Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 3,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (earthquake, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorits): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1940)

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Cook, Arthur B.
Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 3,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (earthquake, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorits): Text and notes — Cambridge, 1940

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A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION

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III

A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION … ZEUS GOD OF THE DARK SKY … at the University Press

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

[Prosa]

kai d <t>epeKYAHC eAereN eic "EpwTA mctaBcBAhcSai ton Ai'a msAAonta … Pherekydes of SYROS frag. 3 Diels ap. Prokl. z'« Plat. 7V*8. … OMONOOYCHC THC 'EAAaAOC 6ttick0.tt0c' on eroj MCTA THC CMAYTOf t€)(NHC … DlON OF PrOUSA or. 12 p. 236 f. Dindorf.

Preface

VII

VOLUME III with its two Parts comprises the third, and final, … over for a third, at first uncontemplated, volume. This concerns

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The former may simplify things and enable you to get more directly

burden of publishing, despite all difficulties, this costly and un- … under the auspices of two old friends, old in years but young in … I have further been able to count on the co-operation of man)' … feel immense respect. Critics of this type are all too rare.

of pi. i. But Mr Seltman has no monopoly of kindliness. Not a … Mr J. D. S. Pendlebury, Fellow of Pembroke College, has more … cured for me photographs of an interesting pzthos-\id from the same … of access. Dr N. Bachtin gave me prints of Mount Ossa and of the

with Bektashite monks to the summit of Mount Tomori near Berat … For other photographs, too numerous to specify in detail, I am

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Richter of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (pi. xxxv,

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Sky-god was one main factor, leading the minds of men upwards

Contents of Volume III

CONTENTS OF VOLUME III … § 5. Zeus and the Earthquakes....... 1—29 … (d) The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth .... 68 … § 9. Zeus and the Rain.........284—881

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i. Rain of blood . ........ 478 … i. The Ox-driving of Zeus Hyetios at Didyma . . . 563 … (d) The stone of Elagabalos....... 900

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Q. The Prompting Eros......1016—1025

List of plates in Volume III

XIX

LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME III … (A) Poseidon, shouldering the island, attacks a Giant … amid the clouds........36 … [A) Poseidon attacks Polybotes in the presence of Ge … VII Amphora from Melos, now at Paris: the Gigantomachy— … VIII Krater (amphora ?) from Ruvo, now at Petrograd: the Gigan- … XIV (1) Gold bulla from Vulci, now at Paris: Birth of Dionysos … XV (1) Lekythos of early Apulian style from Anxia, now in the British … XVI Hydria at Queens' College, Cambridge: Apollon visits the

List of Plates … XVIII Early 'Campanian' amphora in the MuseeBorely at Marseilles : … a praying Negro . . . . . . .151 … XXII Hydria from Chiusi (?), now in the British Museum : … Ge hands Erichthonios to Athena in the presence of … Ge hands Erichthonios to Athena in the presence of … the Snake-goddess (Athena?) of late geometric art . . 189 … XXVIII Votive relief in island marble, found on the Akropolis at Athens: … (1) A heroion containing five stalks of bearded wheat, flanked by

XXI

List of Plates … Orpheus leads a family of initiates into the presence of … (a—d) Bouzyges ploughing in the presence of Athena

XXII

List of Plates … XLVII Amphora from Canosa, now at Naples : Europe playing with … L Amphora at Munich : Zeus in labour, flanked by two Eileithyiai 663 … LI 11 Amphora from Caere, now in the Vatican : … (3) Restoration by A. B. Cook (1917)......689 … a spectator stands before the Owl on the Akropolis . 777 … LXI 11 Krater at Gotha: Perseus presents Athena with the Gorgon's

XXIII

List of Plates … LXV (i) Etruscan kylix at Leipzig: Pegasos born from the blood of … LXX (1) A bronze mirror-case in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge : … LXXIV A bust of Zeus Sarapis in lapis lazuli, c. 300 A.D., now in the … a third-century Zeus (?), which perhaps served as a fifth-

Abbreviations

XXV

The following additions should be made to the List of Abbreviations printed in … Amelung Sculpt. Vatic, iii, 1 (Sala delle Muse, Sala rotonda, Sala a Croce Greca) von … Uabelon Monn. gr. rom. II Description historique iv Paris 1926—1932 with Atlas of pis. … Brit. Mus. Cat. Finger Rings = F. H. Marshall Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, … Brit. Mus. Cat. Gems- = H. B. Walters Catalogueof the Engraved Gems and Cameos Greek … Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Pottery = H. B. Walters Catalogue of the Roman Pottery in the … by E. Pottier at Paris in 1922, has already (1939) run to 63 parts, of which Belgium

XXVI

Holland 2, Italy 12, Poland 3. Spain 1, the United States 6, and Yugoslavia 2. … ix Description des Revetements peints a sujets religieux par M. Bulard. Paris 1926. … xi Les Sanctuaires et les Cultes du Mont Cynthe par A. Plassart. Paris 1928. … Latine Histoire des mots par A. Ernout et A. Meillet. Paris 1932. … Farnell Gk. Hero Cults = L. R. Farnell Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality Oxford … Genealogie und Mythographie Berlin 1923, Zweiter Teil: Zeitgeschichte a Universal- … Frazer Totemism and Exogamy = (Sir) J. G. Frazer Totemism and Exogamy A Treatise on … Frazer Worship of Nature = Sir J. G. Frazer The Worship of Nature i (Sky, Earth, Sun) … Head Coins of the Greeks = A Guide to the principal Coins of the Greeks from circ. 700 n.c.

XXVII

Jahrb. d, Deutsch. Arch. Inst. From 1918 (vol. xxxiii) onwards the Jahrbuch des kaiserlich … ctlean Cat. Coins = Fitzwilliam Museum. Catalogue of the Mc Clean Collection of Greek … ~^he Greek Mainland, the Aegaean Islands, Crete. … Mitwirkung von Th. Menzel, J. H. Mordtmann, A. Zippelius Berlin—Leipzig … ssori Min.-Myc. Rel. = The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and its Survival in Greek

XXVIII

Ktinstvcerker Kjfibenhavn 1907. Tillceg til Billedlavler of antike Kunstvterher … gegeben von Wilhelm Kroll und Karl Mittelhaus (Zweite Reihe [R—Z]) iii A— … A. Reinach Textes Peint. Anc.=Recueil Milliet. Textes grecs el latins relatifs a I'histoire … Repertoire (apart from its first volume, the 'Clarac de poche') claims to have published … i The Excavations. Part 1 (1910—1914) by Howard Crosby Butler Leyden 1922. … v Roman and Christian Sculpture. Part 1 The Sarcophagus of Claudia Antonia … Stuart Jones Cat. Sculpt. Pal. d. Conserv. Rome = A Catalogue of the Ancient Sculptures

XXIX

preserved in the Municipal Collections of Rome. The Sculptures of the Palazzo dei … er d. 26. Philologenversamml. in Wiirzburg= Verhandhtngen der sechsundzwanzigsten … er ' ' Philologenversamml. in Karlsmhe= Verhandlungen der sechsunddreissigslen … eberCat. Coins = The Weber Collection. Greek Coins by L. Forrer i (Auriol Find Class, … Wo .^ar"a' Incerta) London 1929 with Atlas of pis. London 1925.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §5. Zeus and the earthquakes

ZEUS AS GOD OF THE WEATHER. … 2 See C. Davison The Founders of Seismology Cambridge 1927 pp. 160—176.

2 Zeus and the Earthquakes … Greek earthquakes, being tectonic, not volcanic, in character, … 3 A. Philippson Der Peloponnes. Versuch einer Landeskunde auj'geologischer Gruudlage … Geographic sUsmologique Paris 1906 p. 267 ff. (fig. 40 seismic map of Greece), W. Capelle … 1891 i. 364ff., Frazer Golden Bough*: Adonis Attis Osiris3 i. 197 ff. ('The Earthquake

Zeus and the Earthquakes 3 … Ml Stdropo, (see further Halliday ad loc. p. ao7ff.). S. Reinach in the Rev. Arcli. 19W … cular, Alkyoneus (Claud, de rapt. Pros. 3. 184 f.) and other giants with him were thought … Other gods could on occasion produce a quake. Athena did so at iroy

4 Zeus and the Earthquakes … Xeiovra rais xopetais) and in Eur. Bacch. 586 ff., 605 f., 622 f., 632 f. shatters, or at least … dirbrpeire, irip.Tre 8k fivffTais \ ohflov k.t.A.). But Usener's contention that Aloeus, son of … 8i/j.&Tup)) and in magical spells etc. to a variety of chthonian powers including Hekate … dXrjdrj, ^AfleTc Kal re\\eubcraTi p.oi rnv irpayfiarelav ravT-qv (on the identification of … F. G. Kenyon Greek Papyri in the British Museum London 1893 i. 106 no. 121, 691 f.

Zeus and the Earthquakes 5 … griechische Zauberpapyri p. 30 pap. Lond. hi, 311 =F. G. Kenyon *A 94 no. • … Griechisch-agyptischer Offcnbarungszauber Leipzig 1921 i. i9° § 747, a°d h- . 1, tjerlin

Zeus and the Earthquakes … The boundless earth and the tall mountain-tops. … Troy-town to boot and the Achaean ships. … Lest o'er his head Poseidon, shaker of land, … 2 My specimen came from the cabinet of a Greek collector on May 14, 1928. Obv.

Zeus and the Earthquakes 7 … •HworiTaioi is similarly used of Poseidon 20 times in the Iliad, 6 times in the Odyssey … Hence it may be inferred that the old pre-Homeric tags (supra i. 444. »• 384 n. o) to … indogerm. Spr. i. 254 f.) that boai- bvoat- tbo*i<- are derived from b-M of … a late compound (Ap. Rhod. 4. 1243, Plout. v. Lucutt. 28) and yields no tolerable sense.

Zeus and the Earthquakes … and mean 'burdened with the ground,' 'burdened with earth,' 'laden with leaves.' The suffix … But against all these fancies must be set the solid fact that the said epithets are … connects the second element in the compound 'Evvoo-l-Sas with '52 dorice pro yij.' That 52 … brororoittotol 52, Aisch. Hum. 841 oi ol da, <pev with schol. 52, <pev: 5a yrj (52: u yij cod. Med.) … rrapa rb rb vSwp irrjSav dva, Aristoph. Lys. 198 <peu 52, et. mag. p. 60, 8 ff. ahev a 52 (so … /cei/*A'ou=Favorin. lex. p. 112, ioff., Theokr. 4. 17 ov Adv (ydv cod. k) with schol. vet. … rdv ovS' dv ris dji.oijj.os vulg. H. Kdchly cj. rav ob ji&v ris dpua/xos A. Meineke cj. raw oilris … ris obaa, Eustath. in II. p. 436, 41 5d7re5oe- ylvtrai Si napd rb 52, 6 SrjXot AoipiKois rijv

Zeus and the Earthquakes 9 … 7*o0ep6, sm4>ep6v. In forwI. 9 BergkVso Diehl a/. Prokl. i» Hes o.d 389 rp^6Xeo, … 1 Pind.frag. 18 Bergk* a/. Eustath. comment. Find, praef. 16 (tfMW. p. Sfi. W* … «iam'E\d«x9w legebatui.' L. Dindorf in Stephanus 7*«. fiir. Ziy. ^9 C cp.

io Zeus and the Earthquakes … KpovlSa Avralov \ aeialxBovos t{kos {sc. Sinis son of Poseidon Avratos (cp. Steph. Byz. s.v. … AopvXaiov I dpxalrjs ^pvylrjs iroXvSaKpvroio KeXaivrjs (allusion to Kelainai). [But in oracl. … originated in a gloss, cp. Hesych. s.v. ivvocrlyaios- Kiv-qo-lyaios. irrLBeTov Hoo-eiSSivos. … SLovos, o-KeSq (sc. Zeus) (Wilamowitz, accepting the vbcrwv of cod. Med.1, rewrites OaXao-aiav … 4 Homer uses this epithet sometimes with (//. 13. 43, 20. 34, Od. 1. 68, 3. 55, 8. 322,

Zeus and the Earthquakes i1 … a^aip^a 4 yi). dXXo, 3e S.a rrj, 5 S.00677o, ™pd rV **** 7^" « "s Koi 0 JT^Sbl- … 1 Near Therapne was a sanctuary of Poseidon r<udoXos (Pans. 3. 10. ? to*™- »* … *** -d„„tP fcji '9off. 4x6 8e 'Ex^« f*opo, | rd8e Mm A***- IJJJ^ … 2 There was at Gythion a sanctuary of Demeter and, adjoining it, a statue of Poseidon

12 Zeus and the Earthquakes … Poseidon standing, naked, with dolphin in outstretched right hand and trident in raised … 111. 1 no. 805 = Dittenberger Sytl. inscr. Gr. '3 no. 790 a base of Pentelic marble, on the … These inscriptions implya rather half-hearted identification of Erechtheus with Poseidon … K.r.\.)—a distinction observed as late as s. ii A.n. (Paus. 1. 26. 5 iae\8ov<tl Si (sc. into … for ipixBovlov codd. C. Miiller, A. Westermann, I. Bekker accept 'EpixBovlov) Boi/t?;s,

Zeus and the Earthquakes 13 … On the Poseidon-cults of Thera see Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. i. S75 n. 1, Gruppe … Myth. Rel. pp. 246, 247, 268, 583 n. 7, 1139 n. 2, 1144 »• *> Farnell Cults of Gk. … ^echischen Dialekte Gottingen 1891 i. 46 no. 66, 2 (Chytroi in Kypros) ififr 'he brought

14 Zeus and the Earthquakes … Poseidon appears as ' earth-carrier' in ceramic illustrations of the Gigantomachy … Rel. p. 258 n. 16, Frazer Pausanias ii. 48—50, E. H. Meyer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. … left to right and bearing on his left shoulder the mass of rock with which he is about to

Plate 2

Amphora from Vulci, now in the Vatican :

Zeus and the Earthquakes

16a

(A) Poseidon, shouldering the island, attacks a Giant.

18 Zeus and the Earthquakes … aiptdivres lepayui\\y]ol oxd roO <T(5c7raj'|[TOs] Sdp.ov UoT[ei5S.]\[vi Uop]0p.i[ut]). A. Fick … 3 For the cosmic oA/ras of the Pythagoreans see Philolaos frag. 12 Diels (supra i. 358 … p&Xero rrjs tou ttcivtos < <r<patpas (suppl. A. H. L. Heeren) > 6 5r]p.wvpybs 8e6s. Miss H.

Zeus and the Earthquakes 19 … ct/iey but the reference is to Thales and Hippon) elpai t6 SSup nai ttip yijp ed> BSaTos … in terti "!jthtra 0rbis terrae 5- 1 (ed- G- Parthey Berolini 1870 p. 18, 1 ff.). Jdem dicit … So oros> nor, if it does, that we should see in it more than a rhetorical flourish. … humor) ad ft* VorsokratikerZ Berlin 1912 i. it, 7 follows Gercke in reading si abundat

20 Zeus and the Earthquakes … Other poets, classical and post-classical, associate the most awe- … eweppwaavro (Eustath. in Od. p. 1885, 60 has eirepptliovro) dvaKrot (cod. Eb reads ILvaKTi) \ … TTjV KQirr\v o'iav tt/s "Upas typa\peii). The former anecdote is a commonplace (supra i. … a/J.flp6o-iai 8' apa xa^TaL eweppihaavTo avaKros | Kparbs air' adavaToio, p.fyav 8' eX^Xiifec

Zeus and the Earthquakes … 3 I have elaborated the point in Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway … Aristoph. av. 1750 ff. <J ixiya. xpbazov dffrepo^s 0dos, | w A.is d/xfipoTov eyX"S … X-en. Hell. 4. ?. + f, p-or the sequel see supra ii. 7.

22 Zeus and the Earthquakes … 2 Id. ib. 385, Diod. 15. 49, Paus. 7. 24. 6 with slight divergence in detail. … 8 L. Biirchner in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xii. 677.

Zeus and the Earthquakes 23 … (ToiKdpou v.l. in Souid. J.w. Ta(capov) fltos | <re(cras aTrac-ir l^aUi ras okias. … Pr°Pri[a.....sacrum fiat. te quaeso precorque; c]etera [uti supra.] Cp. orac - f … fc 8 V-g- W .. 345 ff. terque novas circum felix eat host.a fruges, \ omms q

24 Zeus and the Earthquakes … MADE ON THE OCCASION OF AN EARTHQUAKE. … 9 Macrob. Sat. i. 12. 20 adfirmant quidara, quibus Cornelius Labeo (on whom see … under no. 564 Iovi | Maio | sacrum | P. Mucius pater is now held to be of doubtful … by Arnobius, but set on its legs again by Frazer Worship of Nature i. 334. … Worship of Nature i. 336—339, S. B. Platner—T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary … in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 993. … 6 See Plout. de plac. philos. 3. 15 = H. Diels Doxographi Graeci Berolini 1879 P- 379 a

Zeus and the Earthquakes 25 … " 3 Cxxxiii. 1015 k—c Migne) and orig. 14. 1. if., Amm. Marc. 17. 7. 9—12, Serv. in … lentia | restituit (on a large altar now standing at the southern angle of the Palatine … tt p ' sive deae> I C- Ter- Center | ex voto | posuit (formerly in the church of St Ursus … Cor' 4 = Dessau op. cit. 5047 sive deo sive deae oves II (from the acta fratmm Arvalium … gs 1 fl""ther D. Vaglieri in Ruggiero Dizion. epigr. ii. 1726 and Wissowa Sel. Kult.

26 Zeus and the Earthquakes … 2 Euseb. hist. eccl. 9. 7. 1 ff. cites in extenso a letter of Maximinus ii (305—313 a.d.), … ecclesiam rettulerunt. scimus autem et apud nos terrae motum factum in locis quibusdam, … non solum autem illi, sed et qui videbantur prudentes, talia in publico dicerent, quia … multae istic conflictationes et pressurae acciderunt vel in commune omnibus hominibus vel … in nostra provincia praeses, acerbus et dirus persecutor, in hac autem perturbatione con-

Zeus and the Earthquakes 27 … Painters and poets, who from time to time personified the … videret. etc.). See further J. E. B. Mayor's notes on Tertull. apol. 40. … 1 E.g. Io. Chrys. in terrae motum etc. I (xlviii. 1027 Migne) etSere Qeov dvvaftiv, … T°v avviovXov <p6fiip o-uippovtcripovt Ifryinpvt, id. in acta Apost. hom. 7. 2 (lx. 66 Migne) … t'ofrBfyat, id. ib. 12. 10 (lxv. 620 A Migne) tin dia<p6pois imxeiptp-ai" KaTwrKtidfrtr … 433 A.D.: W. Christ Geschichte dcr griechischen Litteratur6 ii. 2. 1433).

Zeus and the Earthquakes 29 … He is however conscious that he makes the mountains picturesque, … With the blest Muses' choir. 'Twas I … P- Oppe Raphael London 1909 p. 160 f. pi. 115, 1. The cartoons are now in the South … D. H. Kerler Die Patronate der Heiligen Ulm 1905 p. 86 f. gives a list of saints

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / (a) Zeus and the clouds in the literature

3<d Zeus and the Clouds … at the end of the line). Of these passages two have a noteworthy context: 9. 67 fif. vr\val … ovpavbdev etff. Much the same is said of Poseidon in Od. 5. 291 ff. us elir&v aivayev … Zeis (always at the end of the line and, except in 7. 280, 11. 318, 14. 293, 17. 198, 20. 215, … //. 5. 631, 736, 8. 387, 15- '54. 10> «• 499 Al6s ve<peXrsyeptrao (always at the end

Zeus and the Clouds … 3 Supra i. 14 n. 1, 758, ii. 258 n. 3, 694 n. o, 695 n. o, 1146 f. Cp. Medeia in Ov. … multae ab oriente, aquam in triduum praesagient, Apul. de deo Son: 10 atque ideo … MaXXois and Sir J. E. Sandys ad toe), was intended as a rough imitation of the starry, … Popularising at Athens a custom which originated in Thraco-Phrygian ritual. But the … 6 Supra i. 420 n. 3, where I was perhaps unduly sceptical of O. Gilbert's conclus.ons.

Zeus and the Clouds … F. A. Gotthold, followed by A. Meineke, cjj. 651) irpoaipxerai \ RepiKXirjs (A. Meineke … Kapie libri H. Stephani. K. H. F. Sintenis cj. Kapaie. A. Meineke cj. Kapaii).' … K. W. Dindorf, etc. cp. Plin. ep. 1. 20), ifipbvra, fwesfeo Trjv'EWaSa—a passage to which … F.H.M. Blaydes restores 'Seivbv Kepavvbv ovros iv yXwao-q tpipei.' A. Meineke prints 7X161-77;. … A. Emperius cj. KaTa7ripyoin;i<?!) | 7raXXa/<?> KvvwiriSa,' schol. Plat. Menex. 235 e … ApLO-ro<t>dvris"'Bpav rrpi'ko-iraalav KaXeiv may be a mere slip).

Zeus and the Clouds in Literature 33 … raX<Wt (A. Meineke prints KaXovaiv).' I have assumed that Kratinos meant 'collector … ywoixivwv tt)v ipwT-qaiv Treirolr]Kas, d\X' d(p' wv ijKovtras. Clearly the vetpoSiwKTai claimed … 5 The word is a syncopated form of KeXai[vo]-ve<p-qs, as was clearly perceived by

34 Zeus and the Clouds in Literature … though this particular title had been attached to Zeus in early … Broad heaven in the aither and the clouds4. … 6 77. 5. 748 ff. The first half of the passage is repeated in //. 8. 395 ff.

Zeus and the Clouds in Literature 35 … So thick the golden cloud that I will wrap … And Zeus was as good as his word. The sequel tells how … Clearly cloudland is characteristic of the sky-god. Later poets … Up above in the clouds, very stately and grand, … Clearing the clouds off, or collecting them10? … £>A &"W nP*v&para I rapa this c«/>Aais uovtp X" "Lev*.

36 Zeus and the Clouds in Art … shows a fair-haired3 Zeus reclining amid the clouds. He wears an … B. Quaranta in the Real Museo Borbonico Napoli 1834 x pi. 23 with text pp. 1—3, … inspected for me all the frescoes representing Zeus that are in the Naples collection. … 36 Zeus and the Clouds in Art … shows a fair-haired3 Zeus reclining amid the clouds. He wears an … B. Quaranta in the Real Museo Borbonico Napoli 1834 x pi. 23 with text pp. 1—3, … inspected for me all the frescoes representing Zeus that are in the Naples collection.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / (b) Zeus and the clouds in art

Zeus and the Clouds in Art … Somewhat similar is thedesign that adorned the central medallion … 1 With the works of art recorded in the two preceding notes cp. a numismatic type … fig- 969, 1230 fig. 1024, 1232 tailpiece. Sometimes the eagle hovers (ii. 7°8 fig- °43<- … <£"Wa i„ ripartimtnti di vari colori, nel cui mezzo in una sfera celeste scno d,pmte U

38 Zeus and the Clouds in Art … a wind-swept chlamys fluttering from his shoulder. The great eagle, … Venus very kindly, according to Virgil' (Aen. 1. 254 ff.)) from a drawing by Bartoli in … 1 Other identifications (see the preceding note) are much less probable. Iuno would

Zeus and the Clouds in Art 39 … 3 Cp. the attitude of Ganymedes himself, not to mention the eagle and the dog, in the

40 Zeus and the Clouds in Art

Zeus and the Clouds in Art … "34 fig- (= my fig. 11) (Paris) (Minerva 'porte la main droite a sa tete') = E. Aust ill … la main droite a sa tete') = Gnecchi Medagl. Rom. ii. 43 no. 6 pi. 71, 6 (= my fig- l»)

42 Zeus and the Clouds in Art … monarchs laid claim to a like exaltation. Thus Kushana kino's of

Zeus and the Clouds in Art … 1 E. J. Rapson in The Cambridge History of India Cambridge 1922 i. 581 ft, cp. … ■ J. Brown The Coins of India Calcutta 1922 p. 35 pi. 4, 3 ('the king seated cross-legged … 11 Supra ii. 791 n. 2. V. A. Smith op. cit* p. 286fT. dates Huvishka's reign c. 160— … "> 16, pi. 28, 9, V. A. Smith op. cit.* p. 76 coin-pi. figs. 4, 5. Fig. 20 is from a specimen … O. Barron in The Encyclopedia Brilannica" Cambridge 1910 xiii. 317, A. C. Fox-

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / (c) Nephelokokkygia

It remains to consider in greater detail the most famous con- … 5 This fable, which is of a type still common in the Balkans (cp. M. Gaster Rumanian

more ancient than the gods, and Zeus ought to relinquish his sceptre … rightly cp. the eTirvfipidiai KopvSaWlSes of Theokr. 7. 23 (see O. Crusius on Babr. 72. 20 … stories to account for parallel features. But D'Arcy W. Thompson A Glossary of Greek

Hellas: Hellenes grovel yet at the sight of him1. The Cuckoo was … eiririWiav \rryei • Iktivos cpa.ivtTa.i- (3op£as trvei with the observations of D'Arcy W. Thompson … iktivos merely copied this scholion, prefixing the words Kal rapoip.la- irpoKvKivbelaBai. … f. D. A. in, 362, 13. xii, 400. Zs. f. D. Myth, iv, 447. Kuhn, Westfal. Sag. 11, 74, 221.) … (6Aristophan. av. 498If. c. schol.)' See further Seemann in the Handmorterbuch des … to the Cuckoo. But it is likely enough that they regarded his cry in the spring-time as a … cp. \eip.iiv, kt)ttos, /tortus, and the like).

phantine statue of Athena with a cock on her helmet, said to be the work of Pheidias, on … Leipzig I902 pp. 96 n. 2, 100 n. 3 collect most of the passages that bear on this … opKovs jrou^ea, Kara rCv 6eQv, dXX' 0)lvimL KeXcdo-dl x^a Kal Kiva Kai Kpi6v Kai ra … tteovs 5 ec-cyuv, Kparlvos XeipU<n {frag. ,, (Frag. com. Gr. ii. 155 f. Meineke, who with … Plane ram), Arsen. p. 423 f. Walz (goose, dog, plane, ram), and in part by Zenob. … Further allusions in Loukian. vit. auct. 16 £S2. Kal fir), 6p.vio> y( 001 rbv K<n>a Kal ryv … v Kepawustiivra 'Ao-kXhitciov Kal ra Saiptbvia a eireKaXeiro; (dog, goose, plane), Tert. … nnullos etiam afflatus veritatis adversus deos erigit: denique et Socrates in contumeliam

UavoJjpri from his own cj. and 'TapyrjXloi<Tiv from that of F. W. Schneidewin) 'iyxvrov irpb … 48 Pearson, de vita tsstim. 32 a von Arnim) /j.t/j.obp.evos rov Kara rrjs Kvvbs opmv Su/cpd-rous … Kar avrwv (sc. rwv ^ipuiv), Kai 'in ir'pb avrov 'Pa5dp.av8vs... Kp-qtri Si vbp.os fjv 'PaSap.dv8vos, … iurando per canem quemlibet, et lapidem quemlibet, et quidquid iuraturo esset in … 'AppieviaKofc rb p.d rd Ka\d). on Si Kai yvvaiKes wpivvov iwi otv<p Hivapxos wai'^wv §77x01 iv … But we have yet to determine the origin and significance of the oath by goose, dog,

P-uvtikov opviov). And a little mythological ingenuity could doubtless discover some spark of … ea quae in templis colebantur. non quod vere lapis et canis essent colenda sapientibus, … et a quo omnem animam et totum istum mundum fabricatum esse constaret. etc.). … ignores the fact that in Crete—the very home of Rhadamanthys—oaths were regularly

The Birds, flattered and fluttered by this speech, are willing to … auch SidfUovTpos statt StdfjoXos (vgl. hole mich der Kukuk)'). Perhaps /ciW in turn was a … o-TEtpdvTi). It reappears in the Epicureanism of Lucretius (Lucr. 1. 73 flammantia moenia … Archelai 13. 2 (p. 21 f. Beeson) prolationes autem omnes Iesus est in modica navi, et … melnden Engeln ftinf sc. in | der feurigen Mauer, und jenes [Fahrzeug] | des Mond-Gottes

down out of heaven from God' (Rev. »i. 2, cp. 21, 10), 'having a wall great and high; … \ap.TrahK and Severianus of Gabala (on whom see Lietzmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … els to aXXo pjpos ai5ri)s to oUovp.evov vvKTa direpydt;eTai and the whole structure of the … dvuBev Se v^Xbraros eXiaabnevos, lis dbXos Xovrpou fieydXri, Kdraaev TrtXp.a ^xouira, avrbs … Kai o-Tiynv Kap.apoeiSr). See further a valuable section in R. Eisler op. cit. ii. 619 ff. ('Die

and to demand the submission of Zeus. If he refuses, they will … French examples. Sailors in the Channel regard certain big black clouds as dangerous and … Ho<xeiSS>vl rives okewvo-i, as is clear from the previous clause (cited supra n. 1), depends on … " fipovraTW vvv 6 fiiyas Zap" with schol. ad loc. opxlXos opfis' Sid ras pioixeias rod Aios … opxeis- to de aipepov ivopxw, Kpibv Hvopxiv. This again is not a case of ritual usage, but

of their divinity, and are obviously competent to harm or help … in their fine feathers and at once set about naming the new town … °v\6fi(V0l a-qufyai tirowa $uypa(podai Kai aSiavrov rrpi $ot6.vi\v ovtos yap £\et/9ei$ bird … ' *PringW0rt, see S. Bochart Hierozoicon rec. E. F. C. Rosenmuller Lipsiae 1796 in- … (a • /*• »5> fT. -fjSv >oi a-cu-TOTTTa. (cp. supra i. 459, 461 f., "3<>) I "al warrd/W

Pisthetairos announces that the sacrifice has proved to be most … sacrifice to the gods1. But Pisthetairos scares her off with threats … Will I burn down with eagles bearing fire3, … Vases i. 110 f. no. 4 fig., P. Ducati Storm delta ceramica greca Firenze s.a. ii. 318 ff. … Attic red-figured Vases in American Museums Cambridge Mass. 1.918 p. 131 (attributed … 2 Aristoph. av. 1246 ff. dp' olad' Sti Zeus et fie \virqaei ire1 pa, | ix(\a$pa p.ev airov koX … in the Rivista di filologia 1903 xxxi. 112 f. justly defends the text in view of Soph. Ant.

On the wopcpvpluy or 'purple gallinule' (Porphyria hyacinthinus or veterum) see … eine ganz einzige Farbenwirkung.' Dionys. de avid. i. 25 (prose paraphrase in Didot's … 01 To^bra.1 UeptriKoi 0opoD<rr k.t.X. Despite this warlike appearance, the bird is easily … We P°rphyrion was thus ah origine a prehistoric king who claimed to be Zeus incarnate,

make Porphyrion the main antagonist of Zeus: (1) a kylix by the potter Erginos and the … Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 363^ no. 16 Atlas pi. 5, 3 a, 3 b, 3 c, F. Hauser in Furtwangler— … by the same artist (Furtwangler—Reichhold op. cit. ii. 196). Vases (2) and (3) presuppose

Plate 6

{A) Poseidon attacks Polybotes in the presence of Ge. … ^er-Reichhold Griechisckc Vase7imakreipi. 127 by permission of Messrs F. Bruckmann A.-G., Munich.]

Plate 10

a a … a

The herald sent to men now returns with a golden crown voted … Tnballos (on whom see J. Schmidt in Roscher Lex. Myth. v. no2f.) could claim … °lyphonte had been transformed into an owl (<rri>{), her two sons by the bear—Agrios … P'WXr,,, Tp,0dX,Tos- 6rona Kvptov xapi 'Apurrotfidrei with Cell. 2. 19. 6 Naevius in

and will listen to no proposals, unless Zeus consents to restore the … Welcome with nuptial and bridal addresses. … Triphallo, irepl dppevdrrjTOS, Charis. 1 p. 80, nf. Keil Varro...in Triphallo, carm. Priap.

Pisth. I delight in your hymns, I delight in your songs ; … Pisth. Now follow on, dear feathered tribes, … And take my wing and dance with me,

'having won all that belonged to Zeus1.' The scholiast is puzzled, … 5 (1) Schol. Aristoph. av. 1536 aoifiaroTOiei ttjv BcurtAeiac avrb rb ■wpayiJ.a. is ■yvvaiKa. … (3) Others held that she dispensed immortality, as Athena in Bakchyl./ra^-. 45 Jebb … (5) Others cite Dionysios Skytobrachion (E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … (7) C. Pascal Dioniso Catania 1911 pp. 99—no argues that the Basileia of the play

Athenian audience in the days of Aristophanes could hardly have … tik&v avvyev[t]i] \ "Hpa BacriXd[a] e[7ri] ro[0] f3u/j.o[v] ] ra[s] (o-)Ti/3dc>as iK[bciJ.riaev~[. On … Troii]<!a.\ao.v. k.t.X., cp. Corp. inscr. Gr. iii no. 4367/.).

in hand soon after the production of the Peace in 4211. Now the … war' (E. Wiist loc. cit. 1916—1918 clxxiv. 133). But such a rule was obviously open to

of more than one new political combination1. The Argives in a sense … 6 A similar allusion to Argive topography occurs in Aristoph. av. 399 aivodavuv iv … that Nephelokokkygia stood in some relation to Mt Kokkygion or Thornax in Argolis

the Cuckoo. I venture to guess that these myths, which appear in old Mycenaean … in cuculum ut ipsis annuntiaret vitae tempora: unde crimini ducebatur, capitalique poena … Dobrowski had gone too far: the chronicle, though not so old as s. x, 'is at any rate … Other Polish chroniclers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries complete the list by … on the Sola, some 40 miles south-west of Cracow), id. 1 (j. 3y B) < item £>eus vita> qUem … p. 115 ff-, L. Hopf Thierorakel und Orakelthiere in alter und neuer Zeit Stuttgart 1888 … zur Volkssittengeschichte Hamburg 1801 ii. 363), or those of Guernsey Coucou, cou-cou, dis

Zeus, seeing Hera all by herself, was minded to consort with her. … Paris 1877 § 52 p. 59 f., §356 p. 315). Prokosz therefore may, after all, be right in what he … c. in. 5

effect produced by the ivory arms, the exquisite face, the gorgeous … Hera, beyond the reach of Pheidias' hands. … 2 W. R. Paton—E. L. Hicks The Inscriptions of Cos Oxford 1891 p. 88 ff. no. 38, … cod.). See further O. lessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 2819). … iii. 1 no. 172, 5 ff. on a taurobolic altar of Pentelic marble, to be dated c. 361— 363 A.D. … /3a<rtX7ji'5os"HpTjs but 9 5aSoO%6s p.e Kbpys BairtX^s Aids iepbi tjkuv \ k.t.X.). So in Latin Sen. … hit upon a very similar idea. He is known to have dubbed Perikles Zeis (supra i. 280, iii.

whole plot of the bird-comedy. The bird-Zeus was the mate of Hera … urged), lover of old-fashioned Athens as he was, would not have … Athens Dorpati Livonorum 1884 pp. 14—24, followed by O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa … pi. 10, 1 and 1 a.

68 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Hera p. 141 ff. (m) Atlas pi. 10, 7, Turk in Roscher Lex. Myth. … 1 Mr H. B. Walters in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iv. 61 says: 'Before Hera hovers … 68 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Hera p. 141 ff. (m) Atlas pi. 10, 7, Turk in Roscher Lex. Myth. … 1 Mr H. B. Walters in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iv. 61 says: 'Before Hera hovers

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / 68-103 (d) The clouds personified in cult und myth

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 69 … O Master and King, holding earth in your swing, O measureless infinite … 2 When first exhibited at the Dionysia of 423 B.C. the Ne0Acu of Aristophanes gained … eiXV* iiraKoueip. | <! S^awor' 6,va£, ap-trpTrr' ' A-qp, Ss ^Xets "I" IV" Hert'wpov, | \a^irp6s r

70 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … A£' 'OXtifxirtov ■ rfjs iiwplas- ] rbv A/a vofii^eiv, ovto. TrjhiKovrovi, 827 ST. o6k gc/Tiv, w … os birep\\apnrpois AktTo-iv KaT^x" I 7V* nibov, p.(yas iv BeoTs \ 4v 8vi)Toial Te 5a.lp.uv. The … 6 Orph. h. Neph. 21 XE*fiN, 8vp.ia/j.a <sp.bpva.v. iff. ytpiai (so E. Abel for i)ipwi)

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 71 … where P. R. Schuster's cj. KeXutprjv for ve<pe\y]i> is clever, but improbable). The Justinian … oaaois, I aodevees 5' ib^eiv Ata rbv iravruv fxeotovra. The Aristobulian recension of the … of explanation from Aristophanes; the worship of angels is, like the new religion in the

72 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … out, persuaded Prokris to receive him and consort with him. Prokris, eyeing … Jacoby) ap. schol. M.V. Od. 11. 321, cp. Eustath. in Od. p. 1688, 20 ff. … U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, followed by F. Jacoby, prints ei> 7-77 Oop<a>iewy.

Plate 12

Kratir in the British Museum : the death of Prokris.

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 73 … his sixth formula: 'Eine Jungfrau giebt fiir Kostbarkeiten in dreimaliger Steigerung ihre … Menschengeschlecht gehorende Frau verlasst ihn entweder: a) fiir immer, ohne dass er

74 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … a l'autel. Pour sauver son enfant d'une mort terrible, la pauvre mere se suicide et … s A. Aarne Verzeichnis der Mdrchentypen (Communications edited for the Folklore … * A. Aarne op. cit. p. 23 no. 511, J. Bolte—G. Polivka op. cit. Leipzig 1918 iii. 60 ff. … 1 P. Weizsacker in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 766 ff., R, Wagner ib. iii. 180 f. The … \dxov I iro\vya&ies- aWd viv tiflpis eis avarav vwepacpavov \ ipcrev, 36 ff. ^7rei ve<fi£\a. irape-

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 75 … Kal KarerbXptrjcrep vrrep uvpovaias Xbyovs iroteto'Bat. eVetra top ptep At a ei'bcoXop wotrjaaPTa … KMvoj/iep avTqj <pipoPTes /c.r.X. with schol. ad loc. (i. 216 T. Hemsterhuys—J. F. Reitz) … nlii sunt; quae nubes ipsi a Iunone in sui forma est opposita, 2. 106 Ixion, Phlegyae … Centauri, 3. 4. 6 Ixion Iunonis coniugium petiit; ilia nubem in speciem suam ornavit, … vvvovatq. (but other scholia on the same line give the more usual account: schol. A. C M. … 7ap to rr)v a&pav kcptcTp rbv 'l^topa ewl rrj yeviaet Kivravpos rd a7rd tovtov eKXrfjOr)—an effort … lch halte '\aviwp filr einen heroisirten Poseidon iaTpbs') or a form of Zeus (E. Thraemer

76 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … 1 G. Kieseritzky 'Iasios' in the Sirena ILelbigiana Lipsiae 1900.pp. 160—163 with fig.

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 77 … 1 Od. 5. 125 ff. as S' 6tt6t 'Iaffiwci ivrr\6Kap.os Arip.-qTT)p, \ o) Ovpip ef£a<ra, plyv … 3 Frazer Go/den Bough3: Spirits of Corn and Wild i. 208 f. compares 'the West … A«rp(6as viiXai rijs Bri^s Civopdadai laropd 'EWdviKos ev irpiorw TpoitKuv Kal 'ISopevevs … , a"'k'os, HXtKrpas Kal Aibs vlbs. Trap' £ p.6vu ptra rbv KaraKXvapbv evpidT) dTrtppara. … frtth *^ F' Jacob>' in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ix. 910 says: 'Danach gehort er … 4 T a"TOS'Wa-xd re, I iS» tw piv'laaiuva Svo-ffi^pd ti \ rrpa£ai vtpl Ar/p-yrpos >Jyova

78 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … 8 Stes. frag. 32 Bergk4, 11 Diehl, 18 Edmonds ap. Plat. Phaedr. 243 A—B. The … rod 'AXefaxSpou, SeOpo Si wap i]pas eh Af7U7rroc dqW/coiro. The schol. Aristeid. iii. 150 … B. D. els "ZTTjalxopov alvlrrerai • Xiyet yap iKelvos on iX8iiv b 'AXi£av8pos iwl rairris ttjs

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 79 … But Zeus, a very god, met plot with plot: … yivono ko.1 (pbvos flpoT&v, I ei'5w\ov'E\^n;r i$iirep.\f/' is (so A. Nauck for e<s codd.) TXiov. … Xpbvip Si viv I fipoTol pacpijvai (so J. Pierson, followed by F. A. Paley, for Tpa(pvval codd.)

80 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … 2 (1) R.Rochette Choixdepeintures de PompiH Fans 1848—1856 p. 76 ff.,with coloured … 63 ' Bakchusgeburt,' 97 n. 353 ' Bacchusgeburt,' 143 ' die sogenannte Bakchusgeburt'). The … d'enfantement (?)' etc.). The hair and the girdle of the central figure prove it to be female.

82 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … \?7S,...d<5eA06s Krqaibxov, Kai a"To!> faypa<P~ov), petulanti pictura innotuit, love Liberum … would date it c. 300 B.C. See also Miss E. Sellers (Mrs A. Strong) on Plin. loc. cit. … irvp. Kal to p.iv t9)s 'Zep.iXjjs elSos a/j.v5pbt> … Tjbiov 'Affffvplov re Kal Avdtov k.t.X.). A.

