxiepebs iit[y]as TeD/cpos Zrjvotpdvovs [roO] | levKpov Aii 'OX[^']V TaS . The

643

ln "fon. As. Min. 1931 iii. 47 fig. 67). The rest were removed in Christian times, when … ac<luired, aj1 . 'n its own ri^nt' at length—probably in the reign of Vespasian—it … J1''8'11 also hT 5ovtK°* 'ivowpw] <t>\(apiov) AewTfioi/]. The first three words of line 3 … •j!Slrict was rulSa'd t0 haVe been estab'isllet' by Aias> son o{ Teukros; and the whole

645

coast at Ayash (Elaioussa Sebaste: W. Ruge ib. v. 2228 f. and J. Keil—A. Wilhelm in … ^cription. Similar types occur with obv. head of Augustus (ib. p. 120 f. pi. 22, 1—3, … *Ierme^erial coins of Diokaisareia, apart from variations of such types as the head of … °f Anat 'v Cr f'0ni tlle'r leomne arm-rests that Zeus had here taken over the throne

646

turreted goddess seated towards the right, while Tyche—her second self—with kalalhos, … of the Tychaion (E. L. Hicks in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1891 xii. 264 no. 50 "Ottttw? … Not much is known of the Salaminian Zeus. Ampelius, drawing from some Alexandrine … E. Assmann (ed. 1935) assumes a conflation of Ampelius' text (Cypro <signum … L. Schwabe History of Roman Literature trans. G. C. W. Warr London 1891 >■ … from Tyre to Cyprus and was there joined by the priest of Iupiter, who bargainee ^ … shortly after 383 a.d. (M. Schanz op. cit. Mtinchen 1904 iv. 1. 90), notes the ^ … about Epiphanios, bishop of Salamis, who died an old man in 403 a.d. (R- A- ^ftg … named Faustinianus sold wheat and barley to the people. Epiphanios begge ^ ^im … needy. Now there was an ancient temple called the Security of Zeus, death- … shalt find gold in abundance. Take it and buy all the wheat and barley on ^ j,e

647

aU the corn that Faustinianus possessed. The longer version of this narrative says rjv 5£ … **—• —---'iMOWfi 1 AREA Of iU«rACC ■ CUCHHA1CC ■ OF ■ IAmp ■ 3UmJEum£__£_£^_I_^-^ … *w„}, 0. 'P'tome would explain away the difficult name by writing ™TV * M'P

648

that the building in question was the old heathen temple of Zeus SaXa/i/cios (E. Obei- … in 1890 by J. A. R. Munro and H. A. Tubbs (Journ. Hell. Stud. 1891 xii. 66, 1°^ {0

649

~ ). Other inscriptions referable to the same deity include a fragment of white … from a neighbouring field, bearing socket-holes for the feet of a bronze statue and an … AugUs( * )• and 'he re-cut pedestal, in blue marble, of a statue of Livia

650

Drusus Iulius Caesar, usually stands side by side with the cone of the Paphian Aphrodite> … pi. 332, 1. Figs. 455 and 456 are from specimens in my collection). ^ … who arrived in or about 1202 B.C. (marm. Par. ep. 26 p. 10 Jacoby) and presum … this island was in mythical times colonised by the Aiakidai of Aigina (see e.g. J- ^ °P ^ … that it would be unsafe to say. But it is at least curious to note that, in tracing ^ … Scuti'" in the Revue de Vhistoire des religions 1909 lx. 161—190, 309—351' snjeld … saying'). Nilsson Min.-Myc. Rel. p. 349 ff., after shrewdly criticising the view … quidem in Locride, ubi iuxtaponebantur heros arcitenens et heros hasti e •• eoriiifl>

651

numen fuisse marinum circa Salaminem cultum' (H. Steuding in the Woch. J. klass. … J- Schmidt in Roscher Lex. Myth. v. 427—429). The same author here argues that the … later confused with Teukros son of Telamon. Teukros' son Aias founded the cult of … ' 3- 368, 15. 192 f.; Philostr. v. Apoll. 5. 5 p. 167 f. Kayser). Of this and other such … c°»'ius C°mpares the Etruscan Tarcna, Tarchna, Tarquenna, Tarchu, Tarauitus, Tar- … aUf Kreta'9,'3-' '"KIi° Beiheft '9'3] 2i3 ff-)> der uns in Lydien als Zetfj Tapyin)vbs, … y two inscriptions of s. i a.d. (J. Keil—A. v. Premerstein in the Denkschr. d.

652

Akad. Wien 1910 ii. Abh. p. 26 f. no. 37 with fig. 17 ( = my fig. 457) the lower part of a … wolnnv 26ou ei£d\/i.ei'os avtdrjKev, eid. ib. 1914 i. Abh. p. 61 f. no. 78 on the lower par' … statten' (Pfister Rel. Gr. Rom. 1930 p. 119). As to the alternation of the names Aias … TarkU (the … ground for doubting Lactantius' statement. The Cypriote custom stands first an ^orIn» … connectible with the poetic names of Kypros Kepaaris (Nonn. Dion. 5. 6J4) or

653

(Steph. Byz. s.v. Kwrpos), Kepaffria (Menandros of Ephesos frag. 7 (Frag. hist. Gr. iv. … ov's Hospitis ara; | ignarus sceleris (so J. N. Madvig for in lugubris sceleri (sceleris N.) … that' re^'n<^U' I grandiaque in torvos transformat membra iuvencos), and finally remarks … Salam- Adonis Attis Osiris3 i. 145 f. apparently refer to Teukros also the … °^eus, knores all the foregoing evidence for human sacrifice in the Cypriote cults … 9^Pa7r(e),;^^Sts a compound of Xovw, a natural rain charm.' Perhaps rather a slip for

654

the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1903 xxiii. 36—39 and E. H. Minns Scythians and Greeks … Another fragment, assigned by Latyschev to the first half of s. iii, by Miss Hi … A large statue-base in veined grey marble, which had probably supported an eq ^

655

Zeus appears occasionally on the bronze coins of Olbia, usually as a bearded head in … n' ° P'- 3> 12 £), rarely in imperial times as a seated figure holding a sceptre, with Tychc … «*. Nord-Griechenlands i. 1 pi. [I, 22 ( = my fig. 463). Miss Hirst in the Journ. … Greek towndea'llably CUrious that Zeus "°^«os, as namesake and paramount deity of the … i.evil and call' d°uljt wnom tms might represent: the Russian peasants recognise the … j"1 idea as th'S really,a river g°d Hypanis or Borysthenes. It is a less crude version of such

656

(17) Zeus struck with a double axe. The birth of Athena. … two other specimens in the Fitzwilliam Museum (=my figs. 468 and 469)) is after a … Hence J. H. Mordtmann in the Ath. Mitth. 1881 vi. 264, 18S2 vii. 257 attrib^.tly … 3 Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. no. 4085 (found at Capua in 1SS5) pro salute | « » carve«

657

The birth of Athena … described the ceremony of the Dipolieia than, in the very next … Geburf Jj,Se lellefs were published together and discussed in detail by R. Schneider Die … Atcmeol6rriUa ^discovered by J. de Dios de la Rada y Delgado, director of the Museo … AIadr!,i .,. al Sr,ego encontrado en la Mnnrl na' in the Museo espanol de antigiiedades … , ambricige'SaV* 235—246 P1" 1 f- There is a cast in the Museum of Classical Archaeology, … 53=) and a"11^ reliefs- They passed into the possession of W. von Humboldt (1767-

659

The birth of Athena … Rentable. Rauch in 1816 had the luck to find the head, breast, and left hand of the … ^lai S) 'figS' +6—witn neo-Attic fragments of reliefs, now in Rome, Florence, and … (=ttf_ Svoro»os in the Jonrn. Intern. oVArch. Num. 1902 v. 169—188, 285—377

660

The only uncertainty in this design relates to the axe-bearing … 1. Pind. 01. 7. 35 ff. with schol. ad loc. To the references given supra p- 200

661

The birth of Athena … But, whatever name we give to the axe-bearer on the Madrid … j,er'laPs told"" ^~*0l"n P^ai *V T0" "0a\V ore 'A0>?><a iyevvaro. The story was … 1,1 S°sibi0s' ', ^ 01 5*'EPM>>. The statement may have occurred, as C. Miiller supposes, … 'fepi A?^'uS,aS Schneider dcr Athena Wien 1880 p. 5 n. 24 suggests, in his … »tX r''ncl- aWusion is very possibly to the work of Gitiadas (I'aus. 3. 17. 2).

662

The birth of Athena in art … (6>) The birth of Athena in art. … 0) = (l),+ li; (4=(4); (a') = (5). Schneider's useful list of vases and Etruscan n«rr … (3), found on the Akropolis at Athens (F. Studniczka in the 'E0. 'Apx- 188 P' an(j a … giebel Berlin 1838, P. W. Forchhammer Die Geburt der Athene Kiel 184'' <~>' -y ' in

Plate 50

Zeus in labour, flanked by two Eileithyiai.

663

The birth of Athena in art 663 … "anked K P 29 n°' '0I' liliewise shows a seated Zeus, with a sceptre in his left hand, … J* acrolithi Eileithyiai extend the open hand in token of delivery (?cp. Paus. 7. 23. $f. … rel'efs fro r 0 n- 2 (0 fig. 23 or the supporters of a goddess on an archaic plthos with

664

664 The birth of Athena in art … p. 111 f. no. 466, H. B. Walters History of Ancient Pottery London 1905 i. 49? , -( 1)

Plate 51

Zeus in labour, with two Eileithyiai and Hermes in attendance.

665

The birth of Athena in art … (£ty>n*ffr' E^eWwo> ,rom efMw + 0i«a, means 'in tier Bedrangnis schnell herbeieilend' … !ri°ves towatJ*1 f' n°' l6'^' has Zeus flanked by two Eileithyiai, while Hermes on the left … at ^'orence ,,f'8Ur.ed "'"phora found near Vulci, later in the possession of Dr Guarducci … r'8,lt- My fi' 3)' adds Her"ies (?) and Apollon on the left, Herakles (!) and Ares on the

666

The birth of Athena in art

Plate 52

Amphora from Vulci, now in the Vatican :

667

The birth of Athena in art 667 … is fl^ apParently clasPs bc,th his hands with hers. The group

668

668 The birth of Athena in art … mentioned later3. Meantime it may be conceded that in 8ene'ot … 1 J. Oehler in Pauly—Wissowa lieal-Enc. i. 2829 f. (founded 686/5 B.C.;- … publication by J. D. Beazley Attic red-figured Vases in American Museums , I(

669

The birth of Athena in art … vase, which J. D. Beazley dubs ' the best of all little-master cups1,' … holds in his left the double axe, with which he has just cleft the … The birth of Athena as here portrayed has, if I am not in error, … off as fast as his legs will carry him13. And, if the Dipolieia was … , 1 Journ. Hell. Stud. 1932 lii. 199. See also O. S. Tonks in the Am. Journ. Arch. … I l?01 v'sible on the photograph.

670

The birth of Athena in art … or to the Brygos Painter (J. D. Beazley Attische Vasenmaler des rotfigM'tgen

671

The birth of Athena in art 671 … 8°a (Hephaistcs?), wearing a cap and a short chitdn, departs towards the left, but turns … Univ. ep"e'heS of Corinth (? early in s. vi h.c: M. H. Swindler Ancient Painting Yale

672

The birth of Athena in art … put the form of the name beyond doubt (E. Pernice in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutseh- … 66). True, Megarian inscriptions too give the forms ZeC£is, Zc6irupos, Zui'/'XoSi ZwrtX^

673

The birth of Athena in art 673 … ^deed he is to be seen hurrying off on tip-toe2 towards the left3 … in t|le J stl" to watch Athena received by the hands of the two Eileithyiai. But E. Braun

Plate 56

, Pelike from Vulci, now in the British Museum :

675

The birth of Athena in art … I ' ^e'' P- "4? n. 4f.), and the initial'A0[---is beyond question. … Mat - ^figured hydria from Nola, now in Paris (De Ridder Cat. Vases de la BibL

676

676 The birth of Athena in art … fhidle and makes Athena jump the wrong way to the manifest surprise of Hephaistos and … (3) A red-figured pcltke from Vulci, now in the British Museum … c. 465—455 B.C. (Hoppin Red-fig. Vases ii. 31 f. no. 12, but see Leonard in zjey … from ihe official photographs, cp. infra fig. 526. Zeus, enthroned en face, makes t e^^ffljg

677

The birth of Athena in art 677 … UnCer^e, restlll£ on a staff (Nereus ??). The identification of the last two figures is quite

678

678 The birth of Athena in art … (2) Another, from Palestrina, now in London (R. Kekule in the Ann. • ^ di

679

The birth of Athena in art 679 … ^Oscl rtPttonum ttalicamm Aug. Taurinorum 1867 p. ccxv no. 2478, C. Pauli in … his th m armour risi"g f'orn his head. Left and right of him, leaning on the back of … P^a°/T Sl'P f°r Laran> ,ne Etruscan Ares (W. Deecke in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1866 f.).

680

The birth of Athena in art … the background is seen a temple-front with four Ionic columns, which is hardly … Uni. On the left is Laran, on the right a bearded Maristiusta (so H. B. WalterSj ^ … (5) Yet another mirror, formerly in the Museo Campana, now in the ^ ^ … marks the background. , ^ … fig. 75, Pfuhl Malerei u. Zeichmtng d. Gr. i. 252. The central group is ^Sn!

681

The birth of Athena in art 681 … The earliest of the black-figured vases is an amphora in the … a ess sitting on a throne with a nude bey standing on her knees. Behind the throne is

682

682 The birth of Athena in art

683

The birth of Athena in art … 1 On the use of dogs in war see F. Orth in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal-Enc. viii. 2566 f.;

684

684 The birth of Athena in art … with one hand raised and open, the other lowered and shut, stands … kithdra and plektron makes music. To the right of all stan.^te

685

The birth of Athena in art … yrsos by w ay of sceptre and use a fawn-skin as his antimacassar, while he supports the

686

686 The birth of Athena in art … either side of this group stand the two Eileithyiai, and beyond the

687

The birth of Athena in art … lar>d as if to greet the hasty arrival of Nike from the left. Nike

688

688 The birth of Athena in art … The fifth type of vase-painting leads up to4 and culminates in the … Vase-type (3) due to Megariati potters resident in Athens: … Developments of the theme due to Athenian potters:

Plate 57

Drawing of the east pediment of the Parthenon by J. Carrey? (1674) ind attempted restorations by E. A. Gardner (1902) and K. Schwerzek (1904).

