Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 3,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (earthquake, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorits): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1940)

The holed vessel in Italy 429

restorations or copies, just conceivably based upon some genuine
antique which has since disappeared.

The probability that a holed vessel was formerly used as a rain-
charm in Italy would be strengthened, if it could be shown that the
Italians ever believed rain to fall through a hole or holes in the sky.
Unfortunately direct evidence to that effect is altogether wanting,
ar>d indirect evidence is at best disputable. Nevertheless certain
facts connected with the mundus and the manalis lapis at Rome
aPpear to presuppose some such belief.

The mundus1 was an underground dome or tholoid structure,

^'Ppold Gemmen pi. 159, 7—9 p. 186 are eighteenth-century works by L. Pichler and
■ ■• Pichler. The cut that appears even in the third edition of Smith—Wayte—Marindin
t.' Ant. ii. 943 has no more authority: it is a redrawing of Crassier's print (supra p. 428
* as seer> in a mirror, i.e. with right for left and left for right.

rell. Thes. Num. Fam. Rom. i. 239 f. pi. Licinia 2, 5 and Rasche Lex. Nam. x.
. Would detect Tuccia on the reverse of a semis struck by P. Licinius Nerva, which
12 / a woman on tne prow of a ship holding something. Babelon Monn. rip. rom. ii.
'.P0' ^ n£- savs 'tenant une patere.' H. A. Grueber in Brit. Mas. Cat. Rom. Coins
%• is non-committal ('female figure standing r.').
(lis Uring the last decade there has been much discussion of this difficult topic. The

Plants include the following:
{ftom auk'er 'Roma quadrata und mundus' in the Rom. Mttlh. 1926 xli. 212—226
deci 1"adrala was the early settlement on the Palatine surveyed as a templum with its
viund extenc''nS from the supercilium Scalarum Caci to the summa Sacra Via. The
Cfinfj ' an opening to the lower world, enclosed by a square stone wall, formed the
of ° ^is Roma quadrata. When the Palatine settlement was enlarged into the city
Perpetu ^e2'ons' Rome ceased to be quadrata in the original sense, but antiquarians
fourti^J^ °^ name f°r tne new foundation. Summary and criticism in the Am.
4kad ^rC>1' '927 xxxl- 494), id. 'Terremare und Rom' in the Sitzungsber. d. Heidelb.
the c ' Phil.-hist. Classe 1931/2 Abh. ii especially pp. 43—63 (the mundus was

it js tnera P01nt of Roma quadrata, a templum or sacred square on the Palatine:
rtlents) Ere'°re c°mparable with the ritual pits within the square Terremare settle-

authors^e'nStOC'< ' Mtt7idus patet' in the Rom. Alitth. 1930 xlv. m—123 (most ancient
associateS'3eak °^ tne mun^us as connected with cult-usage: Ovid and Plutarch alone
in, . , Wltn 'he legend of Rome's foundation by Romulus. Mundus must be carefully

d

Was a mere2 ' ^oma quadrata : there was no mundus on the Palatine—Boni's find
s<3uare 0r Clstern—nor is there the least reason to connect mundus with templum either
^°undary st01™^' tne ritual pits of Terremare villages, with the dedication of

another atStpneS aru' tne 'ike- There was a mundus on the Comitium at Rome, and
essentiallv 3'?ua (^orP- inscr. Lat. x no. 3926, infra p. 438 n. 5). The mundus was
Said sacr,im ?lt- m SaCr° Cereris (schol. Bern, in Verg. eel. 3. 105, infra p. 438 n. 5), the
V Studn' a Sma" cllamDer bullt t0 contain it. Analogous structures are noted

H3__i8g° 'Altare mit Grubenkammern' in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1903

tlle Lat' ' *e Ceres in question need not be the old Roman goddess: she might
Indo-Greco^f: Demeter; she might be an Etruscan deity—F. Ribezzo in the Rivista
se , " di fiiologia, lingua, antichila 1928 xii. 89 draws attention to Etr.
p K°»ia ro' cassa> ossuario"), id. ib. 1932 xlvii. 120 n. 1 (criticises Taubler's view
alat>ne sett\"*d'aea WaS not idenlical with mundus, nor yet the special name of the
apPhed to tmtmpnt' but originally the square or templum round the mundus, and hence
alatine town. Weinstock reaffirms his belief that the mundus must be