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 83 … Stuttgart 1889 P- ~r- no. 102, id. in the fahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1903 vi. 103 n. 22, … ' 9~24 are quoted in et. mag. p. 280, 13 ff.). | koI puv dxirXwToio SiaUaovTO. Xox«fS I

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 85 … of other figures to the right, we cannot say. … ckelmannsfest-Progr. Halle 1885) pp. 8 f., 16 f., P. V. C. Baur Eileithyia (The University … exhausted on a couch, her left hand propping her head, her right drooping as if she held … P- 8S Galleria no. ,6 pi. 3.). Zeus is seated'to the left. His left leg, covered by a

86 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … F. Matz in the Bull. d. Inst. 1870 p. 70 f. (first … tion to a lost relief, of which a cast has been … angstvoll ihn umflatterte [? the wing of a winged … in dem jetzigen Zustand mindestens in der Figur des Hermes schwerlich durchaus antik.' … iv. 362 ff. pi. B 1, 1 and 2, A. L. Millin Galerie Mythologique Paris 1811 i. 5of. no. 222

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 87

88 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … { Winckelmannsfest-Progr. Halle 1885) p. 14 f., C. Pauli in Roscher Lex. Myth. v. 460 f.).

Plate 14

bulla from Vulci, now at Paris : Birth of Dionysos.

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 89 … confused the issue by importing a reference to the couvade (hence Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel.

go The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth

92 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … \4yerat or, less probably, supply the author MaT/>is 6 Qripaios vp.voypa<pos from the context

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 93

94 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … It is noteworthy that in the case of Dionysos the simulated birth is from the god (Zeus), … 2 Supra i. 674 n. 2, ii. 957 n. 2. See further O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … Expert philologists have advanced widely different explanations. W. Sonne in the … auch mit e'ipuv "listig" zu errare st. * er-sd eigentlich "der in die irre fiihrt") … Baao-apris, "dem fuchsfelltrager" nach alter uberlieferung, die recht haben kann.' A. Fick

Plate 15

(l) Likyihos of early Apulian style from Anxia, now in the British Museum :

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 95 … XP»c6s. Uionysos elpatpiwrris "in the tufted skin" was a kid, cp. Hesych. s.v. (lpa(piwT7}s'... … bezeichne, wie in ttippvaiv Theokr. 2925. Nicht beseitigen aber lasst sich die zweite … Wann Griechischc Gramtnalik1 Mi'mchen 1913 p. 232 pronounces the verdict: 'Eipcup-

g6 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … Vena, qui etait mort sans posterite, en firent sortir deux enfants, un fils et une fille. A la … meme, elle sera, sous le nom d'Artchis, inviolablement attachee a Prithu. Cet enfant … as you, being very thirsty, have drunk the water prepared with sacred hymns which was

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 97 … lhe knife on his thigh. The juice soaked into and impregnated his thigh, from which … a ses piez sa genoilla | Trois des pomes et un coutel | Mit en la main sainz fanoel | Ly

98 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … (6) S. Baring-Gould Legends of Old Testament Characters London and New York … (7) In Norse cosmogony Ymir, ancestor of all the giants, went to sleep, fell into … The Religion of the Teutons Boston and London 1902 p. 342, P. Herrmann Nordische … explained. I. Vossius in the notes to J. Alberti's edition of Hesychios (Lugduni

Plate 16

Apollon visits the Lesbian oracle of Orpheus.

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 99 … Robert Gr. Myth. i. 781 n. 3 take the appellative to describe Persephone as a goddess of … would bring Persephone into line with Prithu (supra (2)): 'Persephone heisst die … 1 O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 1323, citing A. Hug's commentary on

100

ioo The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … 2 The only other possibility would be to regard her as ' the Muse herself that Orpheus

101

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 101

102

102 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … des Orpheus in den Handen einer Muse dargestellt, wahrend eine … des Orpheus' in the Jahrb. d. kais. dentsch. arch. Inst'' 1917 com. 146 f. fig. 1 rightly

Plate 17

Etruscan mirrors representing the oracular head of Orpheus.

Plate 18

Early ' Campanian' amphora in the Musee Borely at Marseilles:

103

Men believed to control the winds 103 … 2 //. 5. 449 ff. avrap 6 eidw\ov reP|' dpyvporo^os 'AiroWwp (interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. … 0"nj0e<rcri ^oeias | d<7-7rt'5as (vkvkXovs Xaio-Tjia re irrfpUvTa. W. Leaf adloc. comments: 'The … 4 Arrian. an. 3. 16. 8 Koi ravras {se. Antenor's group of Harniodios and Aristogeiton) … (G. Loeschcke, followed by J. Topffer, cj. b 'EXei'crixiv. But K. VVachsmuth in Pauly— … Men believed to control the winds 103 … 2 //. 5. 449 ff. avrap 6 eidw\ov reP|' dpyvporo^os 'AiroWwp (interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. … 0"nj0e<rcri ^oeias | d<7-7rt'5as (vkvkXovs Xaio-Tjia re irrfpUvTa. W. Leaf adloc. comments: 'The … 4 Arrian. an. 3. 16. 8 Koi ravras {se. Antenor's group of Harniodios and Aristogeiton) … (G. Loeschcke, followed by J. Topffer, cj. b 'EXei'crixiv. But K. VVachsmuth in Pauly—

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (a) Men believed to control the winds

104

104 Men believed to control the winds … nicht sagen.' Hesychios seems to imply that the pagan eponym became a Christian angel … would detect 'eine Anspielung auf irgendwelche mit den Heudanemen in Beziehung … 7 Cp. the Indian 'jar of the winds' (infra § 7 (b)). It was believed that a toad

105

Men believed to control the winds 105 … d"<?Mw*). And very similar beliefs on French soil are noted by P. Sebillot Le Folk-lore de … >36 'AXe^avefios fiiv 0* to iirdivvfiov 'VfiTedoicteovi. Cp. Eustath. in Od. p. 1645, 42 f. fis … *ou?<re<u vepl robs \bipovs Kal ras aKpapdas SUretve ttdos rb crKXXa/3et* to 7t*eO/*a- Xij£a*ros … ran 7re5(u>- rbv vbrav iiarvtovo-av f></>pdfa5 \01pbv l5o$ev iwX«flTU rrjs X"Pas> a^v- Colot. 32 … Hie fame of the exploit lasted on into the twelfth century (Tzetz. chil. 4. 5^4 ff. t<? vat"* … **PW»S, rb. 8o7MaTa criytiv lea 0pf*8s k.t.X. or the like (see D. Wyttenbach ad loc).

106

to the Winds1. And his employment of bags recalls the methods … A figure interesting in this connexion is that of Aiolos … Avifiois 0v6/xevos. Supra ii. 464. Cp. the sacrifice of asses to Apollon among the … 2 Frazer Golden Bough2,: Taboo pp. 46 ff., 52 f., 64, 67, 75 f., id. Folk-lore in the Old … SoKXea re tov ' AKpayavrlvov Kal "Hwip-eviSriv tov Kp^ra Kal "A(3aptv tov 'Tirep(36ptov woXXaxv … Xeyerai Kal dvep,ovs OeXi;ai rijs uipas Tr4pa irvevo-avras. A. von Blumenthal in Pauly— … 5 G. F. Abbott Macedonian Folklore Cambridge 1903 p. 250 f. Zij, £rj Kal /}a<ri\ei)ei 6 … to the Winds1. And his employment of bags recalls the methods … A figure interesting in this connexion is that of Aiolos … Avifiois 0v6/xevos. Supra ii. 464. Cp. the sacrifice of asses to Apollon among the … 2 Frazer Golden Bough2,: Taboo pp. 46 ff., 52 f., 64, 67, 75 f., id. Folk-lore in the Old … SoKXea re tov ' AKpayavrlvov Kal "Hwip-eviSriv tov Kp^ra Kal "A(3aptv tov 'Tirep(36ptov woXXaxv … Xeyerai Kal dvep,ovs OeXi;ai rijs uipas Tr4pa irvevo-avras. A. von Blumenthal in Pauly— … 5 G. F. Abbott Macedonian Folklore Cambridge 1903 p. 250 f. Zij, £rj Kal /}a<ri\ei)ei 6

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (b) Aiolos Hippotades

107

of the winds by Zeus1. And Aethlios, son of Aiolos, was reputed to … 2 Paus. 5. 8. 2 cUai yip <pw col 'AMXwr M6\ov, A.fa Si irUXvw. It « dear from … 8 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 738 = schol. Od. 10. 2 <paal yip ol MX/ant* (J- P°tter Cj. … a" MXon-o a,e/io... E. Scheer cp. Eustath. in Od. p. 1645, 59 >• «V *» ,f. … «Mft*» xe Kai W^ Jm ct.X. Euseb. »po, ro*. M, 'A.oXX^ov rev

108

by drought, and sends up clouds to moisten the whole country; but if rains … Frazer1. The closest hails from the Slavonic area: … ed. W. Pierson Berlin 1871 p. 27] vgl. SI 91 (18) [i.e. A. Schleicher 'Lituanica' in the … setfaufeit, •(janfcel treiiett. 8itca3 33a»ib 33. I. ©. 86 uetftnfcert ben Stamen in Gardiaito tint … avdpdnrtp. \ 6 5' dKparijS avdpitiiros el54vat enrebdojv j rl ttot' t)v iv abr(p, /ecu to irG>p.a Kivrjoas, \ … 7re<pevy6Tui> ijfias | dyaBQv Sko(ttov iyyvwuivq oJioeiv. This rewriting of the Hesiodic myth

109

of the earth-goddess Pandora opened once a year at the festival of … Kz- 32, 324. Cf. got. saiwala "ime".' Etc.), and as a tenable alternative K. Brugmann— … 3 G. Gerland Altgriechische Mcirchen in der Odyssee Magdeburg 1869 p. 38 ff., … M. Schmidt ad loc. obelizes Hellenis, remarking 'imo Hippoiae.' Euripides in his

110

as hippiochdrmes, 'fighting with chariot and horses,' in obvious … manische Mythen Berlin 1887 ii (Achilleis). 451 ff., H. W. Stoll in Roscher Lex. Myth. … 3 Siipra p. 106. 4 Macrob. Sat. 5. 17. 18 with L. Jan adloc. … 7 Parthen. narr. am. 2, irepi IIoXu^mjXijs (iaropei 4>iXtjt£s "iHp/J.rj (on which poem see … T27"Hpp. k. t. X. For Archinos see E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 541.

111

in … Hippotades was in pre-Homeric days4 none other than Aiolos … (Mrs N. Wedd) in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1898 xviii. 238 ff. For the prevalence of … Bartels Das Weib in der Natur- und Volkerkundt1" Leipzig 1913 i. 713, W. H. R. … 4 E. Forrer ' Vorhomerische Griechen in den Keilschrifttexten von Boghazkoi' in the

112

ii2 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … 2 A. D. Fraser 'The origin of Aeolus' in The Classical Journal 1933 xxviii. 364—366 … sein, wobei man die audi im Epos nicht ganz seltene Kltrze vor Muta cum Liquida mit in … nichts zu tun'), fails to reckon with the fact that an epic appellative may pass into popular … ii2 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … 2 A. D. Fraser 'The origin of Aeolus' in The Classical Journal 1933 xxviii. 364—366 … sein, wobei man die audi im Epos nicht ganz seltene Kltrze vor Muta cum Liquida mit in … nichts zu tun'), fails to reckon with the fact that an epic appellative may pass into popular

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (c) The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis

113

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 113 … $av65rjfj.os oe iv S"' rpijaiv on p,6voi ''Xd-qvaloi dvovat re Kai efix0VTaL aurots virep yev^crecoi

114

ii4 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … showed that the spot was taboo1. Behind it were vestiges of a low … a.

115

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 115 … /pAAHAPAHOPnpaBATl/H lTTLT/T.APX A PETAK A / … context in both cases is suggestive of fertility and fertilisation. … s'e eine Phratrie bildeten.' G. Lippold in the AtA. MittA. 1911 xxxvi. 106 n. 1 decides … t, 187 (' wohl einer Phratrie'), and W. Dittenberger locc. citt. prefer to assume a (pparpla. … 30 ff. ^Kipotpopiuivos' Trpo ^.Ktpwv 'Ttttivlwl to. wpa[t]\a ols AhK Koporpdcptot x°'P0S … 4 Id. ib. p. 46ff. no. 26B, 51 ff. 1.Kipo<popiC>vos- irpb Scf/wr* ra\(wi Kpibs A^hh,] |

116

n6 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … ' (Alia domanda) se (in materia) di oracoli (esista ugual) religio per ognuno, e per il puro … obbligato a conformarvisi; oppure: deriva empieta al puro che se ne serva). In materia … U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff 'Heilige Gesetze. Eine Urkunde aus Kyrene' in … 6<ri'a fiir jeden.' … 1 K. Latte 'Ein sakrales Gesetz aus Kyrene' in the Archivf. Rel. 1928 xxvi. 41—51- … 4 Pending the full publication in Dilos vii. 2, there is an interim-repoitby M. Holleaux

117

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 117

118

n8 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … of the Pyrrhakidai

119

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 119 … 3 P. Roussel in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1929 liii. 177: 'D'apres les observations faites … 336 b, K. F. Smith 'Hecate's suppers' tb. Edinburgh 1913 vi. 565 a—567 a, Schrader … Romtr Berlin 1901 p. 105 ff., id. 'Der Ursprung des Larenkultes' in the Archiv/. Kel.

120

120 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … 3 F. Jacoby in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xi. 591. … If this passage is rightly assigned by C. Miiller to the Atthls, it may be surmised in

121

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 121 … TP"roTwp in der Bedeutung Trpbira-mros bestanden hat und erst in der lexikalischen … Harpokr. s.v. 'Hertwxeia, Souid. s.v. 4>Aoxopos: see E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa … 7 Phot. lex. s.v. TpiToiraruip-...eV Si tois 'Op^i/coTs MfUt» iraiSas is presumably a … 'I>iToidropos 'A/xa\«io> nai UpuTOKXia ko.1 WpwroKpiovTa. (Ilpwro/tXeWa Souid.), Ovpwpoiis

122

122 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … Ovpuipous Kal (ptiXaKas bvras t&v avtp.wi'. Other forms of the names: 'Ap.aXKeid'qf … 2 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 738 = schol. Od. 10. 2 Kal tovtov ?ce/ca ifivdevcravTo airbv (sc. … in den Tritopatoren Ahnenseelen, die zu Windgeistern geworden sind und mit anderen … marised by E. Fehrle in Roscher Lex. Myth. v. 1209 f.), who takes the Tritopatores … 0 On the reincarnation of ancestors in their descendants see E. B. Tylor Primitive

123

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 12 3 … G. Lippold3 has ingeniously suggested that an echo of the prayer … L. Dindorf in Steph. Thes. Gr. Ling. vii. 2473 B restored TptTonovpq- ras yvqelas k. t. X. … A'tgriechischer Vershau 49 ff.).' But M. Budimir, as reported by L. Radermacher in the … TpiToyevijs el-q, fi-q rpiToyivtia.' appevwStis yap ai roiaOrai yvvaiKes. The scholiast's explana- … Jenem Prinzip, das Sommer " Kontrarbildung" genannt hat und das ich ktirzlich in … G. Lippold's attempt in the Ath. Mitth. 1911 xxxvi. 106 to explain the element rpiro-

124

124 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … to S. Eitrem's hypothesis that the Tritopatores were originally, like … 7 E. Windisch in the Beitrdge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 1877 … 9 A. Fick Vergleichendes Wbrterbuch der indogermanischen Spraehen Gottingen 1894

125

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 125 … ahe, 'running water' (cp. Lat. aqua), survives as a, aa, ach, ache, etc. in a great variety … This is the usual version in lexicographers, scholiasts, mythographers, etc.: e.g. … ct^X0t; r) 'A0T]va, Eustath. in Dionys. per. 267 071 r) TpiTiavts, evpeia Xlpw-q, p-iai) Aif3ui}s … ld. m Od. p. 1473, 11 f. TpiToyiveia de...t) ix Tphuvos AifivKov iroTapiov, schol. A.D. //. 8. … Tpiui/ o-vvav^riOftaa, UpbfTov Aibs Tpiroivos'. This is largely based on Apollod. 1. 3. 6—a … TP^0etr0ai, ip BvyaTi\p r)v llaXXds, k.t.X. (quoted by Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 355), Mela 1. 36

126

126 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … lacum dicitur apparuisse in virginali aetate, 3. 10. 1 nam quod a Libyca palude hoc … Sometimes a rival version is noted: schol. Paris. Ap. Rhod. 1. 109 TpiTwWs Se 7) … interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 2. 171 a Tritone amne Boeotiae, aut a Tritonide palude … yevv7}8rjvaL' Sid Kal ^piroyiveiav ovofiacdrivai. e'en Si Kal vvv in irepl ras irr\yas Tavras … oBai (the source here is the 'Phrygian poem' of Thymoites (Diod. 3. 67), on which see … c. 376 to the middle of s. iv B.C. the sea-god is replaced by the head of Athena, surviving … pi. 24, Bertier de la Garde Sale Catalogue 1923 p. 92 nos. 2276—2280 pi. 64). I show a … A somewhat similar deity on an unpublished bronze coin of Karystos in my collection

127

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 127 … TV Trora/ji^ TplTuii/t. oZ/ceiotf/isw \byov. k.t.X. {supra ii. 782). W. M. Leake Travels in … Rhod. 1. I09, 4. 1311 ( = Favorin. lex. p. 1776, 5 ff.), interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 1

128

128 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … 7 Schol. Paris. Ap. Rhod. 1. 109 cited supra p. 126 n. o. There are traces of the … codd.) I Tplrcovos a/j.<pl xeD^a yeve8\iov irbpov | rldijaiv opdbv r) Karripe<p7j trbba {sc. 'Af?7jcS), I … ird\ai eKbap.eov rds irapdivovs irpiv ij cnp^'EWrjuas TrapoiKi(r8fji>ai, ovk e'xw elireiv, SoKe'a 5' W … 2 M. Budimir reported by L. Radermacher in the Bcrl. philol. Woch. Marz 4, 1922

129

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 129 … ]■ de Witte in the Bull. d. Inst. 1834 pp. 157—159, A. L. C. A. Du Mege in the … P. Gauckler in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 2115 n. xo. … ^ggteas)> Frazer Pausanias ii. 187 f., E. A. Gardner Ancient Athens London 1902 pp. 24,

130

130 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … Notos, Lips, Zephyros, Skiron. And the roof was crowned by the

131

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 131

132

132 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis … not particularly helpful. I take it that Triton with his echoing horn, … 2 See E. Baethgen De vi ac significations galli in religionibus el artihis Graccorunt … Leipzig 1913 ii. i4r, F. Orth in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 2532 f., Mrs A. Strong … 3 F. R. Dressier Triton und die Tritonen in der Litteratur und Kunst der Griecheit … 4 Clarac Mus. de Sculpt, pi. 207 fig. 196 ( = Reinach Rip. Stat. i. 95 no. 3) with Texte

133

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 133 … sea-processions of the sort were … suffer a sea-change. Neither Ino5 nor … Sentanza di Nereidi e Tritoni' in the Bull. Comm. … r°*note, aveas) is followed by a Latin cross with spread ends. … E. Petersen in the Ann. d. Inst, i860 xxxii. 396 ff.

134

134 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis

135

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 135 … the Tyrsenian pirates metamorphosed into dolphins. Accordingly … Sieveking 'Der sogenannte Altar des Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus' in the Jahresh. d. … I his escapes E. Petersen's objection that the movement of the group is centripetal, … hu G°°d photo£raPns of the relief were published by E. Strong and N. Jolliffe in the

136

136 The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis

137

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 137 … APollon, according to C. Densmore Curtis in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1920 xxiv. 150,

139

The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis 139 … beside the Triton3,' that was a case of sheer verbal confusion. Nor

140

wangler1, who gave the name of Tritopatores to the three-bodied … The primitive fancy that winds are the souls of ancestors dead … 2 M. Budimir ' Atena Tritogenija i' aticki Tritopatreiji' in the Glasnik zem. Museja 1920 … 8 B. Schweitzer Herakles Tubingen 1922 p. 72 ff. (summarised by E. Fehrle in Roscher … jectured Trjpvbvas, had he lived to see the triple monster of the Hekatompedon (supra u- … wangler1, who gave the name of Tritopatores to the three-bodied … The primitive fancy that winds are the souls of ancestors dead … 2 M. Budimir ' Atena Tritogenija i' aticki Tritopatreiji' in the Glasnik zem. Museja 1920 … 8 B. Schweitzer Herakles Tubingen 1922 p. 72 ff. (summarised by E. Fehrle in Roscher … jectured Trjpvbvas, had he lived to see the triple monster of the Hekatompedon (supra u-

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (d) Zeus, Oúrios, íkmenos, Euánemos, Bóreios

141

Ixion, etc.) were at one time regarded as human embodiments of … Encyclopedia London and Edinburgh 1923 ii. 206 s.v. 'Black Sea,' 'All the coasts are … 3 Literature on the subject is cited and in part criticised by W. Christ Geschichte der … l~~9°> 171—255. I follow the lead of my friend Dr P. Giles in the Cambridge University

142

tradition, recognises Zeus as natural lord and master of the winds. … 2 Od. 15. 297 eiretyopAvri Aids ovpip. Strab. 350 quotes the passage as reading ayaWo- … 6 Ap. Rhod. 2. 498 f. rjpi 8' irr)<nai (so G. W. Mooney with one of the Paris codd. … 8 The word p-ijxap in Aisch. loc. cit. hints at the Argive cult of Zeus 1A.t(xaveis (supra … mTCL tov Qp^Kiov Bbo-iropov Kai Tb <XTbp.a tov T&vtjelvov YUvTOV iv tois Seifiois rijs 'Ao~tas … (Geogr. Gr. min. i. 402 f. Mtiller). See further E. Oberhummer in Pauly—Wissowa

143

thirteenth century, but based on an archetype of 130—150 A.D.1, … Ravensburg 1888 segmentum ix. 2 (a full-sized reproduction in the original colours, from … A work formerly believed to have been written before 196 a.d. (E. Oberhummer

144

waters of the Black Sea, J. Millingen brought to light substantial

145

(fig. 58)1. These comprise a fine gateway of Parian marble flanked … P- 60C publish lamps from Gezer, Jerusalem, etc. with the liturgical phrase <pws Xpicrrov … 1VtV, Kai Tbv eirl r$ arb/MiTi irvpabv, 8s t)ptt)t<u (J. J. Reiske and H. A. Hamaker cjj.

147

in the British Museum (fig. 61)1. It once supported a votive statue … As to the foundation of this popular cult, tradition was twofold. … p^. Bticheler in the Rhein. Mus. 1881 xxxvi. 338 ff. identifies this Philon with the … end f" ^2^' <~)n tn's sh°wing tne inscription from Chalkedon may be dated at the

148

on his return from Kolchis first sacrificed to the twelve gods'1. … 6 Stemmata in Gerhard Gr. Myth. ii. 223 f.

149

It is not difficult to imagine the prayers that would be addressed to … 1 Dionys. Byz. frag. 59 (Geogr. Gr. min. ii. 78 f.) 'in fano...statua aerea est antiquae … felicitatem et pietatem: non enim sine terrore utrumque est. alii dicunt puerum in littore … 111 portum. alii aiunt in magna maris tranquillitate, omni vento silente, nave diu retardata, … c,'edibilia existimentur.' Dionysios' gossiping explanations run from bad to worse. The … Gyllius ad loc. cp. Philostr. mai. imagg. 1. 12. 3. But the passage (/cat 6'Epws ivi rrj … 2 Ant. Skulpt. Berlin p. 1 ff. no. 2 with fig. (bibliography to 1891). Good illustrations … ^chiclue in Bildern'2 Leipzig (1925) i. 340 fig. 3. See also … S-> C. Picard La sculpture antique Paris 1926 ii. 100 with … j ' no' s> B. Sauer 'Der Betende des Boedas' in Philologus … 1 |)e ^e n'story of the Berlin bronze is discussed by A. Conze

Plate 20

a nubian … a praying Negro.

151

Boi'das1 of Byzantion2, son and pupil of Lysippos3. The boy uplifts … gestu manuum sublatarum') gives a very full collection of literary passages and con- … Zlu" springenden Amazone' ib. 1905 xx. 108 ff., H. Lucas in the Nette Jahrb. f. kiass. … group the statue as a suppliant with that of a warrior brandishing lance and … rMfigurigen Stils Tubingen 192? p. 187 no. 2)), or as Taras with that of a colossal

152

the fame of this solitary figure standing with outstretched arms on … Yearning with outstretched hands for the further shore. … Zeus of the Fair Breeze fill your every sail. … s Anth. Pal. 11. 53. 1—8 Meleagros. In the last two lines W. R. Paton prints elyaP … 4 P. Roussel Les cultes egyptiens a Delos du JIIC an I" sihle av. j.-C. Nancy

153

Aphrodite Oicrania, Hearers of Prayer, … goat's flesh, swine's flesh, or aught of the cow. … ne associates of Zeus Ourios are two goddesses, who in function

154

the figure-head of the good ship herself. The latter goddess had a … The bluish marble slab thus inscribed was discovered, in front

155

below the sanctuary of the foreign gods1. A fourth is a small base … - A. Hauvette—Besnault in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1882 vi. 328 no. 22 = Dittenberger … 4 Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.2 no. 559, 12 n., id.3 no. 977s, 12 n. points out that the … 6 P. Roussel and J. Hatzfeld in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1909 xxxiii. 510 no. 26 AiT … Q. Saufeius P.f. Treb. A. Cottius N.f.

156

This curious title was known already from a passage of … Whether the breeze her sail would shake … UoirXlov vi&s VpefiLavds, | ABXos KorTios tHe/ieplov vi6s, \ Aetiiccos Overdpios no7rMou uios, 1 … (sc. in tertia regione caeli) sunt constitutae. sed omnes circa ipsum Iovem fuerant m … von Piacenza Gieszen 1906 p. 62 ff. ('Das System der \i Loci,' cp. A. Bouche-Leclercq … 4 See U. F. Kopp's n. on Mart. Cap. 47. He cp. Mart. Cap. 51 sed etiam Liber ac … aura, sive utrumque Iupiter | simul secundus incidisset in pedem.

157

religious interest of the passage lies in the fact that the wind astern … It is possible that some such conception underlies the remarkable … 2 On the relation of tepevos to Uu, Ucvfopuu, etc. see Prellwitz Etym. Wbrterb. d. Gr. … 7 Eustath. in 11. p. 964, 63 f. o6ev &vep.os ferai, 5s e'| UpdSos nai Toia&rrjs uXtjs rip … Kepa/iei/cy. Kal 'HVi'ooos (/rag. 106 Flach, 104 Rzach) • Evpvyvw 5' In /coOpos (K. W. … 10 Frazer Golden Bough3: Taboo p. 349ff. ('Names of the Dead tabooed'), E. Clodd

158

Androgeos, 'The man of earth'1, might fairly be dubbed Eurygyes, … Gaertringen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 1328 'Der Besitzer des weiten Saatfeldes … ripm with schol. ad. loc. p. 309, 13 ff. Stahlin 'I>aX?j/)ei)s \ipvi\v tt}s 'Attlktjs' 6 Si Kara … The lexicographers place these little figures on the poop, not the prow (Hesych. s.V.

159

war-galley with a small armed figure at the prow (good specimens are Brit, Mus. Cat. … 601 f. pi. 121, 17, Weber Cat. Coins iii. 2. 782 no. 8057 pi. 297). But a more certain … and a specimen in my possession (fig. 69)). On coins of Arados struck in s. iii—ii b.c. this … '9. 12 f., pi. 2+) 4) cp. pi. 24, ,6 and 20). Figure-heads of this sort would be gilded … PP- 65—69, M. Hoernes Urgeschichte der bildenden K'unst in Eurofa Wien 1898 p. 383 ff.,

160

the ship's trail and supplied her with a steady breeze, much as Boreas … met. How comes it that this deity, appropriate to a seafaring folk, … Malerei u. Zeichnung d. Gr. ii. 717. The subject is a parody of Od. 5. 291 ff.; but note … Gr. Myth. Mel. p. 834 n. 9, O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 843. ^ … A modern parallel to Zeus Eudnemos may be found in Buenos Aires, 'Good Winds

161

stood a shrine of the hero Pleuron1, eponym of Pleuron in Aitolia2, … Zeus Endnemos, then, like Zeus Oilrios, was on this showing an … ■ Dai'machos of Plataiai (on whom see E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal-Enc. iv. … Thouk. 3. 102, cp. Strab. 464 f. See further G. Hirschfeld in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal- … P- 794 disagrees: 'Un rapport avec xkebfnm..JSe. justifie mal'). Presumably in the first … no. Heberdey and A. Wilhelm in the Denkschr. d. Akad. Wicn 1896 vi. Abh. p. 102

162

lost his wife Annia Regilla (160 A.D.), he constructed a precinct … not in our face. Oppose not with thy breath the calm breath of Zeus, oppose not … {strobiloi by land and dinoi by sea9) were specially connected with … Marcellus is thinking of Od. 4. 563 ff. Cp. also Hyg. fab. 140 at Latonam lovis iussu … 8 The passage ends thus: crv 8', w XlocreiSov, <k iieraippivov irvevaov, ixt] /caret p.irait°v^ … g&jj Se 6a\drT7is Slvoi airoreXovvTai. With the context cp. Lucr. 6. 423 ff., O. Gilbert D*<- … (i. 489, 12) crrp6p.fSos irvevixaTwv is a Byzantine (c. 1150 A. D.) echo.

163

sky with sea. Aristophanes in the Clouds personifies Dittos in a … Zeus, send me a storm and a whirlwind, I pray, … Till, tattered and torn, to the earth she is borne, … efai0v7js I irepl tt)v \pu\ijy trepi!3a.iri. I have adopted the translation of B. B. Rogers, but … *"EMocrTp6/3i\os,4 (4Auf Zakynthos ist das Wort corrumpirt in dvepioa-TpovcpiXos unci … Auch hat man filr diesen Fall bestimmte Beschworungsformeln. In Athen pfiegen … ^irk"™16 zu hegen scheint.) Ganz ahnlich in anderen Gegenden. Auf Kephalonia, im

164

Nymphs1 or other supernatural agencies2. Indeed, the word A nemos, … (SacriX^a tt]V raj3\a! j 2i"i) fvx^l tov fSaaikias rod ' A\(£av8pov, | ko.k6 p.7} fiov Ka/xere/'), … Neugriechen Leipzig 1871 i. 175 (' Sicherist dieses Wort in einer Anzahl von Redensarten, … 5 On this point there has been divergence of opinion. J. C. H. Biichler SG. 913- … Turpines zui, adding the note ' Henning ergdnzte zu zuirbila; mir wenig wahrscheinlwh-

165

The Arrhephoroi … Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 54 (Isle of Man), 67 (Northumberland), 127 … Some have regarded ' App-qtpopia as a clipped form of' Appryro<popia (so schol. Aristoph. … The Arrhephoroi … Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 54 (Isle of Man), 67 (Northumberland), 127 … Some have regarded ' App-qtpopia as a clipped form of' Appryro<popia (so schol. Aristoph.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (a) Arrhephóroi

166

The Arrhephdroi … Lobeck Aglaophamus ii. 872 f. held that a.ppr\<pbpoi meant 'basket-bearer's,' the first part … Miss J. E. Harrison Myth, Man, Anc. Ath. p. xxxiv derived the name from tpc), m … Personally, I see no sufficient reason for discrediting the explicit statements of Istros, … Gr, Myth. Rel. p. 34 n. 2, F. Hiller von Gaertringen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-F"c- … wrongly supposed an allusion to Platon the comedian Ni)crois)=^. mag. p. 362, 38 >•

167

The Arrhephoroi … 4 Athen. 114 a—B rip avaararov (so J. Pierson for vaarbv cod. P. ed. V. vaarov edd. … O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 45 f. … ao p *?' 0l(lfather in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. x. 1950. … MU(<rT)ap(w„. The inscription, which is throughout ill-spelt, actually reads ETMAAN

168

The Arrhephoroi … for two Hersephdroi of Eilithyia at Agrai (fig. 73)'. It would seem, … 5 Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 no. 919 \jriv deiva] 7 Xpi.aroK\4ov epp7}<popr]o'a<Tav AtJ^t/h kat

169

The Ari~hephoroi … Byz. s.v. '0\vp.irleiov tottos iv A^Xy, 6c KTiaavTes 'AOyvaioi xP'7Mctcr"' 'ASpiavov vias … 7rePlP°^V Zei>s xo-^koOs Kal caos Kpovov ml 'Peas nai Ti/ievos Vijs (so J. A. Letronne forr^ … Recently O. Broneer of the American School at Athens has found on the N. slope of

170

170 The Arrhephoroi

Plate 21

Plan of the American excavations on thenorth slope of the Akropolis

171

The Arrhephdroi

172

The Arrhephoroi … Mantel luftenden Aphrodite'), S. Reinach 'La Venus drapee au Musee du Louvre' in the … Equally persistent, and hardly more encouraging, have been the attempts made to … ('Wofinden wir denn imathenischen Cultus uberhaupt und speciell in demjenigen Athenas, … Ostfries des Parthenon dargestellt'). See further A. Michaelis Der Parthenon Leipzig 1871 … 1904 p. 197 ff. col. pi. 14, G. Dickins Catalogue of the Acropolis Museum Cambridge 1912 … und unentwickelten Formen lieber Errephoren'), G. W. Elderkin Problems in Periclean

173

The Arrhephdroi … umenti peplo. Cp. what is said of the planet Venus in Ausort. append. 2. 17 f- Evelyn … Genetrix?...in a garden') = Gnecchi Medagl. Bom. ii. 40 no. 13 pi. 68, 1 ('Venere') = my … I54ff. nos. 226—283). Here are a few examples: fig. 78 from the Vautier—Collignon

174

The Arrhephoroi … 1 A denarius struck by C. Considius Nonianus c. 60 b.c. shows obv. c ■ consiDI •

175

The Arrhephoroi 175 … iii. 9 no. 126 pi. 5 (=my fig. 86)). Fig. 87 is from a specimen of mine. For the extant … eiriX<bpiOL Kal oi £6>oi. Kal 6 y.h /3w/tds inrb Tif obpavy 0 ntyiaTbs itrri, -rroWCiv U in airou … "W? Kal rep /3u,u£ irapiarriKcv, ayei 5e apa avra tt/iutt) fiev Tj Beds, elra -q 56i>a/ih re Kal r\ … said to be found—overgrown with dewy verdure. Anent this miracle E. Ciaceri Culti e … t'A]0po8;Tal 'Bp(w)itfr[««], D>od. 4. 83, Steph. Byz. s.v. "Ep^, cp. Paus. 8. 14. 6 and … Coins i. 263 no. 2234 pi. 72, 7, Head Hist, num.- p. 138)- Note too the frequency of floral … The dove had a special significance in this cult and was in all probability viewed as an

176

The Arrhephoroi … With Aphrodite was associated a youthful consort, presumably Eryx her son by the … Poseidon (Apollod. 2. 5. 10, Dion Cass. frag. 4. 2 Bekker, Serv. in Verg. Aen. 5. 24, … vvvi B' oio-irep airy i) KaroiKla Xeiiravdpei Kai rb iepbv (so the second hand in cod, B. 17 T^

177

The Arrhephoroi … All these traits are consistent with the view (R. v. Scala in the Historische Zeitschrift … 38, 273); even Nilsson Gr. Feste p. 374 dismisses her as 'ganz semitisch.' But the hound … 8Ldax@yvat rt"s iepevaiv eXdbvra es \6yovs). Originally, however, the two cults had been … Tts aKvroTofios ftXavrTjs Xidivov rvirov : see further O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … kultus dcr Griechen und Rimer Kdnigsberg i. Pr. 1917 p. 29) and probably a small

178

The Arrhephoroi … Athens, like Mykonos (infra), made a winter-offering to Demeter XX017, is not known. … iii. 1 no. 1030, 44 f. "Epp.eiot | 9edrtp:os Tpdepwyos | k.t. X. aprytanisoi 166/7—168/9 A.D.), … Chloe schuldig sincl'). This identifies it with the site of the Boi/fi/ytos aporos (Plout. praec. … 'edvaev rots re 'AXwtots Kal Tots XXoiots ret re A^p.?;rpi Kal rei \ Kdpet Kal rots dXXois BeoTs, o(s

179

The Arrhephoroi … XXoia (Meursius cj. XXoeia, A. Meineke cj. XXoeia) • eoprr\ airb tuv KaK-wav (Meursius and … fw[cra] I AA, le/xiawa h a\<phuv (kt^vs ||||, 01x0 x[5s..]). In Mykonos a calendar of … <b"^M[<o><-] vwroy Kdn-rerafi] | rrjs iyKiifiovos. Tas 5s /3[ouX]rj n[pivi]r[w] p.a[yi]put ipxovres \ … X. Landerer 'Zur Meteorologie Griechenlands' in the Zeitschrift fur allgemeine … "ckstcht aufdas Alterlhum Breslau 1885 p. 64 adds: 'In klaren, mondhellen Nachten, … er^a„dtes Leipzig 1895 p. 24 f., and in the Lex. Myth. ii. 3147 ff-

180

The Arrhephoroi … And, if so, it may well be that in the 'something wrapt up9', … 7 Plin. nat. hist. 2. 36—38 ending with the words: 'itaque et in magno nominum … jjXiov aKpa/Tip irvpl KeKkypuKbra 8d\ireiv re Kal Karavalveiv ra <pvop.eva Kal rtdrfhbra, k.t.A«> … How are we to explain Souidas' dppt)vo<popeXv (certified by the order of letters) in the

181

The birth of Erichthonios 181 … jt j- ^ 20°- Id. ib. n. 1 observes that Hermes too is 4ptx06vios in et. Gud. p. 208, … 3o/f°*^OUrSe' etymo'°gically akin to Erechtheus (J. B. Bury in the Class. Rev. 1899 xiii. … persoriar' ° 'Ep'xe<5,"os XeYiWos. Harrison Myth. Man. Anc. Ath. p. lix 'the double … Te7r0 ' arpokr- s-v- a-Mxdofes- 6 Si JlbSapos (frag. 253 Bergk4) Kai 6 rrfv AamtSa … ( = my fi us 'Die Geburt des Erichthonios' in the Arch. Zeit. 1872 xxx. 51—57 pi. 63 … '924 p*,' c^man Athens: its History and Coinage before the Persian Invasion Cambridge

182

182 The birth of Erichthonios … 1 P. Jacobsthal Die melischen Reliefs Berlin—Wilmersdorf 1931 p. 96 ff. pi. 75 a notes … und fiir die siebenziger Jahre recht gelungene und gelehrte.' But could a forger over sixty

183

The birth of Erichthonios 18 3 … one of 'Die Manieristen ...die Vertreter eines verschnbrkelten, archa.s.erenden St. de. … Vasenbildem Halle a. S. 19.2 p. 51 t), and as a Bassarid, nurse of Dionysos, m Nonn. … W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 75° f- … 3 "0. 2,24, 3 01 NAN0H and no. 4044 = A.Conze Zte attischen GrabreUefs

184

184 The birth of Erichthonios … 6, J. D. Beazley op. cit. p. 451 no. 5), figured infra §9(h) ii(#) vied., on which H BH standing … 2 Strab. 382 tiiaS.to.1 b" ev $\wvvti Kal "Zikvwvi to tijs A(as iepov koKovul 5' oilra tt)V … 4 No. 2413 = Jahn Vasensamml. Munchen p. 108 f. no. 345, T. Panofka in the Ann. … ilia and nib, F. Hauser in Furtwangler—Reichhold Gr. Vasenmalereim. 95—98 pi- … T. D. Beazley Attic red-figured Vases in. American Museums Cambridge Mass. 1918

185

The birth of Erichthonios … together with Welcker Alt. Denkm. in. 422 n. 7, B. Sauer Das sogenannte … 2 Almost all exponents from Inghirami loc. cit. onwards have identified the seated … J Eurtwiingler Vasensamml. Berlin ii. 718 f. no. 2537, W. Helbig in the Bull. d. Inst.

186

186 The birth of Erichthonios … 1 Kekrops and his daughters Herse, Aglauros, Pandrosos supplement the theme of

187

The birth of Erichthonios 187 … Finally Hephaistos ceases to be reminiscent of Zeus and … sych. s.w. iaTT) Aai'a and TrdyKV<pos), together with the /j-opiai, which were believed to … 18 ff-)- See further Boetticher Baumkulttis pp. 107—111, L. Stephani in the Compte- … t5^"43> 89, 1—25, 90, 1—34). Figs. 96—99 are from specimens in my collection.

188

his tongs. A couple of little Victories, hovering in the air, offer … So far we have seen reason to think that the Arrhephoria was … I should infer (i) that the rite of the Arrhephoria as performed in

Plate 26

the Snake-goddess (Athena ?) of late geometric art.