689

The birth of Athena in art … "'at f"fi' a P' 657 ff' 0thers have attached little or no weight to the puteal, on the ground … Ule tut Praxiteles a"s Mo"'"'"* Miinchen 1895 p. 13 ff. maintains that the Fates of … re'nen v'St ^ namlich aus technischen Grunden ganz unmdglich, die Zeus-Statue in der

690

690 The birth of Athena in art … Rhys Carpenter, deaf to derision, revives Six' central group in the Am. Journ. Aid1 … from three serious drawbacks. It involves a grave discrepancy with the scheme … conclusion, arguing that the two stout iron bars converging on block 13 were B1 ,torso … fast genau in der Mitte des Giebels, die Grenze zwischen zwei Statuen. £>ie ejn'V°r"

691

The birth of Athena in art 691 … ^hind the throne of Zeus. Moreover, taking a hint from Sauer, he … ^ecti0' ^a'm'3erg in Zapiski (Transactions of the Classical … recognise, among the fragments attributed to … ''and , . Jar' and postulates at most a Nike held in the god's

692

The birth of Athena in art … 1 C. Smith 'The Central Groups of the Parthenon Pediments' in 'he '°U

693

The birth of Athena in art 693 … Madrid pitteal, a large blank rectangle beneath the throne of … t0 k Gen the leSs of the throne. The effect is not good : Zeus appears … Statuary., 1Irab'y fl" tne aPex °f 'he pediment, and that the vase-painter observing the … '3 Feb 5,1 Put forward my reconstruction in a paper read to the Hellenic Society on

694

694- The birth of Athena in art … of offence between the new-born goddess and her sire, while … Athenian bronze coins of imperial date (figs. 503—510)* repre … fig. 109). (fr0„r the

695

The birth of Athena in art 695 … i N. Svoronos in the Journ. Intern. d'Arch. Num. 1912 xiv. 274 pL IS"', 4, 9, 10. … repre^°™anos) thinks that certain rare Athenian bronze coins of imperial date, which … tte»Vah f?"*6 m«'allion of Commodus, struck in the year 191 A.I)., a very similar

696

The birth of Athena in art … Reinach Pierres Gravies p. 66, no. 77, 2 pi. 66 ( = my fig. 51,3), from a red jasper of tie … 4 Note that Poseidon occupied a similar position to the right of the central group _ … 5 Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Sculpt, p. 465. His observation ii. n. 3 'Only … Hohe streben.' The question is one for anatomists to decide. … And here I part company with my friend Mr Smith, who in the Brit. Mus. Cat- j^nds

697

The birth of Athena in art 697 … litad'^ WaS rePresented as drawing back, after the stroke by which the cleaving of the … i&74 I.2 P" 7 P1- 2> 2> H. Heydemann in the Arch. Zeit. 1872 xxx. 96, R. Kekule ib. … fi6- 586 e Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks Yale Univ. Press 1929 p. 157 with … *Uer the Ath. Mitth. 1891 xvi. 62, 69 no. 10, 70 no. 16, 87.

698

The birth of Athena in art … {supra p. 690 n. i) by Zeus enthroned on the left and Hera enthroned on the rig ^

699

The birth of Athena in art 699 … ' Sui "°S " Mfcr01' raP I PMtotfs r Wfife aripva 8' in dyaX/jtaroi | k&Wurra. … j'a|l—a nor8"' "h0!,e head lle ,hou8hl lo identify with the 'Aphrodite' of Holkham

700

The birth of Athena in art … on a rock in three-quarter position towards the right. A suitable … 2 A fragment of this figure perhaps survives in a left thigh of marble (fig. 518: heigh' … (2) A black-figured amphora from the Campana collection, now … (3) A black-figured amphora from Italy (?), formerly in the Fould collection, now

701

The birth of Athena in art 701 … 8 Again I would draw attention to three fragments of the pedimental sculptures … 0"e is a large female head (height o-35m), which J. Six in the Journ. Hell. Stud.

702

702 The birth of Athena in art … Our only clue will be the fact noted above1, that Attic vases painted … the other hand, Six loc. cit. p. 66 claims that the veiled head was found by Ross before … piece from any part of the building. Smith in the British Museum publications simp'v

704

704 The birth of Athena in art … companion was almost certainly Herakles, whose presence at the … the circle of Meidias. • . … 7 A red-figured kratdr from Ruvo, in the Jatta collection (no. 1093) (F. Garga … des Gesichts in der griechischen Kunst Berlin 1893 p. 61, C. Picard SC^P^1

705

The birth of Athena in art 705 … SIght this might seem a yet more hopeless task. But in point of … to the extant figures on the north: he would thus balance the … e Hermes of the Villa Giulia vase is adapted to fill the space. … r'stic of the transition from fifth-century to fourth-century sculpture in general. … 2 L ^ ^CSS P'°kau'y an W5) funning or moving rapidly towards the right. … yS Lai'Penter in Hesperia 19,3 ii. 81.

706

The birth of Athena in art … himself3. Again, it has long been known that the restful attitude … 2 It came to be used, not only for Hermes (C. Scherer in Roscher Lex. Myth, i- H00' … p. 119 pi. 27, 3), Hypnos (B. Sauer in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 2849 ff0> tlie wind'g° … 5 A. S. Murray The Sculptures of the Parthenon London 1903 pp- I23> ^ … fig. 16, E. Loewy The Rendering of Nature in early Greek Art trans. J- 0 £f. … the sandal-binding ' Hermes.' The statue in the Lansdowne collection (A- - Tparnell … p. 43 f. no. 287 with pi.) and Paris (Frohner Sculpt, du Louvre i. 2 to ff. no^ qC the

707

The birth of Athena in art … Apollon would almost certainly have been wearing the long … Uu„Jc' * With Text> Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Sculpt, p. 88 with fig. 36, id. Ein

708

The birth of Athena in art … 1 For Agorakritos see C. Robert in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 882 (., G- … 4 C. L. Visconti in the Bull. Comm. Arch. Comun. di Roma 1887 p- 33° ' ^ 4.

709

The birth of Athena in art 709

710

710 The birth of Athena in art … now in the British Museum (fig. 526 and pi. lvi)2. This handsome … 2 To the literature cited supra p. 676 n. o (3) add Harrison Myth. Mon. Ant- Ath" … 8 A. Furtwangler in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1889 iv Arch. Anz- P- … hundert wiedergibt, in die erste Hiilfte des fiinften Jahrhunderts oder wenigstens in _^ … 11 B. Schroder 'Artemis Colonna' in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. I»st- ^

711

The birth of Athena in art 711 … Juvenile in appearance. W. R. Lethaby5, to whose restoration of … Was the daughter of Hera, indeed—if we may argue from the … (•■■ Lethaby Greek Buildings represented by fragments in the British Museum … I have collected and sifted the literary evidence in the Class. Rev. 1906 xx. 367.

712

712 The birth of Athena in art … Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist.'Classe 1874 ii. 19, by Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Sculf^ … 4 Paus. 10. 28. 3 (Polygnotos' painting of the Underworld in the Cnidian Lesche … 5 G. Dickins in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1906—1907 xiii. 357 ff. figs. 1—23, 25 '2 … 7 Damophon's group had already been brought into connexion with the Parthen

713

The birth of Athena in art 713 … "''in. Comm. Paus. iii. 141 pi. BB, 22 ( = my fig. 527), J. N. Svoronos Les monnaies … A. Michaelis Der Parthenon Leipzig 1871 pp. 165, 168, id. in the Ber. sacks. … ^ A. H. Smith A Guide to the Sculptures of the Parthenon London 1908 p. 20 … einem, dem Dionysos, eigenlhiimlich ist'), A. H. Smith in the Brit. Mus. Cat.

714

714 The birth of Athena in art … Atlas pi. 4, 4 ( = Reinach Rip. Vases i. 47, 1) reproduced in my fig. 528, etc. y

715

The birth of Athena in art 715 … 0n coins of the Arcadian League {supra i. 69 f. figs. 47—49)- … (2) Pan (C. J. Reuvens in The Classical fournal 1823 xxviii. 282). Cp. Svoronos … a£,liol°giques Paris 1830 ii p. xi n. 3, Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Sculpt, p. 468,

716

716 The birth of Athena in art … found on pre-Roman works of art, he urges that Roman reliefs here … But J. Overbeck, who in 1857 took the triad to be the Kekropides (Gr. Plast'k1 >• … and iv Index s.v. Cttromancie, H. J. Rose in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religio11

717

The birth of Athena in art 717 … Pp. 205—234 ('Kleromancy'), F. E. Robbins 'The Lot Oracle at Delphi' in Class. … Rhys Carpenter in his restoration (supra pi. lviii, 2) has contrived to work in the Fates … ee powers of equal prestige. And lastly, the aesthetic effect of so many single figures … ^ In the Platonic image (ib. 617 c) Klotho uses her right hand, Atropos her left, … (') The Kekropides Aglauros, Herse, and Pandrosos (F. G. Welcker supra p. 71J

718

718 The birth of Athena in art … (2) Amphitrite with Kirke (Aphrodite?) on the lap of Perse (Thalassa?) (L. de Ron- … (9) Artemis with Aphrodite in the lap of Peitho (Rhys Carpenter in Hesperia 1933 … (cp. II. 7. 421 ff.), adds 'Selene auf der anderen Seite versinkt in Nacht und Nebel, 0

719

The birth of Athena in art 719 … lei. Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Sculpt, p. 465 'Even Nyx, who must withdraw … Other sources merely mention the 'third of the month': so Harpokr. s.v. TptrSpnirtf … Od ^ A6'n''S-' Eustath. in II. p. 504, 24 ff. TptToy(veia...Tj ihs if rplrg /njeds yevonivrq, in … H. Nissen in the Rhein. Mus. 1885 xl. 336 f.

720

The birth of Athena in art … Dissent is expressed by that sturdy independent A. S. Murray The Sculptures of

721

The birth of Athena in art … Pans. 1. 19. 2 (cited infra p. 722 n. 3). P. Weizsacfcer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. … 0 B. Schmidt Das Volksleben der Neugriechcn Leipzig 1871 i. 217 f. cites two items of … » PParently the old subterranean passage by which competitors entered the stadium'),

722

722 The birth of Athena in art … 2 F. Studniczka in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1904 xix. 8 f. ^ … For the association of Aphrodite with the Fates cp. Epimen. _/?-«»•. 19 Diels af- s ^ … i no. 602, 8 f. (near Sparta) Kal Moipwv Aaxtaewv x[ai] | 'AcppodeiTrjs "EvoirX'ioy in a … 6 Famell Cults of Gk. States iii. 169, 242 f. the … This tablet of painted terra cotta (height o-3o"\ width o'i5m) was found by

723

The birth of Athena in art 723 … of its e,ta let is shaped like a temple-front with pediment and akroterion. The decoration

724

724 The birth of Athena in art … that the upper register shows the mysteries of Eleusis, the lower those of Agra, whlC … Finally, in the pediment we see the same personnel in a scene of final felicltyr;,l2 … 4 Diod. 4. 14 (probably following the iyKiiipuov "B.pa.k\tovs by Matris of sc)i°'' … 5 O. Gruppe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. Suppl. iii. 926 ff.

725

The birth of Athena in art 725 … The deities between the Fates and Poseidon were, from right to … Posit^*1 °n 5) "H/3)js=/kj^t. Gr. ed. min. ii—iii. 3 nos. 5150, 5154. For the exact … and r"Cke aus Grieche»land BaseI l857 P- 68. K. Keil in Philologus 1866 xxiii. 619 f.) … So m^J1' K^&8°"' livpalvris oi aivoitrov. I suspect that the original intention was, not … for ]aj J/ef. p. 93 § 101). For early types of herm see supra ii. 384 n. o; … 'ate /> r ^P°"on mOaptftSi on the bronze coinage of Athens see E. Beule Les

726

The birth of Athena in art … 3 E. Zeller The Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics- trans. O. J. Reichel London I … 5 So Herakleitos the Stoic quaestt. Horn. p. 30, 1 ff. Soc. Philol. Bonn., Et- … Chrysippum) Diogenes Babylonius consequens in eo libro, qui inscribitur de

727

Significance of the birth of Athena 727 … ' n- von Arnim in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 774. … fast ^C.lr run in der Sprache bilden, werden auch frith personificirt, und kommen daher … Und d'0 ' natiir''cn' dass die Nation vvelche den Verstand in der Pallas personificirte,

728

728 Significance of the birth of Athena … Such vagaries gradually gave way before the advance of … Athenen angewendet, mtissen wir es streng verneinen, dass in ihr irgend menscW1 … 271) cites Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 359 t] 8c (ppbvriaLS 'kB-qva eivWera ravra KiKTijTaf V°v … 6 F. Max Miiller Lectures on the Science of Language London 1864 »■ 5°3

729

Significance of the birth of Athena 729 … '9 (copied by Eustath. in II. p. 1139, 54 ff.) aaXirlyyuv Si etS-r) ?f. irpihrq t] 'EXX17KI/C7;, … QXn ron tw'ce uses l,d\iriy^ as a synonym of 'ABrjva (Lyk. Al. 915 with Tzetz. adloc, … 3°3 ff / -^erglc '■Die <jet>urt der Athene' in the Jahrb. f. Philol. u. Padag. i860 lxxxi.

730

730 Significance of the birth of Athena … impressed by the fact that a Cycladic marble statuette at Karlsruhe … Denken entsprechende Vorstellung, dass die Gottin, die wir uns nur in ihrer voile'1 … gewesen ist. Eben dieses klingt mir gar nicht unglaublich, es weist aber in die Zeit, … griechisch zu halten, den Zeus in ihm fiir Ersatz des Olympos, der selbst einrnal … wurde in der Sage von der Geburt der Gottin das Plaupt.' t>y … 7 W. Deonna 'La naissance d'Athena' in the Rev. Arch. 1912 ii- 3S0""3"''

731

Significance of the birth of Athena 731 … on p 5^r,"es\U''geschichte der bildcnden Kunst in Europa3 Wien 1925 p. 62 with fig. 8 … ^orde ^S 'St vo'"i°mmen deutlich'), V. Miiller Friihe Plastik in Griechenland und … after ]j •^m'\er.in ^Anthropologic 1890 p. 352 with fig. 14 on p. 358 ( = my fig. 533)

732

732 Significance of the birth of Athena … explanation put forward the next year by G. Ancey7. He holds … Oddly enough, the learned author does not mention Athena … 3 Examples of the sort may be found in the myths of Chimaira (Perrot—Chipie^ . oS … 7 G. Ancey 'La naissance d'Athena' in the Rev. Arch. 1913 i. 209—2H- >aura>'

733

Significance of the birth of Athena 733 … Frazer Golden Boutf* ii. 1 ff., it?: The Uving God p. 14 ff., id. Led. Hist.