189

The Athenian Akropolis had from time immemorial been the … filologiske Meddelelser iv. 7) Kyibenhavn 1921 pp. 1—20, id. A History of Greek Religion … KTuvvav cod. xjt AaKtSaiyadvioi Se Oi-mv. Athena in due course was Christianised and

190

snakes, her owl1, her olive-tree2, her relations to the priestly king … 4 Od. 7. 80 f., cp. //. 2. 546 ff. (of later origin? See now J. M. Paton in L. D. Caskey— … 5 Supra ii pi. xlv (in pocket at end). … ii. 625 f. figs. 529, 530. Jjjjig. 100 I add another of these … pick Vorgriech. Ortsn. 66 erklart so wie der lemnische Mosychlos, an dem der Gott in … dem Namen zu suchen.' See further L. Malten 'Hephaistos' in the Jahrb. d. kais-

191

A. Fick as a great philologist merits a more patient hearing. In his Vorgriahische … Phallos (Hermes) die Hauptgottheiten der Tyrrhener.' In HattiJen unci Danubicr in … s>nd Lemnos und Attika. Andere Namen des Gottes sind Palamaon und Palamedes, in … Attempts to explain the name, which appears in Ionic as'AB-qvri 'Aflijra'?;, in Aeolic

193

Kretschmer's ingenious speculation could, I think, fairly claim the support of certain … 227—229, 231—241 (of which 235 = my fig. 102), C. Schuchhardt Schliemann's Excava- … de VArt iii. 695 f. figs. 503, 504, and col. pi. 4, J. L. Myres The Metropolitan … l92U*!eme serie Candie 1911 p. viii pi. 10, 6, Sir A. J. Evans The Palace of Minos London

195

object, found in the Amenophis iii level (1411 —1375 B.C.), seems to have been connected … °n eithertt°im T" ° °f theSC haVe snaky nand'es formed of four loops vertically arranged

196

1924 p. 50 pi. 33, of which nos. 5002 and 5oc>5 = my figs. 111 and 112, G. Karo in … cylindrical base and the fragmentary arms of another entwined with snakes—clearly t *

197

to further finds—the head of a terra-cotta figure and another tube-shaped vessel with … zuTp ^ la Mer ^* Paris '910 P- 200 with fiS- »4»i G. Karo in D. H. Haas Bihleratlas

200

belongs to the same language as the place-name Phaistdsx. Now … (d) Hellenistic relief-ware of Graeco-Egyptian style has sometimes by way of prophy- … It is perhaps not too hazardous to conjecture that Trojan Gesichtsumen .and the like … many years ago I toyed with the notion (Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 85 n. 1). I now agree … <S>aicrTos &v, Tb t\Ta. Tpoae\Kvadp.evos;). Nevertheless it remains probable that the … Kopvtpav kcit iLtcpav \ dvopova-aicr' d\d\a\£ev vtrepfi&Kei /3o£ and frag. 34 Bergk4, 34 Schroe

201

would be but local equivalents of Kronos and Rhea1. Some such … Who with bright-eyed Athena taught mankind … Platon5 too with curious frequency insists on the partnership of … cult. If Hephaistos fashioned woman, Athena adorned her—a story … and Athena (U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff in the Sitzungsb. d. Akad. d. Wiss. … <f><)v €k TairroC irarpds, d/ia Se 0iXocro0i'a 0iXoT€X"t'a Te Irl ra aura iXdovres, oStu filav … 4th Mus' Caf' Vas" 3§9ff- no- D +■ A- S- Murray—A- H- Smith WM**

202

fig., Harrison Myth. Mon. Anc. Ath. pp. 450—452 fig. 50. PI. xxvii is from a fresh … And the composition as a whole is comparable with that of the Triptolemos-relief from … ' Av-qaiSiipa, like UavSdpa, was an epithet of the earth-mother (Hesych. ' Avqo-iS&pa' … ovopafowiv 'AO-qvaioc avteio-af Supa, SI uv effTL frrjii Kai (rufetrSai R. Hercher omits the … Demeter, who was likewise empowered 7^5 Kapirbv av-qaeiv (h. Dem. 332). Thus in the … Starting from this fact archaeologists, in primis C. Robert (Archaeologische Maerchen

203

the ager Tarqiiinimsis was being ploughed and the furrow was driven deep, up came on … belief V° Schultz in Roscher Lex. Myth. v. 3 ft.). Similarly in Greek

205

But the Anesidora-cup is not the only witness. The fact is that … J^73 p- 72 (L) col. pi. 22 (= my fig. 122)), which shows the head and lifted hands of Ge … Red fi Wolters in the At,u Mitth- 1888 xiii. 104 f. fig. (= my fig. 125. Scale \), Hoppin

207

Hephaistos leaning on his staff presents a helmet to Athena, who … Nv r ' A'mdt/-a Glyptothhjue Ny-Carlsbcrg Munich 1896 p. 31 f. pi. 20, c ( = my fig. 127), … Baume' Pl" §' 8' MulIer—Wieseler Denkm. d. alt. Kunst ii. 4. 65 ff. pi. 75, 961, A. … ii, 43g f "Jch f'f ffintlichen Sammlungen klassischer Altertiimcr in Rom3 Leipzig 1913

209

headed by Hephaistos and Athena, the former bearing sword1 and … 1 On the famous ^iXaipa made by Hephaistos for Peleus (Hes. frag. 110 Flach, 79

210

of three standing deities—Volcanus with Minerva at his right hand … 2 Supra ii. 63 n. 1. But see on the other side G. Wissowa in Roscher Lex. Myth- … p. 3 no. 24 pl- 2, Gnecchi Medagl. Rom. ii. 18 nos. 77 and 78 ([40—143 a.d.) pl- s"2' *'

211

her we perceive shield, snake, and olive-tree—the insignia of the … Of … 6 Fu't d" MrdaSL ii- 18 no. 82 (152 A.D.) pi. 52, 7 ( = my fig. 133). … sius)i. S'V' ^■a^Ke^a'---Td. Xa\KeTa eopTT) vap 'AS^aiois < rrj ' A6Vp (ins. Meur- … accordin"'°S °vA'Xap"elis ^FraS- hist. Gr. iv. 313 Muller, Apollonios of Acharnai {c. 100 B.C.

212

winter1. Apollonios of Achamai, a writer on Athenian festivals, … Harpokr. loc. cit.). Souid. XaX/ceia bis is repeated by the et. mag. p. 805, 43 ff. and in … iii. 2 no. 7181 pi. 256) or CVNNA A6HN Amaltheia holding infant Zeus with goat … Trieste Firenze 1829 iii. 80. For the legend see supra ii. 950 f. fig. 842 AIA IAAION … 4 V. von Schoeffer in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. iii. 2067.

213

reason to doubt Souidas' statement that the festival itself was … P°[v\tl, to. p.ev d7a0a dexeo-Bai, a <paa{\ yeyovev[ai] iv tois U[poU oh IBvov c'</>' vyielai Kal … "6rcu Se----],„ Tfjs ff€0$ T0,5s ^-[J---apxovTOS Kal tov -- avjruv ?.TpaT[6]\a[ov---Kal … H^aio-Tou. The exact position of these altars, which have perished, is unknown. They … ^l t" rot hiepSi toi t'o ]le<pai<rT0 Kal tW ABevalas.' E. Reisch in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch.^

214

His statue must be taken to include the whole cult-monument; for … loc. cit. p. 61 argues well in support of them. … tcu ayaKparoiv i[s t6 !i\irpal<jTwv (list of names).. No. 371, 2 ff. x^Kbs £ovt0[e---Ta^~ … toi p,o\[v]f3oo[t]. |j rparre^av TroiicavTi. \\piadbs {<rayay6vr[i] to [ay]a\paTe Kal | artoavrL v

215

statues and note that tin was bought for 'the floral ornament … 3 E.g. the Athena of the Musee Cherchel (Reisch be. cit. p. 64 ff. fig. 33), the … 6 B. Sauer Das sogoianntc Theseion Leipzig 1899 P- J4*> ff- ('Rekonstruktion') with

216

to be called by the curious1 appellation HephaisUa1. In 343/2 B.C. … 2 Hesych. 'H^ouorta ■ 'AB-qna. Kal 7r<5Xts rfjs A.-fip.vov. E. Reisch loc. cit. p. 89 ff. fig- 3^ … Vorlegebl. iii pi. 2. 3), which dates from the latter part of s. v B.C. and is inscribed … min. i no. 223, Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr? no. 227: b, 17 ff. [$a]p6[5i)p.os Ai]^0" … 7 Pheidias made the pupils of Athena Partlienos in precious stone (Plat. Hipp- mal'

217

Select Bronzes London 1915 pi. 2 with text), archaistic rather than archaic (Miss G. M. A. … Now regarded as doubtful. I take this opportunity of publishing another small bronze

218

detailing the story of Erichthonios, the reputed child of Hephaistos … 'Some state that he (sc. Erichthonios) was a son of Hephaistos and Atthis, … leoni fuisse inditos oculos e smaragdis ita radiantibus etiam in gurgitem, ut territi thynM … 3 Id. ib. sed quoniam Minervam virginem volunt, in amborum contentione Vulcam1111 … 4 A statue from Crete in the Louvre (no. 847). Height i-42m. The back, the left … E. Reisch in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1898 i. 55 fig. 32 (head in profile), 72 … 6 Apollod. 3. 14. 6, paraphrased also by Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 111.

220

ado (for he was lame), attempted to consort with her. But she, being a chaste … 'With regard to the birth of Erichthonios, Euripides tells the following tale. … air' iicelvov vpoaayopevdrji/ai "RcpaLareiof (so F. C. Matthiae, followed by A. Olivieri, f°r … 6 J. Escher-Biirkli in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 441 would identify the spot as

221

perhaps in the middle of the sixth century B.C.1, perhaps rather in … 2 C. Robert in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 136, L. Malten in the Archiv f. Pel.

222

the pantomime must be familiar with the whole range of Attic … s Amelesagoras (on whom see supra p. 157 n. 9) frag. 1 (Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 22 Miiller) … 6 Hyg. fab. 166 Vulcanus Iovi c[a]eterisque diis solia aurea (so J. Scheffer for soleas … ut quidquid vellet praesumeret. ille Minervam in coniugium petivit; Iuppiter imperavit … Xa§wv t& dvofia ToOro = Nonnos Abbas in Greg. Naz. e. Julian. 2. 27 (xxxvi. 1050 Migne-

223

Such explanations are the expiring efforts of the mythopoeic mind; … 1 See e.g. Harrison Myth. Mon. Anc. Ath. p. 119 f., F. Diimmler in Pauly—Wissowa … 4,. 1.. heen seen with varying degrees of clearness by many scholars, e.g. O. Jahn … Loeff / m Roscher Lex- My^. i. 2064, Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 27 f., A. K. van der

224

My own opinion—if I may be allowed to state it with dogmatic … in Firm. Mat. 16. 1 quinque Minervas fuisse legentibus nobis tradit antiquitas. una est … 3 Hera recovered her virginity every year by bathing in the spring Kanathos neai … les Naissances Miraculeuses Paris 1908 pp. 1—280 ignores the topic.

Plate 28

Votive relief in island marble, found on the Akropolis at Athens :

225

founded a sanctuary of Athena Meter1. And at Athens, though … 1 Paus. 5. 3. 2. Famell Cults of Gk. States i. 303 comments: 'Athena ^lyp-rjp need … ot>o-a,i> iviOyiKe, ko.1 rrj 'A6V? t^veiaOau Trapr\yyii\o-tv. An Etruscan statuette of a winged … _I30 fig. 4), in which a family of husband, wife (pregnant), and three children (one … EuW e GeDurt-' O. Weinreich il>. p. 28 acutely suggests that the 'foolish stories' told by … 'he' j> 61c''as' 'n Analecta Graeciensia Graz 1893 pp. 101—121. E contra S. Reinach in … 1'ate ^^"^ ^e "at Sems of the Augustan period—where however her full breast is … the godfj P" l89- N°te also the part played by the priestess, apparently impersonating

226

reminiscent of a ' Minoan' mother-goddess. Indeed, when Alexander … The two chief centres of his worship on Greek soil were … p. 103 ff. no. 58 pi. 7 stattr. Figs. 142 and 143 are from specimens in my collection-

227

Herodotos1, quoting Hekataios2, tells how the Pelasgians, who had … Thouk. +. 109 with J. L. Myres in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1907 xxvii. 204 f. … rj 2+I> 55 ff., etc.) are collected by L. Malten in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 329. … nat..erS: see L- Malten in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 338 ff. ('Allegorische und … Sella* u dle dem Hephastos heilige Flamme, sondern die Flamme, in der Hephiistos

228

totle's1 treatise on meteorology. The philosopher compares thunder … J L. Malten in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 319, 328, id. in the fahrb. d. *alSt … 5 See e.g. A. Kuhn Die Herabkunft des Fetters mid des Gbtterlranks- Gtitersloh 1° … 156 f. (wren, robin, lark), 159 (swallow), O. Schrader in J. Hastings Encyclopccdta of … Perhaps p.arpbppnrvos cod. points to a compound of p.arpo- with piKvbs, cp. ^P' ^ … a<j>ripi$t] yap irpbs rov Aids rbv 6tp$a\fi6v. rijs hropias ttoWoI epwrio-Oycrav, ■jrpoyyovti

229

Properties to the soil. Dioskorides1 of Anazarbos, a contemporary … a"Tpu5ovs (cp. Plin. nat. hist. 35.31)1 ava<pepofiivri airb Aj/wov rrjs v-qaov, ixovo-qs iXuiS-q … XPwi'Tat Si nves Kal els TeXeras avrfj- tan Si Kal Svo-evreplais xpV'A""- … Galen, irepl Kpaaeois Kal 8vvap.eas tuiv awXCiv <papp.a.Kuv 9. 1. 2 (xii. 173 f- Klihn) Kal … ?8 t KOfi^a"a s' e's rip irbXiv us elirov aprlws iaKevaae tAj 7roXvo>Xi)roi/s Xypvlas <T<ppay'i8as. … f t-qv xpijoiv airao-av iSlSacKe t77s \-rjp.vlas yrisy S$er ovk wKVT)o-a Kayo: iretpa6fjvai tov

231

sundry other rites, after which she filled a whole waggon with the … "Jipiv-q Kax ToQT0V rapdiiaa-a a<poSpu>s, (It' edcracra /caracmjcai, wpGrrov piv aipaipei to i?7r(7roX7js … In addition to the immediate sequel cp. Galen. pAdobos OtpairtvTiKri 4. 7 (x. 298 Kiihn), … F.W. Hasluck 'Terra Lemnia' in the^4««. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1900—1910 xvi. 220—230 … H. F. Tozer The Islands of the Aegean Oxford 1890 p. 260 'In Western Europe it

232

monograph on Lemnos notes that Oriental apothecaries still sell … second shows a seven-headed dragon, with wings and a twisted tail; … vqaou Afavov Alexandria 1876 p. 47 ff. The Turks think that drinking vessels made 0 … estranges Paris 1555 p. 29 f. (Greek mass celebrated in small chapel of Sotira, after whlC 1 … Erdfeuer; der Feuerdamon hauste dort mit der Erdgottin. In der rotlichen Erde slt>

233

Hephaistos with the earth-goddess Lemnos1(fig. i52)2,c°nsummated … PVcrl, vepi(aTT) '"Efiflapos el,' rovriari vovvexvs, <ppbi>ip.os), who stood in the closest relation … I figure five imperial bronze coins of Hephaistia. Of these, the first two are from

234

in early days on Mosychlos, the mountain of volcanic vents1. Be … chiton over one shoulder; rev. H<t>AIC TI6HN a flaming torch (fig. 149). A third … Riicksicht auf das Alterlhum Breslau 1885 p. 314 ff., C. Fredrich in the Ath. Mitth- i9°6 … 5 Plout. de fac. in orb. lun. 12 6 5e Zeus rjpXv ovtos ob rfj pih avroi tpicrei xp^fie'"'l

235

that fire terrestrial was derived from fire celestial1. On which showing … (Tvvex&s "HX10P Te /cat At'a Trpoaayopevei (sc. "0/x7?pos), to b' tirl yijs Trvp "1r\<paio'Tov, €rolp.ws … A.<ppoblrriv iroTe fxev 'Hfpcuo-ry, tQ x&ov'ui) irvpi, irore be "Apei", ra; deplcp, Eustath. in II. … ep.vOevo'e (sc. "Of/.r}pos) rr\v virobe£ap.evqv rb 8eoirpbfiXT}rov Trvp' evravda yap dvUvrai yijyevovs … old rb tovs Trp&Tovs laws dpt;a/j.e'vovs xp7/<7#cu Trvpl £k KepavvofioXiov Kaioftevip avTtp TepLTVxetv, … nascitur. unde etiam Homerus dicit eum de aere praecipitatum in terras, quod omne … olSov airivdrjpa, Kepawov, Eustath. in II. p. 151, 30 f. (cited supra n. 7), 40 ff. bib ov … £vtiv i£a<pdeis, dXXa Kal &tl tt}v dpxvv Zoikcv els yrjv avwdtv irodev e\0eZV, rj Kepavvov a>s … Gr. i. 60 MUller), frag. 71b (Frag. gr. Hist. i. 125 Jacoby, who however starts the

236

method of allegorical conjecture had come curiously near to divining … Hephaistos and Athena—if I am right—were at first the sky- … dem die Hosen lagen, schwanger.' After nine months Satana split the stone and a … a Isokr. 12 Panathenaicus 126 'EptxBovios llh yap 0 <pbs <r£ 'U<palcrTOv Kal Tijs

237

The Daughters of Kekrops 237 … *hich came to mean 'moist, cool air' and so 'breeze.' On this showing "AyXavpos would … , °-Kpoiro\ii', oi5' (xoi ciwelv iapaKihs ovdels. dirodiSoiffiy Si tt\v a'niav p.vdwSis. (pyalv … The Daughters of Kekrops 237 … *hich came to mean 'moist, cool air' and so 'breeze.' On this showing "AyXavpos would … , °-Kpoiro\ii', oi5' (xoi ciwelv iapaKihs ovdels. dirodiSoiffiy Si tt\v a'niav p.vdwSis. (pyalv

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (b) The daughters of Kekrops

238

238 The Daughters of Kekrops … comix invisa Minervae, Hyg. fab. 166 hae cum cistulam aperuissent comix indicavit (on

239

The Daughters of Kekrops 239 … Akropolis and Pallene-*-Lykabettos-* Akropolis were alternative versions of the myth. … codd.) I vo/ios rls i<TTtv o<pe<riv iv xpV0~V^dT0is I Tpi<puv tIkv' (on which custom see ib. … (Paus. 6. 20. 4 f., stipra i. 58, ii. n?i), Zeus Sosipolis at Magnesia on the Maiandros … yc to 5i yivos p.' ovk ihtpeXel. | ION 7) Kai a<f 'Addva yrjBtv i$avti\€to ; \ KP. h Trapdivovs … TcilX°s Seas. | KP. Toiyap ffavovaai aabireXov rjp.a^av Trirpas. … . HyS-poet. astr. 2. 13 eum dicitur Minerva in cistula quadam ut mysteria contectum … aepius, virgines cistam aperuerunt et anguem viderunt. quo facto, insania a Minerva

240

240 The Daughters of Kekrops … 3 Fulgent, myth. 2. n (continuing the passage cited supra p. 222 n. 7) quem Miner* … Minervae ferunt pigmenta (B. Powell op. cit. pp. 5 n.a, 40 n.b cj. figmenta): inter q«as … Invidiae novissime imperavit earn sororis Herses exacerbare (so A. von Staveren, aftel … Kai UavSpda-a, at ivo)ila8t)aa.v a.ae.$uv ava^aaai. tt\v XdppaKa. Athenagoras, like Ame'es

241

The Daughters of Kekrops 241 … and Herse were not originally a triad of sisters. Of the three, … 111 Anspruch genommen'). But see J. Toepffer in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 829 and … c"ri?3eiJa„ • Kai yfrp y-Q ocaXXweic > Kocrfieiv Kal Xap-irpiveiv eariv. The words inserted are … Miss J. E. Harrison 'The Three Daughters of Cecrops' in the Journ. Hell. Stud. … C. in. 16

242

242 The Daughters of Kekrops … dirodavbvTOS Si ''Aktcliov KiKpoij/ €KSixeTaL rVv ^PXVV OvyaTpl (Tvvolkwv 'A/cra/oi/(cp. I. T4' … 8 Dem. de pais. leg. 303, Lykourg. in Lcocr. 76 f., Philostr. v. Apoll. 4. 21 P" I+ … Philochor. frag. 14 {Frag. hist. Gr. i. 386 Miiller) ap. Ulpian. in Dem. de pais- le$' … bpois xPVffa<x^ai "7s 'Attik^s irvpoU, KpiBah, dpiriXois, iXalats, okelav Troieio-Oai ^a"^ce … 10 Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 no. 372 (with facsimile on pi. 4) KovpoTpbtpov | ef 'AyXaW

243

The Daughters of Kekrops 243 … I3'- 1 (note the proximity of no. 371 Aenrvorp6po[n], cp. supra p. 241 n. o). Hesych. s.v. … 43 f. = Inscr. Gr. ed. min. i no. 373 i 43 f. = Caskey loc. cit. no. 8 a, 43 f. … TP]bs to UavSpoaeio | aieTbv, 40 f. epyaalus to | [?rp6s] to \la.\v5poo~eio a£]£to, no. ii iii … 3 J. M. Paton The Erechtheum Cambridge, Mass. 1927 pp. 119—127 ('The Pan- … K<lT^KecTo. Trdrpiov 5' eVri tois 'ASrjvalois Kvva pi?) avafio.iveiv eh aKpo-jroXiv.' The topo-

244

244 The Daughters of Kekrops … name for Ge3. Kourotrdphos too was, at Athens, an epithet of the … Details are of interest. When a cow was sacrificed to Athena, a … 58 f. (attributed to the period 83—73 B.C., though W. Larfeld Handbuch der griechischen … 3 This conclusion was anticipated by Miss J. E. Harrison in the Journ. Hell. Si**^' … k.t.X., Prokl. in Plat. Tim. iii. 144, 4 ff. Diehl o8to dr/ Kal avrrj (sc. r] yrj) dvvdpets &el … rbv {k rairris Kaprrbv Kop-qv, k.t.X. , and A. R. Rangabe Antiquites helleniques Athene … npbdvpa consisted in an offering probably of grain, possibly of blood, but hardly ° … A. ed. Aid. and the epitome Harpokr.) dveLV oiv, Kal iKaXeiro t6 0vp.a irripoiov.'

245

The Daughters of Kekrops 245 … ment of Ovid14, any sanctuary set apart for her. Again, Athena— … * Corp. inset: Att. ii. 3 no. 1160 (a broken base of Pentelic marble found on the … Ka-T*VKetia<se to!s dvBpwwois t'-ov ck tCiv eplwv eadrira. This hangs together with the attempt … ^"aiKes, cD (ppoveire with schol. ad he. Kara (so L Bekker for ix codd.) rijs 'AypavXov … 'r'^e're' TaTovnevos with schol. thesm. 533 (quoted supra n. 11).

246

246 The Daughters of Kekrops … seen—intimately associated with a goddess dubbed Konrotrophos. … by most Greeks and Romans to be a sort of dew, which fell from … quorum tu, Pandrose, dextrum, | Aglauros laevuni, medium possederat Herse. Sup>a … 3 Harpokr. s.v. "AyXctupos (dypavKos codd.. A.C.M.Q. But the alphabetical order … 8 It is on record that Herse, Pandrosos, and Agraulos had a popular festival ca 7^ … 12 Apollod. 3. 14- 3- Hermes' union with Herse is hardly older than the HelleW* '

247

The Daughters of Kekrops 247 … basket or a basket-cradle {liknoii) and slept like a baby (fig. 153)4, … 49> 347 pi. 8, 4) = my fig. 153, J. Schmidt in Roscher Lex. Myth. v. 1029 fig. 4 an Etruscan

248

248 The Daughters of Kekrops

Plate 29

^e «. 6 and /a^s 249

249

The Daughters of Kekrops 249

250

250 The Daughters of Kekrops … Jacoby) ap. schol. A.B. Gen. II. //. 3. 151, Hieronymos of Rhodes (ft 290—230 B.C.: … In Loukian. Icaromen. 13 Empedokles, speaking as an inhabitant of the moon, says … In point of fact the cicala lays its eggs in the ground (Aristot. hist. an. 5. 30. 556 a 29 fi.i … 8 Asios frag. 13, 4 f. Kinkel ap. Athen. 525 E—F (Samians visiting the precinct of … 1. 6 Kal ol irpeo^vTepoi abroU (sc. the Athenians) tQv evba.ip.bvwv bid t& afipoblaiTOV oi iro^us … ii—iii. 2 no. 1377, 13 (an inventory of the Parthenon 399/8 B.C.) [xpvolbia bidXiffa <rilW'iKT

251

The Daughters of Kekrops 251 … for Corpsele cod. A. Corpselle cod. H. Corpselae cod. R. Corselle cod. L. E. Biihrens … Britonum, schol. Hermog. in C. Walz Rhetores Graeci Stuttgartiae et Tubingae 1833 iv. … rtrriya Kal avrbxBova elvai Kal p-ovcxikov, Prokop. of Gaza epist. 18 koI yip <re vvv imBvpwv … enim cicadas aureas gerebant partim in vertice, nonnulli in fronte, Phot. lex. s.v. … The name KepKurrr) applied to a small species of tettix (Stephanus Ties. Gr. Ling. iv. … Various views have been taken in modern times with regard to the precise nature of

252

252 The Daughters of Kekrops … M. Rostovtzeff Iranians &> Greeks in South Russia Ox'or

253

The Daughters of Kekrops 253 … '"sect's body. The other, pointed, end of the pin was caught by the hook on the lower … >s '883 vi. 41, fig. (of no. 20), T. Schreiber in the Ath. Mitth. .883 v.... »7*.

254

254 The Daughters of Kekrops … We are not, therefore, surprised to find that the tettix occurs as a private badge on … 1926 pi. 37, 6—15) and again on tetradrachms and drachms with the names ot ^

255

The Daughters of Kekrops 255 … Pl- 107, *j—69. Fig. 166 is from a specimen in my collection). (4) obv. cicala; rev. … A creature with such a record behind it would serve as an excellent amulet to keep … arly Roman date at Berlin show cicalas equipped with shield, sword, lance, etc. (i urt-

256

256 The Daughters of Kekrops … Sotades, now at Boston, has perched upon its central boss a most life-HUe titt** gg,

257

The Daughters of Kekrops 257 … See further B. Laufer Insect Musicians and Cricket Champions of China (Anthropology … HlHo T°'17' fAww the choice of the word kikvs was determined by a reminiscence of

259

The Daughters of Kekrops 259 … Ahnlichkeit des Tabakrollchens mit der Cicade, sei es in Gestalt oder in Farbe.' Cp. … ^paring Efas ( = Evas) as the name of Memnon in Etr. Spiegel iii. 218 f. pi. 235, 1. … rei6°' 820 and W" Deecke in K- °- Mu"er Die Etrusker Stuttgart 1877 i2. 481 propose … Z 75-78 claims that Qesan too has survived as Tesana, 'the Spirit of the Dawn, and … v AIore ingenious, but also more speculative, are the suggestions of S. Bugge Das

260

260 The Daughters of Kekrops … 6 Preilwitz Mtyjtt. Worterb. d. Gr. Spr.2 p. 22 ''Atti/c?j = *'A/cti/oj.' But W. J0^j, … 'Aktikti' from 'Akt-q and had cited in support, not only the lexicographers (sUf ^0fa of … active in meaning.

261

who distilled the fructifying dew1, had as his consort Pandrosos the … Hesych. "Eppos- 6 Zei/s. M. Schmidt is silent. J. Alberti, who records the guesses … About an hour's walk to the north-east of Vari (Anagyrous), some 29om above the … who distilled the fructifying dew1, had as his consort Pandrosos the … Hesych. "Eppos- 6 Zei/s. M. Schmidt is silent. J. Alberti, who records the guesses … About an hour's walk to the north-east of Vari (Anagyrous), some 29om above the

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (c) Zeus Érrhos, Ersaîos, Ikmaîos, íkmios, Áprios

262

ed. min. i no. 783 'A7r6X\oeos ■ "Epcro, E. Curtius and J. A. Kaupert Atlas von Athen … 1904 p. 90 assumes a nominative "Ep<7?;s or "Eptros (id. Lexicon Graecum suppW' £5 jn

263

dancing-ground (ib. nos. 784/785 b 'Apx^S[a]/j.os ho Qep\a?os ko.1 xop0" ^P\x(a"r^] Ni>0£u … Cl't effi^'11011 to lIle d^ies already mentioned there was the seated goddess, whose rock-

265

title of kindred origin preserved by Hesychios1 is perhaps Ersaios, … Keos was once so well watered that, like certain others of the … (=my fig. 178), C. H. Weller in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1903 vii. 267 ff. fig. 4 photo) and … ner omphalos. Further it would appear that deeper in the cavern, just where there was a … < Top e^^°^o"at tt£ir\ripwKaa-iv avrov rb arbp.a Kf}piwv /x^Xtros, Xva dXrjdes irepl avrov yivijrai rb

266

of the great culture-heroes of Greece, who learnt the care of sheep … 'I/c^a/oio, I Upd r ei 'ippe^ev iv oipeaiv dcrripi Kelvtp \ Xetplip aiirifS re KpoviSr/ Ad. toio … ei Si tot H-4\iirov Kal 'Aptaralos aureus dveKa.~Kio-o.TO 6v<ras rds iv Ktip dvfflas to} A" … Cyrenes filius, Actaeonis pater, petiit a parente, quo facto calamitate civitatem poS … nonnulli etiam aetesias (so A. van Staveren for etesias codd., d-wb tou ahelv) appellavef … credit this notion of an Arcadian settlement in Keos (' Quod veteres scriptores Ar>st' ^ … 'iveKev rijs UfidSos Kai Tijs lrvorjs twv dviuuv. So cod. Par. The vulgate ^^p0v>

267

sacrifice before the rising of the dog-star. The poet's allusion to … A power that shall endure— … u i. 76, 87, w/ra §9 (a) iii. … Cj _ iesych. s.v. Unaala- 6 tvSpoaos &ip, vypaala. In Paus. 1. 32. 2 L. C. Valckenaer … gott 'Ft P' IM a" ancient divinity' etc., Gruppe Gr. Myth. Ret. p. 1710 ' Wetter-

268

Zeus A r is taws tkmios … vol I irXijo-o-ovrai Xivtais oprvyes iv vetpeXais. In line 33 the papyrus has yap-^pocrapicrraioij ■ • … < tr > os ap.(p' lepwv, but ib. p. 63 admits that Xijiros 'cannot actually be read.' A. y' … iSpvvrai Bebv), rbv airbv Kal A(a Kal 'AirbWa vop'^ovres. Cp. Diod. (probably 1 … rijs e\alas Kapwov, Paus. 8. 2. 4 eirel roi Kal Beol rare eylvovro ii; avBpdnrwv, of y'Pa k … 6 Paus. 1. 29. 2 KOTtoDo-i 5' es avrr)v irepiftoXbs eariv''Apripxhos Kal&ava 'A/j ^^gs … \6yov elSws virepf}i]<xop.ai. Perhaps we catch an echo of the other version in Hes)

269

name implies a powerful goddess and her son. Are we transported … 1 Ant. Lib. 1 (after Nikandros erfpoioiifieva book 3) Hermochares of Athens saw … (q J* tale of Hermochares and Ktesylla is paralleled by that of Akontios and Kydippe … " Examples of the name as bome by men are collected in W. Pape-G. E. Sense er … 0r rn Supra >i- 1069 f. Zeus'A^a^ux, 1070 ff. Zeus 'A^dpaos, 1073 ff- Zeus Tpe0u>*ios

270

guess?—dubs him 'King' of the Ceans1. Diodoros, probably drawing … 4 With Xdpfios cp. Pind. Pyth. 9. 64 arfp&ai xdp/J-a <pl\ois of Aristaios himself- … bronze coins in the Leake collection and two in the McClean collection.

271

In this connexion a word must be added on a Thessalian cult … 8' '83 is from a silver didrachm, now in the British Museum, published by W. Wroth in … ^ ng. 186 is the Weber specimen. … spe ■ °bv' Zeus K,u'os Ks"P'a »• 006 n- 3 fi8- 823) or Head of emperor. 1 neurL' a … (ii, es'ia>otis: Aiginion (Inscr. Gr. sept, ii no. 323, 1 m\ym 'A<p]/>i[oi>]), Chyretiai … ' , anz 'n the Ann. d. Inst, it

272

more likely explanation. Both are engraved on marble stelai topped … sipated when Giannopoulos produced a second inscription from the

273

conquered the demons of drought1—swore to the Asura Namuki2 … W. H. D. Rouse 'Baldur Story' in The Folk-Lore fournal 1889 vii. 61 notes the

274

Sir James Frazer1, who cites the tale as a parallel to the myth … a class of magical practices in which demons were routed by means of river-foam, ca'^ … 3 Nonn. Dion. 13. 179 0ep/j.bv aKovrlfav abrbaavTov a<ppbv"Ep&TWv. ,0(le … 5 Orph. frag. 183 Kern ap. Prokl. in Plat. Craiyl. p. no, 23 ff. Pasquali (1 … Etym. i. 160 f. from &<ppb-s 'foam' + a participial form of the root di 'to s n{sc¥

275

A<ppoSiT7] enthalt in seinem ersten Teil unzweifelhaft arppbs, in seinem zweiten wahr- … (Siaicoj, Siepos) 'wetted with foam,' cp. Anacreont. 53. 30 ff. Bergk4 xaP<"r'75 °T' *K … (') E. Roth Geschichte unserer abendldndischen Philosophie Mannheim 1846 i. 263 with … ' e'nzelne Taube.' But all this fails to justify the initial 'A- of 'Atppobhij. … in J*raDern, welche...die Astarte von Babylonien entlehnten. auf diese aussprache des sh … ^a^laA , ten Ja Ashtoret (vgl. Ishtdritu neben Isthar und zur Lange Natntdru aus … ^e«*e*,S-m suPPort H- Grimme in Glotla 1925 xiv. 18 with n. t. See also Schrader

276

old as Hesiod1, reappears in fifth-century science2, and quite con- … See further V. Costanzi 'Zeis "Atpptos e il nome 'Atppodirr]' in the AM d. r. accad. di … collected by L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pet. 1870—1871 p. 11 ff. … forefather of the I … erat 0Xei^t'f evTevdev yap 6 'ATroXXwmar^s Atoye^s ra atppobloia KeKXrjadai (3o6\eTai. The … Vindician. frag. Bruxell. de semine 1 (in M. Wellmann Fragmentsammlung der griech- … spiritus sanguinem suspendit, cuius alia pars carne bibitur, alia superans in seminaleS … autem Saturnum fingunt Coelo patri genitalia abscidisse et sanguinem fluxisse in mare,

277

We might, therefore, without deserting the Greek area, conjecture … Some twenty minutes west of Pherai (Velestino), on the right … haitt "•' W'desPreaa- beliefs attaching to 'cuckoo-spit' are not unworthy of attention. The … specie ' enera °* tne "rcopidae or frog-hoppers is labelled aphrophora, and one of its … cuntur sputQ01'^5'1 *S'dor"s' 's a'luding to Isid. orig. 12. 8. 10 cicadae ex cuculorum nas- … 3 Until the obT- aS elsewhere (supra »• 894 n- 3) superseded by St Michael? … A- M. Woodward in the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1926 xlvi. 246. … We might, therefore, without deserting the Greek area, conjecture … Some twenty minutes west of Pherai (Velestino), on the right … haitt "•' W'desPreaa- beliefs attaching to 'cuckoo-spit' are not unworthy of attention. The … specie ' enera °* tne "rcopidae or frog-hoppers is labelled aphrophora, and one of its … cuntur sputQ01'^5'1 *S'dor"s' 's a'luding to Isid. orig. 12. 8. 10 cicadae ex cuculorum nas- … 3 Until the obT- aS elsewhere (supra »• 894 n- 3) superseded by St Michael? … A- M. Woodward in the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1926 xlvi. 246.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (d) Zeus Thaúlios

278

by terra-cotta figures and vase-fragments. Next, a necropolis of

279

and in its turn destroyed by fire c. 200 B.C. It was approximately … „ BuU- Corr. Hell. 1926 L 562, A. M. Woodward in the Journ. Hell. 9iu ■ j

280

of Enhodia1, whose head indeed appears on the coinage of the town … 1 A dedication to Enhodia at Pherai was published by P. Monceaux in the Bull. Coir- … p. 308). Fig. 190 is from J. Hirsch Rhousopoulos Sale Catalogue p. 88 no. 1446 pi. 19, on … rjijpeiov Kal oitbviap.a atmov iSi^avro Kal o-vXXaf36vres KaXXiepov<ri rocs Beoh Kal t&v Kpe^v … doubted that this curious recital has borrowed more than one trait from the Thessalian cu

281

above, a space left blank for a painted portrait below, and in the … A second stele from Pherai, published by N. I. Giannopoulos … Yet another dedication to the same god has recently been found at … Zeus Thaulios was worshipped also at Pharsalos5. Above the … - N. I. Giannopoulos in the 'E^.'Apx- 1913 P- »'» fig" 3 ( = my fiS" Pheral n0, ' … Bull. Corr. Hell. ,9« xlix. 460, A. M. Woodward in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 19*0

282

rocky surface of the hill-top has been so worked as to leave out- … 7 Hesych. QaiiXia (so Stephanus Thes. Gr. Ling. iv. 257 A for OauXia cod.)' eoprV

283

With regard to its original meaning nothing is known. Con- … *A»«j9N*N. sein, und Zeus G^Xtos der Gott, dem die Bou#4k« ge Hen .Sac hitch … 4 F. Solmsen 'Zeus Thaulios' in ffermes ,911 xlvi. 286-291 criticises Bechtel sview: … vereinigen.' Solmsen further propounds a conjecture of his own: 'OouX- kann sich UUt … 1 Bergk", 4 Diehl, 45 Knox). On this showing 6a*X«r would denote Throttle.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (a) Rain-magic

284

284 Rain-magic in modern Greece … rain. It was two years since any had fallen, and as she had the reputation of … ensure her good will and.further conversation, I invested a trifle, and tried to … - In the drying-up of the springs and in the rain of ashes Mr Lawson sees an alius'011

285

Rain-magic in modern Greece 285 … Freshen all the neighbourhood ; … Gladness be in gardens all; … L MTeXt 'n T- Kind N«*gri«hi"he Anthologie Leipzig 1844 '• Translation in … Ca3 x¥?*flth* <al1 from Thessaly and Makedonia), G. F. Abbott Songs of Modem Greece … • Mannhardt Wald- und Feldkulle"- Berlin 1904 L 3»8f., J- C. Lawson Modern Greet … r l«tt and translation in G. F. Abbott Macedonian Folklore Cambridge I9°3 P- 1'?

286

286 Rain-magic in modern Greece … In Zagorion, a district of Epeiros, it has become Papparoima, … That well the rye may grow. … 7 W. R- S. Ralston The Songs of the Russian People- London 1872 p. 228. … 11 E. Gerard The Land beyond the Forest Edinburgh and London 1888 ii. 13.

287

Rain-magic in modern Greece 287 … e ceremony regularly takes place all over Roumania on the third Tuesday … 'H^epoXi^ v°lkonomos' Mittheilung a. a. O. [S. K. Oikonomos in Bretos' 'E0xik6j< … l0ff- Laml Ha '/"'si' "" II2> CP- Aristophanes of Byzantion hilt. an. epit. 1. 36 p. 8, … form is Tepffe7S<Jn °P' P* 2*: <But the most general, and, as I think, most correct

288

288 Rain-magic in modern Greece … And drench the diggers all, oy Dodo oy Dodo le ! … It should be added that, whereas in Serbia and Bulgaria the … Bough'3: The Magic Art i. 273.

289

Rain-magic in modern Greece 289 … . 2 For guesses see J. S. Stallybrass in J. Grimm op. cit. ii. 594 °- •£®*T" J^nJ … Work DUgrUcUsckm ZWoSeriin ,9». L 64 has established the fact that th Aeol c … 74 f- concludes that the North Achaeans in general originally worshiped ^^Jj … ^"/j-a p. 2s8,

290

290 Rain-magic in modern Greece … 1 Supra p. 288. W. R. S. Ralston op. tit* p. 228 : 'The people believe that by this … 3 'Etrr/a 1890 p. 268.

291

Rain-magic in modern Greece 291 … 0ne by one. They tell fortunes by the condition of the trinkets : for instance, if … ' E- '913 p. 14a f. ('Das Fest des KX^as') gives a good account of the festival as

292

292 Rain-magic in modern Greece … 'St Elias is considered lord of rain, and at the time of his festival in July a … p. 123, cp. p. 20. Fad. in the Ann. Brit. ScA. Ath. 1906—1907 xiii. 354 (cited stl* … p. 153 f. (after A. Sakellarios Ta Kvirpiana Alliens 1868 i. 702), cp. p'. '-4-

293

Rain-magic in modern Greece 293 … cecl;1 an °ld healllen festival which was celebrated on the same day. On the day pre-

294

294 Rain-magic in modern Greece … Dickins) have shown that the universal Greek custom of immersing … pp. 112—127 ('F.piphany. The Blessing of the Waters and its connection with Rain

295

Rain-magic in modern Greece 295 … ft^-i P'P^any song from Imbros connects the Jordan water used … taXet. I "&yl0 T^", a">"''a^'" I *oi to Bvfuarovpta 's rd SaxrvXa | Kal rbv ayio Tidppr) irapa-

296

296 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … Usage, no doubt, differed from place to place. In Rhodes the … 5 Supra p. 70. Cp. Orph. /(. Not. 82 NOTOT, Q\ipXap.a \lfiavov. 1 ff. Xa^vpo" *1Srlli* … Zenon of Rhodes/r«£y 1 (Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 175 Mliller) ap.

297

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 297 … - Plout. deglor. Ath. 7, v. Camill. 19. P- Pkoc- 6< ™)™n- 3* «••■»•_ Hnrr:,on … * Overbeck^n>7«^« P- 349 ff. nos. 1846-.863, A. Reinach Textes grecs et lat<»>

298

298 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … for Pelusiis) tinguuntur idque se in regenerationem et impunitatem periuriorum suorun"1 … 3 E. Strong and N. Jolliffe in the Joum. Hell. Stud. 1924 xliv. 103 ff. … 9 Hesych. Koy\, op.Ta£ (C. A. Lobeck cj. Koy% o/iolws, 7rd£) ■ lirupuvriiia. rcre'SeirH'''^

299

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 299 … £j°r\ tne culminating act of the mysteries was the exhibition to … conc^"0,6^"11111 ^u'sset> quam si hodie aliquis sacrae cathedrae orator pro eo quod in fine … c°dd I °'S ^P°lS eis ^" Ti,v ofy"1"'1" toafSkbtorra ifiowv lve' (so C. A. Lobeck for v!e … Suppi. ,g ?eim ' Incantamenta magica graeca latina' in the fahrb. f. class. Philol. … 7 HiPP- 'ref^)^8 S'VeS a mislea<iing refer ence and an erroneous text.

300

3<oo Rain-magic in ancient Greece … me parait beaucoup plus satisfaisante, et je n'aurais pas hesite a l'adopter s'il ne fallait … K. W. A. Reifferscheid cj. redduntur. C. Bursian cj. recidivantur)). But Attis never … WKTbs 4v '¥i\evalvL {rub 7roXX£ irvpl reXwc ra /xeyd\a Kal appTyra ixvaTqpLa /3op Kal k£kP&1

301

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 301 … (3) Elsewhere Reinach treats the corn-ear as the offspring of a priest and a priestess, … logique, Zeus et Demeter—dont 1 'union assure la fecondite des champs'). A very similar … *pra i. n Q^ Asterios bishop of Amaseia (dated c. 330—c. 410 a.d. by W. Christ … j Ja (v TV (tkotui irapa tup Svo irpaTTO/xepa; schol. Plat. Gorg. 497 c p. 913 a 37 ff. … a … +23/2 is c' f10' 10 Inscr. Gr. ed. min. i no. 76, 10 ff. (an Athenian decree of c. … llap9cW(f) 0°i ^"W0"' Eustath. in Od. p. 1387, 17 ff.) or ippiap (h. Dem. 99 … se of th-P De'"' 5;2^' Cwnich' however, were wells for water. A.B.c].). The

302

302 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … aveBeBe, Kal /leWtvov tov airapxbp.evov)—presumably not to be eaten, but to be mixed with … autem frugibus expiatum ut vivis redderetur). Similarly in Egypt Osiris or the Osirised … calore ad vitam hominum colliguntur et divisae a terrae consortio separantur et ^.

303

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 303

304

304 Rain-magic in

305

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 305 … Probably in the dirge called TAavepws (A. Rusch in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xiv. 1048 ff.). … ESyptlan p Egk- p- 7°5 f- PL 26 3' f" E- A- Wallis Budge 0siris and the … Paris iQ2„ 1? 3t>3. 2 ( = my fig. 197)). .\. Moret La mise a mart du dieu en Egypte

306

306 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … (follows Minervini), id. in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 1066 fig. 1308 ('^ffruits … redderetur). The point to notice is that, in the lower register of the obverse, of

Plate 30

(1) A herdion containing five stalks or o ^^&tv ts ( " A do,-^^. SUres bearing garlands and gifts.

307

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 307 … ■Ancient Pottery London 1905 i. 476 f. fig. 106, ii. 158) substitutes a small crop of wheat. … ^gj." ' *^Sen Tags werden noch verschiedene Varietaten in Sizilien gebaut. Moglich … ears are barley, not bearded wheat, and certainly not a cross … Son f1 t0'^ Jesus- Thereupon Jesus made answer: 'The hour is come, that … SuPrerne "° ^ ^aster nere hints at his own impending Passion as the … symboHSmPeC'alIy aPProPriate to the Greeks. And, if so, it is at least possible that the … 3o' in Ttnormant Sonographic de la Vote Sacrle Eleusinienne Paris 1864 p. 85 ff. no.

308

308 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … The association of Men with Pan and the Nymphs is noteworthy-

309

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 309 … W- Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2765. … with … 'pi . volive relief of Lysimachides, found in 188.5 during the excavation of the … fragment^Festschrif fiir Otto Benndorf Wien 1898 pp. 111—116 pi. 4 (collotype of … Presumabl °^d°n "929 P- 3>o), was dedicated c. 100—90 B.C.—the dedicator being

310

Rain-magic in ancient Greece

311

Rain-magic in ancient Greece

312

312 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … pi. IH'—K': [AaKparelS-ris "Zwarpdrov 'iKapijebs tepevs Beov Kal Beds Kal Et)/3ouA^a>[s k(U … dveBrjKev. Svoronos p. 495 adds that the fourth line may have started with Kal TpiirToX^^h … liv]povkeT j aveB-qKev. The centre of the relief is occupied by an assemblage of the … lepevs Qe\ov Kal Beds Ei>jeat|os } Haiavievs (on ~) as an arbitrary sign for an i"e

313

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 313 … ment that Proklos was an adept in Chaldean charms, who by spinning … P it^a^" ^arr's°n in the Ann. Brit. ScA. Ath. 1908—1909 xv. 322 n. r, cad. Themis* … '''PiXpooy 267 ff. (supra i. 357 n. 4) koX y\a<pvp^v Ko/ilaas iapbxpoov (Salmasius cj. … f'oetaf "^y^ntion 7rp6s rds apxo/ievas iVoxwrets 19 Diibner (in the Didot ed. of the

314

314 Rain-magic in the cult of Zeus … or, later, in the poet's description of the fighting over Patroklos— … Lightened and thundered and made quake the ground4. … on cult-usage, the actual rain-maker was probably the priest of Zeus … says: dXXd crvy' if x^peacn Xd)3' alylSa dvaavSeaeav, \ rrj (with variant tt)v) Ma?l err … 5 Solin. x. 1 quam (sc. Roraam) Arcades quoniam habitassent in excelsa pai

315

Rain-magic in the cult of Zeus 315 … lsse Iovem' in hoc scilicet nemore. sane ad illud adludit quod primi dicuntur Iovi … q er an der Kiiste Latiums gehoren immerhin in den Bereich der Moglichkeit,' cp. … Wis n "le 'dentincation of this spring see Frazer Pausanias iv. 383 and Bolte in Pauly— … a>td pr ' ^*orSan ' Greek and Roman Rain-Gods and Rain-Charms' in the Transactions … deity- See"f ^S"a *Tyi^' sne must be assumed 10 have prayed to her namesake

316

316 Rain-magic in the cult of Zeus … Kbpams ■ Sib Kal eV£ tCiv irpofcviGiv (so A. E. von Locella for 7rpo£eVwc) rCiv avaypa<P0f-^'"iV … eKveoTTevaucnv, tovto Si Troi-qo-avTas Tabs ptev vsottovs KaTaXelTreiv, avTobs Si a^i

317

Other cults that gave the sanction of religion to the rites of rain- … 'To my astonishment, I learnt that this monument of Roman municipal piety … Marcus Aurelius has preserved the Athenian equivalent of our … On Athens' tilth and Athens' plains4. … , Marc. Ant. comment. 5. 7 cvxh'Athjvaluv ^Taov, iaov, a ipl\e Zeu, Kara rrjs apoipas … Other cults that gave the sanction of religion to the rites of rain- … 'To my astonishment, I learnt that this monument of Roman municipal piety … Marcus Aurelius has preserved the Athenian equivalent of our … On Athens' tilth and Athens' plains4. … , Marc. Ant. comment. 5. 7 cvxh'Athjvaluv ^Taov, iaov, a ipl\e Zeu, Kara rrjs apoipas

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (b) Prayers to Zeus for rain

318

A parallel to this was published by A. Korte1. Near Tschukur- … IIIIIIH H TP EO A A PO 2 EE A A I TO M AIK PO … Alkiphron, a later contemporary of Lucian2, pens a graphic litt'e

319

The relation of rain to Zeus 319 … g es- Supra ii. 1167 n. 4. Cp. Anth. Pal. 7. 533. 1 (Dionysios of Andros) KaX Ati Kai … -j-j ei (A. Hecker cj. vitpei, J. M. Edmonds cj. vevei) piv 6 Zeis ap. Athen. 430 A, … Perh" ^^c,'ie''' /l_a' Tauras ras KaT-qyoplas oiiK ijyvbei Qioyvis b tlleyapevs. k.t.\.), and … See F t TfXioi/ | 'e"\Keiv Karudev rauro touS' u5wp ■jrdXii'; Silenos of Chios (on whom … 4 Philo a"X*6S (S"pra 21 n- … The relation of rain to Zeus 319 … g es- Supra ii. 1167 n. 4. Cp. Anth. Pal. 7. 533. 1 (Dionysios of Andros) KaX Ati Kai … -j-j ei (A. Hecker cj. vitpei, J. M. Edmonds cj. vevei) piv 6 Zeis ap. Athen. 430 A, … Perh" ^^c,'ie''' /l_a' Tauras ras KaT-qyoplas oiiK ijyvbei Qioyvis b tlleyapevs. k.t.\.), and … See F t TfXioi/ | 'e"\Keiv Karudev rauro touS' u5wp ■jrdXii'; Silenos of Chios (on whom … 4 Philo a"X*6S (S"pra 21 n-

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (c) The relation of rain to Zeus

320

320 The relation of rain to Zeus … fiaffiXei SvGTvxtltto-vTt afHaas irvpdv; copied by his pupil Io. Chrys. in S. Babylaw, c\ … aipe97}o^ol'Tal• ob yap 077 o~<pl earl vSaros obdepia aWy &7rocrTpo(pr] on pyq etc roD Atds povvov^ … 3 Supra ii. 344 n. o. Cp. F. H. M. Blaydes on Aristoph. Ach. 911 Ittu Aebs. … cod. V.), Eustath. in II. p. 153, 34!. Sebw to §pexw Aeus Ka'L Zeus 6 'dTjp. On the su ^ … ptv-qpao-i (frag. 2 (Frag. gr. Hist. i. 183 Jacoby)) ypd(pois> woe- "'Apyetoi the

321

The relation of rain to Zeus 321 … Cloud-collector,' so that vecj>e\-nyepe'Ta Zeis in a sense was the mountain—just as the … ^P^yr)aav aixve\ov Kai otvov iiroiriaav. H. W. Stoll in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1242 f. notes … et°'~" °fTVPes eiwv, cp. made esto). The reduplication is of a common type (baibaWu

322

322 The relation of rain to Zeus … Gods and Rain-Charms' in the Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philologtca^ … K. Preisendanz Papyri Graecae magicae Leipzig—Berlin 1928 i. 78 no. 4, 222 ff. a Iecano- … Kenyon Greek Papyri in the British Museum London 1893 i. 83 ff. no. 121 omits the … would have the further merit of rounding off fitly a hexameter verse. ^ pjehl … hinting at an etymological connexion between verbs and vlbs. . Qf the

323

The relation of rain to Zeus 323 … " the Cabinet des Medailles at Paris (fig. 204)9 and in the Lobbecke … ^ifottiefr*10* Curetas ab imbri I ■•• I praetereo. The section is discussed by W.Vollgraff … 11,(01 a* oTl yt°v*LV- CP- schol. R. Aristoph. vesp. 8 reXerij 84 … 7 S"pra i ^"a*^ ^P^"0^ HWyptvov Karappayivros verod.

324

324 The relation of rain to Zeus … Thiere des classischen Alterthums in culturgeschichtlicher Beziehung Innsbruck 18 … nec Pluvio supplicat herba Iovi. The last five words are cited, but wrongly attribu … " Babelon Monn. rip. rom. i. 426 fig. describes the obverse design of a fje … videtur, Jovis Eleutherii sive Liberatoris.' H. A. Grueber in the Brit. Mus. Ca ■

325

The relation of rain to Zeus 325 … divi • C^ mtentional. It surely must be so, for he was not ignorant of the … &\\0Vs J1 Kai 7°-P T°t- Xo-yos f'x« 'Appou0[V Tiva. p.ayov A.ly6rrrioy ovvqvto. t<J MdpKtp … GTpaTt(o J ' 9 °fyai be to Tr\e"ov eKthv Kai ttws yap 00, Harts ouk ijyvbet rb rdyp.a rdv … M ith lhe nor 1 premit sePulcro with F. Vollmer's note ad he. The former is in accord

326

326 The relation of rain to Zeus … themselves but also gave their horses to drink. And when the barbarians now … alone had the saving water; in any case Marcus took pity on them. « g

327

The relation of rain to Zeus 327 … ^-useb. chron. p. 172 Schoene (= Chron. Pasch. 260 n—id\ A (i. 486 f. Dindorf) and … ^aUistos°y ^ ^ Eyssenhardt, who c. 1000 a.d. copied out Orosius; Nikephoros

328

328 The relation of rain to Zeus … Apollinarios, who was bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia and probably wrote only one 0 … discussam contestatur). Christians of the east soon quoted the letter, putting their 0W11 … Arnouphis. Later writers refer to the prayers of the emperor himself. Petersen's hypo''16, … historicity of the thirst which brought the Roman army into dire straits, the sudden r ^

329

The relation of rain to Zeus 329 … Th. Mommsen 'Das Regenwunder der Marcus-Saule' in Hermes 1895 xxx. 90—106 … q , Wunder seine Sonderart eingebiisst hatte'). The emperor attributed his victory to … ^arcus cterse;n.resumes l,le fight with a second article, 'Blitz- und Regenwunder an der

330

The relation of rain to Zeus … ovpdvios fia\a irdvO' inraKotcei- \ ev^afiivip (so C. Alexandre for eiitjdfievos codd- V y fj.)

331

The relation of rain to Zeus 331 … S1gnally answered. Christians asserted that it was the prayers of … -Uinchen 1924 ii. 2. 796 n. 11), referred the rain to the magic arts of Arnouphis. Christians … all • —a hypothesis consistent with its diction and structure, not to mention an apparent … hiveTo an^"' P' 172 Schoene (= Chron. Pasch. 261 a (i. 487 Dindorf) cVft>os ck rod ffeov … ^'gne), Xi'vr05 °P' Euseb' hist- eccl- 5- 5- 4. Greg- Nyss- or- in xl mart- 2 <xlvi- 75? c ff-

332

332 The relation of rain to Zeus … The Egyptian Thoth from the time of Herodotos, if not earlier, had been equa … twc p.adrip.aTU]v toAtuv (A. Meineke cj. to6tov or would insert 'Ep/toO before opov … undorientalischen Uberlitferungen Leipzig 1875, W. Kroll in Pauly—Wissowa Real-E1tC' … tov Qebv Kal ayawoiv t'ov ir\T]<rlov (so cod. c. codd. a. b. d. e. f. g. and S1 add auT0, aT0S … In this connexion we may venture to compare Eph. 2. 2 /card tov alSiva to … Papyri Graecae magicae Leipzig—Berlin 1928 i. 194 f. no. 5, 4or ff., cp. A- ,u1lUers

333

The relation of rain to Zeus 333 … ^• Scott Hermetica Oxford 1924 i. 32 n. 1, with Frontispiece, describes a sectile … cj * A.e.X.) densi funduntur ab aethere nimbi. The rain-god of the column bears so

334

The relation of rain to Zeus … enough. Not only is this homely notion common to the un- … lich, sie sahen selbes in der Luft unter der Gestalt des Regenbogens: die Natur … Physik und dem Regenbogen seinen Ursprung hat cited by W. Schwartz in the … 'ISovfiaioi vop.it;ov(nv with the remarks of C. Steuernagel in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … 1 86 a). Hobal, der "Pisser" wiirde den Mondgott (vgl. die Zischlautaussprache von … collected instances from Germany and France. Thus in the Oberpfalz, when it ^

335

The relation of rain to Zeus 335 … V* SPrichwort Leipzig 1864 p. 141). At Cologne, if it rains on July 13, 'Margriht hat en … T(r 6 KaTovp&a. 6 dibs. When it rains hard or continuously, they say rcoOp, Taotp, … ii, Schrader in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1909 … 'Eine £,°3,P" 3?2> Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 819]).' Id. in Schrader Reallex.2 ii. 227: … ^'tei'turn 6 orstel,ung> die in dem Verhaltnis zwischen Soma und Regen dem vedischen … id ih 1 , T° PWet T° pcp-P-bpL (a large-sized sieve).

336

3 3 ^ The relation of rain to Zeus … Xtpciv dirodXifHovTa < tov debv > to vdoip diriBetv. 'The sieve of Eratosthenes' was an … in his Reallex. iv. 171 f., Hug in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xi. 1483 f-; -,c … daamonem in hoc compellunt vt reo nominato (nam omnes suspectos nominare 01 ^ … casses quibus aues capiuntur a quodam inuido mihi diflectos. Et tertio amissi ca ^

337

The relation of rain to Zeus … diatribe curiosa Curise Variscorum 1677 devotes 86 small quarto pages to a collection and … P°l°niti hm"1'1" po!licenci°.' Here and there Pratorius reports local usage, e.g. Ci 'in … 1 xvi and xvii), Frazer Golden Bough3: Balder the Beautiful i. 236,

338

338 The holed vessel in Egypt … (d) Rain as water poured through a holed vessel or sieve. … their Emblems London 1916 p. 2 15 connect it with St Benedict (March 21), St Amalber6 … d'ailleurs ne disaient pas grand'chose a la population flamande de l'endroit, 011 ( … d'eau que l'ancienne, mais l'autre tarit immediatement. On dit que cette fon a j … :l Diod. 1. 97 en p.ev yap 'KkclvBuv TrdKei, irtpav tov JfefXov Kara tt\v Ai^V , TB />'a' … 338 The holed vessel in Egypt … (d) Rain as water poured through a holed vessel or sieve. … their Emblems London 1916 p. 2 15 connect it with St Benedict (March 21), St Amalber6 … d'ailleurs ne disaient pas grand'chose a la population flamande de l'endroit, 011 ( … d'eau que l'ancienne, mais l'autre tarit immediatement. On dit que cette fon a j … :l Diod. 1. 97 en p.ev yap 'KkclvBuv TrdKei, irtpav tov JfefXov Kara tt\v Ai^V , TB />'a'

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (d) Rain as water poured through a holed vessel or sieve

339

The holed vessel in Egypt 339 … "Cud A° c'aemonum m tantum venerabantur pagani, ut multo ibi maior celebritas quam … pajjjt Canopi sacerdos, callidum quiddam excogitavit. hydriae fieri solent in Aegypti … foramir^f haCC Chaldaei> itur in conflictum, circa hydriam ignis accenditur, cera, qua … <"s ^byos X 'larrat've 's repeated in Greek by Souid. s.v. Kavunros' 6 iv Alyvwrw. wort, … hotfoots 6 ,S ^T" VVP°S bi«pd(lpeTO- Hare ttixvtolx0" t° ^vp a"<ryKaiws viko.v. touto … 'if'iffejs fKl^ Ka(>a-P&T°-Tov. (K roi'Tuv tup vSptwv play Xapuv b rod Kavuvov lepeis nal rds

340

34° The holed vessel in Egypt … and the water issuing forth from the holes put out the fire 01 … The same tale, compressed, recurs in Kedren. hist. comp. 325 c (i. 57° ^ tO") … TOiouTOf els riirov dyd\/xaTos vSplav bo-TpaKivt\v KaraaKevdo-as rpiiaeis biri6i)Ke ^ 0n6"a! … 1 H. Kees in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. x. 1869 f. - jtfylh-

341

The holed vessel in Egypt 341 … 2 A. Capello Prodromus fconicus scxx\pti\ium Gemmarum, Basilidiani, Amulectici,atque … During the last twenty years the pentagram or pentalpha has been the subject of … ' Kugler in A7io 1911 xi. 489 f.: ' p—p— (5) ist Ideogramm ftir uadu "erheben, … A-Je"eAUfiraSSUnS der 5 nahe verwandt ist-' … ng des Kreislaufes ist das Pentagramm. Das Pentagramm erscheint in der … elaiHischen » dessen kosmischen Sinn wir S. 50 besprachen4 (4Das Vorkommen in

342

342 The holed vessel in Egypt … Der bbse Blick und Verivandtes Berlin 1910 ii. 10 (with fig. 23), 234, 251, 254, and … on a shield (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Mysia p. 172 pi. 34, 9 ( = my fig. 215), i°> … Fig. 2t6 is from a specimen in my collection). (4) Unciae of central Italy in- ^ 0lS,

343

The holed vessel in Egypt 343 … P" 3r5 no. 102), Bruttii (ib. Italy p. 321 no. 22), the Mamertini (ib. Sicily p. 111 … F- Dornseiff Das Alphabet in Mystik und A/agie Leipzig—Berlin 1922 p. 84 n. 3: … . ""''i>. 209, fig. 359, and (/) Annual, iv. p. 191,fig. 203^0.7. Cf. also the late inscribed … t Sir \y. jj_ Flinders Petrie Decorative Patterns of the Ancient World London 1930 pl. 48 … ^i'nsch ^aiM0"a ^VPabovres (supra ii. 1127 f.) = Lyd. de mens. 4. 161 p. 177, 16 ff. … KaT& p.{Jo'a''TO* ^<rts tariv 6 ovpavds, 65 t6 re KvuXorepte ?x« Ka^ T0V Wt P-i°~ov &£ova rfi … ts' sat. ' 8.Was the initial of W»WM and was itself transfixed with a dart (schol. … 'S "ardly ad * * Slr J- E- Sandys Za/;'« Epigraphy Cambridge 1919 p. 62 with n. 2)

344

344 The holed vessel in Egypt … that in the hottest weather* the wax would melt, the image would … \eiis. a 5' tK6eid£ovttiv, iKetva. rod elvai Kal %r\v dvBpdnrovs, rty vypas re Kal ^pas ovo~las … NeiXov KarayyiWovai, to. irpdyp.ara rots bvbp.ao-l /j.erd\afi^dvovres. On this equivalent … 3 Aisch. suppl. 853 ff. ix-qiTOT ISoiui rraXiv | a\<peaifioiov iiSup, \ 'ivBev de^bp-evov I … e/xtpaivei reXov/ikv-qv, k.t.X. On the NciXiya see R. Wagner in Roscher Lex. Myth. … pp. 42, 48 (summarised by G. Roeder in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. x. 1872 W ^ at

Plate 33

(2) A set in veined alabaster, now at Queens' College, Cambridge.

345

The holed vessel in Egypt 345 … water. A shout is raised by the people present, … the dead WGre leSu'arly employed by the Egyptians to contain the principal intestines of … ^•'isteid rUn^ ^eS ^T''wassers und der Muniieneingeweide.' In this connexion note

346

346 The holed vessel in Egypt … These joint representations show the two 'Canopi' of Osiris set … iw[........] ] [- -]aive<pil[.............]ya{..........] (e.g. t<J 8' dp.a -n-pocppo"^ … bust (?) with a doubtful creature beneath it, flanked by lettering now lost, then … The stele dates from the end of s. i is.c. and comes from Alexandreia. F. LI- … suggests ' that the underlying idea is probably astrological: thus, the opposite sides … 2 lb. p. 75 no. 625 pi. 18 ( = my fig. 220, from a cast) Hadrian. … 5 lb. p. 2S9 no. 2214 pi. 18 ( = my fig. 223, from a cast) Gallienus. … 7 lb. p. 54 no. 452 pi. 18 ( = my fig. 226, from a cast) Trajan.

347

The holed vessel in Egypt 347

348

348 The holed vessel in Egypt … 2 An engraved cornelian at Florence shows the Canopus of Isis carried by a … a<pdbvo>v Kal xpvabv 6,Kl§5ri\ov KaTacptpet, aKivSiivus yewpyoip-evov, us TracM1 •> ^ … avTiaTpotpbv Tiva tovtov rcj? Ail ehai. the

349

The holed vessel in Egypt 349 … berger . ^ayce the Rev. £l. Gr. 1894 vii. 297 f. no. ix (inscription only) = Ditten- … viyrov XeiXoi/ should be taken together as ' helmsman of the … EiVe„ a^ mtc°r- 106 (i. 209 Dindorf) Kd»wj96s tc 0 Mtve\&ov Kv^pvrrrrts ko.1 y tovtov

350

350 The holed vessel in Egypt … its cover shaped like the head of Isis. It is decorated with two … ('Canopus, with the head of Athor, flanked by two Asps; on the belly of the vase … stellae dispersae coruscabant earumque media semenstris luna flammeos spi»a ,

351

The holed vessel in Egypt 3 51 … 4 R- Hackl 'Mumienverehrung auf einer schwarzfigurig attischen Lekythos in the … University Press pp. 126, 134, 163 figs. 214, 257. Supra i. 513 ' with fig- 38r" … paty fig. 234). The learned author interprets the vase-painting as a combination of two … c°nsulting the oracle of a ' Canopic' jar.

352

352 The holed vessel in Egypt … I should like to know if there is any record of the history of this vase before it … It must surely be the same as the Vivenzio vase though Miss H[arrison] ^asng … 2 Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iv. 71 no. F 147. Mr Walters takes the subjec ^

353

The holed vessel in Egypt 353 … . w°od near Kyrene sprang up as the result of a heavy pitchy … 2 t^e analogous Semitic conception of 'the windows of heaven' (Gen. 7. II, 8. 2, … "le dom^°SS'k'e l^at some sucn significance was attached to the louver or circular opening in … em on Hdt. 4. 158, and A. W. Lawrence on Hdt. 2. 14, 22, 3. 10, 4. 185.

354

354 The holed vessel in Greece … 2 L. Malten Kyrene Berlin 1911 p. 190 ff., H. C. Broholm in Pauly—Wissowa Rea … 0 D. D. Luckenbill 'Jadanan and Javan (Danaans and Ionians)' in the ZeitscnrtJJ' ^

355

Water-carrying and the Dana'ides 355 … • ^ernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1005 f., O. Waser ib. iv. 2087 ff., 20948". … foil tUn° Pr'mum dicitur Minerva navera fecisse biproram in qua Danaus profugeret … ^}rc^ . wnorn see a valuable paper by C. Blinkenberg ' La deesse de Lindos' in the … dedit.' This famous encounter is commemorated on a late autonomous … of … 1555 frw Words were added to the text of Apollodoros by B. Aegius in the editioprinceps

356

356 Water-carrying and the Dana'ides … daughters as prizes in a gymnastic contest5. … jihvfj roirwv ij 'Tirepuvrja-Tpa icpdcraro tov Avyictus, aivh rijs p.tt;ews SiaBeaiv ^a]^KQjassical … tfAifet to fi-fi I Kretvai civevvov, k.t.X. and is further supported by the pleading of Ap

357

Water-carrying and the Danaides 357 … • Schwenck in the Rhein. Mus. 1856 x. 377 ff. … anderer V- Roscner Die Zahl 30 in My thus, Kultus, Epos und Taktik der Hellenen und … *ii. j4i p Ftinfzigzahl der Monate personifiziren'), J. E. Harrison in the Class. Rev. 1898 … for *iVa c' . llm- la*>acr. Pall. 47. Cp. schol. A. Eur. Phoen. 188 Qvoa (so W. Dindorf … See further n Ap' Rhod" '* 12I2> A"1- Lib- 32 <after Nikandros irepoioviihuiv a).

358

358 Water-carrying and the Danaides … geistvoller Erklarungsvorschlag' by C. Robert4, is of course open to … carded. There is more to be said for the folk-tale comparisons made … bravery, strength, or endurance, as well as mortal danger in case of … original core of the myth two different and alternative endings to … 4 Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. ii. 266. Cp. H.J. Rose .-4 Handbook of'Greek

359

Water-carrying and the Dana'ides 359 … Thiimb t ' e The Handbook of Folklore London 1914 p. 346 no. 13 ('Hop 0' my … denes'* .^a^n Criechische und albanesische Marchen Leipzig 1864 i. 75 ff. no. 3 … 8 ■S,««»°nner 'n Transactions of the American Philological Association 1900 xxxi. 31. … i>at in schoi K Harvard Stud<" >>> Classical Philology 1902 xiii. 151 notes, however,

360

360 Water-carrying and the Danaides … erklart, wie in Argos Hypermestra. Fast mochte man von einem pelasgischen … conjectured that the Lemnian myth has been partially assimilated to the Argive. … 3 On the historical element in the myth of the Argonauts see now the a dm ^ … 6 L. B. Holland 'The Danaoi' in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology

361

Water-carrying and the Dana'ides 361 … Strabon9, without naming the author, cites another version of the … ^ aPpears, then, that a Hesiodic line mentioned Danaos as the cause … 4 G. Hirschfeld in Paulj—Wissowa Real-Eiic. ii. 730. … S0uid ,stath- »'« II- P- 461, 3 ff., cp. schol. T., schol. B. L., and schol. A. D. //. 4. 171, … tenT'*0"""' ' A'6s P(PXaM^"ov tyai yap to pXafai. M. Schmidt in his ed.

362

362 Water-carrying and the Dana'ides … Opinions have differed as to the trustworthiness of Swabs = fi/pos. Gruppe Gr. My ' … mit a angewandt, und so bei spateren durchweg. Noch begreiflicher ist die kUrzU^ejjt … metronymic Danava is used five times to designate a demon combated by he

363

Water-carrying and the Dana'ides 363 … 74 f.: i'p " '^°"and 'The Danaoi' in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 1928 xxxix. … +g • • Wace in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1921 —1923 xxv. 85 pi. I, nos. 53

364

364 Water-carrying and the Danaides … 1845 iii. i3i_I34 with section, id. in the Arch. Zeit. 1850 viii. 241—244 pi. 22, 1 PIfl_"' … L. Blirchner in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Em. xi. 1477, K. Sudhoff Kos undKnidos MtWc e … 4 H. W. Stoll in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 947, J. Escher-Biirkli in Pauly—W'sS° … a … rjatria, occupavit. The Illyrian connexion reappears in Ant. Lib. 31 (aftc ^^frios- … Meo-o-a-rrov, E. Martini cj. [TXXu/)io(,] <oi>^Uao-dwwi.). tn-eKTa>(so G. _ , ^to^ … Illyrian names has kindly furnished me with the following examples: ^ Ani<ai'oS

365

Water-carrying and the Dana'ides 365 … ticca ^urse"a 'n Upper Pannonia), Licaus (Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. no. 2577 Dalmatia) … Witn j **w^<»'Ta Ylarpaov llafovo [cp. the silver coins of Paionia, struck c. 340—315 b.c., … Venetiaf S-aet'a^' ^emauus (ib- >2 no- 2195 near Aquileia) god of the river Timavus in … ~''a-a'<t>a.yo$ I "»I , T0^s (Is tpe/mov fivras w/iijffTai T&fov | Kpifovni. KolX-qs iv jxv%oi% … ^aUnia\ : l" Lyk- AL 105°- The story is told, with some variation (Brundisium, not

366

366 Water-carrying and the Danaides … —E. H. Bunbury The Topography of Rome and its Vicinity London 1846 P- 43° ' ef … 3 Schrader Reallex." i. 329 ' Lateinisch-keltisch Ddnuvius, ahd. Tu0"°f"^c\i in … 4 C. G. Brandis in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal-Enc. iv. 2105 'In der lnat

367

Water-carrying and the Danaides 367 … oj.nt derive aussi en Irlande un nom de la mere des dieux.' But the supposed connexion … a^uvius "Donau." Liden Arm. St. 73 f. m. Lit. M. Forster Zfslav Ph. i 1 ff.' … '° say si 06 ^e'''c' 's a term of linguistic rather than racial significance, it might be safer … JUlctalJ0sit' Cr UrSeschichte Europas Strassburg 1905 p. 74 f. fig. 55 f. prints in impressive

368

368 Water-carrying and the Dana'ides … juep (sc. d''I<TTpos) irapa to?s eirixupiois rb 'e'^irpoaQtv oVo^a, Aavouficos pi.eTaKKi)dels• °^7't^}^s … SieXe'xQv- The reference is presumably .to Serenus Sammonicus, an antiquary who ^^ … 8 Frazer Golden Bough* i. 91 f., ib? The Magic Art i. 262 ff., J. Rendel W< ingS

369

Water-carrying and the Danaides 369 … Supra i. 756 n. 6. But see also W. Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the … J' Rendel Harris in Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 431 ('Occasional Rain-charms'): 'At Ourfa … 52-_!gUng articles by J. C. Lawson ' IIEPI AAIBAXTS1N' in the Class. Rev. 1926 xl. … Ve8etati . Uolde" Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 97 ff. ('The infl uence of the sexes on … 949 ff., C. Bonner in Transactions of the American … *• ifus "lann 'Eeitrage zur Kritik und Erklarung des Dialogs Axiochos' in the

370

370 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … 5 The situation of this fountain has been the subject of long and lively debate^ … wvopLaa/Aevy eKeivol re tyybs odcry ra irkeicrTov &%ia £xp&vr0> Kat v®v ^TL (*7r0 70^ a.\l0e stil^

371

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 371 … r9o6 pp. ItI—j^i, 153—158, and by W. Judeich Topographic von A then Miinchen … a°leh^ ^ "^"h' [in the Gbtt. gel. Anz. 1907 clxix.] 472 die Dbrpfeldsche Hypothese … (jjScoe sPa<3e. But the literary evidence is almost all against him; and at any moment … ^"Vp-a,'yKai °"T0L ^"vTpoq^opovv. (Bos Si Tjv Kal tQiv dydpuov dirodavbvTwv \ovTpotpbpov eirl to … ^^Mois ' 'racra *Sp[e](a. erepoi Si, eirel (irepirov eh tovs ydpovs Xovrpoipbpovs, Kal tois

372

372 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … 30 quoted infra p. 373 n. i)- Idos rjv'A.8i]vrio-i rots aydp,ois airoBavovo-i Xovrpotpopov e … el'i) etre a\\rj tis, tnio-Triiia 'I<roios K^KXijKep (Isaios dTrapao-q/xa frag. 31 Baiter SaupP ^ … 7 Eustath. in II. p. 1293, 8 ff. Kai tois irpb yap.ov Se reXevrdxiiv Xovrpo<j>bpos^ … 8 Hesych. s.v. Xi(36as (L. Dindorf in Stephanus Thes. Gr. Ling. v. 277

373

ater-carrying in connexion with marriage 373 … Over some of the graves in the 'Dipylon' cemetery at Athens … plSi * Hirschfeld in the Ann. d. Inst. 1872 xliv. 142 ff. no. 41, A/on. d. Inst, ix … 6qj q0j^' ^" Wide in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1899 xiv. 201 ff. no. 22 fig. … ^tinksl'v B' W[aIters] ^ the Brit.

Plate 35

Loutrophbros in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York :

375

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 375 … W. Zschietzschmann 'Die Darstellungen der Prothesis in der griechischen Kunst' … •J £• 237 a—c) with text p. (45) by E. Pottier). The main design is a red-figured … £n . ^les painter ('Schiller des Euthymides'), cp. Leonard in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … Qn eithe-6-^0^"^3'^11 's a re<^"%uretl bridal procession, with an elongated female figure … ^issowa ,? rs in the Ath- Mitth. 1891 p. 384 nos. 31 and 34, Nachod in Pauly— … er Sculptured Tombs of Hellas London 1896 p. 113 ff. pi. 4 f.

376

376 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage

377

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 377

378

378 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage

379

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 379

380

380 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … The columellas, of which there is a large collection in the National Museum at Athens … come down to us. But numerous short fluted pillars with spreading foot, obviously

381

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 381

382

382 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … significant symbols of the Dionysiac faith (p. 43 f. 'Sans doute, leur caractere s> . ^sjte< … 6 Fragment found iv Wcrei Movo/i/ian Sij/xou <3?yAi;s, now in the National ^^45)>

383

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 383

384

384 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … (b) From Athens, now the property of Trinity College, Cambridge (J. Stuart— … 1882 p. 270 Cambridge no. in, Kaibel Epigr. Gr. no. 49, Corp. inscr. Ail',^e sUnk

385

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 385 … {<:) From TovSl near Ambelokipi, now in the National Museum at Athens (A. Milch- … ''s handle° °^ lesurrect'on)- The highly ornamental loiitrophoros has a taim'a slung from … ^ilchhof l° W6St °f Kal>'via Kuvaras, now in the National Museum at Athens

386

386 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … chiton and himdtion, bringing a tainia to tie on a large one-handled loutrophoros- … (e) Fragment found in the northern corner of the harbour (C. Curtius), sT0Vp0ol"flS

387

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 387 … M. Mayer in the Ath. Mitth. 1891 xvi. 310 n. 2 and P. Wolters id. p. 389^ with fig. … With a "~ouve Cat. Vases (TAlhiiies p. 330 no. 1061), on which, behind a woman … °ecoii'0 observes that its foot is firmly planted in the grave-mound.

388

388 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … Swindler Ancient Painting New Haven: Yale University Press 1929 p. 193). has («) a

389

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 389 … mversity Press 1929 p. 193), depicts preparations for a wedding. These include a one- … %Ured lo^t ro^€ttr*Sen St&s Tubingen 1925 p. 429 no. 1), again introduces a black-

390

3go Water-carrying in connexion with marriage

392

392 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … Mm. Cat. Vases ii. 12 Type C). The deities, from left to right, are Apollon. ^ jiead

393

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 393 … Is it to be regarded as a pathetic reminder of all that might have … grave ' suggested that originally the custom of placing a water-pitcher on the … at Berlin^6 l°"trofh6ros thus placed Poulsen cp. the stile of Silenis, daughter of Myiskos, … ' Hdt'fi bU "lr Kaiserzeit HalIe a- d- S. 1917 pp. 219—226. … ^ttstath. i„ q§' 1 {PraS- gr. Kultsclir. p. 40 ff. Tresp) ap. Athen. 409 K—410 A and

394

394 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … third and last stage of the custom under discussion is presented to us m

395

Water-carrying in connexion with marriage 395 … H8 n. 2, . tne gold tablets from Orphic graves of s. iv—iii B.C. near Thourioi (supra ii. … Kiel's _£>• G' Murray 'u Harrison Proleg. Gk. Ret.2 p. 667 no. 5 (with facsimile),

396

396 Water-carrying in connexion with marriage … a fertility-charm of a simple and intelligible sort. As such it can … 3 Eustath. in II. p. 1293, 6 ffi oi 5e iraXaioi aep.i'uvovcn to iroTap-Lov vypov-> i ipofX0, … fxrjXa tepeuov, Stnrep Tip Hoffetd&vi, ourto Kal Tots iroTap.o'is els tcls irrjyds. y6vtp-a ^f^g^f … und verschiedene Esswaren und Brotkriimchen hineinwirft, wahrend zugleicn a ^ \JJoch' … entweder vor oder nach der Eheschliessung statt' [with examples from <^10.ff^'atei-sp'r'tS

397

Water-carrying and the mysteries 397 … the othg en P'tchers:

398

398 Water-carrying in connexion … Brj ovSiv i-rlypap.p.a eVl iKaripq. to>v yvvaiKoiv, ev kolvuS Si io~Tiv iirl dpuporipais eTP<U , … Tip ocrTpaKip Xoiwov T)v tov SSaTos, eKxiovcrd ictTiv addis is tov iriSov. ireKpaipbp^a … with lithographic pi., drawn by H. Schenck (part of which = my fig. 261)- … vSap dvayKal;ovo-i (pipeiv. The 'Sicilian or Italian' of the former passage is'^-^W1

399

with the mysteries … ^^poiJo-at °l'fft ^6 T€^L a^T^v ai T^v Q-PVVW i^OC^i' KaX Kopai 84, as Aavat8a$ \4yovaiv, … ^CP* Codij ^■0V<TL W ircpi tovtov ai twv ' A/xvvtov dfj-vrfTuv) \pvxal. nal nbpai 5e TjiredavaL … Z**- ' A' Kaumeister in his Denim, iii. 1924 fig. 2040, W. H. Roscher in his

400

4-00 Water-carrying in connexion … runners; and Orphic influence is already traceable at Athens in s. vi Ti.c (L- … H. Heydemann id. i87oxxviii. 42 f. no. 22 with pi. 31 (= my fig. 264) ( f trf, i- … ('emphatically not Danaides...but "Uninitiated".... The ass and...Oknos h tbe0.

Plate 36

Unmitiated in the Underworld, together with Oknos and his ass.

401

with the mysteries 401 … Xxii. glave yielded the Medem-irate'r, described and illustrated supra i. 251 f.

402

402 Water-carrying in connexion … 2 Jabn Vasensamml. Miinchen p. 273 ff. no. 849, A. L. Millin Description … 4 The three judges of this vase have been variously identified: … Rhadamanthys Kronos Minos (E. Gerhard in the Arch. Zeit. 1843 '• 2° … An analogous group on the vase from Altamura (Heydemann Vasensamml. 1 ~<

403

with the mysteries 403 … Gently °U ?' P,lil°patr. 1, cp. pseudolog. 29). But the title T/Kxep/Sepos, which … Tnt< Gres_ ^43 Kekker), Souid. s.v. Kdpy, Tzetz. chil. 2. 751, Kosmas of Jerusalem ad

404

404 Water-carrying in connexion … Mythologie Berlin 1891 p. 81 ft'., H. M. Chadwick The Cult oj Othin London r899 P* 7* … Religionsgeschichte Leipzig 1910 p. 474 ff. ('Yggdrasil'), J. A. MacCulloch in }• ;v.