734

734 Significance of the birth of Athena … Yet a moment's reflection will convince us that, although the … Hephaistos succeeded to the throne of Zeus. Why is this? … Lenormant—de Witte El. num. ctr. i. 28 pi. 14, 75 ff. pi. 30), I publish it here from the … dieu comme une divinite locale.' But, if justification were needed, the contrast with Hebe … Reichhold—Hauser Gr. Vasenmalerei iii. 182, 189 f. fig. 95. Earlier literature in … 1912 xxxii. 176 f.)—perhaps significant. But we can hardly say the same of the so'

735

Significance of the birth of Athena 735 … c0nneSS,Or H. J. Rose A Handbook of Greek Mythology London 1928 p. 50 f. : 'The close

736

736 Significance of the birth of Athena … (by-form of Zeus) … lightning-god … I should maintain that the cults of the Akropolis can be arrange … Minoan-Mycenaean goddess; but he cannot be her husband, since she, like the ,^gt. … birth, which represents, if we could but recover the details, an interesting chapter … Boiotia, as Professor Myres has recently proved, was overrun by Ionians in Pr^ .(ji

737

Significance of the birth of Athena 737 … If this sequence be conceded, several disturbing features in the … trje myth of Dionysos sprung from the thigh of Zeus7 here furnished … ^ Welcker Gr. Gotterl. i. 301 rightly stresses the epic epithet ofipinoirdTpr) (II. 5. 747, … n the head as the seat of the soul see supra ii. 290 a, o.

738

738 Significance of the birth of Athena … Travancore, cut off the top-knot of the deceased (see Frazer, Burial Customs, P- … A more brainless bit of bogus mythology based on the myth of Athena's birtn .

739

Significance of the birth of Athena 739 … certainly regarded Zeus as eternal, or at least everlasting, ruler of … Lact. div. ins/, i. n has a trenchant passage on the subject of Zeus being super- … int am no1 nere concernea with the progressive senescence of art-types—a matter … p), essu'ely a warrior brandishing his bolt or a king sitting on his throne, a man of fine

740

74° The superannuation of Zeus … Of torment, till Zeus fall from his high throne. … Prom. Then be assured the very truth is so. … Io Of Heaven or Earth ? If not forbidden, tell. … But the sentence is broken off, and Prometheus does not reveal … To pass the curse his father Kronos cried … Against himself, a portent huge in might, … And the new sea-god's spear, the trident dread, … What space divides the ruler from the slave.

741

The superannuation of Zeus … Prom. Ay, bend and worship, fawn upon the strong! … •But despite this attitude of defiance and exultation the Titanic … So learnt the power of love. … The mistress of the sea

742

742 The superannuation of Zeus … Behold a son to perish in the fray, … This guerdon that a god might gain … nowhere in the extant play are we told that Zeus was prevented from marrying The'15 … quotation of Aisch. P.v. 766 and Apollod. 3. 13.5 'ivioi Si cpacri, Aids bpp.SivTOi T … 3 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 178 (cited supra p. 742 n. o), where E. Scheer rega … 468, Eustath. in Od. p. 1535, 42 ff., Ov. fast. 5. 495 ff., Hyg.poet. asir. 2. 34'^aaSs, … comments of Kiientzle in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 1028 ff. and Sir J. G. Frazei … irepl tov y&nov 7) ^-qT-qriov, tIvl Kari]Ko\ov8riaei> 6 Ilivbapos. The vulgate, then, r

743

The superannuation of Zeus 743 … 1 On Thetis as 'Thessalische Seegottheit' see M. Mayer in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … H. Ebeling Lexicon Homericum Lipsiae 1885 i. 1101. The formula Aii lajfriv … of ■ 1 ''le same '('ea underlies the negro plantation-song Old Man Ribber, the refrain … attribut \ Usener 'Eine Hesiodische Dichtung' in the Rhein. Mus. 1901 lvi. 174 — 186 … °s as 'eine ganz spate Dublette,' both being condemned as the products of mere

744

744 The superannuation of Zeus … producing Athena; (2) Themis, who bore the three Horai, Eunomia, Dike, Eirene, a" … fiLKpav. I suspect that the scholiast meant Trltcpav, the antidote ' higry-pigry' {iePa v … Supra i. 154 (note that the myth is localised in Boiotia), 181 n. o, 299* by

745

The superannuation of Zeus 745 … °ust his father—a danger averted in either case by an oracular … Metis the first forefather and Eros of much delight4. … m of the myth represented Zeus as swallowing Metis simply in order to acquire her … (K B0'1*' fr"s' l69 Kern aP- Aristokrit. Manich. in the Theosoph. Tubing. 50

746

746 The superannuation of Zeus … fertile in resource (pdrimos) like his father. As a daimon, he … 3 Supra ii. 1167. W. Kranz 'Diotima von Mantineia' in Hermes 1926 Ixi- 43/^.£ce … 6 For Eros as belonging to this category of bet.wixt-and-between see E. ^ ;,/

747

The superannuation of Zeus 747 … ^e<;ent 1'terature includes J. A. Stewart The Myths of Plato London 1905 p. 428, … Ts&f^' "*aP ^■aa irairrQv \ [ko.1 II6po]j yepairaroi \ [ai&v d7r]^5i\os dXicd with the … W. rj* ' V°n SaIlet in tlle Zeitschr. f. Num. 1881 viii. 118—120 with fig. ( = my fig. 536),

748

748 The attributes of Athena … at all borders on the blasphemous. But we are apt to forget that 1° … 2 F. Matz in A. Mau Katalog der Bibliothek ass deutsckcn archaologischen … in "A0ws, a mountain which bore a name of Anatolian type (cp. K^ws, Kws> ^ aS n … 6 Od. 7. 78 y\avKuwis 'Adfyr], 80 ebpvayviav 'AB-qvrjv—both at the end o

749

The attributes of Athena … lls year had ended and another begun, when the following portent took place … 25 ,r^P.roc'uce 'he restoration of M. Schede Die Burg von Athen Berlin 1922 p. 105

750

750 The olive of Athena … anlike Tierwelt Leipzig 1909 i. 136, 139, F. Orth in Pauly—Wissowa ^,^''^"perJili

751

The olive of Athena 751 … ^£ends told how he strove with Hera for Argos, lost his case, and in anger first drained … ^ xgWa Paris 1925 pp. 52, 81 ff.); how he disputed the possession of Trozen with Athena, … aus. 2. 30. 6, 2. 32. 8). But, so far as Athens is concerned, notice the orderly and … j. teller—Robert Gr. Myth. i. 203 n. 1, F. Diimmler in Pauly—Wissowa Kcal-Ene. … ■882 ^' ^°hert 'Das Schiedsgericht tiber Athena und Poseidon' in the Ath. Mitth. … c°rnin ^.enc*' which perhaps reflects the contests between a Greek (Ionian?) people,

752

The olive of Athena

753

The olive of Athena … rock by representing it as a bone of contention between two major … hi \ °''ve~tree 's completely gilded. Athena (head broken away) and I'oseidon are in … Scufa Wo.fragme'>ts of the tree are at Athens (A. H. Smith in the Brit. A/us. Cat. … « A'r ~*ci\ Smith in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1907 xxvii. 245 fig. 2.

754

The olive of Athena … Imperial bronze coins of Athens (figs. 539, 540)4 are often cited in … Munich 1923—1926 pi. 89, 1—15 (of which no. 3 Vienna=my fig. 539 311 .

755

The olive of Athena … °f the famous Strife. On the summit of the Akropolis, at a point … and ^San'y a s,;atuary group; and the same is true of the minor antiquities in general)

756

The olive of Athena … 4 (1) A small cornelian in the Dutch collection (L. Stephani in the Compte-ren … (3) A large sardonyx-cameo in Paris (C. Lenormant Nouvelle galerie w-^,0uillet … of three layers supplements the central group of Poseidon and Athena with two

757

The olive of Athena … j»HHgj. f witn 'lis thyrsos on a short pillar and holds the other with a cup (?) or grape- … vii. ^R°bert 'Die Schiedsgericht uber Athena und Poseidon' in the Atk. Mitth. 1882

758

The olive of Athena … with a very subordinate role, that of a … from Aphrodisias in Karia, now in the Evangelical School at Smyrna. The olive, ^ … 1 Id. ib. p. 50 ff. pi. 2 a rough Roman relief, probably a sarcophagus-lid, in ttie ^ … 3 J. M. Paton The Erecktheum Harvard Univ. Press 1927 pp. 169—171 w , ^oV-1

759

The olive of Athena … bent with age5; and as such it is represented on Athenian coins of … • 268 with n. on p. 473, E. H. Meyer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2849, Escher in … • Svoronos Les monnaies of'Athhies Munich 1923—1926 pi. 87, 38 Athens, 39 Berlin, … Vym, k.t.X cp. Plin. nal. hist. 16. 234 durant in Liternino Africani prioris manu … v, e"ands.' T. v. Heldreich in A. Mommsen Griechische Jahreszeiten Schleswig 1877 … MeteV U"d der Stamm in eim'eer

760

The olive of Athena … auch in mehrere Stamme durch nattirliche Spaltung. Mit grosser Wahrscheinlich" … en Palestine et en Syrie' in the Annates des sciences naturelles 1834 i- 173] s'e lD!1jej … vielleicht noch die Bliithezeit Athens gesehen hat, giebt es in Attika noch mehrere:' … in der religiosen Vorslellung der Griechen Munchen 1894 pp. 1—48, and L. Wenige … J On life-trees in general see Boetticher Baumkultus p. 163 ff. (' Schikksalsbaume

762

The olive of Athena … selbst wie die Schicksalsoliven Mop/a.' Kruse in Fauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xvi- ? 1 … L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pe"l. 1872 p. 33 n. 2 would identify Zeus 1 ^ … south-eastern Kypros (Ptol. 5. 14. 3). H. Lewy in Philologus 1892 li. 745 am j jn … formerly with the dealer Basseggio at Rome.

763

The olive of Athena … But the exact nature of the relationship between goddess and … 4 *' E- Harrison in the Class. Rev. 1895 ix. 89. … narne e 1 S'oss recalls a curious passage of Nonnos, in which apparently Athena's … Coiifirrn ,^Ut' ln P'ace of ad-qv-qs codd., H. Kochly cj. 'Aahjs?'—a reading since

764

The olive of Athena … with her vitality and must be accepted as a manifestation of herself … sicut serpentes parvi in Tirynthe (so J. Dalechamps for viiHnthe codd. Salnias … 4 My colleague Dr J. A. Ramsay kindly refers me to G. A. Boulenger The ^na^,js> … 6 One bearded (!), the other beardless. For bearded snakes cp. e.g. supra i>. n

765

The snake of Athena … Kreousa Snakes all of gold, the custom of my race. … Ion The snakes are here ! … ^° necklace of the sort, so far as I know, has come down to us. … of Wo specimens in my collection will serve: Fig. 555 is a slender bronze bracelet, … Each f ^ 'S a th'ck silver brac,-let' one °ra Pair found in a fourth-century grave at Sinope.

766

766 The snake of Athena … with a small hoard of silver coins ranging in date from Seleukos i (312—280 B.C.) t0 … Graeco-Roman ring of penannular shape, ending in two snake-heads. The whole hoop 15 … quibusdam aureis gemmisque in modum facturae serpentis, Phot. lex. s.v. 6<peiS

767

The snake of Athena … Euripides, an antiquarian at heart, is here giving the attion of an … p\239 n. 1), viz. that the Athenian custom and its aetiological myth presuppose a … f en- 8. 287 ff., paus. ,. 24. 2, Hyg. fab. 30) and in art (e.g. the decorative bronze

768

768 The snake of Athena … of archaeologists. Heberdey then attempted to pack into 1 … results, combined the snakes with yet another leonine group, c0lT1^

769

The snake of Athena 769 … Egyptian influence3. On this showing one might suppose that the … More certainly connected with Athena is the pair of snakes, … £ Supra i. 23, n_ «. My fig_ _s66 reproduces part of A. Dumont—J. Chaplain—

770

77° The snake of Athena … 'The artist seems dimly conscious that the snake is somehow the … At Athens the relation of snakes to the city-goddess was em … 1 Supra i. 125 f. pi. xi, iii. 67 f. pi. xi. The theme is handled at large by P- ^'^^ … 2 Collignon—Couve Cat. Vases d'Alhines p. 635 f. no. 1942. The older public ^

771

The snake of Athena 771 … oj.ie Brechtheum Harvard Univ. Press 1927 pp. 127—137 (p. 136 f. 'On the north side … Atherf '~ ^use')- Praep. ev. 2. 6. 2, Arnob. adv. nat. 6. 6 in historiarum Antiochus nono … Q-vay J1/ ^aSe °f an on<er'ng dedicated by the (phcboi of the tribe Kekropis in 334/3 B.C. … P^dia of l'1'.4?5 "S" 3°7 (Demeter). See further R. H. Kennett in J. Hastings Encyclo-

772

The snake of Athena … 2 On the actual haunt of this reptile see supra ii. 1148 11. 2, J. M. Paton The Ertc … 72 (Frag.gr. Hist. ii. 186 Jacoby), cp. Eustath. in Od. p. 1423, 8 fif. Detween … 7 J. E. Hanauer Folk-Lore of the Holy Land London 1907 p. 283

773

The snake of Athena … solution has been found. Who or what, for example, was the … An amusing account of Herakleides Pontikos is preserved by Diog. Laert. 5. 89 f. … ' '• 85)- Daebritz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 474 asks ' ist das etwa eine boshaft … th Same var'at'on between one snake and two (supra p. 772 n. 4) may be seen in … ^ no. 1 (one), no. 1 (two), nos. 3 and 8 (one), cp. J. A. Hild in Daremberg—Saglio … 'nteip 5 Partem draconis habuit, Serv. in Verg. georg. 3. 113 draconteis pedibus, … slake (h Varvalce'on and Lenormant statuettes of the Parthenos both show a bearded

774

774 The snake of Athena

775

The snake of Athena 775 … A- Korte in ihe Ath. Mitth. 1893 xviii. 245 ff. and E. Preuner in the Rhcin. Mus. … *» i*l I ['A(TTu0i]Xo dpxoPTos Kv[SavrlSo]. I follow the text of Dittenberger. … 8„a,ln I=my'fig. 569), Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Attica etc. p. 102 no. 740). Is this the

776

The snake of Athena … that elsewhere such may have been the case. An Orphic hymn does … 3 This proverb occurs in various forms: yXavic"A6r)va^e (Aristoph. av. 301, Hesy … A0r)vas (Eustath. in II. p. 87, 45, Zenob. 3. 6, Diogeneian. 3. 81, cp. Diogeneian- V'n … 6 Anson. Mos. 308 ff. vel in arce Minervae | Ictinus, magico cui noctua P '^^W*-

Plate 60

a spectator stands before the Owl on the Akropolis.