405

with the mysteries 405 … fia°les oft•■H L itteratur'1 Miinchen 1897 pp. 615, 617, 896] (Kalila and Dimna, or the

407

with the mysteries 407

408

Water-carrying in connexion … 2 'Caeretan' hydriai show . . . 3 heads and a frill of snakes. … I illustrate the main ceramic types: (1) the Corinthian skyphos from Argos (A. Conze … iii. 98 fig. 3771. Herakles brings Kerberos to Eurystheus, who takes refuge in his/"' ' … devoted to Herakles that it was also known as Herakleopolis (W. Ruge in Pauly- … The variation in gem-types is even greater. A cornelian scarab i'1

409

with the mysteries 409 … ' er Lippold: scale {). A cornelian scarab of late Etruscan style, formerly in the … Ppold Gemmen pi. 83, 6 p. 180). Another Etruscan scarab, of the same material and style, … "^kes Herat] ^' and Jet anotner> °f tne same description, in the British Museum, … S?tt*e* clialced P' '°S "°' 895 fig" 4"' '9' My fig- 276 is from a cast: scale ®' a"d a

410

4io Water-carrying in connexion … Leipzig 1889 p. 151 pi. 25, 35 ( = my fig. 279: scale f)) figure him with a canine body, … 'HpaxXeovs dxOijvai Trap' EupwrOea) and S. Eitreni in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xi. 274/' … but id. p. xxiv wrongly explains his double and treble heads ('Let us hazard a con)^ j,eep … Single, double, and treble heads are found again in the case of Orthros o saII1e

411

with the mysteries 411 … r vergleichende Sprachforschung 1853 ii. 31 r ff. (accepting A. Weber's cydma and cabala, … ancT^' 8'°SSed karbura = KtpPepos), id. The History of Indian Literature trans. J. Mann … * 22 f- (accepting A. Kuhn's dog Sdrameya = the god 'Ep/xetas, "Epp.rjs and A. Weber's … p. !^ree BruxeHes 1883, E. W. Hopkins The Religions of India Boston etc. 1895 … p. ,y ' 3' Roh.de Psyche3 i. 306 n. o, A. A. Macdonell Vedic Mythology Strassburg 1897 … auf das B °tenwelt gesagt), griech. M/xws = scrt. mdnu- u.a., von denen man frtiher

412

412 Water-carrying in connexion … suppose that Kerberos and Orthros formed an original pair resembling the dogs of \ama. … cpwvov, \ k.t.X. with the comments of F. Jacoby ed. 1930 p. 87). In the second place, … And, if Orthros is analogous to Cyama, he should be the clog of darkness. But, of t'ie … Leipzig 1871 i. 245 n. 2) is countered by J. C. Lawson Modern Greek Folklore and-"nCt^ … pp. 79 ff., 227 no. 7 ' Die Herrin iiber Erde und Meer' translation of an unpublished te^ … ii. 112 ff., 310 no. 97 'Das Haar der Schonen der Erde' translation of an unp ^ … BavariKov rrjs 'Ybbov (Oct. 1498 A.D.) 210 ff. (W. Wagner Carmina Graeca n> ^

413

with the mysteries 413 … Xoi'/xdSa. j fj,£s ctcus aVocrtreVa'epats e(3yr)Kcv 77 ipvxy ttjs, \ gtt)v icdXaaiv iicdrjo'ep 7? o~Kv\a … K"pia Unary),,,. | clvoSla, kvuv fiiXaiva), identified with Kerberos (Lyd. de mens. 3. 8 p. 42, … ... Itertum Schleusingen 1910 pp. 35, 35 f., ^{. = id. in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. … aPPare 'f.sIao^'a"lus ii- H46 ff. who defends "Zirapriarwv = "ZTrapr£>v. Zeus SsiiXXtos is … + P1- 9. 22—26, 107 pi. 10, 2, 109 pi. 10, 10, in ff. pi. 10, 12—14, 11, 26,

414

414 Water-carrying in connexion … for reverse type, not Miletos, son of Apollon by Akakallis daughter of Minos, … fc.r.X.) and perhaps represented as a dog (on a clay seal-impression of the Middle ^ ^

415

with the mysteries 415 … ^tradrac]ln^' lgl 286 is from a specimen in my collection). It should be noted that other

416

4i6 Water-carrying in connexion … dog's head). Indeed, it is not impossible that 2kv\\cl ab initio meant 'Dog' (O. Waser in … tov o-KyKoirviKT-qv \{yei with schol. ad loc. in Cramer anecd. Oxon. iii. 351, 5 ff. citing … in II. p. 843 Bachmann)), and that as a mythical monster she was 'eine ' f)llls … Seehunde, von denen die griechischen Gewasser wimmelten,' cp. W. Aly in . *^ j,est … 1 The literary evidence for Tantalos is most fully collected by J. E. Hyien lQ gcjieUer

417

with the mysteries 417 … Uufder fusel Lesbos Hannover 1865 p. 50 pi. 1 map). Again, Tantalos had a famous … doijjj/ ^'immortalitt' Paris 1924 p. 91 ' Alias, oil l'on a depuis longtemps devine un … m0unta.ISC Atlas'). How this happened is far from clear. Conceivably the Lesbian … ■"^'•(iXoj S.Were °f kindred significance (W. Scheuer in Roscher Lex. Myth. v. 82 … 'a '"tensiv /M "^eworden ist. ...Zu TavraXos gehort etymologisch auch der Heros'ArXas … ■ Accorcl'in ,a ei"~Pokorny Vergl. Wbrterb. d. indogerm. Spr. i. 739).

418

4i8 Water-carrying in connexion … Graeci Berolini 1879 P- 349 a 6 f., b6 f., Olympiod. in Aristot. meteor, p. 17, 19 ff- … Tpoiac e-wikXme Kup.a, id. 579 Kal rd irepl "Z'lwvXop Si Kal Trpi dvaTpoTTT)v avrov P" … ttov Kai ev roh irpbaBev (iv. 49) = Xanth./ra£\ 2 (Frag. hist. Gr. i. 36 f. ^li"el^'^[a vi"e … raccrocher a des branches d'arbres; ou elle pouvait le figurer sous des rochers ^ ^e … But it is dangerous to assume that the details of a Greek myth originated in 11 c011ie … 1 Furtwangler—Reichhold Gr. Vasenmalerei i. 49 ('der Styx oder der A jjpte'1 … 2 This is well argued by Furtwangler op. cit. i. 48 with 11. 3. Hades)-

419

with the mysteries 419 … A gold tablet of s. iv—iii B.C., found at Petelia on the east coast of Bruttium and … rPh' 'Altbezeugte Fragmente' 17). See also supra ii. 118 n. 2), is engraved with a … lit j^*', ^88ls 'he facsimile published by D. Comparetti in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1882 … ShfiT/t 5' el/j.[i] av]t] Kai airoWvfiai • dXXa Sot ai\f>a … :J***t] CorrT*?6111'"81' d,r^ x^>>"7s Franz. 2 (vpa^{a suppl. Diels, ?7/>a^(e (sc.

420

42o Water-carrying in connexion … /to! viKipnp. Suo St rjv SivSpa rd wpoei.p-riij.ha, a rjv 7ra/)airX7j<ria Kvvaplatrois..-^ ^pofll^

421

with the mysteries 421 … nia I Si come argento chiare, candidante'), and that in Chinese—according to the … ailcl Life f\t resur)Poses a folk-belief in two contrasted fountains of Death (Forgetfulness)

422

422 Water-carrying in connexion … andere Form haben mtisste'...). But the analogy of the Munich amphora v^geSt pre'

423

with the mysteries 423 … Arc'1- Zeit '"f.d"S. d'a"ti'l"i,ifigurie Paris 1833 p. 179 n. 3 pi. 45, E. Gerhard in the

424

Water-carrying in connexion

425

with the mysteries 425 … filing;\°i'lti be noticed that, where Orpheus is present ((2), (3), (4)), the Danaides are … .nd°n',9""' +94with fig. ( = my fig. IOo). Cp. A. W. Lawrence Later Greek Sculpture … 6 A- Die, L 3^-329.

426

426 The myth of the Danaides … 1 Somewhat different, but exposed to a like objection, is the view taken by n-j ^ … 4 Soph. 0. T. 25 ff. Similarly when Lykourgos, king of the Edonoi, slays r£,coVer … 0 In the Swiss canton of Valais it is believed that old bachelors, when ^ the

427

The holed vessel in Italy 427 … ■Plautus8, for example, makes a slave say to a lover, who is … less this is, as it is commonly assumed to be, a proverb for … reek original (say, by Menandros9), we have no means of … crit>run*>*eud- 100 ff., where for the vulgate 'non pluris refert quam si imbrem in … ^Otton ,0 ."'.*a' 'raP01Mia- KOtnclvy lidup Ttpitpipw. iiri rwv dSwdruv. (3) Loukian … "0M(feiS) G locution substitutes a net for a sieve: (4) Plout.prov. 31 irapd Siktvois iiSoip

428

428 The holed vessel in Italy … 1 Rohde Psyche* i. 327, E. Fehrle in the Archivf. Rel. 1916—1919 xix. 550- ^eil … D. Detlefsen.—VIII codd. d. T.). Liv. epit. 20 supports the earlier date. … 10 In both the statues published by Clarac the sieve is a restoration: they ^ jgdW

429

The holed vessel in Italy 429 … Was a mere2 ' ^oma quadrata : there was no mundus on the Palatine—Boni's find … alat>ne sett\"*d'aea WaS not idenlical with mundus, nor yet the special name of the

430

43° The holed vessel in Italy … structures in Rome, one in the Comitium, the other of unknown locality, which were, °r

431

The holed vessel in Italy 431 … jj°'ng^ ov,n account of the mundus, which was penned before I had read any of the fore- … vi. p0^'. I5+* 3off- Miiller, p. 144, i4ff. Lindsay Mundus ut ait Capito Ateius in … sCt.., Vol«erunt UCem °.uandam adducerentur et patefierent, nihil eo tempore in republica

432

432 The holed vessel in Italy … aedem Martis, quam cum propter nimiam siccitatem in Urbem pertraherent, in … 7 A petra might be either a natural rock or an artificially shaped block ot s ^ ft … T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford 1929 p- 327 .'. . … urbem ducto. Since rain was sent by Iupiter, the old magical rite was attache^ ^tibU^

433

The holed vessel in Italy 433 … puras ponunt, fasces retro avertunt, precem indigitant, hostiain instaurant). The stone … arc- p. 877, 8 ff. Lindsay (cited infra p. 435 n. 2)), and was perhaps drenched with … u'n. j. " Sracious' mood and the place was called liicium in consequence (Plout. v. … p.°sKlius \fa Later, however, he slew with a thunderbolt Numa's successor, Tullus … Since the'' A"r' Vict- de viris Mus*- 4- *)• … '^'ydrcw'J16 Kad .independently hit upon the rendering Elicius,' 'of the Oak.' He

434

434 The holed vessel in Italy … Philologic 1903 xxvii. 105 f. Schuchardt there quotes with approval the contention^ … dichterischen Messung ilex steht, spricht auch mak. £\a£ (recte i'Xet, s. Holfniann^ ^ … 1 Sir J. E. Sandys A History of Classical Scholarship2 Cambridge 1906 i- ^f2' ^cb' … in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2723 reads Bachetidis ('so der eine Gudia ;^ fl;t: … 6 G. Wissowa in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2723, iii. '9+' ,'-^/e/i>'c

435

The holed vessel in Italy 435 … P°ntifica'Hb'*R1US' C|U0^ eo at*ua 'n tru"eum effundatur. unde manalis lapis appellator in … 4nt- i i aSl'° in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 346, Smith—Cheetham Diet. Chr. … •914 D', Sllb>'in The Times for Jan. 8, 1914 p. 5, id. in The Year's Work in Class. Stud. … ■le'tUio <t■ 6 1921 L 45—61 (="*■ 'n "mundus" e la " Roma quadrata" ' in the

436

436 The holed vessel in Italy … found that the ancient "mundus" had been excavated at the augural centre of the hill; on … Richmond naturally claims that these facts confirm his restoration of Fest. p- 2* … puits, a 12 metres au-dessous du niveau du sol, deux couloirs bifurquent: lun' jr0;t, … rectangle dont l'hypotenuse, formee par le couloir etroit, a une douzaine de meties ^xCgs, … ce serait une particularity de la construction des greniers, destinee a eviter y^.- soUs … la chambre a tholos du premier etage. On a recueilli au cours des fouilles un o ^ 1

437

The holed vessel in Italy 437 … scan ideas of a nether world7' and the lapis manalis was … dead16 ^aCt' ^U'y notec* ky Sir J. G. Frazer, that 'thespirits of the … ^'as dug ' fibBpoi... oipvyrj wepl to vvv Ko/ifriov KVKkoTepi)s means 'a round hole … t'iern in knl "tr ***** l8' 205 far Septembri extremo usque in idus Octobres, alii post hun … "te'"Pretati Fowler in the Journ. Rom. Stud. 1912 ii. 29 = id. Roman Essays and

438

43 8 The holed vessel in Italy … ° On the schol. Bern, in Verg. eel. 3. 105 p. 774 Hagen (in the Jahrb.f. class-* ^ … Ovid. Plutarch places the mundus, into which at the foundation of the city ^'^'^jd pu£s … usually assumed that Plutarch has blundered. But A. L. Frothingham in the A • aflJ

439

The holed vessel in Italy 439 … W)J0S <,??!.' a 3 (s- auch Persson De orig. gerundii 75 [Niedermann IA. XVIII, 81]) zu gr. … (\'arii(<e^en ^ ^'ec'errnann a- a- O. ; Vgl. dipundius: pondus): ai. matidayati "schmtickt … Qu. ' nieu-d-\ vgl. xv-davos: xita, got. giutan) in der Bed. "gewaschen" deutet Schulze … r°m fundus rtT'° * la LanSlle Lat- P- 608 f. likewise separate mundus the adjective

440

44° The holed vessel in Italy … the Mimoires de la sociiti de linguistique de Paris 1914 xviii. 305—310 regards W … 6 In the epitaph on Cn. Naevius preserved by Gell. r. 24. 2 I should take ^ … The term 8rio-avp6s as applied to the tlwlos-tombs of Greece is criticised by ^mnet … and K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2340 think that the my 1

441

The holed vessel in Italy 441 … ciebant C'U'^US con5Uetudo est Termini (terminis codd. B.G.) sacrum fieri, in fossis … b'Vra J; " th in Smith—Wayte—Marindin Diet, Ant. i. 893 f. See also E. Samter … ^u Capita > •' 2<^° n° °" See now A. Blanchet ' Pierres gravees representant la legende … J>lers The "4r,nrbiS Romae aniiquae* Berolini 1912 p. 29, W. J. Anderson—R. P.

442

442 The holed vessel in Italy … 1 In some respects the closest parallel might be found in the P/iilipPe'°" a ls. 79-"

443

The holed vessel in Italy 443 … 'Also he (sc. Agrippa3) completed the building called the Pantheon. It has … ^a/3tv) ^ ^ ^oWQp deCjv ehcovas iv tois dydX/iacxi, t$ re rou "Apews Kal t(f rijs ' A<ppo5iT-qs, … n i8q-> jjj as to '"e character and general aspect of Agrippa's Pantheon. … ^'8inally facm°' concluded that Agrippa's building was a decastyle, peripteral Ml, … °tUnda, he sjj T~V' by means of brick-stamps taken from many parts of the extant

444

444 The holed vessel in Italy … fig. 291), D. S. Robertson A Handbook of Greek &= Roman Architecture Ca … 58r n. 61: 'Mommsens Vermuthung, in den sieben Nischen hatten die.s|epestechenlJ^'

445

The holed vessel elsewhere … fenciful to suggest2 that such an arrangement of the louver5 points … ■Babylonian a ^ touched upon ceilings made to represent the sky in the case of … ^"""elszeii M rea<^''y be expanded into a monograph (R. Eisler Weltenmantel und … nubibus 12 ( = Ps- 18. 11) posuit tenebras in circuitu suo latibulum, cribrans aquas … '""■"V 6ltu , -fe" "'MU-pas a<puh vvv be ntydXas Kcd KpowqSbv (pepofie'vas Kai oUv tivi

446

The holed vessel elsewhere … 2 A. Marmorstein 'Das Sieb im Volksglauben' in the Archivf. Pel. 19'^ j^0Pu^al … (■Holdd_ is the kind, benignant, merciful goddess or lady, from hold (Pr°Pltl"Su'b'terra»ea" … people, of whom dame Holde, so to speak, is the princess'), 1888 iv. 13^7 ■' ' \Vol^e!'

447

The holed vessel elsewhere 447 … enderson Notes [on the Folk-lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders … J S r ersc^lemen a's Wazzerholde, Brtmnenholde ([J. Grimm Teutonic Mythology trans. … diu(sci mc^' m unholdam ([F. Kauffmann 'Dea Hlu'Sana' in Beitrage zur Geschichte der … Einfjl)s en lst nun in spacer, vielleicht erst in christlicher Zeit und z. T. unter dem … R. M ^ und Sagen'), id. in Hoops Reallex. ii. 556 f. s.v.' Holden; Frau Holda, Holle,' … d»\*i*.'* ' ^^le Science of Folk-Lore London 193° P* 9° ('Dame Holle is an old … field Sanie l'me a divinity of the fertility of the soil. Wherever her procession … h / lc,a gerrneP l°ne °hez les P°Pulations mediterraneennes, sainte Lucie prit celle de

448

448 The holed vessel elsewhere … 'So he went in, and walked up and down the wide expanses of heaven- … out of a well into a bucket, but at the same time he observed that the buc … A. Kuhn Sagen, Gebrauche und Mcirchen aus Westfalen Leipzig 1859 i- '203' … M. Hunt London 1901 ii. 279 ff. no. 178 ('Master Pfriem') with the n°te

449

The holed vessel elsewhere 449 … Verbial phrases. Thus the Germans say: … ^a tQ„ ^ , ow/ avrov eis to KeWlov 9/\6e (puvj) \iyovaa aury' ' Aevpo, dVifw <roi to. … <?p7ei5*e(as *al S A ''-S' S' """^"J ° ets <>irlo-u) (leg. els 6V(<rw) rod SXKov eviyKat to %i\ov … Paris iqo1";,the^'WW *J traditions populaires 1894 ix. 168, id. Le Folk-lore de

450

45° The holed vessel elsewhere … sieve. It is not, however, easy to cite unequivocal evidence of a sieve … 2 J. Jacobs English Fairy Tales" London 1898 p. 215 ff. ('The Well of the Wo"tb(, … Montis Sereni Lipsia; & Budissae 1719 iv. 62 Anno mccix Conradus orientalis ^a^tar … sed mature suis armatis & ordinatis occurrens, forti congressu omnes in ^"^j^j ali's … 5 A. Kuhn—W. Schwartz Norddeutsche Sagen, Marchen und Gebrauche ^^t/, a"s … On sieve-superstitions in general see supra p. 336 n. 5 and G. F. AD"

451

Zeus identified with rain 451 … (e) Rain as the seed of Zeus, … 2 Slut. Bough*i The Magic Art i. 284. … "A … Ja/"eop-ra^2 °" The Paris papyrus appears to date from s. iv A.D. (F. G. Kenyon … *id' l9l3 xvi Un 1928 6+'' 0n 7,'il'"-0V 0Swp consl,lt also R- Wtlnsch in the Archiv … Zeus identified with rain 451 … (e) Rain as the seed of Zeus, … 2 Slut. Bough*i The Magic Art i. 284. … "A … Ja/"eop-ra^2 °" The Paris papyrus appears to date from s. iv A.D. (F. G. Kenyon … *id' l9l3 xvi Un 1928 6+'' 0n 7,'il'"-0V 0Swp consl,lt also R- Wtlnsch in the Archiv

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (e) Rain as the seed of Zeus

452

452 Zeus identified with rain … There is the Iupiter for me : the Greeks … iuvat.' The etymon 'Iupiter...qua...iuvat' is untranslatable. ae n°n … de foedis voluptatibus loquitur, sed pro imbris nomine ponit Iovem, in fdiae sign

453

Zeus descends in rain to fertilise the earth 453 … gUt indeed the thought was a commonplace in classical poetry5. … Lacks moisture and a drought destroys the corn. … 25 ff. ; Ban-aides frag. 44 Nauck*- ap. Athen. 600 A—B and Eustath. in II. p. 978, … » achsmu'th £' 898' 7 ff' NauckS ap. Athen. 600 A, Stob. eel. 1. 9. 1 p. HIi 17 ff.

454

454 Zeus descends in rain to fertilise the earth … Home again go to the very height of heaven. … 6 Ribbeck. Supra i. 26. in; j875 … p. 430 a 10 ff., id. Die Fragmente do- Vorsokratiker'3 Berlin 1912 i- 398' 9 ^ ,( $o&

455

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 455 … br ereuP°n Akrisios returned to Argos and made an underground chamber of … Caniij.: 1 3 ^' See now M. P. Nilsson The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology … ^•Myth ^cher-Burkli in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv. 2084—2087, Preller—Robert … Preric j a"a °"TW* etprjrat trap' 'SxaraUfi, " Aavf pXayerai Zeis" k.t.\ … £d the other AP-" Rh°d" 109'• Cp- E"dok. viol. 40, Favorin. lex. p. 98, 43 ff..

456

45° The myth of Danae and analogous myths … 2 Stephani Vasensamml. St. Petersburg \\. 281 f. no. 1723. To the bibliography glV … Beazley Attic red-figured Vases in American Museums Cambridge Mass. 1918 P* 94* ___ … 6 Opinions differ as to what the carpenter is doing. G. P. Campana in the ^Q … unbekannt ist, eine Art festen Verschlusses bedeuten,' etc. with n. 7 'Bol"e^0jirt wer^en

457

e myth of Danae and analogous myths 457

458

458 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … Zeus p. 412 : 'mit einem in seinen Einzelheiten unaufgeklarten Apparat an dem Kaste11 … der Petersburger Ermitage' in the Arch. Zeit. 1872 xxx. 37 f., who makes out a stro ^> … former view is supported by the analogy of a red-figured stdmnos from Caere now "

Plate 38

Carpenter completes the chest in the presence of Akrisios, Danae,

459

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 459

460

460 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … improbably5 Danae was depicted sitting on the nuptial coudT^a^, … no. 3. Hitherto unpublished, My fig. 297 is from a photograph kindly supF … 5 A. Reinach op. cit. i. 288 n. 1. . tabu1*1"

462

462 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … 1 Mart. ep. 14. 175 Danae picta. cur a te pretium Danae, regnatot OlymP1' … 1893 p. 7 gives a list of four paintings, which—along with others of more dou ^ ^ j. … 3 Hardly to be explained from Hyg. fab. 63 Acrisius earn in muro lapweoJg^oftW

463

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 463 … the de s a hmdtion, which she lifts with both hands to catch … p0"1"'1- d. the R5m- Mitth. 1900 xv. 167 f. with fig. 4 (in half-tone), Herrmann

464

464 The myth of Danae and analogous myths

465

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 465 … ^°rcol0l]0riS are noiie too happy. The painter, however, had an eye … Afl l8S5 li 1 Ca'"P- P- 35 no. 116, B. Quaranta in the Real Museo Borbonico

466

466 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … romischen Institut'...'von L. Schulz'), cp. A. Mau Fiihrer durch Pompeji6 Leipzl& … 3 Anth. Pal. 5. 30. 5 f. (Antipatros of Thessalonike), 5. 32. 1 f. and 5- 33' … 6 Tert. apol. 21 amatorem in auro conversum Danaidis with J. E. B. ^^f'^jt, lifeC … [Danae] virgo cantatur, 1. 19 dum et Danae imbre aurato corrupta est non P ^ ^ (in … Sed quod adulter | Obtulit aurum, | Aureus ille | Fingitur imber. a p.■ 3+ '

467

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 467 … grav;d nterschrift: Si Dana(e) auri pluvia praegnans a Jove claret, | Cur spiritu sancto … - j ' , einach Rep. Peinttires vi. 199. Painted for Ottavio Farnese in 1545. … P' 40 with fi'S°n °f' Cit P" 44 f- FiS- 3°3 is from H- Knackfuss Van Dyck London 1899

469

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 469 … tyiSc„ ' Gauck'er in Daremberg—Saelio Diet. Ant. iii. 2109. But see H. Dessau in Pauly— … after a j "'"taurine Constantine 1892 xxvii. 230 ff. with pi. (part of which = my fig. 304) … '°rentiae & at Florence (A. F. Gori Museum Florentinum: Gemmae antiquae … n ist in • A""sh"yt''- Zeus p. 411: 'Es ist ja Thatsache, der

470

47° The myth of Danae and analogous myths

471

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 47 1 … Pl" 47. jr(Wangler A"t. Gemmen i pi. 14, 2;, ii. 68 ('Wohl Danae?'), Lippold Gemmen … *o! S"p,a'p HfiV* 41 Pl' L' 49> My ^ 3,1 is from a cast' … i9 yth °f; 37 Bergk4. 13 P>iehl, 27 Edmonds. I follow the text given by H. Weir

472

472 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … 1932 pp. 1—76 with 34 pis. , 2 Supra p. 466 {. … (When baptised by Timothy, a disciple of S. Paul, she broke up her idols and cast ^ … 1896 i. 152, 1881 ii. 413 n. o. S. Baring-Gould The Lives of the Saints Edinburg1 … attacked her with his sword, the rock opened and received her into its bos to

473

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 473 … use, that no man might see her. An old woman tended her; and when the … S, jj k ' s^ou'°- be observed that neither the tower of S. Irene nor the tower of … ■^^PiVios °^P0V *X€vc yanoKMrop v4nos Zevs), Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 838 Aavd-q, tjv

474

474 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … Bpdyxov (an fipbyxov? a.b.C.) Sie^fiXOe. Kal -qv 6 irais /cdXXiffros av0ptl>Ti>x'' * … ei be tbrj} otl 0 %\ios tfroi 6 bioKos elor)\6ev ev rip otK<p a^rov, ei fitv effTi j3aO^€V^' *tttrcU … of popular belief. 'Happy is the bride the sun shines 011.' ^ 1927 X!(V' … 2 Nikeph. Skeuophylax encomium in S. Thtodorum Siccotam 5 {Anakcta&" ^jrt' … E. Venables in Smith—Wace Diet. Chr. Biogr. iv. 933. F. G. Holvyeck A ^gjjali* ' … 6 Acta Sanctorum edd. Bolland. Antverpise 1675 Aprilis iii- 34 A.^fUSIU teOT & clar3,1!'

475

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 475 … den lv, U Geissen, und die Deutschen sahen besonders in den Kometen, aber auch in … "f^'eligio* Athens I0o4 860 ("• on no- 273>' w- Wallis in J. Hastings Encyclopedia … 'ncreased that'113'116^ ""shaken; and her store of worldly possessions so greatly

476

476 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … [History of the New World called America Oxford 1892] i. 414 n. 4 and '^t. S^S''

477

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 477 … ^gain, in an Olympian ode3 Pindar speaks of Rhodes— … ^^Hk ' (7Ta^eLS &Xoxov fX€t7}\6€v 'HpctrcXet'ois yovah; with schol. vet. 5 a. jj XPV(r(f … Vet* ad * °^^a&v virepfidKU fioq.- | Ovpavbs 5' £0pi£e viv Kal Tata fxaTTjp. The schol. … i°Sy»in. 9 ^Cpi "r'oeiKTiKwi, 3. 2 (ix. 200 Walz), Liban. or. 31. 6 (vii. 10 Foerster), … Probably drawing upon Zenon of Rhodes (W. Christ Gcschichte der

478

47 8 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … i. Rain of blood. … And from aloft, out of the burning sky, … lyv-qras)' ore 5tj Kal Zeis Xe^erai KaTairetroXefiTiKus Tiravas epaaBrivaL Tjj'a^ra''"'^ … This singular tradition perhaps implies the folk-etymology of MwwP"" hwejg i8?5 … xwp'f?—an obvious piece of folk-lore. The inhabitants of prehistoric Mykenal ^ 4». 9' … 5 H. G. Evelyn-White Hesiod: The Homeric Hymns and Hovienca … 47 8 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … i. Rain of blood. … And from aloft, out of the burning sky, … lyv-qras)' ore 5tj Kal Zeis Xe^erai KaTairetroXefiTiKus Tiravas epaaBrivaL Tjj'a^ra''"'^ … This singular tradition perhaps implies the folk-etymology of MwwP"" hwejg i8?5 … xwp'f?—an obvious piece of folk-lore. The inhabitants of prehistoric Mykenal ^ 4». 9' … 5 H. G. Evelyn-White Hesiod: The Homeric Hymns and Hovienca

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (f) Ominous rain sent by Zeus

479

Rain of blood … j 1} argues for a date nearer to 600 than to soo B.C. … 1 B.c. At Rome and at Laurentum after the murder of the Laurentine ambassadors … At Rome for two days on the Area Concordiae (Liv. 39. 56, Iul. Obs. … In the territory of Praeneste (Iul. Obs. 71 = 12). … .2 Round the river Anio (Iul. Obs. 104 = 44). … 3o j ' Aspis on the north coast of Africa (Dion Cass. 48. 52). … wly, when the Lombards under Alboin invaded the land (C. Lycosthenes

480

Rain of blood … sthenes (K. Wolffhart) op. cit. p. 356 has under the date 874■ tribws … ]. Jonstonus Thaumatographia naturalis Amstelodami 1665 p. 122. Haydn* ^ ^jjs in

481

Rain of blood … j s rather isolated notion seems to have arisen, in some more or … tenders • fU7ru"' /^<WTi}<rete yevos. Miss W. C. Wright in the Loeb edition (London 1913) … ^ 1' 4, Ei arisen from seed dropped by the sky upon the ground (Theophr. hist. pi.

482

Rain of stones … Paris 1890 i. 1147 ff. with view and map, Lippincotfs Gazetteer of the WorldVo^ … anciens, comme il surprend auj. les voyageurs que le ch. de fer mene d'Arles a ^ … 7 Mela 2.78 alioqui litus ignobile est, Lapideum (lapidcus cod. A, wIien^nt) in 1U° … 8 Plin. nat. hist. 3. 34 Campi Lapidei, Herculis proeliorum merhoria, «!• a … 6 in Liguria quoque Lapidarios Campos, quod Iovi eo

483

Rain of stones … To get a stone from the ground—the ground is soft. … The incident appealed to certain astromythologists of the … ^lsPuted constellation Engonasin or Ingeniculus4. In the northern … *6\eMo/^-/''a,r- 199 Nauc'k2a/. Strab. 183. Cp. Dion. Hal. ant. Rom. 1. … On the L'T<1 ^ lroi^fiaTa ^e ^X" k.t.X. … Hols°xi>n adferre; alii Promethea in monte Caucaso vinctum, schol. Arat.

484

Rain of stones … cus5. Teukros of Babylon (c. 100 A.D.)6 went so far as to call him … 2 A. Rehm in F. Boll Sphaera Leipzig 7903 p. 149 n. 4 and in Pauly … 4 Cic. de nat. deor. 1. 108 defessa velut maerentis imago (a rendering of Aiati … Kal x6pa£ tjjavti avrov ttjs Ke<pd\7js codd. T.R. (two MSS. of Rhetorios,^ an^ ^gloif)- … autem Tegeates historiarum scriptor non Callisto, sed Megisto dicit appel a ' n0lllina1''' … (allopium cod. D. J. Molsheym cj. Pelopium. Heinsius, with more Sen^°°sse legen^ia

485

Rain of stones … a"yXov 5'Ai-yeiSeoi Q-rjaios earl \vpi), schol. Arat. phaen. 74 1) Q-qaia.. … j '1'> 55 (= my fig. 312 : scale f), ii. 85. Inscribed These), more natural on a relief fromTrysa, … *l*cfle opere in plastica Roma 1842—1851 pi. 117, Brit. Mus. Cat. Terracottas p. 398 … Point1 r°C^ "e t'le sn'e'd' 'ne sneathed sword and the quiver (?) of Aigeus. Aithra … an,j " lc^len Sammlungen klassischer Altertiimer in Rom3 Leipzig 1913 ii. 455 f. no. 1924), … 0tl Drt>n?.e V^TPV I 6tjkc avv apiriBecffi), the same type reappears … Gttel/rrl e", dlese die Troezen vorgefallenen Ereignisse betrifft' in the Nachr. d. … in … teller /Presentir>g Theseus and the rock are listed ib. pp. 69—71) and H. Steuding

486

Rain of stones

488

Rain of stones … But such attempts too often involved a misconception of the old … 2 Hyg. poet. astr. 2. 6 alii autem Thamyrim a Musis excaecatum, ut supplicem ad gen … 4 E. Bethe 'Das Alter der griechischen Sternbilder' in the Khein. Mus. l9°° … 8 Hipparch. in Arati et Eudoxiphaen. comment. 1. 2. 6 Manitius with the tra … 9 Ttol. syntaxis mathematica 7. 5 (ii. 52 ff. Heiberg) with the translation of K- … 10 J. B. Passeri Atlas Farnesianus marmoreus insigne vetustatis monume nQn a"

489

Rain of stones … tetnpie 0f n ln Posture of Herakles crouching to shoot in the eastern pediment of the … de"hch. arc]6'1 Munchen IQ" P- 20 fig. A. 86): see A. Kalkmann in the Jahrb. d. kais. … 56t pubr J* fr°m a twelfth-century MS. of Germanicus at Madrid (cod. Matrit. A 16 … ^S-poet Hy£inus Printed by Erhard Radtolt at Venice in 1485 fol. dv. … Obvj Ti" HP«ic\^ y attached to the description of Ophiuchus) 4\Xot 5<? <paal Tives abrbv

490

Rain of stones

491

Rain of stones … uing rock, and by some fool of a copyist into Taos the Peacock5! … The Suffering Hero … (Teukros of Babylon … ot))^ 11 one fra°S °f Atllens U. ii A. D.), author of a famous astrological poem Thesaarol,

492

Rain of stones … feel, abandoned the worship of the gods. The Romans also, in consequen … commanded by the divine voice from the Alban Mount—for this too is 11 fl … down—or on the advice of soothsayers. At all events it remained a regulai CI … The great voice heard from the grove on the mountain-tui^ … 1 Supra p. 483. The HerculesLapidarius worshipped in the neighbourhoo ^ ^

493

Rain of stones 493 … • Htilseu ;n pau]y—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1309—1311 with map, G. Tomassetti La … 0f o lve °f no serious mischief. Shocks were felt here in the year 1829, and in many

494

Rain of stones … 57 a.d. A rain-storm followed by the fall of white and black stones at Ahmed … So far as Italy is concerned, the decreasing number of entries rather suggests til … ami. 472 (li. 931 c Migne) attribute the fall to an eruption of -jjgne) … 860 a.d. Blood-red dust fell from the sky at Byzantion ([Georg. Mon

495

Rain of stones … a ••••At even ye shall eat flesh, and in the morning ye shall be filled with bread ; … ^°'h, fj eiTaX@£v-ra virb "ZvWa to. p.eya\a atpitTLV htyxeiv irad-qp.a.Ta, Prokop. de bell. … ^ ffTToS^ „'^Ile) °S (o-rjp.etov) i<p6.vri iv rip ovpavtp ve<p4\r] o~a\irtyyoeLdfy iiri TjpApas //, … ,Te ■'"ttfres a » ^ °~vp-fio\ov aKpaKpve&TaTov tjv tt)s btjov o&Trw Zo-eadai p.eWov<n]S irvpKdCas' … ^ilf^')^ "to* 111 ^' Hastin8s A Dictionary of the Bible Edinburgh 1900 iii. 236

496

Rain of food … doubted whether classical authors can furnish a complete parallel to … 3 Hence the names aep6p.e\t (Arayntas frag. 1 (Script, hist. Alex. Mag. p- l^0^^01 … A curious story is told by Hadrianus Junius (Adriaan de Jonghe) m nis # p0liW110' … labi affluenter, & a pube rustica colligi passim coepit. Repetitur iterum "^^j lor>c^

497

Rain of food … f^Kparo, I 'Ep/ids 6' eXec oXTrip ] foots otfoxo^trat.' Eustath. in Od. p. 1632, 61 ff. … In ^. *"etwindendt'' ai. tara-s, s. Tetpw. Also in der Bedeutung ahnlich wie aixfipoala. … Problenj tert Calypso Halle a. S. 1919 p. 161 ff. is dissatisfied with the solution of the … ^^chte t\ajlei.r .lnS'y> he proposes a new and undeniably attractive explanation ('Ich … *&U*m' "'-«//« Negation- die wir in so Ublichen F ormen, wie lat. ne-scio, ne fas, «'- … ]j j^0"5'. Vr) 2eSnet es in Fallen wie vq\(rit, v-qpefios, vr\Kt<JTO%, vr/ypeTos, vtiwuos, … in er Ansicnl r,, 1. setzl,nB durch ov verschont geblieben sein; ein solcher Fall ist … ^ern* "^"gabe ' gellort in ''efstufiger Stammesgestalt nach dem Hauptton zu horn.

498

Rain of food … Hermes in seiner Eigenschaft als ipvxoirotxirbs heranzuziehen [supra ii. 384 n. o]. P 39| … 1 M. J. Berkeley in J. Lindley—T. Moore The Treasury of Botany- London « … fii\i kclI £irl tt]V yyv Kai eiri ra TrpotTTVxdvra t&v tpvTujv. ebpliTKerai Si p.a\t0"ra £ir … (sc. quam roboribus). Honey dripping from the oaks is a characteristic of the g e]la, … rather, as Tzetz. ad loc. saw, to beesnests in hollow oak-trunks (pseudo-Pho -y ^nti- … 3 A. Kuhn Z>;> Herabkunft des Feuers und des Gdtterlranhs2 Giitersloh 1HeSychia1,1 … impossible—have not found favour with recent philologists (Prellwitz Ety"h , j, a',

499

Rain of food … y nologie Berlin 1891 p. 81, F. Eckstein in the Handioorterbuch des deutschen Aber- … ]lea^ore than fifty years ago my brothers and I, as boys in our father's garden, used in the … ^en> epist. 12. 2. 4 aiunt inveniri apud Indos mel in arundinum foliis, quod aut ros … '^\\*0X'rTt *^a^ 7rePLy^KLffT0v yd\a, Kal ov oeovrai dvapt^ai a&rtp p.£\i, 07rep ovv bpuHTLV … ^QVfn' ^ydeI(ker The Royal Natural History'London 1896 vi. 198 ' The sticky substance … °r Sacch • '^^"pBdia Brilannica1* London 1929 xi. 715 'The exudation of a nectar-like … nPec'es of SUcJ"lp°rtant source of sweet liquid for honey-bees is the excretions of many

500

Rain of food … From such classical Utopias it is not a far cry to the mediae … avv£X&'> of-otus eVe/ccus ylverai da\pt\h. otSa W Tore Btyovs apa irKeiarov boo>egSot … wpa TTjvLKavTa,) depfxij 8e Kal ^rjpa /c/>a<ris depos iirl tt)s irporepalas... Trap' VP-if f-ev ovV figr^ … Galen's statement that on Libanos men spread skins upon the ground to ^^011 … The relevant lines are 6 Zeis 5' (W oi'ccjj Kawvla Kara tov nepa/iov f}a\avet>0€l> I £( n<t

501

Rain of food … J- E. Wells A Manual of the Writings in Middle English sojo—1400 Yale University … '^n"nal!co-criticus et archceologicus Oxonise 1705 i. 231—233, then e.g. by T. Wright in … ^Similar fancies crop up here and there in much later verse (cp. T. Crofton Croker … Voir I A' • j … Door , jtc!l version 'van dat edele lant van Cockaengen' (R. Priebsch in the Tijdschrift … Stuttgart ear''est Elusion occurs in one of the Carmina Burana (ed. J. A. Schmeller … Ccaccio's Secta ^ecii voluntas mea est.' But the first detailed description is found in

502

5<D2 Rain of food … Sachs 1530 in einem Schwank gegeben' [E. GoetzeSamtliche Fabeln undSchwanhi^ … ' The Story of Schlauraffen Land' is taken from a German poem of the fourteenth century … printed in 1575. My pi. xl is from the Bilderkatalog zu [M.] Geisberg: Der detiW … eirl fiarpaxuv. But K. W. Dindorf rightly retains the manuscript readings)- Jjer)l cp- … Xtiipav.' To the same effect Agatharch. de mari Eryihraco 59 (Geogr. Gr- ^^4***

Plate 40

jt " Waluiar,,, f'^i'ritn h«w Ckl fur pjrcrol man tin EanDi ibui ballrc OrrfilHa. l|) JCJnla In prm f aiO … ^u*I[ .""on i„ »"«» Drm jibi man pen Onfluno nwnpfmla Bui/feni mi Kutrr twrt» atmactl … ferk,"""" Mnbm '*N ?rrlfa* manIbm bas mbtr gfbi "0" 1(1 Im Sane On<f Drlman … S*»»rt T" ^ Ini 5 i'bi'"tn W'1*1' S™' <M> fJl)"l Bnjrfrtiifl brolDf tnO na*lr(T,a … fro^ Schlanraffe,ila,idt, ' The Country of Cokaygne,'

503

Rain of food … Cp. the beliefs noted by J. Jonston Thaumatographia Naturalis Amstelodami 1665 … et tornbe en produisant une pluie de poissons [J. de la Chesnaye in the Revue des … produit parfois des pluies de grenouilles ou de petits poissons [L. F. Sauve in Milusine … ^gt man sprichwortlich: Wenn's Krotten ( = Kr6ten) hagelt,' H. Bachtold-Staubli in the … auben an den F.-Jtezen. ...Der Glaube ist heute noch lebend: in Westbohmen meint … nicht ^ater'a' die Thierchen und giesst Leben in sie hinein. Ich rathe Dir aber … In . .'antur-'...'Alise dinrereU (rectius qua Sioirereh) CselitUS vel cum pluuia demissa;, … &rauch 'jrnt'' 254 ' Froschregen,' 1893 viii. 520 s.v. ' Regenfrosch,' A. John Sitte, … .'658 i. I2° e del raziocinio"1 Milano 1911 p. 60 f., A. P. T. Paracelsus Genevse

504

Rain of food … (2) a rain of milk: … 130 (Iul. Obs. 87 = 28 Romae in Graecostasi.) … 106 (Iul. Obs. 101=41 in agro Perusino et Romae locis aliquot.) … (3) a rain of oil: … Schlaraffenlande' in H. Paul—W. Braune Beitrdge zur Geschichle der dentsche" ^ gfc

505

Rain of food … <je j Veit,calmente en el suelo, o andar, si se coloca horizontalmente a cierta distancia … 0 j. q • ecours. On plante ordinairement des mills de cocagne les jours de fete publique.' … lHkt ein auf^ schildert ■■■ *»« bei jenem feste, z.b. in Magdeburg, bildetc den mitlel- … ta'ly ab "ca"a «as sometimes, like our Greasy Bowsprit, a pole projecting

506

Rain of food … On sundry occasions Zeus by means of a timely rain extinguished … 1465. On <t>ii|, acc. *fra (Hes. theog. 326), as the Boeotian form of S^yf see … is a coincidence, but no more.

507

The story passed early into the repertory of the mythographical … 1 a ■ ; °- 3- … Real.}? 6" .^Ut n's interpretation, though adopted by K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa … °f the tJ °CS' by Teleboes to Ptereleos, and that Amphitryon had claimed it as his share … Jyog, hisi Q*'e-ra ln wmcn king Pterela used to drink. Charon of Lampsakosfrag. 11 … ^'Wl- Pal. 4. 6S by Tr°phonios and Agamedes (Paus. 9. 11. 1 with inscription (Cougny

508

in all probability1 following Pherekydes of Athens {floruit 454/3 B.C.2)) … that one night three times its length3, had taken upon him the likeness of … TrevroirXacndcfas rj Kara rivai t"/>MrXa<rid<ras, ol Kal Sia rovro rpiecnrepov d^Lodcri Xeyecr^a^ ^ r … deum genitor, ne te (sc. Auroram) tarn saepe videret, [ commisit nodes in sua vota ty … ammiraretur, Mart. Cap. 157 ut in ortu Herculis geminatae noctis obsequW ^gC\ … dial. deor. 10. 1 EPM. w "HXie, pfj iXdarjs rljpepov, 6 Zei/s 07?<ri, a®Pl0V ^ jj r+-

509

This tale was perhaps that dramatised by Sophokles in his … tllrn^Peregit- The Christian Fathers, bent on aggravating the enormities of Zeus, even … noctiba/CO" <77reip5 &e6"> Amob- nat- 4- 26 quis illum (sc- lovem) in Alcmena novem … The te + ^Day)+ NiSht + (Day) + Night + (Day) + Night + (Day) + Night = 9 nights. … t'le Teleboan' ' ^ a"d interP- Serv. in Verg. Aeu. 8. 103 Oichalia appears in place of

510

night1—and of course the usual crop of moralising maxims. These … - R. Engelmann in the Ann. d. Inst. 1872 xliv. :—18, id. Beitrage s" ^ragihf"

Plate 41

A krater from Santa Agata dei Goti, now in the British Museum :

511

design (pi. xli)1. Alkmene sits as a suppliant on an altar, a handsome … • 35o-_,„ a e Univ. Press 1929 p. 295. He was successor and imitator of Assteas

512

have already fallen, one beside Amphitryon, the other at the feet of … Alessandro Castellani' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1872 xliv. 1—18 pi. A (part of_w ,bverse) … apotheose d'Hercule' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1847 xix. 263—278 pi. o (reverse), jrevets_e)'

513

'o's breastplate. On the left two Silenoi, Skopas* and Hybris2,

515

Arethousa1 and Premnousia2, are quenching the fire with their … t),at y " Hauser in Furtwangler—Reichhold—Hauser Gr. Vasenmalerei ii. 256 points out … J92G ii_ " Romer Giessen 1925 pp. 1—116 and a review by S. Eitrem in Gnomon … ' SuiJ1'- a'S "leDender Leichnam" (s.d.) weiter zu existieren')?

517

So much for the evidence of the vases. They portray the crisis … Sudden, swift, strong the wonder3. … %• 6stnt-d Wl* a chla"'ys (suPra «• 73i ng- 663, 744 … ^"Wi^j 5^Ur-ay in tlle Jour>>- Hell. Stud. 1890 xi. 227, after citing Apollod. 2. 7. 7

518

the Euripidean Alkmene. Indeed, in another play'Plautus actually … 3 Supra p. 510 n. 1. See further the admirably careful chapter of l. Sec ia^2__-248

519

Placed upon it Kroisos bound with fetters and twice seven Lydian … 6 r.'. Scl>wartz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 670. … m°gUcher Gd A ' -S°3' anzusehen … 'tf"i> "'ES))et^')0.S T* T# ""o^" itpov rod "AirdXXwi'os Karatpefryei 6 Kpoiiros, Kai u>s rpls in r$

520

rather than to Apollon: lifting his hands to the high heaven the … A fate foreseen being bitterest of all. … also made valuable gifts to the oracle of Apollon at Branchidai (Hdt. t- 92> ^ gr& … 165 bv {sc. tov Upoio-ov) el /u.7] 6 Zeis oUrelpas a<pyKev iidoip iirl tt)V cb\6ya, ra% ^siuri regeIfl … (obverse and reverse). See also the due de Luynes 'Cresus' in the -d""' yasesl- 'g

521

back to the decade 500—490 B.C.1 and is in general agreement with … V"'r'i- Uen' faumewter in his Denim, ii. 796 f. fig. 860 (obverse), A. H. Smith in the … "P°s T°^s 7'56^ Witn the name ECBvuos cp. Xen. Cyrop. 7. 2. 29 dxoiaas S' 6

522

Apollon. The same is true1 of an engraved gem in the cabinet of … subsequently boasted of his escape and was … 10 On the name Apvas as implying the cult of an oak-Zeus in northern

523

by Kleitos. Sithon, perceiving his daughter's guile, made a great … Save 1'^'CCord'ng to Konon narr. 10, Aphrodite visited all the townsfolk by night and … &tKpa C a ^>au^' el Theclae 20—21 Tischendorf Tjjs Se p.ij diroKpivop.ivqs, t\ p-r/rrip avTrjs … ^'^Ka; ^ ' ^" ^' S6vaiJ.1v tov koXKovs aiiTrjs cod. G.). ecrTpaffav Se to. $u\a oi Sti/moi … M-2^896 and f bapt' See further J- Gwynn in Smith—Wace Diet. Chr. Biogi: iv.

524

judgment-seat of the proconsul Kastelios, and, when Thekla would … assigns the work, with some hesitation, to the half-century ?*>°~3°° ' J 1933 P'

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (g) Zeus Ómbrios

525

Lykophron in his Alexandra speaks of Elis as— … that" °r ^^held by him. It was on account of a persistent drought … "^■pav ' 159 *• M6\tti5os ireTpnv, \ rod Ti-qvl SairpevdevTos 'O/j-jSpiip With … "'aiVei toO ' ' a^XM»" KovraaxovTos Trji>'"B.\iv exP"Qa®V atpayiaoai airoiis 4ttI rrj … B*e'°s eCv ' ViTfav r** *HW" 0'7<"", K.7-.X. = Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 160 M6Xttis yap tis

526

the district1. It may well be, then, that in Elis too the same … 4 F. Bechtel—A. Fick Die Griechischen Personennamen2 Gottingen 1894 pp. lu'j°\\e … 7 On the strength of this Attic cult A. Boeckh in the Corp. inscr. Gr. ii no. »37+^ cj. … 8 Supra ii. 897 a. 5, 1226. The inscribed 'Geometric' sherds found by the Am ^ … But the connexion of Zeus Ombrios with Gaia is not impossible (Paus- I

527

the altars and sacrifices of Zeus Ombrios, Demeter Proerosia, and … ^r Nannakos was a king of Phrygia, as Hermogenes asserts in his Phrygia?i … later wj^ ^'/'0/os' Ikonion, Mt Baris, etc. attest a Phrygian tradition of the deluge fused … Heronl' ^ *Pvt(a'frag. 7 (Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 524 Miiller).

528

given was that, when he died, all men would be destroyed. The PhrygiallS … a century since concluded that Annakos, who lived for oVCl^e of … in Miscellaneous Tracts on Antiquity London 1779 i. 206. fjS

529

^hilippus Senior (figs. 332, 333)3. The design unites two consecutive … P°n the lid perches the raven, and towards it flies the dove with … \vf^'"e"si DeuccUionei diluvii typum cxhibente Roma; 1668 down to modern times. It … ^ ^addi' ^ac*^en loc- c'1- PP- '9^—T98 pi- 6, 3 ( = my fig. 332) from the specimen in … alSQ J?e abgegeben v!" Gemalde in einem dffentlichen Gebaude, etwa in einer Stoa, die

530

it remains at least possible that the Jews had there fastened on … was the name of some local festival6. But, whatever … Ktfivpa in Phrygia (supra ii. 771). ^ fro111 … 3 Imhoof-Blumer op. cit. i. 211. a„, phi'''

531

a genuine Phrygian flood-myth underlies the story of Priasos, … ^ypatos quelled the flood and drove the waters back from the peaks … ""Os- ^ a'' iraXiv ovpavbdi irpb \ de<nreo-l-q \ieydXoio Beov irdXiv la\e <pwvr\ j tolov … °Cat'°n jj"7'7'1" Kai "^fare yaiav airacrav \ av£bp.evoi" k.t.X. The first hint of this … 20 Bef'f "^^aS ^"a' <Pa<Tlv' etbov be rbv tottov eKdrepov k.t.X. =Kedren. hist. comp. … I* Cessiveiy " 522—544- Within this short passage we get the sky-god called … a3'"5ol Ka[ T^p,,iTai ^ Ka' Taura irapa twv avyypaQe'wv, on aifjovrai yh> rbvop.ppi.ov

532

In this connexion space must be spared for a few words regard- … • of tllS … in the British Museum. Cp. P. Gardner in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Greek an

533

The type itself was a Hellenistic modification of the old Hellenic … ^'OArvraAd°nald loc- ciL 45° {-' 465 P1- 3> 9 silver tetradrachm in the British Museum:

534

Homeric study had become one of his most essential attributes-— … StZlONt TRASVERSALt SVLLA LINE.A C 0 ^

535

(%• 346)1 and its counterpart from Falerio (Fatterone) in Picenum … nt°nino Pio rinvenute in Cirene' in the Notiziario archeologico 1916 ii. 193—216 pis. 1 … ^PVfalu '<rT7'' a^T0KpdT°pi T/tw Ai\la Kai\oapi' kvTwve'ww, vlw 'Adpiavov ZcfSaffTOv, |

537

347)1- Zeus as conceived by the great cameo-artists of the … 'ctfC ^^e"en'st'c sculptor which stood in different buildings in Cyrene but were … Inst, ii; , 6 ^Ilr"cis in the Ann. d. Inst. 1839 xi- 21—23 Cun Apollo Libico'?), Mon. d. … ('torsedu Seln ). Reinach Rep. Stat. ii. 108 no. 5, id. in the Rev. Arch. 1921 i. 155 … ^P^esos tow" A ^ral3'an sardonyx of two layers, whitish grey on opaque black, found at

538

round his head and an aigis over his left shoulder. Even the … pi. 3, 7, Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 243 ff. Gemmentaf. 3, 3, Furtwangler A*»' … 1914 p. 52, Sir E. A. Wallis Budge Amulets and Superstitions Oxford 1930 ?'eJ£tant … Zeus p. 243 ff. Gemmentaf. 3, 4, L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pe"t. 18 1 1

Plate 44

A malachite cameo, now at Queens' College, Cambridge :

540

human Zeus was not complete without at least some hint of the … Atlas pi. 5, 1 (photograph of gem = my fig. 348, a: scale ^) and 2 (photograph 01 ^ … A bronze statuette in the Fouquet Collection—of which several replicas ar eating

541

(%• 351)1 and those struck in India with a bilingual legend2 and … Cambrid"'- p. 839 fig. 370, G. Macdonald in The Cambridge History of India … ^ight <. ■ ' Cat' c°>"s Greek and Scythic Kings p. 23 pi. 7, 5 statir of Indian

542

horseback with lance at rest; on the other, a radiate Zeus standing, … a specimen from the Tremlett collection, now in the Fitz.william Museum. … in the Num. Chron. Fifth Series 1923 iii. 323 pi. 14, 13 and 14 ( = niy fig. 354/' v

543

No less dignified is the Zeus who appears on a silver coin of … right h' B" ^Vllitelleacl in the Num. Chron. Fifth Series 1923 iii. 334! pi. 15, 4 ('The … Wretch'j1 'n the Num- Chron. Fifth Series 1923 iii. 340 ('thin, curved object in

544

has for reverse design Zeus holding Hekate as a torch-bearer on … cp. ib. pi. 4, 5 drachm, G. Macdonald in The Cambridge History of India … donald in The Cambridge History of India Cambridge 1922 i. 449, 465 p« 3> 7^[s])' … 4 Supra i. 543 n. 1 Zeus and Hekate as parents of Britomartis (?)• Egge''n^

545

child of the fire-god, was Grecised into a torch-bearing Hekate. … aiirT1^ k£ Seen t'iat f°rePart °f tne elephant in front of Zeus … Strassbur°^'r "le East xlii) °xford l897 P- 521' A- A- Macdone11 Vedic Mythology … ltl The cT, * ■ CaSt °f an uncatal°gued specimen in the British Museum), E. J. Rapson

546

palm. A handsome tetradrachm of Attic weight issued by … Zeus parading with his elephant, which carries Nike on … 3 M. Winlernitz A concise Dictionary of Eastern Religion Oxford l9l°\^\ J3int'ef

547

lis master1. The elephant that occurs so frequently on the Indian … ""-must be identified with, or at least derived from5, this same … »' ^°Wn Tht Coins of India Calcutta 19M P- *° P>- 6jo , , fi„. ,67),

548

Quasi-Greek in effect is a unique tetradrachm of Amyntas … 1 R. B. Whitehead in the Num. Chron. Fifth Series 1923 iii. 332 P1". l3'oUt tb3' … p. 109 pi. 62, 21, R. B. Whitehead in the Num. Chron. Fifth Series 1923 339 … Square bronze pieces issued by Spalirises have obv. the king standing wl ^ gcytfl

549

c- 50 B.C. onwards combine the enthroned type of Zeus with the … ni°Uv j ,° y Homs of Honour London 1900 pp. 1—315, I. Scheftelowitz ' Das Horner- … irahle surSS0Wa Keal-Enc- "iv. 1899—1906. This should be supplemented by the … ' 3T8 ff-, iv - esna"'e '"'fudentum und seine Stelte in der Rcligionsgeschichte Giessen 1929

550

coins of Gaza struck by Hadrian (figs. 3741, 37S2) and again by … more often Mama), and Sir G. F. Hill8 has made out a strong case … fig. 374), Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Palestine pp. lxxv ff., i46f. pi. 15, >°> S' A'j .+, 39' … *Ji. p. .165 no. 135- 7 a. P- i«HI[J' … 13 The point is contested (K. Preisendanz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-tin■■■ l0„ici s

551

Markos Diakonos1, writing c. 420 A.D.2, tells how in 395 the … n. jj ^'S'' ™wkos Diakonos (infra p. 553 n. 1), and Stephanos of Byzantion {supra i. 149 … ^°Hand ~p\ tlle ^atm rendering by Gentianus Hervetus in the Acta Sanctorum edd. … j?"a *aWMei/ ' ^'P''- '9 Sk iriiure* p.r\ /3p<fxu" 0 Oebs t'ov Tap avroU -wpSnov

552

same number of prayers. Then on to the shrine of the marty … AvSvvaiov fiixpi- rVs SeKartis. k.t.X. The naive phraseology would be bar

553

and herself broached the matter to Arkadios, who at first was … ^'*si 6 ip'i "? Ta T^"ots codd. Barocc, Vindob. The correction was made by Henschen)

554

temple down to the ground, for many dreadful things have happened … Incidentally we learn various details about the old ^al'ne^eS … de igdrepov edaare avv rw TrepiftoXtp. Kai fierd to Karjvai KaBdpavres rbv rbirov ^ ^g ],of 5

555

to a place that no man, and certainly no woman, might enter: … women, dogs, pigs, and cattle—an outrage which offended the … Finally, it is tempting to conclude that this round building, with … _ J architecture see further Sir G. F. Hill Some Palestinian Cults p. 14 f. with n. 1 … e'"ai Kal *TW" Tl* '•"roXei</>0e'»'Ta aKvj3a\a Trjs p.apuapu<reois rov Kapvelov, airep ZXtyov Upd … logy Lonrl l" 4'8, ^" A- Cook The Religion of Ancient Palestine in the light of Archaeo-

556

to salute Alexander Severus. The indignant Emperor cried out: … iirip.tk-t)Tov toO Upou. The restoration <•£ ivKe\etjcrews is due to P. Wesselwg-

557

Hadrian to that of of Geta (figs. 374, 375)1 he is a youthful hunter … by Nike standing on a column behind … The same god is represented on … Cet"tain Wen_cut blocks of stone and … a ^ra P- 550. … a Cast). ' Alus' Cat- Coins Palestine pp. Ixx f., J43 pi. 15, 1 and 2 ( = my fig. 378 from

558

a statue in white crystalline marble. The god is seated on a throne … drapery with Scopaic eyes and post-Lysippian hair. But above a … At Halikarnassos rain was connected with Dionysos, fQ1 e … 1 To the bibliography {supra i. 232 n. 1) add now Sir G. F. Hill in Brit- ..^tis- … f. d. alttest. Wissensch., N. F. it 1925 S. 16 f.)'), S. A. Cook The Jtehgto» >;

559

°f this cult is unknown, but the appellative is already found in a … ^he fi ** ^ute-player and a masked man4 dancing to the sound of … ' , rd-Camb"id" im Alterlum Berlin—Leipzig 1920 p. ugf. figs. 123 a, 123 b, A. W.

560

'Kindly,' and Op/ielandrds1, 'Helpful'; the master, Omriqos, that is … If so, the master of the wine-bin began by representing … Finally, we may note that in Kypros the part of Zeus ()inb1l0S … no. 382 = R. Meister in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.-Inschr. i. 247 no. 750. Inscr. „^(ie … Opfergaben wird zur mimischen, burlesken Diebesszene, die in der Posse foit L … reasonable suggestion' ! But Miss Frankel admits that the misshapen Coiinthia"jene … Darstellungen mil mythischen Personen gruppiert werden') and that the p ^jjnd … Biihnenbild konsequent festgehalten wttrde'). She demurs to a divine ^P^j^ bis … ' A. P. di Cesnola Salaminia London 1882 p. 200 with fig- 203 ( — ^

561

head spout, from which gushes a stream of water still coloured … Iiygtl sen^aUy similar to Zeus Ombrios, ' the Showery,' was Zeus … T Lit°arrhUmmer in PauIy—Wissowa Real-Em. iii. 2531. … head spout, from which gushes a stream of water still coloured … Iiygtl sen^aUy similar to Zeus Ombrios, ' the Showery,' was Zeus … T Lit°arrhUmmer in PauIy—Wissowa Real-Em. iii. 2531.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (h) Zeus Hyétios

562

that of Themistios includes Demeter's daughter, Zeus Hyetios, an" … G. W. Elderkin in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1933 xxxvii. 393, moved by the analogy ^ … interesting possibilities, but hardly amounts to a rigorous demonstration of any … d'Inscr. gr. no. io04 = Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.3 no. 1107 (in the 0 q 0f its … AvKaiBov {iraivto-ai iirl t[e] | Tat aipe'cret Kai eooe^etat av [^llx0"""' kotI t°s a^dvt^f T° a … Apparently the sacrifice to Zeus'WTios had been allowed to lapse for some y

563

the grove of Trophonios at Lebadeia1. And it was at his altar in … first inscription was published by B. Haussoullier in … J<"eil 'n ^taewtw> kut&pxvs (see A. Boeckh on the Carp, inscr. Gr. ii no. 2880 and H. … S 221 ff. no" 'Shed ty W" R' ?at0n and J" L- MyreS the J°"rn- HelL Siud- 1896 … 2858, m the flanges Hcnri Weil pp. 149—154 citing (1) Corp. inscr. Gr.

564

The Ox-driving of … Polydoros certainly, date from the reign of Prousias ii (180—149 B.C.), (4) an unpub'1 … griechischen Inschriftenkunde Wien 1909 p. 177 ff. (A. Rehm in Milet iii- 27fl) ^ … [#eo]s Ka9«rTa.[i>~\ri [K]aipbf 7r[p]o<r[^]J[«:oj'Ta] eis tt)v d<pet\ovtrav [twi] A[d twi] | [Sw™ … A[t]][6]s tov 2aJT?)pos, X&PLV T0V dvaypdtfie\(Tdai ra 6vbp.aTa rwv virop.ev\b]vruv … Sefoos] I [to]0....., [jSoi^os 6 a]u[To]|[C] tov irpo^rov vim IIo<«5c6|cios. The jnscf'P ^ … To these inscriptions should be added a marble slab built into the churchyalC j^^f. … 2 W. R. Paton—E. L. Hicks The Inscriptions of Cos Oxford 1891 p- 77 "^llen- … IbvTUi (c[a]|[7-d] x['Xtair]Tiia[s], lova[i Si 7ro]TeXa[cr]i fsovv tvaras [i]KdcrT[ail I • • ^ j-r]|Af … eX^trJIfajj'Tes 5^ roiJrous (r^/^offri roi]s dXXois, rai eiifi)[s] | [/fp/«]'»'r' /<a

565

the twentieth day of the spring month Batromios there was … -se proved unsatisfactory, a further selection of nine oxen, one … sacrinceH 6r sacrificed to Artemis IJepaia by Lucullus (Plout. v. Luc. 24) and the … perquisit , carried the 7^, i.e. those parts of the sacrificial victim that were the … p ^OjSao-jXjj °l ^" °-PX°VTa* toUtovs, oi Si j3a<riXfis, oi St Trpvravus, Poll. 8. in oi

566

The Ox-driving of … rrpodijeTai Trap rby ko[iv~]ov (sc. (Bu/j.6v) a <pepovri §vkeop\a\x\ldai d\(pirwv i)p.leKT0V,^ ^ ^ … Zeus Ma%ave6s is here associated with Athena Maxavls. At Argos near the ^gut,'

567

on the eleventh day of some month later than Pedageitnios … ln*cr. Gr. sept, i no. 548 (with facsimile = my fig. 384) = Michel Recneil oVInscr. gr. … Ta»rr)s irXucrrai fiiv ein.Texvri<reis, TavToia Si ivdpwirou avevpriptiva is \byovs iarlv). On the … p ri^n ^"th MaxaveiJs or ilaxdveios, which in Korkyra was the equivalent of the Attic … P- 2^> and the cautious statements of W. Sontheimer in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. … 'l With "lean'nS of Maxaveus as an appellative is uncertain. Lykeas' attempt to connect … ^ergk4 C'Uaie with Pindar's conception of Zeus as patron of the arts, cp. Pind. frag. 57 … Derger6>//. itucr. Gr;' no. 1026, tl, 15, 22 with n. t.

568

The Ox-driving of … and Geta, show Zeus himself attired in the self-same costume … made by the late Mr F. Anderson and published in the Class. Rev. 1903 xvn- 4 'poinn8> … Iulia Domna; Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Caria etc. p. 158 pi. 24, 10 ( = my fig- 3°?' a„d {• … G. Cousin in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1904 xxviii. 20 ff. no. 1 b, 15 <\^" ^ ger*' … in the Rhein. Mus. 1916 lxxi. 159, H. Oppermann Zeus Panamaros Giesse

569

Again, at Halikarnassos the cult of Zeus Askraios, who—as we … ^ ts rnay be found to throw light on that mysterious service, the … 6 T^S'r.A- J- Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1925 xlv. 8 n. 18. … CuIt on c erslan Invasion Cambridge 1924 p. 88 f. would find a trace of the Isagorean … reverse th f ■ ^^ese coins, didrachms and tetradrachms respectively, show on their … ,)efbre ot"er hand it must be borne in mind that Attike was ravaged by Carians … ^gnron jj modo,' K. F. Hermann cj. okotItov or xfloWou—all unconvincing), a

570

570 The Ox-slaughter of … 6euc)a(i)(rio!s ra Bpv... Kai virb to.......Ta Tavpo(p6vrja /xerd rds ] [<r]7roc5ds' K-f- ' … 5 O. Jahn 'Giove Polieo in Atene' in the Nuove Memorie dell' Institute at W geas … But by far the fullest collection of material is that of J. N. Svoronos *fs pl. Si>

571

fifth century1, it is tempting to suppose that the statue here … strid^ SeC0nc^ SrouP represents Zeus in milder mood. He no longer … \ ^e^en of"'?*6 pL ?2' "5' pK 73, '3' pL 75' ,3, p1' 8'' t?—3X1 My fig' 391 is from

572

The Ox-slaughter of … In imperial times a fresh set of bronze pieces (figs. 399^4°2^ … fig. 397 is from a specimen in my collection, fig. 398 from Imhoof-Blumer and P- … iiber dieselben bei der Kleinheit des Bildes und der massigen Erhaltung des -^^g in … Num. Comm. Pans. iii. 137 pi. BB, 3, J. N. Svoronos Les monnaies d'A n6 ^ ZeuS … „——m„ „m„---...... — ...... j,. yy pi. n .. - Df the ci … (=my fig. 401) and from a cast of the specimen in the British Museum \- jjanP

573

outstretched hand is better employed in holding a phidleij) over a … statu ^at'ler t^at three series of coins represent three successive

574

574 The Ox-slaughter of … Berlin 1910 pp. 167—180 ('Das Bild der Athena') concludes that the standing a|j)0se … 2 Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 2 no. 652 A, 48 f. = Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr. n°- n0i … 3 Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 no. 242 lepius \ Aids lloXUus. Roberts—Gardner "vieW, of

575

the Dipotiem1 or Diipolieia^, the Dipoleia? or Diipoleia^, the Dipolia5 … Pp. in—113 ('Bouphonia, or... Dipolia'), Frazer Golden Bough*: Spirits of Corn and … 1 J- Wackernagel in the Rhein. Mus. 1890 xlv. 480—482 argues for AuroXieia as the … 2 AiiTToXieitt Hesych. s.v. (cod.). M. Schmidt ad loc. assumes a fusion of two forms, … Cp' no^- Kircnnoffin Corp. inscr. Att. iv. 1 no. 555 a, 7 [i]ep[(]uati', ot AiwoXl[ois], … A"*6Via ( , 419 'cod- V-)' scho1- Aristoph. nub. 408, 984 (cod. V.), Harpokr. s.v. … A ^e for .°lr°kosk. orthogr. in Cramer anecd. Oxon. ii. 192, 29. … '74—176). J. Wackernagel in the Rhein. Mus. 1890 xlv. 480 ff.

576

576 Ox-slaughter of Zeus Polieus at Athens … the root ire\- and to regard it as the festival of the At7r6Aot or 'Zeus-worshippers- … The two names occur together also in Aristoph. nub. 984 f., Ail. var. hist. 8- 3 ^0\, … 2 Bovtpbvta Aristoph. nub. 985 with schol. ad loc, Ail. var. hist. 8. 3' ^gj^jd.

577

Ritual of the Dipolieia 577 … A»To\eiU(, (so Nauck for AinroXluv) dyop.evwv Kal Trapes Kcvaofxivuv Kara to t&\cu iBos … „tt T7>" 'A-TTiK-qv, ewel TreXdvov tc Kal tOjv dvX-qpdToiv cttI ttjs Tpawe£t)s evapytbs kci/xc'vwv, … ^vZf^"e^Ta a-vao-TyadvTwv iv riircp diriBavc 0wia Xipov (so C. A. Lobeck for the corrupt … ^(ojcci* °^ttS<)i'a"ii', 07ra)s tov TreAe/aT /:a£ ttjz' (lax^po-v aKovrjcrovaiv. aKovrjaavruv 5£ … E7r'^'56i;7.aj , a! avT&v -qtiQivto fxdWov, ol He aKOVT)aavTes tov (TriobvTa (so Nauck for … ^^os Kevr?^a'T!'°vSdelevit Nauck)] /Souri/irot KaXovptevoi ttAvtcs, ol S' Awb tov TrepieXd- … C, jjj ^' Bernays cj. K-araTovToOo-i. But see infra p. 584 n. a) tt\v fi&xaipap.

578

578 Ritual of the Dipolieia … cakes4, were placed on the bronze table [or altar of Zeus Poheus ]• … koXovctl be riva twv lepiav fiov<j>bvov, < bs Krelvas tov j3ovv (ins. A. Michaelis ducc^ ^ … 2 H. von Prott in the Rhein. Mus. 1897 lii. 187 ff. contends that Porph. de abst- … of von Prott's contention [id. in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. Suppl. m. 330/- jfjisch* … Apollonios and Longinus, so that he certainly ought to have known the ritual ^ … contaminating Attic with non-Attic elements. ^ 1!epp,i,Ttit' … jtidruc. The word iriXavos (on which see P. Stengel in Hermes 1894 xxi ' ^rl, … p. 88 ff.) is used of the same offerings by Porph. de abst. 2. 10, schol. Aristop • ^eSycb'

579

Ritual of the Dipolieia 579 … aus. 1. 24. 4 eirl roe flu)ibv. (1) P. Stengel in Hermes 1893 xxviii. 492 n. 1 denies that … Scribing a f°'t '1'mse'f c't- regards the discrepancy as evidence that Pausanias is … 'nederDarstel^lat taMe and altar served the same purposes and ends by asserting: ' Wie … °'ed below It"' But llis Premises are far from secure. He thinks that the Naples vase … mM4s of Paus TPa-vifo I kvUtt), XiVfi, 6v\-qhoou> 6ewv (Saure pirns; that the silver

580

580 Ritual of the Dipolieia … (one restored), inches high. The clay is covered with a white slip, which s'l£>W tre i5 … K. Galling Der Altar in den Kulturen des alten Orients Berlin 1924 p. 9 ^ ('"' 'Q f, ('I"e

581

Ritual of the Dipolieia 581 … a tahie th X °^erec' at tne Bouphonia.' Now if the said traces were really those of … since suggested Ganymedes, and R. Forster in the Bull. … ^'-/JjJ jj.* abst- 2. 30 -roi's Kararqafibrnt /3oCj. P. Stengel in Pauly—Wissowa … °ws a rectangular altar, surrounded by four oxen, with an olive(?)-tree

583

Ritual of the Dipolieia 583 … s'Tial m°Sl 'dent'cal group, except that the white ox seen against the altar is on a slightly … ^esie"^™" ^°'T"" C7r' T0V jSw/tii". I should endorse the opinion of L. Deubner Attische … the r 'U-n^ voraus-' It is, however, possible that in Pausanias' day the finest ox was at … ft°Vd)6v Xi T°V ftufXQV. <.T0\JT0V 8k KTeivaS 6 T$ov(p6voS> (Ka\ou<tl 8k TLl'a tu>v ieptwv … ■^hrasyin a' a^st- -■ 30 6 0' eirara^e top fiodv, iXXos 5' (<r<pa&v. So in Od. 3. 447 ff. … Pailsanias -' P' 7'8' 43 ff" See mrther an interesting note by Sir J. G. Frazer in his … "i"a>owi Tbv t(\eKvi>, 1. 28. 10 (context supra p. 577 n. 2) 6 8k TrkXexvs

584

584 Ritual of the Dipolieia … p. 514 n. 2 justly remarks that d<pel8r) must here mean 'was acquitted' because a … by E. Pottier in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. ii. 270 n. 24 and printed in the ^.^gp … Ka.Te"yvu(7av the text is sound. A. Nauck wanted to read oSros … H. von Prott he. eit. p. 195 ingeniously suggested that the aorist Kareirbvrut^peUt>ne'

585

Ritual of the Dipolieia 585 … as gene,' clans2.' But Photios speaks of the Kentriddai as ' apatrid … an Kerykes4.' Further, as J. Toepffer pointed out5, the Kerykes … °utypoiy Kentriddai, and Daitroi, who discharged the priestly … a p^* T^s Kpea-vofj,ias yiyvop.kv-r)v Satra. … ^tthid°gra h 359 Muller))- 0n K-leidemos of Athens (Tertull. de an. 52), the oldest … ft iri lhe B yi"r' °f PorPh- a&s/. 2. 30 were merely three 'classes' of officials taking

586

586 Ritual of the Dipolieia … 6 tovs /36as fidWwv irAu/a. Infra p. 587 n. 1. o[n the … 4 E. L. Hicks The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the Brit'sl1 contents

587

Ritual of the Dipolieia 587 … ola, irfo( Rhod. 2. 90 ff. IV0a 6' ^ttcit' *A/xvkos fxev eir' aKpoTaroiaiv aepdels, \ Hovtijttos … 'P-toe "'eratic reliefs frequently represent deities, heroes, priestesses, etc. on … ? st'lted ari(jC ne" tells me (2° December 1934) that he too views the tip-toe attitude as

588

588 Ritual of the Dipolieia … See further A. Mommsen Athenae Christianae Lipsiae 1868 p. 115 with nn. ^ ^ … Eleutherios') with pis. 34—40 (from fresh photographs of the original: pi- 39

589

Ritual of the Dipolieia 589 … pt|gg^ker °^ t^le Eteoboutadai, we must regard him as a priest, or … ^'PParch ' -ae"' '49 rje\ioio Bepelraral eZ<ri xAeuSoi with schol. ad loc. and … ""guishes'th 1897 " '^entities tne Bol"'l''n" w'th the Bou0<W, but dis- … Priester selbst5^'' 'A" StelIe des Pov™'*0'1 erscheint hier inkorrekter Weise der Zeus- … ,&*c Us mann in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 8wf., K.Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa

590

590 Myths of the Dipolieia: Sopatros … According to Theophrastos3, time was when men offered to the … 4 Porph. toe. cit. Mopov t) XiSnrarpov two.. O. Jahn in the Nuov. Mem- d. .nniU1zi … p. 122 pointed out that Mop.ov ?) was an interpolation on the part of Porphyrins ^ … 5 Id. ib. p. 164 n. 3 compares Leukippos, son of Xanthios, who having uilint^"0(,r(*>))> … 7 A. Nauck [supra p. 577 n. i) of course accepts the convincing

591

Myths of the Dipolieia: Sopatros 591 … ce<l"raTp<H' ^eT" TV* ?rpd£ews avevpeBivTos. But the Greek is so unusual as to be almost … Hi<y^^°V ^X-a^K€6<raj>To p.&xcupav | civobiT)v, wpwToi de fio&v iwdo-avT dpoTTjpuv, [ teal t6t€ … in terris^'S' 6' ante ' 'mP'a quam caesis gens est epulata iuvencis, | aureus hanc vitam … ?0t a'so in p C occ'derat bovem, actusque in exsilium tamquam colono suo interempto, … ^^iii. tgg n * T° ty**Oai irono8trji<sar. W. W. Hyde in the Am. foum. Phil. 1917

592

592 Myths of the Dipolieia: Sopatros … present case; for Athenian law expressly ordained that the a^ie^' … 1 See H. E. Seebohm On the Structure of Greek Tribal Society London i8o5 P" … 3 One thinks of Thaletas invited to Sparta, of Epimenides invited to Athen 1 ^ … 4 H. Hubert in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 1508, K. F. Smith in j- ^t\ye … 7 P. Stengel in Hermes 1893 xxviii. 491 ff., id. Opferbrdttche der Griechen

593

Myths of the Dipolieia: Diomos 593 … a knav^ f** C'°es l'le assumpti°n that the worthy Porphyrios was either a fool or … accidenf £r t'lat tne Attic Sopatros gave rise to the Delian, or else that the two were … 'Pzig-^Tj611^6' 'n Hermes 1893 xxviii. 490 and in his Opfcrbriiuche der Gritchen … I897 lii. °n """^ovs yap k.t.X.). But he is refuted by H. von Prott in the Rhein. Mus.

594

594 Myths of the Dipolieia: Diomos … A. Nauck's x^fv^Ttiv Btiuv t£ a'. 'Jicipl1 ^ … 4 P. Stengel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 831. is sta'e<1 … 6 E. Maass in the Gail. gel. Am. 1889 p. 826 regards … Maass loc. cit. p. 828 f. supposes that Diomos was priest of Zeus

595

Myths of the Dipolieia: Diomos 595 … ty; * Von ProU in the Rhein. Mus. 1897 lii. 191 ff. (followed by G. Wissowa in Pauly— … by g e priest and his god. The derivation here propounded was already recognised … y^iichp 2\^' ^°Mos* ovofxa Kijptov ijpojos ' ASyvalov a<p' ov Aio/xcias eopr-q. irapa rr]v Aws … V' 83o f) 1 me la>'' not 10 the east (A- Milchhofer in Pauly—-Wissowa Real-Enc. … ^0rPh. J^' Wever, Toepffer proposes to substitute QavXuw for Alopos in the text of … and took'Stjenes not on'y taught in the gymnasium of Kynosarges (Diog. Laert. 6. 13) … ritzinPaul°n WUamowitz-Moellendorff Ind. schol. Gott. a. 1884 p. 15 and K. von … E' Zell^A*P. 284.

596

596 Myths of the Dipolieia: Thaulon … irbwavov, Sirep t\v irapeaKevao-fie'vov els tt]v Ovfflav iv tois AuiroXlois. On the … with the name of this poor lady, transforming her into a man, a fool, a jjuSt£itb- … 6 G. Wentzel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 718. Supra i. 224. ^ J3oUiD-

597

Myths of the Dipolieia: Thaulon 597 … A feast and sacrificed a mighty ox1, … to the Kerykes even more closely. We have already seen … tllat insertio W°Uld emen<1 the reading of schol. T. into <puyaSev6eis <Ji! avrb>. But … a'S ^er )3ou V*VVot §es'chert; aus ihnen erwuchs mit Notwendigkeit der Eponymos Thaulon … t"e b0(]y of t°j OVT^os i>. But he wrongly supposed that wvBp.^v was a pit into which

598

598 Myths of the Dipolieia: Thaulon … d'Athenes et d' Eleusis' in the Revue historique 1931 clxvi. 1—76. … 3 Hesych. KevrpiaSai ■ twv irepl ra p.mTripia and the schol. Aristoph. nil '-^j sSibljr … One wonders whether any buphonic traits still linger in the folk-beliefs of r0$b(&

599

Purpose of the Dipolieia 599 … t^6 ate °f the festival (Skirophorion 14: supra p. 576) corresponded with the close of … an Zeus Polieus [supra p. 564 ff.] mit dem Stieropfer der Buphonien in … have Plnls °f Corn and Wild ii. 6 ff. ('The ox sacrificed at the bouphonia appears to

600

6oo Purpose of the Dipolieia … schlagen, auch nicht auf dem Wege iiber das Zeusfest in Kos'). … $ 'A.6-qvS. Kal UoaeioZv iKpW-qirav. Kparivos 'Apxt^ix0^' f"Ba Aios /xeydXov BaKoi irea-ffol re … der nach alter Uberlieferung unblutige Opfer verlangte, in einen blutigen umgevvan<Je … Heidelberg 1858 p. 420 f. falls back on the Varronian idea (supra p. 591 n. 1) ' jt jgs … Opfergebrauche aus.' Etc. But the most persuasive exponent of this somewhat sen ^ … i. 296. The same explanation contents Mommsen Feste d. Stadt Athen p. i» an … firmer ground of anthropology. Primitive man commonly dreads a great strong ^ ^fees … as if he were himself dead (J. Spieth Die Religion der Euxer in Slid- Togo ^e^J,B die … getotet hat, und werfen es ins Meer; der Tater selbst aber muss in Afrika «1

601

Purpose of the Dipolieia … °P- cit. p. 108). The parallel is certainly striking, and Schwenn goes on to explain that … ether this 'weak point' is really fatal to Schwenn's hypothesis. The same difficulty … • Lenormant in the Ann. d. Inst. 1832 iv. 60—68, Man. d. Inst, i pi. 44, a, b, attempted … PP 601 ^6US ^er Erde entsteigend, moglich.' Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Si ilpt. … a<3van Frocessions an(i supplications in time of drought, being a more

602

Purpose of the Dipolieia … But more certain indications may be drawn from the date of the … 7 Was the use of the Aids k&Siov at the Skirophoria (supra i. 423 n. 1) com|3a"Jion … 8 Mommsen Fes/e d. S/ad/ Athen p. 504 ff., ±. Cahen in Daremberg—SagH° ^ … Schema des KiroaKoirtiuv. In der linken Hand scheint er zwei Ahren zu halten. ^ |st

603

Purpose of the Dipolieia … Virgins called Hydrophoroi brought water, ostensibly for the … Cajc An"rot. (Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 351, iv. 645 MUller) in frag. Lexici rhet. p. 671, 16 ad … 'X«WS Alro^uvtos (Apollon. Ascal. in Frag. hist. Gr. iv. 313 Muller) = Phot, lex.