777

The owl of Athena 777

778

The owl of Athena … Before c. 450 b.c. This Timotheos was probably the father of Konon the … Berlin Berlin 1843 pi. b, 19. My fig. 571 is from Ross pi. 14, 5), and the RoI"a?aCk »fl

779

The owl of Athena 779 … (2) a later, less satisfactory version of it in Villa Albani no. 181 (G. Winckelmann … ( = my fig. j-j^ It Athens, 12 f. Berlin, 14 J. Anderson, id. in the … \ 574) Paris, Gnecchi Medagl. Rom. ii. 57 ™. 47 pi- 6 Paris>- and on one of

780

y8o The owl of Athena

781

The owl of Athena 781 … im Mantel nach 1., mit Stock.' I am indebted to Mr A. D. Trendall for the photograph … For the analogous usage of fjowins 7rdTcia"Hpi) see supra i. 444. … PhUologus 188S xlvi. 201 — 209 argues for 'Athena of the grey-green water,' 77 6(6. tt/s … "'erkungen uber die AtAcne Glaucopis Bonn 1S31 pp. 1—21 ('of fiery, brilliant eyes'), … ll- 7- 58 ff. (with Apollon). D'Arcy W. Thompson A Glossary of Greek Birds Oxford

782

782 The owl of Athena … 3 Paus. 4. 34. 6. C. Robert in the Arch. Zeit. 1882 xl. 173 mentions among objec … Athena in eine Krahe verwandelt (Ov. M 2 536—632...): das ist wahrscheinlich der … is perched proudly on the top of it (Sir C. Smith in the Joum. Hell. Stud. i. 202"^ g0 … fig. 11 ('der Krahe'), S. Wide in the Sertum philologicum Carolo Ferdinaudo … i. 207 with n. 1 iii. 39 fig. 169). Such a position no doubt implies that the bird stan^,j//. … Stud. 1912 xxxii. 174 f. well compares a black-figured amphora in the Archaeo ^ … In the one case the owl on the altar betokens a sacrifice to Athena: in the o j

783

The owl of Athena … °f MUKe" ° ^^os ^or T'/i'ls W Kal 6" TV irapa Meyapiwv ?xel- The relations … '"anus e"Ta "7ro T0- Trrepa iKpwpe rbv K^Kpoira, Kal bieKbp.to~ev eh ra liUyapa. The

784

784 The owl of Athena … Yet we drove their ranks before us, ere the fall of eventide: … Heinsius 'EvSaiBvla, Hemsterhusius iv S' aWvia, M. Schmidt iv b" AXBvia. The phrase is» … A black-figured oinoMe at Paris, which possibly illustrates the foregoing myth, ,s … rifiCiv ■wpiv fidxeadai tov arpavrav SUitTtTo trans. B. B. Rogers. The last line beca … commented: ' The annotator imagines a proper name derived from y\av<ro-ew, the * … 7 F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Num. Zeitschr. New Series 1871 iii. 4, 43 f. ph 5' 2 ' r2,

785

The owl of Athena 785 … If the owl was indeed regarded as Athena herself in bird-form, … nj ^ Powerful king (lust. 23. 4. 10). Pyrrlios i of Epeiros was riding towards Argos by … sr. • Wellmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vL 1064—1071 (distinguishing … Oxford « ewton ^e Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum

786

786 The owl of Athena … 1 D. M. Robinson—C. G. Harcum—J. H. Ilifife A Catalogue of the Greek?^ l93°

787

The owl of Athena 787 … 3 Thick fabric. Height 3J ins. The design on both sides is practically identical.

788

788 The owl of Athena … stamp—a helmeted head of Athena facing right. These two rehe s … implying small stamps or seals of excellent work, were compal

789

The owl of Athena 789 … ^ ^P- the Janiform head and the double axe 011 coins of Tenedos, as explained by Sir … ^[H]^'0^ *K ^"'^'^ 'n'l'a' ^ and three stamps: («) owl in olive-wreath lettered … sta Aa/i7T7-(peus) Ka6v(tr(pBev) i.e. 'of Upper Lamptrai' has initial X and two

790

79° The owl of Athena … Either a limited number of jurymen took the trouble to acquire this surcharge on the' … 1 J. N. Svoronos 'ITEPI TON EISITHPIfiN TON APXAIfiN' in the J0"'?'^ … 2 J. N. Svoronos 'IIEPI TfiN EI2ITHPI0N TON APXAIfiN' in the Journ. In

791

The owl of Athena 791 … area of the ancient world3 birds of prey were believed to be filled … Per. 26 has inverted the facts. … 3 Analogous modern beliefs are collected by N. W. Thomas in J. Hastings Encyclo- … 5 Aristoph. av. 884 with schol. ad loc. D'Arcy W. Thompson A Glossary of Greek … ustratam urbem in annalibus invenimus, sicut L. Cassio C. Mario cos. (107 B.C.), quo … Pliny's account of the incendiaria avis, which, some said, appeared bringing embers

792

792 The owl of Athena … "Vogel," wie auch in co(c)tumix, das Keller Volkset. 51 als Muster fur die Bildung v0 … obvertunt, ut si in ipsos solis radios lumina figere sustinuerint, in vitam reserventur,^ … acitate. Dionys. opi/iOiatca (printed in the Didot Bucolici p. 107 ff. in the form … 6 J. L. Bonhote Birds of Britain London 1907 p. 364 ff. pi. 91, W. P. Pycra 1

793

The owl of Athena 793 … On crosses hung the night-birds and on roof-tops … c»eunentor genagelt (Wuttke §165)', Taylor in the Handwbrterbuch des deutschen … c- Swainson The Folk Lore and Provincial Names of British Birds London 1886

794

794 The owl °f Athena … The passage from the ornithomorphic to the anthropomorphlC … a specimen in my collection. H. von Fritze in the Corolla Numismatica Oxford l9 … notes that the magistrates L. Servenius Capito and Iulia Severa are apparently

795

The owl of Athena 795 … These odd-looking objects are always pierced with a couple of … 3 See P. Perdrizet in the Milanges Perrot Paris 1903 p. 264 f., R. Engelmann in the

797

The owl of Athena … through two of the snaky necks, wounded a third, and grasped … stands close at his back, inviting him with a gesture of her left hand … j^'ght be a local onomatopoeic name for ' owl,' comparing the … f0Ho^a^tne Corinthian form of jSoi^-yf, <pwv£, ttwv$. Harrison Proleg. Gr. Rel? p. 303 f. … (Sch n°matoP°eic names for 'owl' are common in the Indo-Kuropaean languages … figured ' ^Eazley in t,le Ant, Joum. Arch. 1927 xxxi. 348 no. 8 fig. 1 publishes a red-

798

The owl of Athena … in Stephanus Thcs. Gr. Ling. iv. 1551c and in F. H. M. Blaydes on Aristoph- ^

799

The owl of Athena 799 … J?" '5 80 with fig. (= my fig. 599. Scale puts together four fragments of a Corinthian … (A '' e " stands a small ithyphallic figure of the sort known as fiaoKa.i'tov … er "need. i. jo, 5 ff.), here named Ao— (? cp. \daravpos, Xoi/caor^s, or the like), … llla ' 1 no- 313 cp. Hesych. (puiKluv tpvis 7roii5s. The word, like <pihKi) 'a seal,' … I onA ourP"JT"' (but see E. VVeekley An Etymological Dictionary of Modem English … hero \ 13 ^ Giglioli), which represents another exploit of Herakles. While the … in ft„, , S SUcn anc' has become a commonplace soul-bird of the Seiren sort (G. Weicker

800

The owl of Athena

801

The owl of Athena 801 … Greek art was in its prime, and then—like so many other half- … ^©E (fig. 602) suggests that we are here concerned with the … a Winnefeld Vasensamml. Karlsruhe-p. 16 no. 81 from Siana in Rhodes. … t099 f^1011 Monn- Sr- >'<""• >• 466> K- ReSlinS in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xi.

802

8o2 The owl of Athena … followed by M. Bahrfeldt7, observe that the feathers of the bird are … pi. 12, 271 ( = my fig. 604) from a coin which passed from the Bunbury to the Haeberh0 … two spears parallel. Fig. 605 is from an example in my collection. … maxima et vis. sex earum genera: melanaetos a Graecis dicta [eadem in Valeria], mm … flimsy character of this writer). 0)i … (1) Brit. Mus. Cat. Gems''' p. 248 no. 2484 pi. 28 a black jasper from the 1° t\

803

The owl of Athena 803 … 2488) a burnt agate from the Towneley collection: bird to right, with helmeted head of … Atl P' 210 n0' 592^ P'- 4° a blown paste: owl to right, with helmeted head of … Sn , un'er dem 1. Flligel'); the owl stands on a Gorgdneion, flanked by helmet and … Proli 11 'lea<^ °^ Athena, carrying shield and spear; the owl stands on a round base … to rig°| lb- P- 161 pi. 26, 62 a cornelian in the Postolacca collection at Athens: owl … et ff„ no- 2 a bronze in the Bourguignon collection [Collection d'antiquitis grecques

804

804 The owl of Athena … The fourth stage in the evolution of Athena is that in which sh … 3 A. Furtwangler in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 704.

805

The owl of Athena 805 … 'he ^' *mh°°f"Blumer 'Die Fliigelgestalten der Athena und Nike auf Miinzen' in … g- M. G. Fougeres in Daremberg-Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 1928 with fig. 50J5-

806

806 The owl of Athena … meiner Schrift iiber Selene und Verwandtes Leipzig 1895 p. 21 n. 1, and in his Lex. … 4 I. Roulez 'Minerve Courotrophos' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1872 xliv. 216 v2?>

807

The owl of Athena 807 … a spear, the other holds up her chitdn. Behind … hel °' Iieazley The Lewes House Collection of Ancient Gems Oxford 1920 p. 8 'The … aiWjj Wa'ters loc. cit. says: 'In the field, three drops of blood (?).' Snakes of … t'le./a/C^!l'ln ^ Ant' ^mim- "'• 5" 10 Pi- 58 (Part °f wnicn = my fig- 616). id. in … pi, 7__^ "card and P. de la Coste-Messeliere in the Fouilles de Delphes iv. 2. 130 ft'. … *>th nl 1Vlet0 1888 P- 74 no. 150, L. Savignoni in the Rom. Mitth. 1897 xii. 307—317

808

808 The owl of Athena

809

The owl of Athena 809

810

The owl of Athena … 1 This is possible, but far from certain. On the one hand, the representation sU t … 3 Id. ib. 404 wrepwii drep pmfiSowa. k6\ttov alylSos. The expression 7rrf/'u"^^^j0d

811

The owl of Athena 811 … known as Nike Apteros%l The texts describe her cult-effigy as a … Athene Polias Nike, the personality of Nike separated off and developed attributes of her … 95 ix. 282). Mr Sikes' criticism is approved by PI. Bulle in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. … p^." ' But in 384 codd. d.g.H.K.l. read vuK-qv. An leg. fltimrvi Netaj is elsewhere … '5—iffl ,oros of Athens (on whom see F. Jacoby in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. … Mike 01,70 aiTOi iavT&i> o' xaitovpyoi- k.t.X. is confusing Athena Nike with the

812

The owl of Athena … Athenian Vases in the British Museum London 1896 p. 24 pi. 14 (=t°y ^01 … 3 C. T. Seltman Athens its History and Coinage before the Persian

813

The owl of Athena 813 … On the whole, the available evidence seems to point to the following … tub: Catalogue of objects of Greek ceramic art London 1888 p. 57 f. no. 135 with pi. (no … H. Bulle in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 311 concludes with regard to this cult: 'Er ist … , e recent excavations carried out by N. Balanos beneath the temple of Athena Nike … ^ The significance of this pomegranate has been much discussed. O. Benndorf ' Ueber … Seriorj2' ^ ' **eatl Hist, num.* p. 703 f.). But this ingenious hypothesis has to face two … +g0_J' a' h'w. Gr. ed. min. i no. 24), which can be dated by its lettering to the period … °f the n .re.ason tne matter was long delayed. Indeed the architecture and sculpture

814

814 The owl of Athena … inscr. Gr? no. 264, a). These considerations have led to a summary rejection of … in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 689, H. Bulle ii. iii. 310 f., Collignon Hist, de la Sculpt, gf- … and indeed it is clear that Kimon cannot have had any hand in the building or equipP ^ … Assuming then, as we have every right to do, that the pomegranate in Athena s e

815

The owl of Athena 815 … Thus pomegranates sprang from the blood-drops of Dionysos; whence women cele- … 25- 1). A pomegranate, therefore, was desirable food for the dead, and figures fre- … „ 'a^e (Furtwangler Vasensamml. Berlin ii. 765 no. 2680, F. von Duhn in the Arch. Zeit. … W]l0 . Pomegranate as the food of the Underworld recurs in the myth of Persephone, … as Wejj Terracottas p. 93 no. B 126 Kos, p. 234 no. C 474), occasionally in her left hand … right hand*'' ^' ^' 142 n0' B 418 ^amarina) ■ or sne's seate^ wltn tne frult in ner

816

816 The owl of Athena

817

The owl of Athena 817 … who6 .comPan'°n to his son Adonis and gave him to wife Pelia, a relative of his own … Adonr' anc^ tne k°y was brought up inter aras, i.e. in the precinct of Aphrodite. When … Arrjan S' did so, and becoming powerful there founded the state of Melos (cp.

818

818 The owl of Athena … p. Ixxxi. Supra i. 305 n. 14). An archaic Greek bronze in the British Museum shows … a high relief of three goddesses (Horai?), each of whom wears a triple-pointed cl°'jr … (O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 121 ff., Weicker in Pauly—Wissowa Real' ^ … a huge pomegranate growing on a tree in the king's garden (J. G. von Halm Gff

819

The owl of Athena

820

820 The owl of Athena … 1 F. Imhoof-Blumer 'Die Fliigelgestalten der Athena und Nike auf Miinzen' in … from a specimen in my collection. The goddess intended is presumably Athena It**1 … in my collection. e(j … Coins Seleucid Kings of Syria p. 62 pi. 18, 12, E. Babelon Les rois de Syrie Parl

821

The owl of Athena 821 … a breath towards her. Denarii of Domitian (fig. 630)1 issued in

822

822 The owl of Athena … Among the finds made in a Scythian grave-mound at Alex- … F. H. Marshall7 referred these horse-trappings to the fourth century … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Gems'1 p. 360 no. 3850 a fragmentary cameo in paste imitating 5^g0 … 6 L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Ptt. 1865 p. 167 f. ,

823

The owl of Athena … figs W' Ke>'es 'Minerva Victrix?' in the Am.Journ. Arch. 1912 xvi. 490—494 with

825

The owl of Athena 825 … inscriptions (p. 494 n. 1) (add one literary reference, in Aetna 581) concludes: … i0t, 1' omssot in the Catalogue du Musee Alaoui {Supplement) Paris 1910 p. 57 no. … Nv'ngs a a temP^e of Apollon at Bulla Regia represent Minerva. One gave her marble … Palace ofAr EvanS the A""- Brit- Sch- Ath- '901 —1901 viii. 28 ff. fig. 14, id. The

826

The owl of Athena

827

The owl of Athena 827 … Imperial coins of Athens presuppose other statues of Athena … • .„r's'°P'1- e1- 1092 f. Kai ixovSbKU t) 8eos airi) | in w6\cbis iXffeiv Kai y\av£ avrrj … MuS(i>^',^eonna t'le ^eVk Arc^- IQ29 '■ 281—284 with fig. 1 (head of Athena in the … Stat ' ^art m the Indicateur d'antiquitis suisses 1917 p. 87 f. pi. 11, Reinach Rep. … ? g , Palace of Minos London 1928 ii. 1. 340 fig. 193 a 1 and a 2. … Col]ectio^9J3—1926 pi. 25, 1—4, 5 — 10. Figs. 636, 637 are from specimens in my … 9 B •' C<Xt' Co'"s Attica etc. p. 84 n. J hesitates to accept the suggestion.

828

828 The owl of Athena

830

830 The owl of Athena … to indicate that the scene is her own precinct on the Akropoh5- … 5 London, 6 Berlin (3—6 with snake). B. Pick in the Index to Svoronos p. vl 5 … pi. 48. My fig. 643 is drawn (scale f ) from a cast in the collection of T. Cades.

831

The owl of Athena 831 … fifth-century vase has a team of snakes3. … and Mesopotamian art made the god or goddess stand erect on the … the Museo Nazionaie at Naples (no. 6688) which represents Aphrodite drawn across … CQ see Aristoph. Lys. 723 and Athen. 391 E—F. Not improbably the swans were a later … iv j B°hm 'Aphrodite auf dem Bock' in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1889

832

832 The owl of Athena … her throat, and bracelets on her wrists. Lastly, in either hand she … 2 In The Illustrated London News for June 13, 1936 p. 1047 with a full-page p ^ … 3 Mr Burney, of 4 Bruton Street, Westminster, W. 1, kindly allowed me to e.*ca„ce … examples in Ebert Reallex. vii pi. 143 Sun-god (4 pairs of horns) and pi. i45> ^ g j_,'Ar' … 5 Sir E. A. Wallis Budge in his account of the Sippar relief [supra i. 203) ^Q\\c 0

Plate 61

A Sumerian relief in baked clay :

833

The owl of Athena 833 … • *1. 3) ')> L. Legrain in the Revue d'' Assyriologie et d' Archtologie Orientale 1933 … is \r ^' ^eltman nas suggested to me (Nov. 11, 1936) that the emblem in question … . may have symbolised the female and male organs. Such a combination would be … kin n °^ect °f curiously similar shape is the navel-string or 'twin' (mulongo) of the … 'yre-nl £ar'y 'Ionic' sculpture, e.g. the left hand of the rejoicing woman or of the … Wit" fin ' hter The Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks Yale Univ. Press 1929 p. 31

834

834 The owl of Athena … To this venturesome view Mr Sidney Smith demurs. In a recei^ … in D. H. Haas Bilderatlas zur Religionsgeschichte Leipzig—Erlangen 1925 v ' , , i# … Epiphanie der Sirene' in Philologns 1891 1. 93—107 with pi., W. H. Roscher ^^3,

835

The owl of Athena 835 … from our demon, whose name may have been Lilitu (Lilith) Ardat Lili (the … pp, X!(,',;^amPbe11 Thompson The Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia London 1903 1

836

836 The owl of Athena … 3 A black-figured kydrla of late, Etruscan, style, found by E. Gerhard at^

837

The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena 837 … ^ gs- 652, 653)*, and normally displaying the Gorgoneion, a fear- … eryday goat-skin (aigis10), people would be apt to speak of any … g0. " Roscher Juno und Hera Leipzig 1875 p. 35, id. in his Lex. Myth. ii. 595 f., … """■'Sa T ' ^ Aristodemos' Messenian and Arcadian levies in 726 B.C.) 6wpa.ua yap r)

838

838 The aigis and Gorgdneion of Athena … 1 Similarly, since the ordinary leather cap was made of dog-skin, we find the tei ^£ | … Kal oi OOffavoi oi in t&v aiylSoiv avTyai ovk #0ets eial aXXa ifxdvnvott t& ye aX^fl y^^b^

839

The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena 839 … notion has met with some favour both in ancient and in modern … The artist, wishing to stress the simple hardihood of the more … Hdt. 4. r80 (cited supra p. 128 n. i), on which see Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. … sto ^''k'nson 'ne Egyptologist went further in the same direction, and fared worse. He … a^orn (J5 fi2ures another mirror, from Caere, on which the Palladion wears an aigis … £ o » 3- 7° (from the mythographical romance of Dionysios Skytobrachion: see

840

840 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena … This late recital includes some early traits. In particular, the monstrous ^oa'on a b''

841

The aigis and Gorg6?ieion of Athena 841 … uctuis venenum: hoc nomine etiam Athenis in 'arcem non inigi, praeterquam semel ad … Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. 100 'It would be quite in accord with the ideas of a

842

842 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena … cod. B: words in square brackets are added from cod. A), Souid. s.v. aiyls (cp. Zonar. … 1 Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. i. 120 f. ' Als Thierfell erscheint derm auch die Aegis in … Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 971 f. Miss C. A. Hutton in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1897 … such on a 'Chalcidian ' hydria of c. 550 B.C. {supra ii. 731 fig. 663). The earliest examP1 … 4 Cic. de nat. deor. 3. 59 (last in the list of Minervas) quinla Pallantis, quae pa … Ampel. 9. 10 (last in the list of Minervas) quinta Pallantis et Titanidos filia; haec V'

Plate 62

Perseus presents Athena with the Gorgon's head for her aigis.

Plate 63

Perseus presents Athena with the Gorgon's head for her shield.

843

The aigis and Gorg6neio?t of Athena 843 … Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 355 7} lldWajra rbv tdiov iraripa irTepbnbv vir6.pxovTO. koI fiiafavra … 3 F. Gargallo-Grimaldi 'Perseo' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1850 xxii. 53—60 pi. A,

844

844 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena … In claiming that Athena's aigis with its Gorgoneion was thus … 1 Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. i. 192, H. J. Rose A Handbook of Greek Myl^1"^ … 10 It is notorious that in the western pediment of the second (c. 580—57° B'C'^£r lio"5

845

The aigis and Gorgdneion of Athena 845 … not a few mutually destructive hypotheses. Plutarch dwells on the … no«hern angle,"]*. Hampe 'korfugieberimd frUhe Perseusbilder' in the Ath. Mitth. … 7 G. R. Gaedechens in J. S. Ersch-J. G. Gruber Allgemeine Encycbpiidie der

846

846 The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena … W. H. Roscher4, have equated its scowling features with those of … that the Gorgon must have been a cephalopod, the octopus, and … his ubiquitous cuttle-fish10. T. Zell11 is equally insistent that the … its use as an amulet potent to ward off the evil eye. Jane Harrison … H. T. Rose16 is inclined to think it' a nightmare, a face so horrible … 3 C. Dilthey in the Ann. d. Inst. 1871 xliii. 214. .g … 5 First in Aisch. cho. 591 f. Tvravd de Kai ireSofSafiova Kaveixoevr &v | aiyiSw <PPa … H. Stuart Jones in the new Liddell and Scott s.v. aiyls. … 8 F. T. Elworthy 'A Solution of the Gorgon Myth' in Folk-Lore 1903 xiv. 212 … 12 K. Gerogiannes in the 'E<f>.'Apx- 1927 — 1 928 pp. 128—176 with 31 figs- (suin … 16 R. G. Collingwood—J. N. L. Myres Roman Britain and the Engl'*'1 J

847

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 847 … Africa. If so, Euripides1 was not far wrong when he spoke of … ^ Dt Gorgone Amstelodami 1885 pp. 94—97 discusses, but rejects, the suggestion … Corf20"6 Dizion- diMitel. Egiz. pp. 202—221 pis. 73—81, Sir E. A. Wallis Budge The … and ' ■ Wallis Budge From Fetish to God in ancient Egypt p. 254 'a slayer of serpents

848

848 The aigts and Gorgd7ieion of Athena … my collection, to illustrate the resemblance of Bes to a negro. Fig- 660, 0, ^ IS jj;

849

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 849 … 1 An antefix of terracotta found before the east front of the Bouleuterion at Olympia. … no- 4s6 fig. 79 ( = my fig. 664)). Mr C. D. Bicknell notes the influence of Kritios' … (4) A South Italian kraler{t), probably from Bari, in the Fontana collection at

850

850 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena … lungen Berlin 1894 ii. 215—230 pi. 6, O. Jahn in Philologus 1868 xxvii. 16 pl> r' ^' … 3 Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Sculpt, p. 201. … contest of beauty between Medousa and Athena was a commonplace of the later ta^e[g, … Medousa as a beauty is irapa trpoaioKlav and calls for explanation. The^ ^

851

The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena 851 … that the Gorgon among her original (African?) folk was frankly regarded as a reigning … l898 p. 42 ff. pi. 13, Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Sculpt, pp. i;6—161 (attributed … Richter The Sculpture and Sculptors 0/ the Greeks Yale Univ. Press 1929 p. 177 … 2 An onyx cameo of two layers, milk-white on bluish white, … . " less finely worked cameo in my possession (fig. 669: scale \)

852

852 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena

853

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 853 … Where prophylaxis was still required, the older horrors survived, … well be made out for vases, or gems, or other products of minor art. … P- 333 no. 3542 pi. 36). Even the eyebrows are writhen and snaky. C. Davenport … Pl< 40, 18 ( = my fig. 668), ii. 191 f., Lippold Gemmen pi. 77, 4 p. 179). The inscription … From a buff (?traces of black) moulded aryballos (height 4J ins.) in my collection. … .. Fi8- 673 a bronze coin of Olbia, probably cast in s. vi—v b.c. (McClean Cat. Coins … • Greek Coins London 1933 pp. 180, 303 pi. 40, 1). This was the earliest issue of

854

854 The aiSis and Gorgoneton of Athena

855

The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena 855 … Assimilation of Helios to the Gorgon.

856

856 The aigis and Gorgdneion of Athena … Caecus in 312 B.C., had allowed the flute-players to wear masks at their festival the … of mine, cp. Babelon Monn. rep. rom. i. 437 f. no. 1 fig., Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom- Cot"s … Fig. 693 a silver drachm (?) of Rhodes c. 87—84 B.C. (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Can »

857

The aigts and Gorgdneion of Athena 857 … Helios to the Gorgon—perhaps originally suggested by the name Gorgos—is completed … Friederichs—Wolters Gipsabgiisse p. 242 f. no. 524, A. Baumeister in his Denkm. … ungen klassischer Altcrtiimer in Rom* Leipzig 1913 ii. 428 f. no. 1878.

858

858 The digis and Gorgdneion of Athena … One other Gorgdneion remains to be considered—the expiring … either side and terminating in coils' like those of Ishtar. da''v6

859

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 859 … Sulinus I Matulri • fil | v-s-l-m. The name Su/inus, which recurs in Corp. inscr. Lat. … 3 The fullest collection, though marred by a few misprints, is that of F. Heichelheim … (cp. Plin. nat. hist. 4. 102). in quo spatio magna et multa fiumina, fontes calidi opiparo … Galfridus Monmutensis (Geoffrey of Monmouth), writing between 1136 and 1139 a.d., … H. M. Scarth op. cit. p. 3 (after T. D. Whitaker(?) in The Anti-Jacobin Review and

860

86o The aigis and Gorgdneion of Athena

861

The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena 861

862

862 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena … perched on it, and, to the extreme right what may be the traces of a floria"^ … Book ofBat)? s.l., s.a. p. 17 fig., A.J.Taylor The Roman Baths ofBath Bath 1933 P' bs … 4 On the impression produced by golden statues see S. Eitrem in Symbolae U … 6 A. J. Taylor op. cit. p. 23 no. 1 with pl. (part of which2:my fig- 700).

863

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 863 … G. Scharf in Archaeologia 1855 xxxvi. 194 ff. The flowing locks are streams of … 3 F. Haverfield—H. Stuart Jones 'Some representative examples of Romano-British … Mrs D. P. Dobson The Archaeology of Somerset London 1931 p. 148. … * ai'isinus Regius 4807, s. ix A.D.) reads solis. So also the tabula Peutingeriana (on which … Ihis would be a concession to Roman sentiment. In any sun-cult the Romans

864

864 The aigis and Gorgdneion of Athena

865

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 865

866

866 The aigis of Athena transferred to Zeus … 6 A. Gehring Index Homericus Lipsiae 1891 p. 23 (almost always in the geI1' … especially the works of M. P. Nilsson The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and its Sw"" … Aristonikos of Alexandreia, a famous Homeric scholar who lived in the tun

867

Thunderbolt of Zeus transferred to Athena 867 … Athena. And indeed Athena was no unworthy recipient. The … 6 Supra pp. 200, 235, 736. For Athena herself holding the double axe see supra ii.