604

604 Purpose of the Dipolieia … 7 B. Tamaro in the Annuario delta r. Scuola archeologica di Alette e delle tuff ^ … "Hpuos in Delphi, audi die Buphonienzeremonien in Athen in die minoische JM ^ … Himmels notwendig war, wurde die Stiertotung schon in vbrgriechischer Zeit m ^$

605

Purpose of the Dipolieia 605 … ZUr(i^"n^t bilden die attischen Buphonien, die mit ihren Wurzeln in vorgriechische Zeit … Altert. °n'e des Zeusfestes ist nicht zu tlbersehen, dass dieses keineswegs in das graueste … P°ssibir VUlt Ul>er die archaische Zeit hinaufgehen kann.' But Deubner ignores the … the decor l"^ra Addenda on "• 635 ff- CThe decoration of the double axe'). Since … mterPret t nded horse, a waterfowl, and a man—symbols all suggestive of a solar

606

utter guilt that drove the actual Bouphonos into immediate exile, … befriedigend erklarte Rolle in den diisteren 8pw/j.eva...der attischen Buphonien '). . … tov wa\aiOT&TOV t&v airbpuv vir6/j.vqfj.a, Sevrepov Iv Tjj 'Papla, rptrov birb irbXf (so r^s … In yap -qv Kai tovto yivos Tiixtlinevov irapa rots' AByvalois, e£ ov tytviTO i] Upeia rqs

607

have been found in pieces near Vari and now in the collection of … am indebted to Professor Robinson for the large-scale photographs, … the th' graffito, of which the first two words are scratched on the reverse, … j"egestion that° l°C' "'' P' 1 ?6 1: ' Professor Elderkin makes the interesting

608

field1 had been borrowed to depict the later discovery of the yoked … 2 Cp. the curious tale told by interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 4. 402: in Attica regi°ne … virginem in formicam convertit eamque, ut proditricem, adversam frumentis, quae sempe … colligi in unum iussit easque in homines commutavit: unde Myrmidones appel'atl s … vtjtos Ota I Boap/j.la Aoyyarts 'O/xoXoils Bla with schol. ad loc. Boapjila 8e Kal gtat … 301, Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. i. 222 n. I, O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-E,ic' … rappodov ydfiuiv with Tzetz. ad loc. ourw rip.S.Tai BoiSeta i] 'AOijvd iv QerraMa (~~ g^fiji … ras aifXa/cas. This etymology has found favour, not only with K. O. Muller of- ^ … decidedly more probable that the goddess drew her appellative from an old p a | … 6 J. Toepffer Atlische Genealogie Berlin 1889 pp. 136—149, id. in Pauly—"

609

Akropolis1 and were entrusted with the discharge of several sacred … refer to th' ^'Scllin- * fals- leS- 78 (quoted supra p. 606 n. 6). Does this in reality … VC^a-^3n.4fig.97I. … ^heatre ' ']'^t^r• ii. 467 ff. no. 271 Bovpjyov | Uptwt Aios iv \ UaWadiip on a seat in the … S ^ 3 {fir ' *' 5' Cp" Dionysios of Samos frag. 5 (Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 9 f. Miiller) -

610

that ultimately the Bouzygai were responsible for keeping the … and to make the cakes for the sacrifices out of its produce.' … B.C.6 That is a very remarkable identification, which—so far a … Meineke), and schol. A. ad loc. (iii. 473 Dindorf) comments 6 JJepiK\ijs iariv^ V j … schol. B. D. Oxon. (id.) has Bovtfiycu ko.\ovi>tcu ol rds iepds (3oCs rds ev "Ehevtrivi a" … 5 Aristot. frag. 386 Rose2 ap. interp. Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. '9 "^jjtote^1"' … 6 Plat. /egg. 642 D—E, on which see J. Toepffer op. cit. p. 141 and O. Kern 1

611

opiophagy1, not to mention a yet more primitive stage of sheer … T6 Q - Ta^^,/a> tovto Kara ra tBvy\ Kal rds ttoXcls ol Upets bdvavrat dvrl irdvrojv Bvopres Kal … 4f- t6„ ^t®vy°-TrIP I a(p' cartas purqBifTa \ ATjp^rpi Kal Kbpy dviBtjKav, ib. iii. I no. 809, … ^(1)1.! ^TV" °® ^XoW or the like' na 83°' 1 ff- (on the Rarian Plain) [t6v &<p' … ? P0"^ ^ ;/'^aT^pa' I Mw?9e«roi' dip' eo-Was, no. 913, 1 ff. (in the temple at Rhamnous) … p***T^p«1 nu"^'PaT'a"') I IloXuxapMir rr\v \ atj> ijrias 'lovvLav | Qenio-rbKktiav, | Tr)K … c^l'ficatic>n anJ f .custom thus attested has hitherto been regarded as a ceremony of

612

Ombrios in Elis1, that of Zeus Lykaios in Arkadia2, and that of … Nor can human sacrifice be invoked to account for the BaXAij-nis or 'Stone-thro … dvdQ-qp.a ttjs (3ov\t}s ttjs iv 'Apeiy irdyu, i<p' ot^j 5t) dvid-qKev i] /3ouX?)" fto^a … d.Kpoir6\ei §ovv tB-qnev ( = Arsen. viol. p. 146 reading dviB-qKev)—a curious addit>°n ^pje … §ovy, besser Bergk (Ztschr. f. d. A. W. 1845, 980): llawavias Si eUt- /3o0s, wo'^^oiis,

614

ing (fig- A1 A)1 shows Athena Pollds2 seated on the left with helmet, … Vases ii. 122, 5 and 6. The present whereabouts of the vase, to me at least, … 3 Gerhard op. cit. iv. 123 rightly connects the altar with the 'Gotterbild. … pi. 58, no. 1536 pi. 59, and above all the splendid series in the Lloyd collection \ ^ ^

615

to be certain that we have here the ox of the Bouphonia. What is … Without attempting further to investigate the prehistory of the … 1 "^iteess the myths of Antiope {supra i. 535 n. i, 736, 740), Deo or Demeter … ^"^i'p black-figured lekythos from Kyme in Campania, now at Naples (G. Fiorelli … which sne .W llle Co"ipte-rendu St. Pet. 1863 p. 135, on account of 'die Rebzweige' by

617

right to left1. The Hellenistic age, tiring a little of this hackneyed … ^"ne famous Europe-Xy'/;> at Munich (supra i. 526 n. 1 with col. pi. xxxii), on … P- 47j)- I therefore figure a second, now in my collection (fig. 417),

618

type, sought to vary the traditional pose1, imported fresh elements … these coins to Phaistos: on their reverse the legend surrounding the lion's scalp has e't|1^ … is half-draped in a light wrap which she holds as a sail with either hand. The foitn ^ … 1 Europe floating (supra i. 547 fig. 414), recumbent with front to spec a

619

°f interest into the scene1, or changed the time of action by showing … ^ A good example of the sort is a 'Lucanian' amphora in the British Museum (Brit. … figure with ^ ''^ * /a'"'a' and on t'le snore she has quitted stands a bearded male … Len°rmanti-j>" 44- p1' 25 ^ = my fig" 4'8)' Remacn Vases A"L P- io5 f- P1- 25*

620

up a wreath as omen of successful love. And four stars indicate the sky, which is the true … dia.Ko/xlo-a.i>Tos rijv 'EipuTiiv, Loukian. dial. mar. 15. 2 6 Zevs Si ra6p(p eUdaas eavro" … (2) An Apulian amphora in the Museo Gregoriano of the Vatican has the "W^fre

Plate 47

Lepage Qig n. 2 (1) (A).

622

a vegetation power1 and as such associated with flowers and fruit. … p. 638 n. o fig. 435); but Overbeck's own tracing shows that the god's face is 01 … Toh cjtvroh irepLxebjxevov. Here too in the midst of the meadow is a spring we ^^hed

623

with sundry modifications1 to have lasted on well into Roman … 'En in replaqUeS °f glass P^'e- six Hght b,ue' tw0 violet in colour' but a11 bearin& a

624

times1—a total duration of nearly two thousand years. The theme … Der Glaube der Hellenen Berlin 1931 p. 112 (' Bronzerelief' !) and A. Roes in the /"'"^ … Europe, this is by far the earliest trace of her myth on Greek soil, and the bull- … 1 Roman wall-paintings and floor-mosaics of Europe are listed by Helbig Vr0 * g5, … 1—6. One painting and a couple of mosaics will serve to illustrate the range and va … Leipzig 1929 p. 289 f. pi. 4 (a good reproduction in colours), O. Elia Pitture ^\(-

625

to indicate that this is holy ground. The whole composition, with its clear-cut contours

626

(2) A mosaic, found at Praeneste (Palestrina) towards the end of the seventeent … problems of interest (O. Jahn Die Entfuhrung dcr Europa attf anttken ^ gtl,isi

Plate 48

A Roman mosaic J ^ros and Poseidon.

627

c*mpanUcht Wandmalerei Leipzig 1873 p. 224 ff., id. in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 14121!". … I ' 12 *•> 1 1. 11). See further A. Reinach Textes Feint. Anc. i. 385 n. 2. … a8reemetu °n" The obvious intention to represent a wedding train and the general

628

a deep-seated belief among the Mediterranean peoples that the … Eumelos of Corinth, whose floruit (supra i. 738) should have been fixed later ^ … Among Latin poets treating of the same subject the following deserve notice. … 3 Edhem Bey in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1908 xxxii. 521—528 pis. 5 ( = »>y ^' a"„d if' … 4 The inscription at the foot of the stile, apparently composed in impe ^^£v\^

630

and a himdtion. His left hand grasps a sceptre, the lower end of … district, having been found near Gunen, presumably at Kavak: (1) a bl … hovyei[vos] \ [--]iov Trpay/u.aTeu\[T]rjs [--]. (4) a small base inscribed HpaK jjng … de taureau.' Neither suggests a mask. ;;. 361 … ation; a cote" de lui, un jeune garcon...dans la meme attitude,' etc. ^ cit. 'u°

Plate 49

Io as a heifer with Argos and Hermes. … Io as a steer (!) with Argos, Hermes, and Zeus.

631

Aischylos in the first of his extant plays makes the chorus of Dan- … 7ra^ac'0arot' a/Aertpov y£\tros 0tXtas irpoybvov yvvaiKos, j vewaov eti(ppov alvov, | ycvov iro\v- … Representations of Io are collected and discussed in primis by R. Engelmann De … st>^{it'SC^len ^s's zuzugeDen- Wenn man aber bedenkt, dass der Wechsel in der Dar- … at ^ Us alfeady before the close of s. vi B.C. (supra p. 221) on the throne of Apollon … Panel a; .HZ" "' Zeich»"»g Gr. i. 173, 178, iii. 34 fig. 148). An Attic black-figured

633

(=my fig. 428) was the first to publish the correct design and to include a point noticed … des rotfignrigen Sttis Tubingen 1925 p. 30 no. 5). A red-figured stamnos from Caere, … but by aainter' c- 48° B.C. likewise has Hermes slaying Argos, here covered with eyes, … Girgenti p • ' *}' ^' D" Beazley cit- P- no no- 0- A red-figured hydrla by 'the … e ^"'11. jif. ]' 7'cus and ,lera balance each other on the left and right (E. Petersen in

634

as a heifer with human face1, as a maiden with heifer's ears and … 1 R. Engelmann in the /ahrb. d. hais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1903 xviii. 38 ff. fig'1 \ jQ … der Zeitbestimmung noch etwas holier hinaufgehen.' The vase represents a '3ea'vear5 … /ih> /3o6s, I Tav S' av yvvaiKdf ripas 6' iBaixfiovv). But S. Eitrem in Pauly-^" 0lcbpS

635

stengel, den sie in der Rechten halt, sehr passend als Tochter des Flusses Inachos … reliefUlefixes 01 ten'a colta, semi-elliptical in shape and adorned with the head of Io in

636

(Annual Report Boston 1901 p. 63 n.). There are several in Berlin, and many in tne … head, indications of cow's hide (?)'), and from her ears hang earrings of one drop- joVed

637

3 Bovine ears, an unnecessary deformation, are discarded in most representations of … kn°Wn to °]{ Atllens> tne famous contemporary of Praxiteles (Plin. nat. hist. 35. 133), is

638

die campanische Wand?italerci Leipzig 1873 pp. 113, 140 ff. in his conjecture, n°w … nos. 131—134, Reinach Rep. Peint. Gr. Rom. p. 15 nos. 4 and 6, p. 16 no. 2), of … and one from the Macellum in the 'Fourth Style' [c. 50—79 a.d.) (Herrmann … Nikias' masterpiece exerted a powerful influence over the vase-painters of South _ g … 12, Reinach Rep. Vases ii. 16, 2), shows Io after her wanderings seated on the a ^ … holding his eagle-sceptre. On the left, Hermes, with supported foot, wau~— ■ eSl … Berlin ii. 873 ff. no. 3164), which makes Io sit on the pedestal of the godde-

640

Artemis' fawn in the foreground shows to whom that precinct belongs. Finally, in ' e … Heydemann Vasensamml. Neapel p. 443 no. 2922, O. Hofer in Roscher LeX'

641

A cornelian signed by Dioskourides, the supreme glyptic artist of the Augustan age … ,o^m.entaf- 5i 10 (inadequate), A. Furtwangler in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst.

642

By a natural play upon names Zeus Olbios was taken as the … For the coins of Gaza see supra i. 236 n. 3 figs. 176, 177. … in Monumenta Asiae Minoris antiqua 1931 iii. 44—79 ('Uzundja Burdj—■'-,'0'c.a'sarean(| … no 1231 apxiepebs iit[y]as TeD/cpos Zrjvotpdvovs [roO] | levKpov Aii 'OX[^']V TaS . The

643

ln "fon. As. Min. 1931 iii. 47 fig. 67). The rest were removed in Christian times, when … ac<luired, aj1 . 'n its own ri^nt' at length—probably in the reign of Vespasian—it … ^yi^iarot) I ipXo["}ros tov \anrp(oTa.Tov) [kt/ dav]p.a<noTOLTOv Kd/iyTOt irp[uTov … S clear). res<ored as rod [WxoDj tJ^s or toD[to r6\r)s t]))s, but the general sense … •j!Slrict was rulSa'd t0 haVe been estab'isllet' by Aias> son o{ Teukros; and the whole

645

coast at Ayash (Elaioussa Sebaste: W. Ruge ib. v. 2228 f. and J. Keil—A. Wilhelm in … ^cription. Similar types occur with obv. head of Augustus (ib. p. 120 f. pi. 22, 1—3, … *Ierme^erial coins of Diokaisareia, apart from variations of such types as the head of

646

turreted goddess seated towards the right, while Tyche—her second self—with kalalhos, … Cat. Coins Lycaonia, etc. p. 74 f. pi. 13, 3 = my fig. 447 from a cast). Substantial remains … 'Ofipifiov Kal Kvpia AeuviSov r\ yw^ 'Oinriov to Tuxcuoj' rrj 7r6Aei), a temple dating fioin … Not much is known of the Salaminian Zeus. Ampelius, drawing from some Alexandrine … E. Assmann (ed. 1935) assumes a conflation of Ampelius' text (Cypro <signum … L. Schwabe History of Roman Literature trans. G. C. W. Warr London 1891 >■ … from Tyre to Cyprus and was there joined by the priest of Iupiter, who bargainee ^ … shortly after 383 a.d. (M. Schanz op. cit. Mtinchen 1904 iv. 1. 90), notes the ^ … Paphus: altera Iovis delubris, altera Veneris templo insignis). A curious 'eSe1^. s;u5 … Dindorf's ed. v. xx), is to this effect. Once during a sore famine a certain "^.^ fot … But while Epiphanios prayed God's voice was heard saying: 'Go to the te I ^0u … shalt find gold in abundance. Take it and buy all the wheat and barley on ^ j,e

647

aU the corn that Faustinianus possessed. The longer version of this narrative says rjv 5£ … *w„}, 0. 'P'tome would explain away the difficult name by writing ™TV * M'P … ltu (a<T0aXe£as cod.). iri5Xat = Favorin. lex. p. 1062, 52. There can be little doubt

648

that the building in question was the old heathen temple of Zeus SaXa/i/cios (E. Obei- … in 1890 by J. A. R. Munro and H. A. Tubbs (Journ. Hell. Stud. 1891 xii. 66, 1°^ {0 … 7pd0]eic touto 5tar(a)[----------|-----&/] (t)4> iepi? to" Ai(6)[s _

649

" I------^tXo^evov----------------I--------(r)a'iou------- … J85 no. 25 (b) fig., F. H. Marshall loc. cit. p. 136 no. 978 (b) with fig.-------

650

10 ( = my fig. 454) Trajan, Head Hist, num."2 p. 746). His effigy, on pieces struck 5 … airapxet \ 6 HeXa/AcwLddas• drap | Afrxs 2aAa/zt>' ^xet TraTptpav with schol. ud loc.i CP … this island was in mythical times colonised by the Aiakidai of Aigina (see e.g. J- ^ °P ^ … that it would be unsafe to say. But it is at least curious to note that, in tracing ^ … article (Reinach loc. cit. 1909 lx. 328 n. 1). Farnell too in his … saying'). Nilsson Min.-Myc. Rel. p. 349 ff., after shrewdly criticising the view … quidem in Locride, ubi iuxtaponebantur heros arcitenens et heros hasti e •• eoriiifl>

651

numen fuisse marinum circa Salaminem cultum' (H. Steuding in the Woch. J. klass. … ' 3- 368, 15. 192 f.; Philostr. v. Apoll. 5. 5 p. 167 f. Kayser). Of this and other such … c°»'ius C°mpares the Etruscan Tarcna, Tarchna, Tarquenna, Tarchu, Tarauitus, Tar- … [Leipzi a"len der Lykier nebst einem Verzeichnisse kleinasiatischer Namenstamme … y two inscriptions of s. i a.d. (J. Keil—A. v. Premerstein in the Denkschr. d.

652

Akad. Wien 1910 ii. Abh. p. 26 f. no. 37 with fig. 17 ( = my fig. 457) the lower part of a … wolnnv 26ou ei£d\/i.ei'os avtdrjKev, eid. ib. 1914 i. Abh. p. 61 f. no. 78 on the lower par' … statten' (Pfister Rel. Gr. Rom. 1930 p. 119). As to the alternation of the names Aias … ground for doubting Lactantius' statement. The Cypriote custom stands first an ^orIn»

653

(Steph. Byz. s.v. Kwrpos), Kepaffria (Menandros of Ephesos frag. 7 (Frag. hist. Gr. iv. … ov's Hospitis ara; | ignarus sceleris (so J. N. Madvig for in lugubris sceleri (sceleris N.) … that' re^'n<^U' I grandiaque in torvos transformat membra iuvencos), and finally remarks … rohs °V av^Pa Tt? Ai2 (Ttpd^tjiat Kar £tos. HoLnnpLt 5e eKeivov wpLcrov a<pd^as tov p.dvTiv … Salam- Adonis Attis Osiris3 i. 145 f. apparently refer to Teukros also the … ie6(roP^P^ ^01pa ttjs ~a\apXvos rrjs ev KvTrpip) dvop.afop.e'vri, p.-qvl Kara KvTrpiovs'AippoSLfflip … "■"■"Md^oD " a"y^e"os TP'S Tfp'^9« tov fiap.6v ■ ZireiTa 6 iepeis avTOv \6yxv (vaiev Kara tov … 9^Pa7r(e),;^^Sts a compound of Xovw, a natural rain charm.' Perhaps rather a slip for

654

the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1903 xxiii. 36—39 and E. H. Minns Scythians and Greeks … A … Another fragment, assigned by Latyschev to the first half of s. iii, by Miss Hi … A large statue-base in veined grey marble, which had probably supported an eq ^

655

Zeus appears occasionally on the bronze coins of Olbia, usually as a bearded head in … n' ° P'- 3> 12 £), rarely in imperial times as a seated figure holding a sceptre, with Tychc … «*. Nord-Griechenlands i. 1 pi. [I, 22 ( = my fig. 463). Miss Hirst in the Journ. … Greek towndea'llably CUrious that Zeus "°^«os, as namesake and paramount deity of the … i.evil and call' d°uljt wnom tms might represent: the Russian peasants recognise the

656

656 Zeus struck with a double axe … two other specimens in the Fitzwilliam Museum (=my figs. 468 and 469)) is after a … Dumont Milanges d'arche'ologie et d' ipigraphie Paris 1892 p. 456 no. mcl1 a sepu … 3 Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. no. 4085 (found at Capua in 1SS5) pro salute | « » carve«

657

The birth of Athena … Geburf Jj,Se lellefs were published together and discussed in detail by R. Schneider Die … radri<l is*--'11 grie2° encontrado en la Moncloa' in the _ … jVere still ^one'111 k fr°m the coIlection of the Marchese Rondinini belong together and … 53=) and a"11^ reliefs- They passed into the possession of W. von Humboldt (1767-

658

8 Zeus struck with a double axe

659

The birth of Athena … ^lai S) 'figS' +6—witn neo-Attic fragments of reliefs, now in Rome, Florence, and … (=ttf_ Svoro»os in the Jonrn. Intern. oVArch. Num. 1902 v. 169—188, 285—377

660

660 Zeus struck with a double axe

661

The birth of Athena … But, whatever name we give to the axe-bearer on the Madrid … '^0aiV ll'f^a^'7>' TreXiKd Ilpofi7)8(us 7) Kaddirtp dXXoi Xiyovaiv 'W(paiaTO\i (Xiyowri Kai … ^P°lt»8i \ G' He>'ne)» 'AlVS » SxXois ave$opev, schol. Find. CV. 7. 66 a fr'ioi 8^ rip … j,er'laPs told"" ^~*0l"n P^ai *V T0" "0a\V ore 'A0>?><a iyevvaro. The story was … 1,1 S°sibi0s' ', ^ 01 5*'EPM>>. The statement may have occurred, as C. Miiller supposes, … * ^s ^aXKcoi- S °'?M'0l''r>'"'/ T"S''o>' FopeoruTa t(p A(i iroovai viXtnvv (xovra, KaSdirep iv … *<a, ^0nnos etc I

662

The birth of Athena in art … (6>) The birth of Athena in art. … (op. cit. pp. 9—16) is extended by P. Baur 'Eileithyia' in Philologus 1899— 19°l . ^ … 78), who adds a fine, though fragmentary, black-figured pinax belonging … See further E. Gerhard Athenens Geburt auf Vasenbildem und auf dem J a p;e

Plate 50

Zeus in labour, flanked by two Eileithyiai.

663

The birth of Athena in art 663 … de 'tyitt '£° 38f- col. pi. 152 as red-figured (!)—a blunder corrected by Lenormant— … J* acrolithi Eileithyiai extend the open hand in token of delivery (?cp. Paus. 7. 23. $f. … rel'efs fro r 0 n- 2 (0 fig. 23 or the supporters of a goddess on an archaic plthos with

664

664 The birth of Athena in art … p. 111 f. no. 466, H. B. Walters History of Ancient Pottery London 1905 i. 49? , -( 1)

Plate 51

Zeus in labour, with two Eileithyiai and Hermes in attendance.

665

The birth of Athena in art … (£ty>n*ffr' E^eWwo> ,rom efMw + 0i«a, means 'in tier Bedrangnis schnell herbeieilend' … r'8,lt- My fi' 3)' adds Her"ies (?) and Apollon on the left, Herakles (!) and Ares on the

666

The birth of Athena in art

Plate 52

Amphora from Vulci, now in the Vatican :

667

The birth of Athena in art 667 … i» the^>naCl1 the ComPtes rendus de I'Acad, des inscr. et belles-lettres 1900 p. 699,

668

668 The birth of Athena in art … mentioned later3. Meantime it may be conceded that in 8ene'ot … 1 J. Oehler in Pauly—Wissowa lieal-Enc. i. 2829 f. (founded 686/5 B.C.;- … 4 Lenormant—de Witte El. mon. cir. i. 192 f. pi. 56, A (inadequate). New a , yge … 1 f., id. in the Jotirn. Hell. Stud. 1932 Hi. 170, 199 pi. 5, Hoppin Black-fig- VasesV ■

669

The birth of Athena in art … vase, which J. D. Beazley dubs ' the best of all little-master cups1,' … off as fast as his legs will carry him13. And, if the Dipolieia was … , 1 Journ. Hell. Stud. 1932 lii. 199. See also O. S. Tonks in the Am. Journ. Arch. … I l?01 v'sible on the photograph. … '"/'■a Furl«angler Vasensamml. Berlin i. 241 ff. no. 1704 (Mon. d. Inst. IX pi. 55,

670

The birth of Athena in art

671

The birth of Athena in art 671 … Univ. ep"e'heS of Corinth (? early in s. vi h.c: M. H. Swindler Ancient Painting Yale … a'is "JogT^ th<" Rt°' Gr' 1901 xiv" 133 ff" ' = "/- Cu//es> My'hes et Migio™ … » an exP'anatory Athenian E. K(pVEV/VIO$ shows a similar juxtaposition

672

The birth of Athena in art … put the form of the name beyond doubt (E. Pernice in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutseh- … 66). True, Megarian inscriptions too give the forms ZeC£is, Zc6irupos, Zui'/'XoSi ZwrtX^

673

The birth of Athena in art 673 … ^deed he is to be seen hurrying off on tip-toe2 towards the left3

Plate 56

, Pelike from Vulci, now in the British Museum :

675

The birth of Athena in art … 4th ^° ^oeschcke in tlie -Arch. Zeit. 1876 xxxiv. 109, R. Schneider Die Geburt der … °ne. More improbable still, Wilamowitz' reading rav]v/j.ri5[ris. Quite impossible, a

676

676 The birth of Athena in art … fhidle and makes Athena jump the wrong way to the manifest surprise of Hephaistos and … (3) A red-figured pcltke from Vulci, now in the British Museum … c. 465—455 B.C. (Hoppin Red-fig. Vases ii. 31 f. no. 12, but see Leonard in zjey … of delivery with his right hand as Athena rises from his head. Eileithyia nnd ^

677

The birth of Athena in art 677

678

678 The birth of Athena in art … (2) Another, from Palestrina, now in London (R. Kekule in the Ann. • ^ di

679

The birth of Athena in art 679 … rgoi, the port of Caere: Si EiXntfiuas iepdv, HeXtta-yaw ISpvua, irXoioibv Tore … ' P}- G—H, Gerhard Etr. Spiegel iv. 12 f. pi. 284, 1 ( = my fig. 488), A. Fabre … ^Oscl rtPttonum ttalicamm Aug. Taurinorum 1867 p. ccxv no. 2478, C. Pauli in … his th m armour risi"g f'orn his head. Left and right of him, leaning on the back of

680

The birth of Athena in art … the background is seen a temple-front with four Ionic columns, which is hardly … (5) Yet another mirror, formerly in the Museo Campana, now in the ^ ^ … du centre en A et en B sont a peu pres saufs'), Perrot—Chipiez Hist. de PArt x- ^

681

The birth of Athena in art 681

682

682 The birth of Athena in art

683

The birth of Athena in art … 1 On the use of dogs in war see F. Orth in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal-Enc. viii. 2566 f.;

684

684 The birth of Athena in art … kithdra and plektron makes music. To the right of all stan.^te … 1 A. de La Borde Collection des vases grecs tie M. le comte de Lamlierg 1 ieider

685

The birth of Athena in art

686

686 The birth of Athena in art … either side of this group stand the two Eileithyiai, and beyond the … It is possible, though not certain, that Dionysos borrowed the type ii°m ^

687

The birth of Athena in art … lar>d as if to greet the hasty arrival of Nike from the left. Nike

688

688 The birth of Athena in art … Vase-type (i): Zeus in labour Vase-type (2): Athena emerging f101*1 … Vase-type (3) due to Megariati potters resident in Athens:

Plate 57

Drawing of the east pediment of the Parthenon by J. Carrey? (1674) ind attempted restorations by E. A. Gardner (1902) and K. Schwerzek (1904).

689

The birth of Athena in art … re'nen v'St ^ namlich aus technischen Grunden ganz unmdglich, die Zeus-Statue in der

690

690 The birth of Athena in art … Rhys Carpenter, deaf to derision, revives Six' central group in the Am. Journ. Aid1

691

The birth of Athena in art 691 … a … /A * … ^ecti0' ^a'm'3erg in Zapiski (Transactions of the Classical

692

The birth of Athena in art … 1 C. Smith 'The Central Groups of the Parthenon Pediments' in 'he '°U

693

The birth of Athena in art 693 … it is surely hard to believe that Pheidias would have left, as on … Statuary., 1Irab'y fl" tne aPex °f 'he pediment, and that the vase-painter observing the … '3 Feb 5,1 Put forward my reconstruction in a paper read to the Hellenic Society on

694

694- The birth of Athena in art … pi. 48, 8 a bronze medallion of Antoninus Pius) and votive reliefs (Svoro ^ … fig. 109). (fr0„r the

695

The birth of Athena in art 695 … i N. Svoronos in the Journ. Intern. d'Arch. Num. 1912 xiv. 274 pL IS"', 4, 9, 10.

696

The birth of Athena in art … A. F. Gori Museum Florentinum Gemmae antiquae ex thesauro Mediceo et pnva … 5 Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Sculpt, p. 465. His observation ii. n. 3 'Only … Hohe streben.' The question is one for anatomists to decide.

697

The birth of Athena in art 697 … litad'^ WaS rePresented as drawing back, after the stroke by which the cleaving of the … i&74 I.2 P" 7 P1- 2> 2> H. Heydemann in the Arch. Zeit. 1872 xxx. 96, R. Kekule ib. … ftichtei. b'ljli«graphy), Stais Marbres et Bronzes: Athenes" p. 29 no. 127, G. M. A. … *Uer the Ath. Mitth. 1891 xvi. 62, 69 no. 10, 70 no. 16, 87.

698

The birth of Athena in art … ! l7..-«.„nn~i~.. T*.t~~...~___• t —.'— tj—1:„ _ _i a__1___i u:~ „a,-,tra\ Acl … sculpture at least as early as 42-;—423 B.C. (the date of the play: see G. H. ' _ Qh"sl

699

The birth of Athena in art 699 … 'ler the u ^ /<"' r,V" P* ,8 originally gave her a diH'erent position: 'I should place

700

The birth of Athena in art … 2 A fragment of this figure perhaps survives in a left thigh of marble (fig. 518: heigh' … (3) A black-figured amphora from Italy (?), formerly in the Fould collection, now

701

The birth of Athena in art 701 … Pa-rthenongiebels Wien 1904 p. 21 with pi. ( = my pi. lvii, 3). … • Sauer op. cit. pi. 3, 7 with over-leaf.

702

702 The birth of Athena in art … Our only clue will be the fact noted above1, that Attic vases painted … So far as I can judge, these three fragments fall well into place on my drawing, which … (A. Michaelis Der Parthenon Leipzig 1871 p. 196 on nos. 8 and 9 asks: 'vvarum nicht? )

704

704 The birth of Athena in art … companion was almost certainly Herakles, whose presence at the … Hoppin Red-fig. Vases ii. 191 no. 44 had been content with a more general attribution … sound, I have placed the vase somewhat too late supra ii. 262.

705

The birth of Athena in art 705 … ls caduceus and Apollon playing his kithdra. Several modern critics … r'stic of the transition from fifth-century to fourth-century sculpture in general. … 2 L ^ ^CSS P'°kau'y an W5) funning or moving rapidly towards the right. … yS Lai'Penter in Hesperia 19,3 ii. 81.

706

The birth of Athena in art … 2 It came to be used, not only for Hermes (C. Scherer in Roscher Lex. Myth, i- H00' … 5 A. S. Murray The Sculptures of the Parthenon London 1903 pp- I23> ^ … fig. 16, E. Loewy The Rendering of Nature in early Greek Art trans. J- 0 £f. … the sandal-binding ' Hermes.' The statue in the Lansdowne collection (A- - Tparnell … p. 43 f. no. 287 with pi.) and Paris (Frohner Sculpt, du Louvre i. 2 to ff. no^ qC the … pi. 238 a, b, but by nobody else (see e.g. Furtwangler Glyptothek zu Miinchen p- ^n

707

The birth of Athena in art … Apollon would almost certainly have been wearing the long … ' 'tioti des Sstlichen Parihenoneiebtb Wien 1004 p. 20 f. with pi. … A F n—Bruckmann Dcnkm. der gr. und rbm. Sculpt, pi. 465 ('Muse Barberini'),

708

The birth of Athena in art … 1 For Agorakritos see C. Robert in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 882 (., G- … 4 C. L. Visconti in the Bull. Comm. Arch. Comun. di Roma 1887 p- 33° ' ^ 4.

709

The birth of Athena in art 709

710

710 The birth of Athena in art … 1 L. Stephani Ant. du Bosph. Cimm. ii. 42 ff. pi. 57, 1—4 (in colours) = Reinach … Sculpt. Vatic, i. 108 adds three more. M. N. Tod and A. J. B. Wace A Catalogue oft' … hundert wiedergibt, in die erste Hiilfte des fiinften Jahrhunderts oder wenigstens in _^ … 11 B. Schroder 'Artemis Colonna' in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. I»st- ^

711

The birth of Athena in art 711 … (•■■ Lethaby Greek Buildings represented by fragments in the British Museum … I have collected and sifted the literary evidence in the Class. Rev. 1906 xx. 367.

712

712 The birth of Athena in art … 1 F. Studniczka in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsc/i. arch. Inst. 1904 xix. 3 ff. figs. 1—6 pi- … 4 Paus. 10. 28. 3 (Polygnotos' painting of the Underworld in the Cnidian Lesche … 5 G. Dickins in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1906—1907 xiii. 357 ff. figs. 1—23, 25 '2 … 7 Damophon's group had already been brought into connexion with the Parthen

713

The birth of Athena in art 713 … "''in. Comm. Paus. iii. 141 pi. BB, 22 ( = my fig. 527), J. N. Svoronos Les monnaies … ^ A. H. Smith A Guide to the Sculptures of the Parthenon London 1908 p. 20 … einem, dem Dionysos, eigenlhiimlich ist'), A. H. Smith in the Brit. Mus. Cat.

714

714 The birth of Athena in art … Atlas pi. 4, 4 ( = Reinach Rip. Vases i. 47, 1) reproduced in my fig. 528, etc. y

715

The birth of Athena in art 715 … 0n coins of the Arcadian League {supra i. 69 f. figs. 47—49)- … (2) Pan (C. J. Reuvens in The Classical fournal 1823 xxviii. 282). Cp. Svoronos … a£,liol°giques Paris 1830 ii p. xi n. 3, Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Sculpt, p. 468, … j. <5) Mt Olympos (H. Brunn in the Silzungsber. d. kais. bayr. Akad. d. IViss. Phil.-

716

716 The birth of Athena in art … found on pre-Roman works of art, he urges that Roman reliefs here … But J. Overbeck, who in 1857 took the triad to be the Kekropides (Gr. Plast'k1 >• … (Phidias Paris n.d. p. 46), was later content to call them 'les Parques' (Hist- de a … 6 //. 20. 127 f., Od. 7. 197 f. See further H. Ebeling Lexicon Homericum LiPs,a

717

The birth of Athena in art 717 … Pp. 205—234 ('Kleromancy'), F. E. Robbins 'The Lot Oracle at Delphi' in Class. … Rhys Carpenter in his restoration (supra pi. lviii, 2) has contrived to work in the Fates … (') The Kekropides Aglauros, Herse, and Pandrosos (F. G. Welcker supra p. 71J

718

718 The birth of Athena in art

719

The birth of Athena in art 719 … lei. Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Sculpt, p. 465 'Even Nyx, who must withdraw … Other sources merely mention the 'third of the month': so Harpokr. s.v. TptrSpnirtf … ^Toyivaa, 7j'A^Tji^a-...7) eYeiS?) rpirala yiyovtv, olovd rj cpaivopiivr) rpirai'a- ko.1 yap tt\v

720

The birth of Athena in art … Dissent is expressed by that sturdy independent A. S. Murray The Sculptures of

721

The birth of Athena in art … Pans. 1. 19. 2 (cited infra p. 722 n. 3). P. Weizsacfcer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. … 0 B. Schmidt Das Volksleben der Neugriechcn Leipzig 1871 i. 217 f. cites two items of

722

722 The birth of Athena in art … 2 F. Studniczka in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1904 xix. 8 f. ^ … i no. 602, 8 f. (near Sparta) Kal Moipwv Aaxtaewv x[ai] | 'AcppodeiTrjs "EvoirX'ioy in a … 6 Famell Cults of Gk. States iii. 169, 242 f. the … This tablet of painted terra cotta (height o-3o"\ width o'i5m) was found by

723

The birth of Athena in art 723 … of its e,ta let is shaped like a temple-front with pediment and akroterion. The decoration

724

724 The birth of Athena in art … that the upper register shows the mysteries of Eleusis, the lower those of Agra, whlC … 4 Diod. 4. 14 (probably following the iyKiiipuov "B.pa.k\tovs by Matris of sc)i°'' … p£v p.€yd\a rijs AT]/j.7jrpos, to. d£ ixiKpa Hepcretpdvijs ttjs avrijs dvyarpbs.

725

The birth of Athena in art 725 … f . inscr. Att. iii. i no. 370 (with facsimile on pi. 4) "HjStjs and no. 374 (with … 'nscrib ^6V' XX' w'lere " 'lave cited a boundary-stone found near Thorikos … and r"Cke aus Grieche»land BaseI l857 P- 68. K. Keil in Philologus 1866 xxiii. 619 f.) … So m^J1' K^&8°"' livpalvris oi aivoitrov. I suspect that the original intention was, not … for ]aj J/ef. p. 93 § 101). For early types of herm see supra ii. 384 n. o; … fythien l' Grazer on Paus. 1. 19. 1 and on t. 29. 1, G. Colin Le culte d'Apollon … 'ate /> r ^P°"on mOaptftSi on the bronze coinage of Athens see E. Beule Les

726

The birth of Athena in art … ™ <jTTi(8)ei rb iiyefioviicbv (e)Tptu k&Kei T7j(c 'A.6)t]vS.v yeyoi'6i'a(i) <ppdvr]0~iv oftoav, TV … Doxographi Graeci Berolini 1879 p. 548 b 14 ff. A(i)oy4injs S' b Ba^uXtieios ev Tif r ^ … 'a-f/p' (X)^75 ns ipeiv '"H(/>a'- rb) 8' els rb(v) a(l0)ipa 'Adtivav tovto yap X<?(7£) is(.

727

Significance of the birth of Athena 727 … ' n- von Arnim in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 774. … p.TjT ^ <t>a^wv) aidrip.'...tt)i> ~M9p-iv ovv kgltclttiwi' b Zei)s iy^vvrjaev avT-qv, €TT€l5t} … <*°<^* ^ ■ Osann cj. Ka$' 8\ov) PovXtjs tt\v dpxty tov (ppoveiv Zo~x€v- T0 ^ bvop.a r^s … u *}[ P l/"?0'' KtKpv~<pQcu tt\v 0e6v, tov be Aia 7r\7;|a>'Ta to vetpos irpo<p7jvai avr-qv. … fast ^C.lr run in der Sprache bilden, werden auch frith personificirt, und kommen daher … Und d'0 ' natiir''cn' dass die Nation vvelche den Verstand in der Pallas personificirte,

728

728 Significance of the birth of Athena … Such vagaries gradually gave way before the advance of … Athenen angewendet, mtissen wir es streng verneinen, dass in ihr irgend menscW1 … 271) cites Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 359 t] 8c (ppbvriaLS 'kB-qva eivWera ravra KiKTijTaf V°v … pensee de Zeus... Deja, dans Hesiode, on a vu Metis representer, sous une ^^.^ … 6 F. Max Miiller Lectures on the Science of Language London 1864 »■ 5°3

729

Significance of the birth of Athena 729 … '9 (copied by Eustath. in II. p. 1139, 54 ff.) aaXirlyyuv Si etS-r) ?f. irpihrq t] 'EXX17KI/C7;, … QXn ron tw'ce uses l,d\iriy^ as a synonym of 'ABrjva (Lyk. Al. 915 with Tzetz. adloc, … a'0ls va-Tayoiai Aibs 7rpo/caX/ftTo adX-ny^, Tryphiod. 326 f. ovpavii] 8b \ tK Aios

730

730 Significance of the birth of Athena … Apart from these typical explanations we have to reckon with … Denken entsprechende Vorstellung, dass die Gottin, die wir uns nur in ihrer voile'1 … gewesen ist. Eben dieses klingt mir gar nicht unglaublich, es weist aber in die Zeit, … griechisch zu halten, den Zeus in ihm fiir Ersatz des Olympos, der selbst einrnal … wurde in der Sage von der Geburt der Gottin das Plaupt.' t>y … Cybele asiatique, on imagina le mythe d'Athena nee de la tete de Zeus, c est-a-

731

Significance of the birth of Athena 731 … lH% ^a "erl'n 1921 p. 30 fig. 116 (photo), id.2 Berlin 1923 p. 14 fig. 15 (photo), … ^orde ^S 'St vo'"i°mmen deutlich'), V. Miiller Friihe Plastik in Griechenland und … after ]j •^m'\er.in ^Anthropologic 1890 p. 352 with fig. 14 on p. 358 ( = my fig. 533)

732

732 Significance of the birth of Athena … That may be hazardous, but it is far less so than a rival … 3 Examples of the sort may be found in the myths of Chimaira (Perrot—Chipie^ . oS … 7 G. Ancey 'La naissance d'Athena' in the Rev. Arch. 1913 i. 209—2H- >aura>' … 11 Aristot. probl. 33. 7. 962 a 21 ff. dta tI t6v p.h Trrapniiv Bobv ijyovp.e8i a'^t,

733

Significance of the birth of Athena 733 … Frazer Golden Boutf* ii. 1 ff., it?: The Uving God p. 14 ff., id. Led. Hist.

734

734 Significance of the birth of Athena … Lenormant—de Witte El. num. ctr. i. 28 pi. 14, 75 ff. pi. 30), I publish it here from the … encore du surnom IloXieiJs, leprotecteur de la ville, que Jupiter portait a Athenes, et cette … Mr Bicknell further notes Raphael's design of a white-haired Iupiter for the frescoe … Reichhold—Hauser Gr. Vasenmalerei iii. 182, 189 f. fig. 95. Earlier literature in … 1912 xxxii. 176 f.)—perhaps significant. But we can hardly say the same of the so'

735

Significance of the birth of Athena 735 … I'rofj, 16 on,y critic who has perceived this important point with adequate vision is

736

736 Significance of the birth of Athena … (by-form of Zeus) … I should maintain that the cults of the Akropolis can be arrange … Minoan-Mycenaean goddess; but he cannot be her husband, since she, like the ,^gt. … birth, which represents, if we could but recover the details, an interesting chapter … Boiotia, as Professor Myres has recently proved, was overrun by Ionians in Pr^ .(ji

737

Significance of the birth of Athena 737 … If this sequence be conceded, several disturbing features in the … *ho, though originally a mother-goddess5, had long since come to … o Supra p. 224 ff. 6 Supra p. 224 with n. 3. 7 Supra p. 79 ff.