868

868 The thunderbolt of Zeus … And darkling storm-winds from the upper sky — … 1 Verg. Aen. 1. 39 ff., Hyg. fab. 116. See further J. Toepffer in Pauly—Wissowa … K. Tittel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 996—1000 contends that Heron's life … 5 Browning was guilty of more than one slip when, confusing the third-century … Head Coins of the Ancients p. 75 pi. 41, 5, id. Hist, num.- p. 231 fig. 144, id. Co"lS f

869

shows the same goddess as seen from in front, advancing to the … £■ 704)- A similar reverse, but not from the same die, is found on another unimm at … McClean Cat. Coins ii. 73 pi. 135, 1, Head Coins of the Ancients p. 76 pi. 41, 8, id. … HiM S° by numismatic wrilers in general (B. V. Head, Sir G. Macdonald, Sir G. F. … V(^eus' 'ast king of Makedonia) centum hostiis sacrificio regaliter Minervae, quam … Hi . V Amstelaedami 1743), nad printed Alcidein. The right reading was already

870

870 The thunderbolt of Zeus … 1 McClean Cat. Coins iii. 419 f. pi. 363, 2—10 ('Athene Promachos'), Head Coins of … pi. 31, 18, McClean Cat. Coins ii. 271 pi. 188, 7—10, Head Coins of the Ancients p- 84 … During the presence of Pyrrhos in Sicily the Syracusans, by way of compliment to

871

sought to magnify the Athena of Pella by giving her the thunder- … 1 The evidence, literary, epigraphic, and numismatic, for Athena'Irwvia in Thessaly … similar types in imperial times ib. pi. 84, 29, 30, 36—42. Fig. 710 is from Brit. Mus. … 4 See W. W. Tarn Antigonos Gonatas Oxford 1913 for the political situation in 282/1 … 8 P- Gardner in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Greek and Scythic Kings Index p. 181

872

872 Thunderbolt of Zeus transferred to Athena … Bouddhique' in the Bulletin de I'Ecole Francaise d' Extrhne-Orient 1909 ix. 15 ff-> … Mr C. T. Seltman first drew my attention to the seal-impression of Athena fulminant, … - Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Coins Emp. ii. 447 Index. Fig. 714 is from an aureus of … 6 F. Dtimmler in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.- ii. 2001 f., Gruppe Gr. Myth. & '

873

the Homeric warfare in her Father's armour. And as in a conjurer's hall Zeus … 'To sum up, Athena's portion is the agora of the gods, where all business is … The whole topic of Athena and her relation to Zeus, which has … With the description of Athena as 6vvap.1v tov Aids cp. the stone at Thyateira inscribed … Hesych. "Ti;s• Zeus opSpios. See M. Schmidt in ed.1 Id. in ed.2 prints T?js for … the Homeric warfare in her Father's armour. And as in a conjurer's hall Zeus … 'To sum up, Athena's portion is the agora of the gods, where all business is … The whole topic of Athena and her relation to Zeus, which has … With the description of Athena as 6vvap.1v tov Aids cp. the stone at Thyateira inscribed … Hesych. "Ti;s• Zeus opSpios. See M. Schmidt in ed.1 Id. in ed.2 prints T?js for

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (i) Zeus Hýes

874

accentuated Hyes1) means Zeus Ombrios, 'the Showery2.' Hesy- … expect them, in accordance with Thraco-Phrygian belief6, to have … variously explained by the ancients from Kleidemos8 (c. 350 B.C.9) … he was, I take it12, much like the mystics of Eleusis13, raising … he- airetXij f3pa8vv6vTwv Kal avotyvvvai Ke\ev6vTbiv. W. Dindorf in Stephanus Thes. G'' … 5 H. Usener in his discussion of Sondergotter was the first to distinguish this priniit^e … 9 F. Jacoby in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xi. 591. 10 Supra ii. 275' … 15 Frazer Golden Bough*: Spirits of Corn and Wild ii. 22 ' Perhaps the cry

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (j) Zeus and the hail

875

Zeus and the Hail … the wording of which I should not seriously venture to … of extreme diffidence in view of the great variety of men's … Attes! Hyes Attes ! " which was raised by the worshippers of Attis, may be neither more … E. Fehrle ' Antiker Hagelzauber. Ein Kapitel der Geoponiker' in Alemannia

876

Zeus and the Hail … More explicit are the directions given by the Geoponika1, a … 2 From the kcvtoI of Sex. Iulius Africanus (W. Kroll in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc- … Fehrle in 2T0IXEIA iii. 7 remarks that two manuscripts, a cod. Guelferbytanus … 6 E. Fehrle in Alemantiia 1912 Dritte Folge iv. 16 f. was the first to point out tba … Pallad. 1. 35. 15 item vituli marini pellis in medio vinearum loco uni superiec a

877

Zeus and the Hail … 8. And, if you take a tortoise found in the marshes and place it on its back … 9. Some folk say that you should carry round and deposit the tortoise at … marini vituli per spatia possessionis circumferat et in villae aut cortis suspendat ingressu, … Perambulet, et reversus eodem modo sic illam ponat in terra, et glebas dorsi eius obiciat … Apul. de mundo 3 and 8 mentions hail, but says nothing of this method of averting … H. Beckh in the Teubner ed. of 1895 prints without comment EtfXa iatpv-qvai

878

Zeus and the Hail … Again, bloodstained axes are raised in a threatening manner … 1 Supra i. 58 n. 1, ii. 522 n. 2. See now the careful study by Eva Wunderlich D*1 … See further Frazer Worship of Nature i. 45 f.

879

Zeus and the Hail … without serious damage—he laid hands on himself. Do not imagine that the … They want a rational explanation of this practice. Some, as befits truly wise … built into a wall at Amaseia in Pontos bears an … cleone (or deone) of codd. * and deonis of codd. S. … deities (see G. Wentzel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1464 f.).

880

Zeus and the Hail … 'AxiXXuvos 'IoynjWou koL XaXafiou (xaXafiov Ah: yaXa^lou £~). K. Wernicke in Paul}'^ … 3 F. W. Hasluck in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1904 xxiv. 21—23 no. 4 fig. i, id. ii. i9°

881

Zeus and the Hail … Meidias, son of Straton, as first mayor handed over the stele … It will be noticed that, in the matter of hail, Greek religion like … 1 In this respect the Rhodian Telchines (supra p. 296 n. 6) were exceptional. … CaP- 3- Apparently the witch and two of her followers are travelling through the air, … Zeus and the Hail … Meidias, son of Straton, as first mayor handed over the stele … It will be noticed that, in the matter of hail, Greek religion like … 1 In this respect the Rhodian Telchines (supra p. 296 n. 6) were exceptional. … CaP- 3- Apparently the witch and two of her followers are travelling through the air,

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (a) The cult of meteorites

882

The cult of meteorites … und der Neuzeit Bonn—Leipzig 1922 p. 352 Index s.v. ' Meteore,' id. in Pauly—Wissowa … 2 G. A. Wainwright 'The aniconic Form of Anion in the !\Tew Kingdom' in the

883

The cult of meteorites

884

The cult of meteorites … 2. 150, infra p. 886). (3) At Gythion again there was a cult of Zeus Ammon {supra i. … thunderbolt were all one and the same thing in religion.' He further dwells on the … Id. 'Letopolis' ib. 1932 xviii. 159—172 argues for the existence of a similar thunder-

885

The cult of meteorites … broken from it by its plunging and erratic course were carried in all directions … J- represented as omphalol, e.g. a tomb (supra ii. 219 n. 4), a mound of earth (supra ii. … E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. iv. 2009. … nen they arrive upon the earth....Neither are there any indications of any heating effect

886

The cult of meteorites … predicted that it would fall in the middle of the earth. Yet another … 2 Plin. nat. hist. 2. 149. The marm. Par. ep. 57 p. 17 Jacoby notes the yea( … Wachsmuth, Theodoret. 4. 18) in H. Diels Doxographi Graeci Berolini 1879 p- 34*- … I think, mentioned in F. W. Hasluck's Cyzicus Cambridge 1910.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (b) Baítyloi, Baitýlia, and Zeus Bétylos

887

Few terms in the nomenclature of Greek religion have been … Sotakos3, a well-informed lapidarist of the early Hellenistic … Sanchouniathon of Berytos in his Phoenician history5 had more … The qualities of magic potency mentioned by Sotakos and … "09 n. o. See now the excellent article by Grimme in Paulv—Wissowa Real-Enc. i A. … Phot. bibl. p. 342 b 26 ff. and p. 348 a 18 fT. Bekker. The passages are discussed by

888

was the neo-Platonic philosopher, who was in Athens at the time … 'He says that at Heliopolis in Syria Asklepiades2 made the ascent of Mount … Having told us this trash and much more to the same effect, our author, … * For such Xidocpopoi see J. Schmidt in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xiii. 774 f. and … c Athena stands next to Keraunos on the relief from Emesa (supra ii. 814 n. 3 wij … 9 An odd parallel may be seen in G. Pansa Mitt, leggende e superstizioni dell' At?***,

889

a wall; for this was the means by which it gave the enquirer his desired … concerning the baitylos, this empty-headed fellow continues: " I thought the … The mention of Parnassos suggests that this curious note may contain a Byzantine … So R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. 1904 ii. 257, O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. … ^ A. Cowley Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C. Oxford 1923 p. xviii f.

890

For, while some take 's-m to be the Hebrew shem, 'Name,' a … high) found in the sanctuary of the Palmyrene gods at Dui"a' … Zeus Bclylos, [god] of the dwellers along the Orontes, Aurelius Diphilianus, soldie'

891

Diphilianus, to his national god Zeus Betylos. And the lettering of … Bethuel= Greek Bathouel1. It may therefore be argued that the … thinks possible10, is a further problem. The name Bethel is intelligible … 1 See in primis O. Eissfeldt 'Der Gott Bethel' in the Archiv f. Rel. 1930 xxviii. … I- Benzinger in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 363. … W. H. Ward The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia Washington 1910 pp. 193—195 … s»°: The irregular oval object resting on the divine seats, and surmounted by a star or

892

Yet, whatever be the case with the stone at Bethel, there can be … The Syrian cult of meteorites is attested by one other record, … irapa.a'qp.ov k€<pa\iji> ratipov irepivoffTovffa 5e t7]v oiKovp.£vqv eftpev aepoweTT} aartpa, of ^

893

the remarkable epithet Astrochiton, ' He of the Starry Robe1.' … An odd tale, which associates Kybele with the fall of a meteorite, … Sir G. F. Hill in The Church Quarterly Review 1908 lxvi. 133, 139 f., id. in the … E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. ii. 925. … Sllex (M. Platnauer mistranslates 'the sacred statue'). … the remarkable epithet Astrochiton, ' He of the Starry Robe1.' … An odd tale, which associates Kybele with the fall of a meteorite, … Sir G. F. Hill in The Church Quarterly Review 1908 lxvi. 133, 139 f., id. in the … E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. ii. 925. … Sllex (M. Platnauer mistranslates 'the sacred statue').

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (c) Kybele und meteorites

894

from the sky1, and is described as a stone of sooty colour and black … Deum fuisse Matrem? Id. ib. 6. 11, 7. 50 speaks of it as silex. The interp. Serv. in ve1*

895

the Phrygians worship the Mother of the gods, something would shortly fall … been charged with adultery, but not yet tried, and on account of fast living was … • He]big Fiihrer durch die offent lichen Sammlungen klassischer Altertumer in Rom3 … angen 1926 ix_xi p. xjx fig. ,57, E. Strong Art in Ancient Rome London 1929 i. 43

896

Claudia standing statue-like1 on a plinth as she draws the ship by … A third inscription, likewise found at Rome and relating to the same cult, is given … Maffei supposed that Navisalviae was a single word designating the divinised Claudia … 1 Ioul. or. 5 p. 209 Hertlein speaks of these miracles as Kotvy fiiv vwb TrXtlaTf"1 … 2 Not impossibly Claudia would be conceived as attaching her girdle to the sacrei … e^iKvehai ryj (pwvrj Std tov 6e6v. Audin reckons that 1000 years from the fall of

897

Caci1. Here it remained for a good six hundred years, set in … • Platner—T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford 1929 … k0(jj '^rnob. adv. nat. 7. 49 (after the passage cited supra p. 894 n. 2) et quern omnes … Plac i ^ayer in ^oscner Lex. Myth. ii. 1525 thinks that the stone from Pessinous was … Ser statue was still existing in the time of Theodosios the Great (378—395 A.D.), for

898

at first by B. V. Head1, made the interesting conjecture that it is … of a face and seemingly with a ktets be- … description of the baitylos 'concealed in its … central Europe towards the end of the stone … And B. Pick in J. N. Svoronos Les monnaies d'Athenes Munich 1923—1926 Index p- … 4 On submitting this implement to the Department of Mineralogy and Petrol°=^s … p. 139 f. figs, a—c, V. Gordon Childe The Danube in Prehistory Oxford 1929 pP' j,

899

in an axe-hammer from the second city of Troy1 and serve to … 4 On Sviorris the 'pestle' in relation to Qviar^ the storm-god (?) see supra ii. 1022. … P1- 7, 17 ( = my fig. 732) ACTT € NA[I] HN). (2) A bronze coin of Myra in Lykia, … ronze coin of Sardeis in Lydia, struck by Caracalla (fig. 735 from a specimen of mine … °n a bronze coin of Maionia in Lydia, issued in the time of Trajan Decius (fig. 737 from

900

goo The stone of Elagabalos … 3 It was obtained by Sir William Ridgeway, through Mr H. Lawson of the consul*' … goo The stone of Elagabalos … 3 It was obtained by Sir William Ridgeway, through Mr H. Lawson of the consul*'

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (d) The stone of Elegabalos

901

The stone of Elagabalos 901 … The solar character of the god is further attested by Dion Cass. 78. 31. 1 (ix. 410 Cary) … nammicomo devoti pectora Soli | vitam agitant (sc. Emeseni). Hence the spelling 'IIX10- … Frontone cos. ( = 199 A.D.), no. 4332 (Brigetio in Illyricum) deo Soli Alagabal. Ammudati … n N (*) N a bronze coin struck by Antoninus Pius. The star on the stone is probably one … P; 357)- Cp. the star that appears in the field of FiS 741- … ^MlCflN KOAHN with ZK<P (527 of Seleucid era = 2i5 A.D.) a bronze coin struck

902

go2 The stone of Elagabalos … 4 F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 2219. … Fig. 743 is from a specimen of mine. The horn set on the ground behind Elag3^ f

903

The stone of Elagabalos 903 … stone, and thus celebrated a sacred marriage between the Sun and … 4 A concise summary of the evidence is given by S. B. Platner—T. Ashby A Topo- … ]gnem et Palladium et ancilia et omnia Romanis veneranda in illud transferre templum et … C R- Unger cj. typum) > Dianae Laodiciae ex adyto suo, in quo id Orestes posuerat,

904

The stone of Elagabalos … Once a year, at midsummer, the stone was taken from the … But these vagaries were terminated by his death in 222 A.D. The … Studniczka loc. cit. thought that the block might have come from the temple on t'ie … 6 Cp. a denarius at Berlin (J. Leipoldt Die Religionen in der Unnvelt des Urchr's ^ … Elagabalus at Alexandreia in 221/2 A.D. (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Alexandria etc. P-

905

The stone of Elagabalos … v^.. '• Lenormant in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Atit. ii. 531, F. Cumont in Pauly—

906

The stone of Elagabalos … was given to the cult, when Aurelian in 272 routed the forces 0 … in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 644 fig. 738, ii. 529 fig. 2618, Stevenson-" .jgji)^'1

907

The stone of Dousares 907 … 'Theusares, that is the god Ares at Petra in Arabia. The god Ares is … (|- 754) M. Aurelius AOYCAPHC 060CAA PAH [NOON] and the date H0(?) … The stone of Dousares 907 … 'Theusares, that is the god Ares at Petra in Arabia. The god Ares is … (|- 754) M. Aurelius AOYCAPHC 060CAA PAH [NOON] and the date H0(?)

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (e) The stone of Dousares

908

The stone of Dousares … of Elagabalus has a figure seated before an erection, on which is

909

The stone of Dousares 909 … south-west of Bostra, the lintel spanning the main gate of an

910

91 o The stone of Dousares … Nevertheless this pedigree remains, in part at least, conjectural. Confining ourselves … demeure d'un esprit.' Id. Israel from its Beginnings to the Middle of the Eighth Centw

911

The stone of Dousares … Supra p. 907. 2 jr. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1867. … F. H. Weissbach in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ix. 2064 ff.

912

The stone of Dousares … A solar aspect of the god has also been deduced from the occurrence … 2 Lebas—Waddington Asie Mineure iii no. 1907 (Bostra, in the first half of s. ii A.D.) … Another form of Zeus recognised at Bostra was Zeus Amnion, who appears on the … Sun-worship pure and simple is attested for the Nabataeans by Strab. 784 fa'0"

913

The stone of Dousares … by this mystery, they make answer: "This day and hour Kore (that is, the … 1 A. Jiilicher in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 193 (374—377 a.d.), W. Christ … ^Pra ii. 337 nn , an(j ^ Souid. s.v. 'UpauxKOS (of Egypt, a neo-Platonic connoisseur of … 6p.o0 /cara p.vgtikt\v ws dXTjdus <j>dvai dcoKpaaiav, and an inscription of the … Philcf a^°Xos' I ^e'as <pv<rews ipydWijs aluvlov irdvra, on which remarkable outburst of

914

914 The stone of Dousares … See further C. Lackeit Aion, Zeit und Ewigkeit in Sprache imd Religion der Griechen … F. Cumont, too, in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1866 writes: 'Dieses Bae'J ^

915

The stone of Dousares 915 … &vTpov, Ze/3cb 'A(ppo5lTT] (sic) Kpbvov Kal Xap-ap Xeyere. The cult is further discussed by … £. D. Clarke eomparati in Bibliotheca Bodleiana adservantur Oxonii 1812 i. 43 … Without accent) T77 airwv Trpoaayopevovoi ykiiaar]. F. Boll in the Sitzungsber. d. Heidelb.

916

The stone of Dousares … We are not then, so far as I can see, in a position to state … cubus, English cttbe—the goddess being represented by a stone block (cp. Lyd. de metis- … ku'ub 'bosom,' ku'ba 'virginity.' Cp. the Hittite Mother of the gods, whose sign 15 … blunders badly when in this connexion he speaks of ' der kleinasiatischen " Demete , … From fiip-pa Eisler passes on to d/xcpaXos, contending that the Lydian Omphale

917

The stone of Dousares … F. Miinter3 and F. v. Dalberg4, who went on to argue that the … 4 F. v. Dalberg Ueber Meteor-Cu/tus der Alten, vorziiglich in Bezug auf Steine, die … Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Meccah and Medinah' London—Belfast 1879 p. 493 n. 3 … de I'Asic antdrieure Paris 1872 ii. 126 n. 1 cites an unpublished passage of Niket. Chon.

918

The stone of Dousares … in 1853, has described and illustrated the Ka'bah as decked in its … 3 The expression tKriirupta rrjs 'Arppobtrr/s used by Zigabenos and Niketas is *e … rots ^pvytaKots (Aretades of Knidos frag. 2 (Frag. hist. Gr. iv. 316 Mliller))- … Xpvo-rjv Trap' eKelvots Xofidp is more vague. But there can be little doubt that the Tvtf°s

919

The stone of Dousares … all sides by a border composed of a substance which I took to be a close cement … 2 lb3 p. 494 f. quoting J. L. Burckhardt, with sundry notes of his own by way of … 4 FiS- 773, a and b, are reduced (scale %) from the half-size section and elevation of

920

92o The stone siderites or oreites … 1 Burton op. cit? p. 494 n. 3 observes: 'Ibn Jubayr declares the depth of the stoi'e … 6 On Damigeron see M. Wellmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv. 2055 ' … 92o The stone siderites or oreites … 1 Burton op. cit? p. 494 n. 3 observes: 'Ibn Jubayr declares the depth of the stoi'e … 6 On Damigeron see M. Wellmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv. 2055 '

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (f) The stone siderítes or oreites

921

The stone siderites or oreites … The ' Orphic' Litkikd, a work assigned on stylistic and other … Helenos—we read—advised the Greeks to fetch Philoktetes … The text of the last two sentences is defective and stands in need of emendation … in spite of Tzetz. posthom. 571 ff. Kai rbre nh "EXevos, 0(6(potTos fiavris a/x6fuoi>, j

922

922 The stone siderites or oreites … Helenos the seer was, like his sister Helene, a genuine figure oi … mountain-mother8. It was, therefore, natural that the ' iron-stone … the earliest iron to be worked was meteoric iron9. That is doubt

923

The stone siderites or oreites 923 … the stone called siderites or oi-eites came from a telluric outcrop … Zeitpunkt oder an einera bestimmten Ort—an dem freilich nur in sehr geringer Menge, … 1 L. Beck Die Geschichte des Eisens in lechnischer und kulturgeschichtlicher Beziehung … fallen, war schon in sehr frtiher Zeit bekannt; doch bildete die Auffindung solcher … f0che a silicates ferrugineux'), W. Ridgeway The Early Age of Greece Cambridge 1901

924

indeed a meteorite like others already found in the service of … That none might break? In the aithe'r and the clouds … This sounds like a piece of local lore. Two conspicuous blocks 1^ … 1 See O. C. Farrington Meteorites Chicago 1915 pp. 78 ff. ('Crust of meteori'e^ … 4 //. 15. 18 ff. 6 W. Leaf A Companion to the Iliad London 1892 P' J … indeed a meteorite like others already found in the service of … That none might break? In the aithe'r and the clouds … This sounds like a piece of local lore. Two conspicuous blocks 1^ … 1 See O. C. Farrington Meteorites Chicago 1915 pp. 78 ff. ('Crust of meteori'e^ … 4 //. 15. 18 ff. 6 W. Leaf A Companion to the Iliad London 1892 P' J

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (g) Ákmon

925

F. Munter1 thought it not impossible that the meteorites in … °f Indo-Europaean speech thought the sky to be made of stone8, … e passage belongs to the ' emblemata vetustissima,' which F. Jacoby in his ed. p. 87 … p g g^^0'1' °'K^ova' ahirpifiavov. Kvirpioi. Cp. the neolithic pounder discussed supra … nan""' P' 114 sa>'s: 'Asman a stone, rock...any instrument made of stone (as a

926

contended that the weapon of the sky-god—whether the thunder- … H. Reichelt 'Der steinerne Himmel' in the Indogemianische Forschungen 1913 … 3 The double axe of bronze, so frequent in Cretan cult (supra ii. 513 ff.), was Pre.°

927

The stone of Kronos … 3 Hes. frag. fals. 6 Rzach ap. schol. Palat. in Simiae alas Amor. 1 p. 266 Diehl … Comes?)> was taken from the Tilanomachia (cp. Cramer anecd. Oxon. i. 75, 11 ff. oi 8e … Pendant figure' on some work of art: see B. Wyss ad loc). … n'ght be dubbed 'Son of Anvil' (cp. T. Bergk op. cit.1 iii. 69). … Viol at0^' Si "Aic>i0'"'s ° Ofy""*5 ° AXx/id") <paeiv, Urropet. But in view of Eudok. … The stone of Kronos … 3 Hes. frag. fals. 6 Rzach ap. schol. Palat. in Simiae alas Amor. 1 p. 266 Diehl … Comes?)> was taken from the Tilanomachia (cp. Cramer anecd. Oxon. i. 75, 11 ff. oi 8e … Pendant figure' on some work of art: see B. Wyss ad loc). … n'ght be dubbed 'Son of Anvil' (cp. T. Bergk op. cit.1 iii. 69). … Viol at0^' Si "Aic>i0'"'s ° Ofy""*5 ° AXx/id") <paeiv, Urropet. But in view of Eudok.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (h) The stone of Kronos

928

928 The stone of Kronos … Hera of the golden sandals and strong Hades, who dwells beneath the ground … and told her all that was fated to happen touching Kronos the king and his … 6 Literally 'might get paid the Erinyes of her own father' (sc. Ouranos), whom Kron°s … 7 Supra ii. 549, 845. C. Picard in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1926 xxxix. 194 n. 1 objects … 11 Rhea. The change of subject makes it clear that at this point we pass

929

The stone of Kronos … he ^rae,:ernatural rapidity of growth is characteristic of gods (supra i. 647, 695) and … Vat' 10 P'ace °f Poseidon (supra i. 181 n. o). But a different account is given in Myth. … p. ,tgBeazley Attic red-figured Vases in American Museums Cambridge Mass. 1918

930

93 o The stone of Kronos

931

The stone of Kronos 931 … Again, a red-figured pelike of c. 460—450 B.C., said to have come … 2 A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 95 is over-sceptical when he says : ' Verfehlt ist … similar passages). J. de Witte loc. cit. suggested that the two attendants of Rhea were … 4 E. de Chanot 'Cronos, Rhea et Nice' in the Gaz. Arch. 1877 iii. 116 pi. 18 ( = my … J- D. Beazley Attic red-figured Vases in American Museums Cambridge Mass. 1918 … aler?'), fa Greek Vases in Poland Oxford 192S p. 44 n. 1 (such vases 'can hardly be

932

The stone of Kronos … 'The Plataeans have a temple of Hera worth seeing for its size and its … The precise character and arrangement of these sculptures 1 … them stands a chair. On the wall hangs a bag. t ^.

933

The stone of Kronos … i. in, J. de Foville 'Les statues de Hera a Platees d'apres les monnaies' in the Rev. … 4 Paus. 8. 9. 1, with the remarks of G. M. A. Richter op. cit. p. 198 f. figs. 679—681. … Harpe.' A. H. Krappe in his Balor With the Evil Eye Columbia University 1927

934

934 The stone of Kronos … Very different is the impression produced by a tomb-paint'11^

935

The stone of Kronos 935 … himdtion, rushes forward to present Kronos with the stony sub- … 1 I cannot agree with Visconti, who loc. cit. took the paidagogds and the handmaid to

936

The stone of Kronos … in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1903 vii. 202 says: 'A comparison of these passages plainly … abaddiris,' lapis, quem pro love devoravit Saturnus, sed in usu hoc lion inveni, … ergo tradidit ei Neptunum, quem in mare submersit, et factus est deus marinus. secund0 … pulveratum devoravit. deinde egestus et formatus est in speciem humanam et vivificatuS' … in the Thes. Ling. Lat. i. 43, 27 ff. abaddir deus dicitur, quo nomine lapis vocatur, 1l£lJl … We gather from Augustine that the term was used of certain deities by the

937

The stone of Kronos 937 … cll'od magis placet Bocharto...: nihil enim frigidius, quam lapidem, eumque talem in quo … in h A" ^' Evans ' Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult and its Mediterranean Relations'

938

93 8 The stone of Kronos … with gilded details, found in 1633 at … 2 Frazer Pausanias v. 355 (' Perhaps the sacred … PP- 773> 775> K. Ttimpel in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … 1654 p. 58 with fig. 6, F. Keller in the Mittheilungen

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (i) Zeus Kappótas

939

Pausanias1 in his account of south-western Lakonike says: … The distance from this spot to the centre of the ancient site agrees well with … E. S. Forster in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1906—1907 xiii. 222 f. … ^ Lebas—Reinach Voyage Arch. p. 32 pi. Itin. 25 ( = my fig. 781). R. Weil in the … t|le ^0T" I e ho SoXos- I -poi Si hbire | vdfios, | ajroordro. The interpretation depends on

941

Neither of these explanations is quite satisfactory. The first … and smaller than 1 a rocky platform at the foot of the cliff.' The … (Gythium).' A. N. Skias loc. cit. suspected that diroffrputfeoTai meant \i8oroixeiv or the … Zeus himself, when enamoured of Hera, would repair to the Leucadian rock and sit … Even portable stones might be possessed of great curative and preservative virtue, … 162.' [U. Kohler in the Ath. Mitth. 1878 iii. 163 published a base from Gythion, … M. Mayer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1540 (.: Kawirorras for KaTriroTas (KaTairlva).

942

tention that Kappotas means 'the Swallower.' For though in the … towards proving that Zeus Kappdtas really meant Zeus ' the … 3 S. Wide Lakonische Kulte Leipzig 1893 p. 11 : 'In der Weise erklare ich den Zei>s … Cp. Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. 46, H. Hitzig and H. Bliimner ad he, Adler iJ1 … 7 H. Usener in the Rhein. Mus. 1905 lx. 12 'Vielmehr gehort ttut- zu Wurzel fteT … 8 F. Solmsen in the Rhein. Mus. 1907 lxii. 337 ' Morphologisch ist diese schon^

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §11. General conclusions with regard to Zeus as god of dark sky

943

§11. General Conclusions with regard to Zeus as god of the … lightning-fork or thunderbolt16. Zeus, who thus sent the lightning … gj Jvitka, the highest peak of Mt Olympos, photographed from the Ridge by Mr C. M.

944

kokkygiax. The Winds too were not unconnected with Zeus2. Their … 21 G. Foucart 'Sky and Sky-gods' in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and&, ^

945

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 94.5 … identified with the supreme deity of more than one non-Hellenic

946

the thunderbolt. Yet its terrors were not wholly terrific1. Zeus … continues with Thracian and Orphic beliefs8, only to end with the … lence. A Hellenistic type of Zeus enthroned and sceptred sho^ … above the puppet emperor18, while his Syrian counterpart Iup1 … 10 Mr H. Mattingly draws my attention to the fact that the same gesture 0 .^s

947

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 947 … the cosmic character of such a god tended to find expression in … and we are left with that impressive monosyllable ringing in our … towards Orphism5, expanded the same theme into hymns of a … R. Harder 'Prismata' 1 in Philologus N.F. 1930 xxxix. 243—247 argues that … 10 i ' * leSS- 2- 7 'a love Musarum primordia'—sicut in Aratio carmine orsi sumus.

948

'life' to all things1, and Dia as being the cause 'through' which … the wedding-god par excellence on account of his own hierbs gdm°s '

949

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 949 … There are grounds for suspecting that the laws inscribed on Solon's … n- 2 cites Inscr. Gr. sept, i no. 3217 (a fragment of white marble from Orchomenos in … 2 //. 1. 237 ft'. a"T^ P-1" u^es '^xai&v I ""^"/"S5 <popiovai SiKa<rir6\oi, of re … v- 574. R. Hirzel Themis, Dike und Verwandtes Leipzig 1907 pp. 56—227 (the fullest … S' Shorey in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh igr8 x. 801

950

Bound1 scoffs at "the crude Hesiodic2 idea of Dike acting as court- … which I command thee this day____It is not in heaven, that thou shouldest say, Who shall … i Orph. frag. 23 Kern ap. pseudo-Dem. c. Aristog. 1. 11 (on the spurious character … See further G. Caramia 'Chi e la dea BA2IAEIA negli Uccelli di Aristofane?' in *'ie … that Basileia [supra p. 60 n. 5) was Dike the iripebpos Aibs (Soph. O.C. 1381 f., An'iaI>' … and ap. Prokl. in Plat. Tim. i. 315, 8 ff. Diehl iv he r<J Yopylq (523 a) trvvTdTroiv re aVf

951

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 951 … 'Now it is true that Anaxarchus, trying to console Alexander in his agony of … with Clemency, Mercy, and Love. Of which kindlier qualities there

952

not only of Zeus Hikfeios 'the God of Suppliants,' but also of Zeus … 7 R. Browning Paracelsus 5 sui Jin. ' But in completed man begins anew [ A tendency

953

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 953 … 3 The Dionysiac nomenclature was syncretistic. Diotiysos came from Thrace (supra … je^Aeschylos und aus der Kassandra des Lykophron.' As to the Bacchae, Sir

954

said, of Tarsos1. It is therefore of interest to note that Paul of … the physical basis of the cult of Zeus involved mental, moral, and … 1 G. Knaack in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 391 f. (' Wahrscheinlich wai ^ … 7 Overbeck Schriftquellen p. 125 ff. nos. 692—695, 697—754. A shorter set of e*"gS

955

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 955 … groups representing the daughters of Zeus—three Charites2 and … 4 H. Bulle in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 328 and 338 ('Es ist das erste bezeugte Beispiel … 5 F. Eichler ' Thebanische Sphinx' in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1937 xxx. … Paus. 5. 11. 3 adds that the man binding his head with a fillet was said to resemble … °" $&ktv\ov Trapa\aj3eiv kcU rbv waT5a irpbs tiraivov ttjs Seas), appears to connect the … not n ^ CaSe ■Pneidias' statue of a boy binding a fillet on his head (Paus. 6. 4. 5) is

956

tected by barriers like walls1. Of these, the one that faced the door … The footstool had golden lions2 and a frieze showing Theseus … The exact construction and decoration of the throne has long been a bone of contention … In my restoration (supra ii pi. xlvi) I have assumed (1) that the four bars (Kat>6fes)' … there was a strong central pier or mast to ensure the stability of the whole colossal nS11!^ … columns apparently serving as a Sardinian model of the sky. The tomb of Porsenn*

957

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 957 … feet (i pi. j). And the usage could be traced further afield. Solomon's chryselephantine … e taeniultur of which L. Frobenius Kulturgeschichte Afrikas Zurich 1933 pp. 63—101 … BS originally emphasised his claim by transforming the human biped into the animal … °f Al ' V' C' ^a<7'^s W"'' yiyov(v). Much ancient lore gathered about the birth

958

the sea, received by Eros and crowned by Peitho. On either side … 'I am aware that the measurements of the Zeus at Olympia in point of heigh* … from Pausanias' careful enumeration of details, partly from the … 4 S. B. Smith 'Der Zeus des Phidias auf eleischen Mtinzen' in the Arch. Zeit- 1 … Temple Coins of Olympia Cambridge 1921 p. 2 ff. Groups A—L pis. 1—8. _ . o0

Plate 69

Coins, struck by Hadrian, representing the Zeus Olympios of Pheidias •

959

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 959 … effigy with much assurance, we can at least recall the impression … But not till imperial times can we expect to find any accurate renderings of the … (ia) and (1 b) are two differently lighted views of a unique bronze coin, struck by … >n the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1908 xxviii. 49 fig. 1 illustrates it to the scale f. A second … (3) is a third bronze coin struck by Hadrian and secured by J. Friedlaender for the … (4) is a fourth bronze coin struck by Hadrian, also in the Berlin collection.

960

that it made on men of various tempers and types—the soldier, the … utterly eclipsed by the reality1. Livy2 puts it with dry, unconscious … things worth seeing, and on beholding Zeus as it were face to face was moved … It took much to 'move' a Roman general of the old school4. … Reflective minds would want to know the source of a beauty so … ' I maintain that nothing is ever so beautiful as not to be beaten in beauty by … 4 E. Klebs in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 578 f. … 0 Cic. orat. 8 f. The passage ends: nec vero ille artifex, cum faceret Iovis formal11 … €i ijfJM> 6 Zeus 5i ofifiaTwv id£\oi tpttvrjvat. and an interesting parallel in a letter fro111

961

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 961 … s not the colloquial £ 'ya9(, but a more serious use of the adjective as in Plat. Tim.

962

weary in soul, having drained many sufferings and sorrows in his … Yet, granted all this, continues Dion, in making a human figure … views already accepted and established. He would not stress the … is to know the human body in which these qualities reside, and

963

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 963 … often in dreams stretch out their arms to the absent ones, so men, … ^Ta6rr)s (i/is. j. Geel ed. Lugduni Batavorum 1840 p. io6)>t^j p.op<f>r)s. Surely the

964

all of them good1.... … Phidias' in the Rev. £,t. Gr. igij xxx. 105—116 regards this list of epithets as a Stoic … 693 n- 3)- Bergk ad loc. conjectured that the next line in Pindar's paidn was Alicas … airavTijiv deov, cos 8i] Siktjs bvra 5-qp.wvpybv, de fac. in orb. lun. 13 ?) riVos ykyove Troin}Tiis … (sc. b Uivbapos) = Euseb. praep. ev. 13. 13. 27 and C. B. Hase in Stephanus Thes. G'• … 241), and a bronze head at Vienna (H. Schrader in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. iy

965

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 965 … Strab. 353 (quoted by Eustath. in II. p. 145, 15 f.). … ws 2<t>V, to. avOpuTriva. F. Granger in his recent translation (London 1935) p. 89 renders

966

while Lucian1 goes much further and in a passage of bitter sarcasm … thunder, where the glowing, white-hot, direful bolt ? we know now 'tis all fudge … frighten them off as the omnipotent's levin-bolt; the brand you hold over them … When you were young and keen, and your temper had some life in it, you … 2 Schol. Greg. Naz. in Catalogns sive notilia manuscriptorum qui a E. D. Cln^e

967

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 967 … used to sacrifice to Athena Ergdne1. Oil was poured out in front … one of these icuSpwral (E. Loewy Inschriften gricchischer Bildhauer Leipzig 1885 … no. 1058, 2 ff. = fnscr. Gr. ed. min. ii—iii. 2 no. 1828, 2 ff. of c. 210 a.d. [4vl] &pxovtos … (Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr? no. 42, c 129 f. in an Attic decree of c. 460 B.C. Kal r[bv … "•rX Similarly Methodios, bishop of Olympos in Lykia, who was martyrized under … 4 H- C. Schubart in the Arch. Zeit. 1849 Zeitschrift fiir die Alterthumswissenschaft

968

suggests that the wooden core of the great chryselephantine figure … But graver dangers than slow disintegration were to follow. In … 3 B. Ashmole in The Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge 1930 viii. 689 f. … 6 Yet see E. Groag in Pauly—Wissowa Peal-Enc. xv. 634.

969

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 969 … This was the laugh of divine derision (cp. e.g. Psa. 2. 4, 37. r3, 59. 8), very different

970

Cnidian Aphrodite of Praxiteles, and the Kairos of Lysippos1. But … On this and other conflagrations at Constantinople see E. Oberhummer in Paul}' … that, in the absence of authentic portraiture, throughout the first four centuries of ou>

971

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 971 … Geschichte schliesst.' Id. id. p. 141 'Ich behaupte, dass in keinem einzigen Falle bisher … PP- 341—345 ('Das Christusbild'), id. 'Christus in der friihchristlichen Kunst' in the … See further H. Holtzmann ' Ueber die Entstehung des Christusbildes der Kunst' in … Oxford 1911 pp. 670—673 ('Types of Christ'), C. M. Kaufmann Handbuch der christ- … special type of representation, the alleged axetpoTTol-qra (p. 263 ' Der christliche Achiro- … and 13 pis., and the same scholar's enlarged study 'Das Aufkommen des bartigen … llgne), J. Wilpert 'Alte Kopie der Statue von Paneas' in the Strena Buliciana

972

beardless type was by far the more common, the bearded was rare … has preserved on its right-hand side a faithful copy of the Paneas bronze. If so, the … Univ. Press 1929 p. 402 fig. 621, E. Strong Art in Ancient Rome London 1929 ii- 'S' … 1 J. Sauer in the Strena Buliciana p. 319 ff. 'lledet … A. Furtwangler 'Vom Zeus des Phidias' in the Milanges Perrot

973

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 973 … eine Ausnahme und will so beurteilt sein.' H. Holtzmann loc. cil. p. 87 ff. dwells on the … • '88 ff., if. 1158, iii. 945). A. Alfoldi A Festival of Isis in Rome Budapest 1937 p. 38 … I give as an example (or warning) a woodcut which appears in Alberto da Castello

974

' Out of the wreck I rise—past Zeus to the Potency o'er him.' … the globe of heaven {supra i. 50 f.), is distinguished from Zeus or Iupiter only by the … The Christian equivalent will be found in 1 Cor. 2. 9 and 10.

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Maßstab/Farbkeil

Hadrian to that of of Geta (figs. 374, 375)1 he is a youthful hunter. … a mature man half-draped in a … The same god is represented on … certain well-cut blocks of stone and … °f which showed remains of a mosaic pave E-°? \J … 6 Sir G. F. Hill in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Palestin E_

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Zeus Aphrios

275

'to hasten' (Siov, UecrBat, etc.) '"im Gewolk sich bewegend, im Gewolk dahineilend
Oder fliegend.'"

(3) P. Kretschmer Die Griechischen Vaseninschriften Gtitersloh 1894 p. 156 n. 1
A<ppoSiT7] enthalt in seinem ersten Teil unzweifelhaft arppbs, in seinem zweiten wahr-

scheinlich * oSItt), das sich zu bSlr-qi verh'alt wie To/ii'ij zu rapl-ris,' id. in the Zeitschriftfur
Vefgleichcnde Sprackforschung 1895 xxxiii. 267 'Atpp-obirri "Auf dem schaume dahin-
Wandelnd." So F. Diimmler in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2773 "auf dem Schaum
hinwandelnd," O. Kern Die Religion der Griechen Berlin 1926 i. 206 "die auf dem
Schaume wandelnde" ('Sehr anschaulich dazu E. Oberhummer, Die Insel Cypern I,
S- 108 ff.').

(4) Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 1348 n. 2 suggests 'Arppo-dirrj from acppos + *5ia
(Siaicoj, Siepos) 'wetted with foam,' cp. Anacreont. 53. 30 ff. Bergk4 xaP<"r'75 °T' *K
"aXaa-o-jjs | Sebpo&toiAevqv KvOiipriv | eXoxeiwe ttovtos &<ppt£, Himer. or. 1. 20 'in rov a<ppbv
f*era tt)v 8 aXaacrav t% anpwv Tr\o>cap.wv ard^ovaav.

Others treat the name as non-Greek (e.g. A. Fick Die Griechischen Personennamen-
u°ttingen 1894 p. 439 'Der Name 'A<ppo8iTij ist wohl kaum griechisch' etc.) and
advocate a variety of Semitic etymologies (listed by K. Tiimpel in the fahrb. f. class.
Philol. Suppl. 1880 xi. 680 f. and Gruppe op. cit. p. 1348 n. 3). A couple will serve as
Samples, or at least as warnings:

(') E. Roth Geschichte unserer abendldndischen Philosophie Mannheim 1846 i. 263 with
' +52 and L. Preller Griechische Mythologie- Berlin i860 i. 263 note the Semitic aphrodeth,
dove' (Aramaic iTIHB, Phoenician with article (sic) 1T1-11SX). This is to some extent
aPproved by K. Tiimpel he. cit. and by E. H. Meyer in the Gbtt. gel. Anz. 1888 p.
'38. See further W. Muss-Arnolt A Concise Dictionary of the Assyrian Language Berlin
9°5 ii. 827 s.v. 'puridu,' 'a bird,' C. Bezold Babylonisch-assyrisches Ghssar Heidelberg
92G p. 226 s.v. 'puridu, puriddu, pirldu,' 'e. Vogel,' W. Gesenius Hebrdisches und
a^a'>'disches Handworterbuch iiber das alte Testament™ rev. F. Buhl Leipzig 1915 p. 657
[pered] (derived from parad 'to flee'—ass. paradu probably 'to flee,' puridu
6 [properly 'goer']—in Hebrew='mule'), J. Levy Neuhebraisches und chalddisches
"rterbuch Leipzig 1889 iv. 101 s.v. iTVTB /. [psridhah] (arab. ^Jji [farld] syn. mit
■M [peredh] 'ein Stiick von dem Taubenpaar, das (nach Lev. [, 14 fg.) geopfert werden
' e'nzelne Taube.' But all this fails to justify the initial 'A- of 'Atppobhij.
cOnt ^' Iiommel 'Aphrodite-Astarte' in the fahrb. f. class. Philol. 1882 xxviii. 176
sh v*"^5 t^lat 'AtppoSiTii is a direct loan-word from the Phoenician form Ashtireth: 'das
de ^Ses wortes (wie auch seiner babylonischen nichtsemitischen urform Ishiar) wurde
als . ^enden tin der aussprache moglichst angeglichen, so dasz dieselbe eher ABtdreth
Slid 5 reth lautete; das wird unwiderleglich bewiesen durch die form AOtar bei den
in J*raDern, welche...die Astarte von Babylonien entlehnten. auf diese aussprache des sh

etyir1ol^'-';'^ W'e en^'" nun £rur>det s'cn meine identification: bekannt ist, dasz in
engj °2lsch verwandten, um so mehr aber in lehnwortern, urspriingliches 0 (sprich wie
das2, ,' durch /, in alter zeit wohl auch ph (griech. <p) ersetzt wurdea (2wer mir entgegnet

aUs . m altester zeit noch nicht den laut f gehabt habe, den verweise ich darauf, dasz
halber ' ^e ^"r'ecnen batten ja iiberhaupt kein f— schon des anklangs an i<ppos
f^clmjj Z un£ezwunSen Aphrdteth werden konnte, ja muste. fiir fremdes f war der
©eo5u 8ende griechische laut eben nur <p); vgl. nur russisch Fedor aus griechisch
s° ttbp °S ^r'ecnen horten nun Ashtdreth wie Aphldrelh, was mit einer bei lehnwortern
AdT* ^"^gen metathesis umgestellt wurde zu Aphrdteth—'AQpodfrTj.' Id. Aufsdtze
^'iech la'^~.lunSe" arabistisch-semitohgischen Inhalts Mlinchen 1892 i. 34 n. 1 'Auch die
^a^laA , ten Ja Ashtoret (vgl. Ishtdritu neben Isthar und zur Lange Natntdru aus
('40pojj a Afltoret, da sie (vgl. russ. Marfa aus Martha) Aphtoret und weiter Aphrotet
1926 P draUS machten-' Id- Ethnologic und Geographic des altcn Orients Mlinchen
atld cites°4° adneres t0 h>s view "Atppobir-q aus Ajtoret (Astarte, Mit'.elform Afrotet)'
^e«*e*,S-m suPPort H- Grimme in Glotla 1925 xiv. 18 with n. t. See also Schrader
l" l68> who cp. as a doubtful parallel -yi<pvpa = a. Semitic glstlr.

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