738

738 Significance of the birth of Athena … Travancore, cut off the top-knot of the deceased (see Frazer, Burial Customs, P- … A more brainless bit of bogus mythology based on the myth of Athena's birtn .

739

Significance of the birth of Athena 739 … Lact. div. ins/, i. n has a trenchant passage on the subject of Zeus being super- … int am no1 nere concernea with the progressive senescence of art-types—a matter

740

74° The superannuation of Zeus … Of torment, till Zeus fall from his high throne. … Prom. Then be assured the very truth is so. … But the sentence is broken off, and Prometheus does not reveal … To pass the curse his father Kronos cried … So dire a wrestler he himself provides

741

The superannuation of Zeus … Prom. Ay, bend and worship, fawn upon the strong! … •But despite this attitude of defiance and exultation the Titanic … The mistress of the sea … If she with Zeus or with Zeus' brethren met. … "^")a.i "( \T- 7r<rf'i 6^(ti5o)s, (is Xl>e(u)v et(v) T0" airijs ytv{v)-r\8ivTa. Kpeh(r)oi Kara- … T'5i TrXijaidirat ^kuXvOt] vtto rod Vlpop.-qdtw dra Il^Xe? ISo^ev a{rrr]v

742

742 The superannuation of Zeus … Behold a son to perish in the fray, … This guerdon that a god might gain … 3 Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 178 (cited supra p. 742 n. o), where E. Scheer rega … otpuiv rexBets, 86ev Kai Tplirarpov tovtov Ka\ei, cp. schol. Nik. ther. 15, schol. A,D' ^j, … 3. 11. 2of. In the Kypria it is Momos who suggests to Zeus rip QiriSos BvyT

743

The superannuation of Zeus 743 … H. Ebeling Lexicon Homericum Lipsiae 1885 i. 1101. The formula Aii lajfriv … of ■ 1 ''le same '('ea underlies the negro plantation-song Old Man Ribber, the refrain … attribut \ Usener 'Eine Hesiodische Dichtung' in the Rhein. Mus. 1901 lvi. 174 — 186 … °s as 'eine ganz spate Dublette,' both being condemned as the products of mere

744

744 The superannuation of Zeus … the same context. It appears that Metis was wont to change her … theological speculation. F. Jacobyin his edition of the Theogony (Berlin 1930 pp.37. l86' … from eating or drinking'), and Zeus may well have been early credited with rivalling t'1^ … eh biroiov av ifioffKero. iv\a.vqaas odv avT7]v 0 Zeus Kal iriKpav (F. A. Paley would re

745

The superannuation of Zeus 745 … fo s"pra p. 744 n, 2, it remains possible, and even probable, that a pre-Hesiodic … (K B0'1*' fr"s' l69 Kern aP- Aristokrit. Manich. in the Theosoph. Tubing. 50

746

746 The superannuation of Zeus … rrjv Kadaporrjra. tti ovv Idla depfioTijTt 6 Zeiis—tovtIgtiv i) ftovcra oOcla—rb Ka^a^f£r£t^. … 3 Supra ii. 1167. W. Kranz 'Diotima von Mantineia' in Hermes 1926 Ixi- 43/^.£ce … 6 For Eros as belonging to this category of bet.wixt-and-between see E. ^ ;,/

747

The superannuation of Zeus 747 … Ts&f^' "*aP ^■aa irairrQv \ [ko.1 II6po]j yepairaroi \ [ai&v d7r]^5i\os dXicd with the … W. rj* ' V°n SaIlet in tlle Zeitschr. f. Num. 1881 viii. 118—120 with fig. ( = my fig. 536),

748

748 The attributes of Athena … 2 F. Matz in A. Mau Katalog der Bibliothek ass deutsckcn archaologischen … 5 Dr B. F. C. Atkinson has suggested to me that a masculine parallel ^ … 6 Od. 7. 78 y\avKuwis 'Adfyr], 80 ebpvayviav 'AB-qvrjv—both at the end o

749

The attributes of Athena … lls year had ended and another begun, when the following portent took place … 25 ,r^P.roc'uce 'he restoration of M. Schede Die Burg von Athen Berlin 1922 p. 105 … P- Plout, quaestt. Rom. 90 with H. J. Rose ad loe. See further O. Keller Die

750

750 The olive of Athena … anlike Tierwelt Leipzig 1909 i. 136, 139, F. Orth in Pauly—Wissowa ^,^''^"perJili

751

The olive of Athena 751 … ^£ends told how he strove with Hera for Argos, lost his case, and in anger first drained … . ■ Gr. iv. 487 Miiller) irpo<Taybp.evos 'QpQe'a.. See further J. P. Harland Prehistoric … aus. 2. 30. 6, 2. 32. 8). But, so far as Athens is concerned, notice the orderly and … j. teller—Robert Gr. Myth. i. 203 n. 1, F. Diimmler in Pauly—Wissowa Kcal-Ene. … ■882 ^' ^°hert 'Das Schiedsgericht tiber Athena und Poseidon' in the Ath. Mitth. … Attic ^° ^Uote ,:mt one recent judgment, Prof. H. J. Rose op. cit. p. 68 sees here ' a local

752

The olive of Athena

753

The olive of Athena … rock by representing it as a bone of contention between two major … Th Swindler Ancient Painting Yale Univ. Press 1929 p. 357 with fig. 476. … Scufa Wo.fragme'>ts of the tree are at Athens (A. H. Smith in the Brit. A/us. Cat. … « A'r ~*ci\ Smith in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1907 xxvii. 245 fig. 2.

754

The olive of Athena … Imperial bronze coins of Athens (figs. 539, 540)4 are often cited in … Munich 1923—1926 pi. 89, 1—15 (of which no. 3 Vienna=my fig. 539 311 .

755

The olive of Athena … jj aus. 1, 24. 3 TreTroiTjTai 52 Kal rb <pvrbv tt}s eXatas 'A^^fa Kal Kufia ava<ba'ivuv … and ^San'y a s,;atuary group; and the same is true of the minor antiquities in general)

756

The olive of Athena … 4 (1) A small cornelian in the Dutch collection (L. Stephani in the Compte-ren … (3) A large sardonyx-cameo in Paris (C. Lenormant Nouvelle galerie w-^,0uillet … of three layers supplements the central group of Poseidon and Athena with two

757

The olive of Athena … A<Va * C0Cl'' *P"TC"' Meo-Oai £7ri §up.ov, Souid. s.v. Aids fij<pos- oBrws (caXeiroi, iv o) … gg_ ,^ y" Ka?ve""ai. rdTTerai 5£ r) wapoi/ita iiri twv iepuv kai adlnroiv. Supra i. 147 with

758

The olive of Athena … with a very subordinate role, that of a … possible to Erechtheus, the acknowledged … hereditary priests of the Erechtheion6. But Poseidon and Erechtheus … from Aphrodisias in Karia, now in the Evangelical School at Smyrna. The olive, ^ … 3 J. M. Paton The Erecktheum Harvard Univ. Press 1927 pp. 169—171 w , ^oV-1

759

The olive of Athena … • 268 with n. on p. 473, E. H. Meyer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2849, Escher in … Q . Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Attica etc. p. tu no. 815 lighted altar with one olive-tree … Vym, k.t.X cp. Plin. nal. hist. 16. 234 durant in Liternino Africani prioris manu … v, e"ands.' T. v. Heldreich in A. Mommsen Griechische Jahreszeiten Schleswig 1877 … MeteV U"d der Stamm in eim'eer

760

The olive of Athena … auch in mehrere Stamme durch nattirliche Spaltung. Mit grosser Wahrscheinlich" … en Palestine et en Syrie' in the Annates des sciences naturelles 1834 i- 173] s'e lD!1jej … vielleicht noch die Bliithezeit Athens gesehen hat, giebt es in Attika noch mehrere:' … sehr bedeutend, auch bei den schonsten nur 7—ro m.' See further A. Coutance L'atfr'ef' … J On life-trees in general see Boetticher Baumkultus p. 163 ff. (' Schikksalsbaume

762

The olive of Athena … selbst wie die Schicksalsoliven Mop/a.' Kruse in Fauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xvi- ? 1 … L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pe"l. 1872 p. 33 n. 2 would identify Zeus 1 ^ … (supra i. 654 n. 4, iii. 652 n. o). He related Zeus 'EX-aiovs to 'EX-aia a head ^e … 4 Gerhard Anserl. Vasenb. iv. 12 f. pi. 245 ( = my fig. 549) a red-figured a

763

The olive of Athena … 4 *' E- Harrison in the Class. Rev. 1895 ix. 89. … Coiifirrn ,^Ut' ln P'ace of ad-qv-qs codd., H. Kochly cj. 'Aahjs?'—a reading since

764

The olive of Athena … sicut serpentes parvi in Tirynthe (so J. Dalechamps for viiHnthe codd. Salnias

765

The snake of Athena … Kreousa Snakes all of gold, the custom of my race. … ^° necklace of the sort, so far as I know, has come down to us. … < f;ur- /o» 1426 ff. trans. A. W. Verrall (adapted),

766

766 The snake of Athena … with a small hoard of silver coins ranging in date from Seleukos i (312—280 B.C.) t0 … Graeco-Roman ring of penannular shape, ending in two snake-heads. The whole hoop 15 … irepl tovs fipaxlopas eirovop.d£ovai Kal tocs wepl tovs irbSas, p.a\iaTa Si rds dp.<j»-bias Kal … quibusdam aureis gemmisque in modum facturae serpentis, Phot. lex. s.v. 6<peiS

767

The snake of Athena … Euripides, an antiquarian at heart, is here giving the attion of an … p\239 n. 1), viz. that the Athenian custom and its aetiological myth presuppose a … f en- 8. 287 ff., paus. ,. 24. 2, Hyg. fab. 30) and in art (e.g. the decorative bronze

768

768 The snake of Athena … of archaeologists. Heberdey then attempted to pack into 1 … Leipzig 1904 p. 90 ff. with fig. 109 ( = my fig. 564) and col. pi. 5, A and B. … 4 R. Heberdey Altattische Porosskulplur Wien 1919 pp. 29—46 with col. p'-

769

The snake of Athena 769 … Egyptian influence3. On this showing one might suppose that the … £ Supra i. 23, n_ «. My fig_ _s66 reproduces part of A. Dumont—J. Chaplain—

770

77° The snake of Athena … At Athens the relation of snakes to the city-goddess was em … 2 Collignon—Couve Cat. Vases d'Alhines p. 635 f. no. 1942. The older public ^

771

The snake of Athena 771 … J A defaut d'autres renseignements sur le petit edifice, nous en connaissons au moins la … Cr°ire qu'il y avait la, tout pres de l'Erechtheion, un tombeau remontant a une haute … " M atl0ns ^at something more solid was discovered—perhaps a corner of the old … ^a-r^"7^CI'' ws ApWo^os ei> r-rj ivdrrj yiypafyev iaropla, &vw ye ev rrj aKpoirdXec KinpoTrds … Q-vay J1/ ^aSe °f an on<er'ng dedicated by the (phcboi of the tribe Kekropis in 334/3 B.C. … i£[p]eit T<* Sl"rwi!/ia itc rCiv l&luv \ Hpxav tov ytvovs j ["Apeios] Auploivos ll[ai]a[vi]efo … P^dia of l'1'.4?5 "S" 3°7 (Demeter). See further R. H. Kennett in J. Hastings Encyclo-

772

The snake of Athena … 2 On the actual haunt of this reptile see supra ii. 1148 11. 2, J. M. Paton The Ertc … 4 Aristoph. Lys. 758 f. a\\' ov Stiva/j.ai "yay ovSc Koip.ao-6' iv irb\ei \ ei ov T " j … 72 (Frag.gr. Hist. ii. 186 Jacoby), cp. Eustath. in Od. p. 1423, 8 fif. Detween … 7 J. E. Hanauer Folk-Lore of the Holy Land London 1907 p. 283

773

The snake of Athena … Jewish notions, "the spinal cord of a man who does not bend his knees at the repetition … ' '• 85)- Daebritz in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 474 asks ' ist das etwa eine boshaft … ^ no. 1 (one), no. 1 (two), nos. 3 and 8 (one), cp. J. A. Hild in Daremberg—Saglio … 'nteip 5 Partem draconis habuit, Serv. in Verg. georg. 3. 113 draconteis pedibus,

774

774 The snake of Athena

775

The snake of Athena 775 … The fact is, snake-myths and snake-cults of every kind fairly … A- Korte in ihe Ath. Mitth. 1893 xviii. 245 ff. and E. Preuner in the Rhcin. Mus. … i\HT^ ^Pf t6 \cvk6v irivBos uW/uetva Kal ttjs ii> rjj a.Kpoir6\ei IlaXXdios rip SpaKovTi

776

The snake of Athena … 3 This proverb occurs in various forms: yXavic"A6r)va^e (Aristoph. av. 301, Hesy … A0r)vas (Eustath. in II. p. 87, 45, Zenob. 3. 6, Diogeneian. 3. 81, cp. Diogeneian- V'n … 6 Anson. Mos. 308 ff. vel in arce Minervae | Ictinus, magico cui noctua P '^^W*-

Plate 60

a spectator stands before the Owl on the Akropolis.

777

The owl of Athena 777

778

The owl of Athena … inscr. Gr? no. .50, Inscr. Gr. ed. min. i no. 651 Tt/j.66[e]os [k&vovos] | 'A-fa4 ^qqS … the known facts. Was Phaidros (supra p. 776 n. 5) a local sculptor? Diog. Laert. ( ^ tj,e

779

The owl of Athena 779 … ( = my fig. j-j^ It Athens, 12 f. Berlin, 14 J. Anderson, id. in the … \ 574) Paris, Gnecchi Medagl. Rom. ii. 57 ™. 47 pi- 6 Paris>- and on one of

780

y8o The owl of Athena

781

The owl of Athena 781 … im Mantel nach 1., mit Stock.' I am indebted to Mr A. D. Trendall for the photograph … PhUologus 188S xlvi. 201 — 209 argues for 'Athena of the grey-green water,' 77 6(6. tt/s

782

782 The owl of Athena … 3 Paus. 4. 34. 6. C. Robert in the Arch. Zeit. 1882 xl. 173 mentions among objec … Athena in eine Krahe verwandelt (Ov. M 2 536—632...): das ist wahrscheinlich der … Before her is an altar from which flames are rising, while a bird-—crow rather than co ^ … i. 207 with n. 1 iii. 39 fig. 169). Such a position no doubt implies that the bird stan^,j//. … In the one case the owl on the altar betokens a sacrifice to Athena: in the o j

783

The owl of Athena … °f MUKe" ° ^^os ^or T'/i'ls W Kal 6" TV irapa Meyapiwv ?xel- The relations … '"anus e"Ta "7ro T0- Trrepa iKpwpe rbv K^Kpoira, Kal bieKbp.to~ev eh ra liUyapa. The

784

784 The owl of Athena … Yet we drove their ranks before us, ere the fall of eventide: … Heinsius 'EvSaiBvla, Hemsterhusius iv S' aWvia, M. Schmidt iv b" AXBvia. The phrase is» … rifiCiv ■wpiv fidxeadai tov arpavrav SUitTtTo trans. B. B. Rogers. The last line beca … commented: ' The annotator imagines a proper name derived from y\av<ro-ew, the * … 5 Bekker anecd. i. 232, 30 ff. T\ab% i-KTmo- ira.poip.ia. ewi tuv vevitcr/tcdTuv, on "V •• … 7 F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Num. Zeitschr. New Series 1871 iii. 4, 43 f. ph 5' 2 ' r2,

785

The owl of Athena 785 … The bird which portended victory to friends naturally portended defeat to foes. … sr. • Wellmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vL 1064—1071 (distinguishing … Oxford « ewton ^e Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum

786

786 The owl of Athena … rrpoH E Mo NnoE; |AAA A … 1 D. M. Robinson—C. G. Harcum—J. H. Ilifife A Catalogue of the Greek?^ l93°

787

The owl of Athena 787 … 3 Thick fabric. Height 3J ins. The design on both sides is practically identical.

788

788 The owl of Athena … stamp—a helmeted head of Athena facing right. These two rehe s … implying small stamps or seals of excellent work, were compal

789

The owl of Athena 789 … «y K Y A JA H … ^ ^P- the Janiform head and the double axe 011 coins of Tenedos, as explained by Sir … ^[H]^'0^ *K ^"'^'^ 'n'l'a' ^ and three stamps: («) owl in olive-wreath lettered … (AW-?10 ^■"TlKP^TV^ EvKT(rjfiofi8ov?) | A.ll-e»iefc has initial E and two stamps: (a) owl, … ^,^orgineion, O. Kern [n'scriptiones Graecae Bonnae 1913 pi. 22, 4 gives a photograph

790

79° The owl of Athena … Either a limited number of jurymen took the trouble to acquire this surcharge on the' … 1 J. N. Svoronos 'ITEPI TON EISITHPIfiN TON APXAIfiN' in the J0"'?'^ … 2 J. N. Svoronos 'IIEPI TfiN EI2ITHPI0N TON APXAIfiN' in the Journ. In

791

The owl of Athena 791 … 3 Analogous modern beliefs are collected by N. W. Thomas in J. Hastings Encyclo- … 5 Aristoph. av. 884 with schol. ad loc. D'Arcy W. Thompson A Glossary of Greek … ustratam urbem in annalibus invenimus, sicut L. Cassio C. Mario cos. (107 B.C.), quo … a'ceret non inveni.

792

792 The owl of Athena … "Vogel," wie auch in co(c)tumix, das Keller Volkset. 51 als Muster fur die Bildung v0 … obvertunt, ut si in ipsos solis radios lumina figere sustinuerint, in vitam reserventur,^ … limpidissimo, videlicet aethere, illud ales consectatur, quod et calore abundat et Pel^ a … 6 J. L. Bonhote Birds of Britain London 1907 p. 364 ff. pi. 91, W. P. Pycra 1

793

The owl of Athena 793 … On crosses hung the night-birds and on roof-tops … 'D1 A- Kuhn Die Herabkitnft des Fetters und des Gottertranis2 Gutersloh 1886 p. 189

794

794 The owl °f Athena … The passage from the ornithomorphic to the anthropomorphlC … a specimen in my collection. H. von Fritze in the Corolla Numismatica Oxford l9 … Monti, gr. a"As. Min.3 i. 174 no. 10 pi. 18, 8. , jjfit- … fig. 594). Fig. 592 is from a specimen kindly given to me by Mr C- T. ^'^'usb8'1''

795

The owl of Athena 795 … 3 See P. Perdrizet in the Milanges Perrot Paris 1903 p. 264 f., R. Engelmann in the

797

The owl of Athena … 0Cjut ^' ^ayer 'n Hermes 1892 xxvii. 481—4S7, citing Aristot. hist. an. 9. 18. 617 a 9 … figured ' ^Eazley in t,le Ant, Joum. Arch. 1927 xxxi. 348 no. 8 fig. 1 publishes a red-

798

The owl of Athena … Prof. Beazley cp. Aristoph. av. 261 KiKKafSau KiKKafiav, schol. ad loc. ras V^a*'l"tSiplote

799

The owl of Athena 799 … er "need. i. jo, 5 ff.), here named Ao— (? cp. \daravpos, Xoi/caor^s, or the like), … p , °'|itz Bechtel Gr. Dial.-Inschr. iii. 1. 66 no. 3119I1 69 <J><i/,a or cpwua, Inscr. Gr. … Athen CS S "1£ 'r'Pod ^'om Apollon, Iolaos holds in readiness his four-horsed chariot and

800

The owl of Athena

801

The owl of Athena 801 … ^©E (fig. 602) suggests that we are here concerned with the … t099 f^1011 Monn- Sr- >'<""• >• 466> K- ReSlinS in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xi.

802

8o2 The owl of Athena … followed by M. Bahrfeldt7, observe that the feathers of the bird are … pi. 12, 271 ( = my fig. 604) from a coin which passed from the Bunbury to the Haeberh0 … ccpvpav, to dk %L(pos iirifiake dapLaXei tlvl wapa t6v vabv (3o<TKopAvTj. vo'qcao'a 5e t\ ira^^^ … (1) Brit. Mus. Cat. Gems''' p. 248 no. 2484 pi. 28 a black jasper from the 1° t\

803

The owl of Athena 803 … 2488) a burnt agate from the Towneley collection: bird to right, with helmeted head of … . (4) rurtwangler Geschnitt. Steine Berlin p. 147 no. 3340 pi. 27 a cornelian: owl to … ,0fgoneion auf der Brust'!) and two spears parallel; the owl stands on palm-branch … *le'mT" PZI8 '^89 P- 161 pi. 26, 61 an onyx at Vienna (no. 1067): owl to left, with … ■^'hena Slat- 2°7 no. 1 a bronze at Avignon: owl, with helmeted head of

804

804 The owl of Athena … The fourth stage in the evolution of Athena is that in which sh … 2 Castellani Sale Catalogue Paris 1884 P- 43 n0- with fig. on p. 44 (-"n1^

805

The owl of Athena 805 … 'he ^' *mh°°f"Blumer 'Die Fliigelgestalten der Athena und Nike auf Miinzen' in … a.„ Muller—Wieseler Denim, d. alt. Kunst ii. 157 f. pi. 20, 220 c, Furtwangler Ant. … g- M. G. Fougeres in Daremberg-Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 1928 with fig. 50J5- … nere Hekate is invoked on a moonless night as Vopyu «al Moflii. *al H*H mi roXtftopfr

806

806 The owl of Athena … meiner Schrift iiber Selene und Verwandtes Leipzig 1895 p. 21 n. 1, and in his Lex. … a"art du moyen dge et de la Renaissance Paris 1885 p. 8 f. no. 31, Reinach Rty- … 4 I. Roulez 'Minerve Courotrophos' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1872 xliv. 216 v2?> … 254 A, 2, iv pis. 286, 2, 305, v pi. 61, 2.

807

The owl of Athena 807 … a spear, the other holds up her chitdn. Behind … rawn (scale }) from a cast kindly supplied by Mr E. J. ] … aiWjj Wa'ters loc. cit. says: 'In the field, three drops of blood (?).' Snakes of … pi, 7__^ "card and P. de la Coste-Messeliere in the Fouilles de Delphes iv. 2. 130 ft'. … Kina 0 • ^ "le d- Inst% 1877 xlix- 128 ff- n0" 1j' d' carde"a Afusa> etrusco

808

808 The owl of Athena

809

The owl of Athena 809

810

The owl of Athena … 1 This is possible, but far from certain. On the one hand, the representation sU t … 2 Aisch. Rum. 1001 f. UaWddos 5' virb irrcpoLS | ofras a^erai Trarvp. faef

811

The owl of Athena 811 … Clnquieme siecle qu'a du s'achever la separation progressive de Nike d'avec Athena et la … 95 ix. 282). Mr Sikes' criticism is approved by PI. Bulle in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. … p^." ' But in 384 codd. d.g.H.K.l. read vuK-qv. An leg. fltimrvi Netaj is elsewhere … a p eberlieferungen wenigstens mitbenutzt.' … S°uid '?,'alo'! SeSfa<»Kei> 'H\i68uipos 6 Trepir)yr)TT)s ev a nepl aKpoir6\eus = Fhot. lex. and … Mike 01,70 aiTOi iavT&i> o' xaitovpyoi- k.t.X. is confusing Athena Nike with the

812

The owl of Athena … 3 C. T. Seltman Athens its History and Coinage before the Persian

813

The owl of Athena 813 … On the whole, the available evidence seems to point to the following … tub: Catalogue of objects of Greek ceramic art London 1888 p. 57 f. no. 135 with pi. (no … H. Bulle in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 311 concludes with regard to this cult: 'Er ist … , e recent excavations carried out by N. Balanos beneath the temple of Athena Nike … ^ The significance of this pomegranate has been much discussed. O. Benndorf ' Ueber … p. : US *jections: (1) An inscription published by P. Kabbadias in the 'E<p. 'Apx- 189/ … °f the n .re.ason tne matter was long delayed. Indeed the architecture and sculpture

814

814 The owl of Athena … and indeed it is clear that Kimon cannot have had any hand in the building or equipP ^ … Assuming then, as we have every right to do, that the pomegranate in Athena s e

815

The owl of Athena 815 … Thus pomegranates sprang from the blood-drops of Dionysos; whence women cele- … W]l0 . Pomegranate as the food of the Underworld recurs in the myth of Persephone, … as Wejj Terracottas p. 93 no. B 126 Kos, p. 234 no. C 474), occasionally in her left hand … right hand*'' ^' ^' 142 n0' B 418 ^amarina) ■ or sne's seate^ wltn tne frult in ner

816

816 The owl of Athena

817

The owl of Athena 817 … who6 .comPan'°n to his son Adonis and gave him to wife Pelia, a relative of his own … Adonr' anc^ tne k°y was brought up inter aras, i.e. in the precinct of Aphrodite. When

818

818 The owl of Athena … p. Ixxxi. Supra i. 305 n. 14). An archaic Greek bronze in the British Museum shows

819

The owl of Athena … 2 c ler Lex. Myth. iii. 34o with fig. 18 = my fig. 626).

820

820 The owl of Athena … 1 F. Imhoof-Blumer 'Die Fliigelgestalten der Athena und Nike auf Miinzen' in … from a specimen in my collection. The goddess intended is presumably Athena It**1 … Coins iii. 39 no. 7528 pi. 258, 2, Head Hist, num."1 p. 519. Fig. 628 is from a spe«nl … Coins Seleucid Kings of Syria p. 62 pi. 18, 12, E. Babelon Les rois de Syrie Parl

821

The owl of Athena 821 … a breath towards her. Denarii of Domitian (fig. 630)1 issued in

822

822 The owl of Athena … F. H. Marshall7 referred these horse-trappings to the fourth century … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Gems'1 p. 360 no. 3850 a fragmentary cameo in paste imitating 5^g0 … 6 L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Ptt. 1865 p. 167 f. ,

823

The owl of Athena … U p Calza Ostia* Milano—Roma s.a. (? 1929) p. 32 with fig. 8 (showing shield),

825

The owl of Athena 825 … inscriptions (p. 494 n. 1) (add one literary reference, in Aetna 581) concludes: … nell..0n l9°7 P- 145, ead. La scultura romana da Augusto a Costantine (trad. G. Gian- … Nv'ngs a a temP^e of Apollon at Bulla Regia represent Minerva. One gave her marble

826

The owl of Athena

827

The owl of Athena 827 … • .„r's'°P'1- e1- 1092 f. Kai ixovSbKU t) 8eos airi) | in w6\cbis iXffeiv Kai y\av£ avrrj … MuS(i>^',^eonna t'le ^eVk Arc^- IQ29 '■ 281—284 with fig. 1 (head of Athena in the … Evanf"r™ 536 flg- 406 c> H- T- Bossert slltkreta* Berlin 1923 p. 82 fig. 115, Sir A. j. … Col]ectio^9J3—1926 pi. 25, 1—4, 5 — 10. Figs. 636, 637 are from specimens in my … 9 B •' C<Xt' Co'"s Attica etc. p. 84 n. J hesitates to accept the suggestion.

828

828 The owl of Athena

830

830 The owl of Athena … to indicate that the scene is her own precinct on the Akropoh5- … A 61*9

831

The owl of Athena 831 … to Sappho2, and Athena herself on a … Tpoidu 'thy two swans' (cp. Hor. od. 3. 28. 15 oloribus, 4. 1. 10 oloribus, Stat..re'A>. 1.2. … CQ see Aristoph. Lys. 723 and Athen. 391 E—F. Not improbably the swans were a later … iv j B°hm 'Aphrodite auf dem Bock' in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1889 … u J'^ra IK 769 ». o with fig. 730, n. 2 with fig. 732.

832

832 The owl of Athena … 2 In The Illustrated London News for June 13, 1936 p. 1047 with a full-page p ^ … 3 Mr Burney, of 4 Bruton Street, Westminster, W. 1, kindly allowed me to e.*ca„ce

Plate 61

A Sumerian relief in baked clay :

833

The owl of Athena 833 … • *1. 3) ')> L. Legrain in the Revue d'' Assyriologie et d' Archtologie Orientale 1933 … is \r ^' ^eltman nas suggested to me (Nov. 11, 1936) that the emblem in question … . may have symbolised the female and male organs. Such a combination would be … Wit" fin ' hter The Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks Yale Univ. Press 1929 p. 31

834

834 The owl of Athena … To this venturesome view Mr Sidney Smith demurs. In a recei^ … in D. H. Haas Bilderatlas zur Religionsgeschichte Leipzig—Erlangen 1925 v ' , , i# … Epiphanie der Sirene' in Philologns 1891 1. 93—107 with pi., W. H. Roscher ^^3,

835

The owl of Athena 835 … from our demon, whose name may have been Lilitu (Lilith) Ardat Lili (the … pp, X!(,',;^amPbe11 Thompson The Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia London 1903 1

836

836 The owl of Athena … 3 A black-figured kydrla of late, Etruscan, style, found by E. Gerhard at^

837

The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena 837 … g0. " Roscher Juno und Hera Leipzig 1875 p. 35, id. in his Lex. Myth. ii. 595 f., … """■'Sa T ' ^ Aristodemos' Messenian and Arcadian levies in 726 B.C.) 6wpa.ua yap r)

838

838 The aigis and Gorgdneion of Athena … 1 Similarly, since the ordinary leather cap was made of dog-skin, we find the tei ^£ | … Kal oi OOffavoi oi in t&v aiylSoiv avTyai ovk #0ets eial aXXa ifxdvnvott t& ye aX^fl y^^b^

839

The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena 839 … notion has met with some favour both in ancient and in modern … sto ^''k'nson 'ne Egyptologist went further in the same direction, and fared worse. He … a^orn (J5 fi2ures another mirror, from Caere, on which the Palladion wears an aigis … t»i tCiv Kara KprjTT]v avjpwv nai aTOKpvipafj.eviji' eTnpe\etav avrrjs rrj 'A/j.a\6eta

840

840 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena … This late recital includes some early traits. In particular, the monstrous ^oa'on a b''

841

The aigis and Gorg6?ieion of Athena 841 … uctuis venenum: hoc nomine etiam Athenis in 'arcem non inigi, praeterquam semel ad … Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. 100 'It would be quite in accord with the ideas of a

842

842 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena … dp^aii^vrj 7rpbs ra iepd' t&tt€to.l i) Tra.poifj.la eiri tGiv a.vai5t]v {leg. avthriv) irepubvTUiv (so … 1 Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. i. 120 f. ' Als Thierfell erscheint derm auch die Aegis in … 4 Cic. de nat. deor. 3. 59 (last in the list of Minervas) quinla Pallantis, quae pa … Ampel. 9. 10 (last in the list of Minervas) quinta Pallantis et Titanidos filia; haec V'

Plate 62

Perseus presents Athena with the Gorgon's head for her aigis.

Plate 63

Perseus presents Athena with the Gorgon's head for her shield.

843

The aigis and Gorg6neio?t of Athena 843 … Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 355 7} lldWajra rbv tdiov iraripa irTepbnbv vir6.pxovTO. koI fiiafavra … Jacoby) ap. schol. Ap. Rhod. 4. 1515 a. … 3 F. Gargallo-Grimaldi 'Perseo' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1850 xxii. 53—60 pi. A,

844

844 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena … In claiming that Athena's aigis with its Gorgoneion was thus … 3 //. 5. 741 f. ir 8V re Topydy KecpaXr; davoio TreXtbpov, | Seivi) re aixephvi) re, A'°J ^j£)/ … 10 It is notorious that in the western pediment of the second (c. 580—57° B'C'^£r lio"5

845

The aigis and Gorgdneion of Athena 845 … not a few mutually destructive hypotheses. Plutarch dwells on the … no«hern angle,"]*. Hampe 'korfugieberimd frUhe Perseusbilder' in the Ath. Mitth. … 7 G. R. Gaedechens in J. S. Ersch-J. G. Gruber Allgemeine Encycbpiidie der

846

846 The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena … W. H. Roscher4, have equated its scowling features with those of … H. T. Rose16 is inclined to think it' a nightmare, a face so horrible … 3 C. Dilthey in the Ann. d. Inst. 1871 xliii. 214. .g … 5 First in Aisch. cho. 591 f. Tvravd de Kai ireSofSafiova Kaveixoevr &v | aiyiSw <PPa … H. Stuart Jones in the new Liddell and Scott s.v. aiyls. … 12 K. Gerogiannes in the 'E<f>.'Apx- 1927 — 1 928 pp. 128—176 with 31 figs- (suin … 16 H. J. Rose A Handbook of Greek Mythology London 1928 p. 29 f-

847

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 847 … Africa. If so, Euripides1 was not far wrong when he spoke of … ^ Dt Gorgone Amstelodami 1885 pp. 94—97 discusses, but rejects, the suggestion

848

848 The aigts and Gorgd7ieion of Athena … my collection, to illustrate the resemblance of Bes to a negro. Fig- 660, 0, ^ IS jj;

849

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 849 … 1 An antefix of terracotta found before the east front of the Bouleuterion at Olympia.

850

850 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena … lungen Berlin 1894 ii. 215—230 pi. 6, O. Jahn in Philologus 1868 xxvii. 16 pl> r' ^' … 3 Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Sculpt, p. 201. … 6 Pind. Pyth. 12. 28 f. evirapdov Kpdra trv\d<rais Medolaas | vibs Aavdas with s ,

851

The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena 851 … that the Gorgon among her original (African?) folk was frankly regarded as a reigning … A- Furtwangler—H. L. Urlichs Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Skulptur Munchen … MUnchen Munchen 1903 pi. 54, id. Glyptothek zu Munchen1 p. 260 ff. no. 252, G. M. A. … Ant, Gemmen i. pi. 50, 47 ( = my fig. 666), ii. 244). A smaller

852

852 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena

853

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 853 … P- 333 no. 3542 pi. 36). Even the eyebrows are writhen and snaky. C. Davenport … Pl< 40, 18 ( = my fig. 668), ii. 191 f., Lippold Gemmen pi. 77, 4 p. 179). The inscription … From a buff (?traces of black) moulded aryballos (height 4J ins.) in my collection. … • Greek Coins London 1933 pp. 180, 303 pi. 40, 1). This was the earliest issue of

854

854 The aiSis and Gorgoneton of Athena

855

The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena 855 … Assimilation of Helios to the Gorgon.

856

856 The aigis and Gorgdneion of Athena … 16, 17). It appears that C. Plautius Venox, who was censor along with Appius Claudius … Fig. 690 a Roman denarius struck by L. Cossutius Sabula c. 54 B.C. (from a specimen

857

The aigts and Gorgdneion of Athena 857 … Helios to the Gorgon—perhaps originally suggested by the name Gorgos—is completed … Friederichs—Wolters Gipsabgiisse p. 242 f. no. 524, A. Baumeister in his Denkm. … ungen klassischer Altcrtiimer in Rom* Leipzig 1913 ii. 428 f. no. 1878.

858

858 The digis and Gorgdneion of Athena

859

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 859 … 2 (1) Corp. inscr. Lat. vii no. 43 = Dessau Lnscr. Lat. sel. no. 4660 (on a small altar … (3) Corp. inscr. Lat. vii no. 42 (on an altar figured by H. M. Scarth op. cit. p. 48 … (cp. Plin. nat. hist. 4. 102). in quo spatio magna et multa fiumina, fontes calidi opiparo … Galfridus Monmutensis (Geoffrey of Monmouth), writing between 1136 and 1139 a.d., … H. M. Scarth op. cit. p. 3 (after T. D. Whitaker(?) in The Anti-Jacobin Review and

860

86o The aigis and Gorgdneion of Athena

861

The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena 861

862

862 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena … 1 H. M. Scarth Aquce Solis London 1864 p. 25 ft. with Frontispiece, J. Hattoi … 4 On the impression produced by golden statues see S. Eitrem in Symbolae U … 6 A. J. Taylor op. cit. p. 23 no. 1 with pl. (part of which2:my fig- 700).

863

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 863 … 3 F. Haverfield—H. Stuart Jones 'Some representative examples of Romano-British … Mrs D. P. Dobson The Archaeology of Somerset London 1931 p. 148.

864

864 The aigis and Gorgdneion of Athena

865

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 865

866

866 The aigis of Athena transferred to Zeus … 6 A. Gehring Index Homericus Lipsiae 1891 p. 23 (almost always in the geI1' … 8 For what may be reasonably conjectured with regard to this transitional period se … Aristonikos of Alexandreia, a famous Homeric scholar who lived in the tun

867

Thunderbolt of Zeus transferred to Athena 867 … Athena. And indeed Athena was no unworthy recipient. The … Paus. 1. 26. j, on which see supra p. 758.

868

868 The thunderbolt of Zeus … On them will Zeus send rain and endless hail … K. Tittel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 996—1000 contends that Heron's life … 5 Browning was guilty of more than one slip when, confusing the third-century … Head Coins of the Ancients p. 75 pi. 41, 5, id. Hist, num.- p. 231 fig. 144, id. Co"lS f

869

a thunderbolt with her right. An exceptional specimen at Florence … £■ 704)- A similar reverse, but not from the same die, is found on another unimm at … McClean Cat. Coins ii. 73 pi. 135, 1, Head Coins of the Ancients p. 76 pi. 41, 8, id. … HiM S° by numismatic wrilers in general (B. V. Head, Sir G. Macdonald, Sir G. F. … V(^eus' 'ast king of Makedonia) centum hostiis sacrificio regaliter Minervae, quam … +4- Fig. 70g ;s from a Specimen 0f mine.

870

870 The thunderbolt of Zeus … 1 McClean Cat. Coins iii. 419 f. pi. 363, 2—10 ('Athene Promachos'), Head Coins of … pi. 31, 18, McClean Cat. Coins ii. 271 pi. 188, 7—10, Head Coins of the Ancients p- 84 … During the presence of Pyrrhos in Sicily the Syracusans, by way of compliment to

871

sought to magnify the Athena of Pella by giving her the thunder- … 1 The evidence, literary, epigraphic, and numismatic, for Athena'Irwvia in Thessaly … similar types in imperial times ib. pi. 84, 29, 30, 36—42. Fig. 710 is from Brit. Mus. … 8 P- Gardner in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Greek and Scythic Kings Index p. 181

872

872 Thunderbolt of Zeus transferred to Athena … 'It seems to me that she was the deity actually foremost in honour, or … Bouddhique' in the Bulletin de I'Ecole Francaise d' Extrhne-Orient 1909 ix. 15 ff-> … assumes lacuna before negantemque) ultra se tueri eum posse, quod exarmata esset a Iovd … 'A.6rjvav t£k&v, irapBtvov ofio~av rbv det xP&ov, 7}yv6eis 5', ofytcu, on 7] debs aiirf] 'A.6yv(t^°L … 6 F. Dtimmler in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.- ii. 2001 f., Gruppe Gr. Myth. & '

873

the Homeric warfare in her Father's armour. And as in a conjurer's hall Zeus … 'To sum up, Athena's portion is the agora of the gods, where all business is … The whole topic of Athena and her relation to Zeus, which has … With the description of Athena as 6vvap.1v tov Aids cp. the stone at Thyateira inscribed … Hesych. "Ti;s• Zeus opSpios. See M. Schmidt in ed.1 Id. in ed.2 prints T?js for … the Homeric warfare in her Father's armour. And as in a conjurer's hall Zeus … 'To sum up, Athena's portion is the agora of the gods, where all business is … The whole topic of Athena and her relation to Zeus, which has … With the description of Athena as 6vvap.1v tov Aids cp. the stone at Thyateira inscribed … Hesych. "Ti;s• Zeus opSpios. See M. Schmidt in ed.1 Id. in ed.2 prints T?js for

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (i) Zeus Hýes

874

accentuated Hyes1) means Zeus Ombrios, 'the Showery2.' Hesy- … expect them, in accordance with Thraco-Phrygian belief6, to have … we have already had occasion to note7—was called Hyes, a name … he was, I take it12, much like the mystics of Eleusis13, raising … not, as Sir James Frazer15 conjectures, calling Attis a Pig! … he- airetXij f3pa8vv6vTwv Kal avotyvvvai Ke\ev6vTbiv. W. Dindorf in Stephanus Thes. G'' … 4 Pherekyd. frag. 46 {Frag. hist. Gr. i. 84 Miiller) =frag. 90 a—e (Frag. gr. ffis ' … 9 F. Jacoby in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xi. 591. 10 Supra ii. 275' … 15 Frazer Golden Bough*: Spirits of Corn and Wild ii. 22 ' Perhaps the cry

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (j) Zeus and the hail

875

Zeus and the Hail … nat. hist. 17. 267 Most people hold that hailstones can be averted by a charm, … ence, but 1 am prevented from giving particulars by a feeling … Attes! Hyes Attes ! " which was raised by the worshippers of Attis, may be neither more … E. Fehrle ' Antiker Hagelzauber. Ein Kapitel der Geoponiker' in Alemannia

876

Zeus and the Hail … Xa\a^o(pv\dKojf dipLari avirdXaKos 7} paKLOts yvvatKelois d-KOTpeKop.kvy]v. … 6 E. Fehrle in Alemantiia 1912 Dritte Folge iv. 16 f. was the first to point out tba … Pallad. 1. 35. 15 item vituli marini pellis in medio vinearum loco uni superiec a

877

Zeus and the Hail … I may not seem to be omitting anything said by the ancients. … marini vituli per spatia possessionis circumferat et in villae aut cortis suspendat ingressu, … Perambulet, et reversus eodem modo sic illam ponat in terra, et glebas dorsi eius obiciat … Apul. de mundo 3 and 8 mentions hail, but says nothing of this method of averting … H. Beckh in the Teubner ed. of 1895 prints without comment EtfXa iatpv-qvai

878

Zeus and the Hail … 1 Supra i. 58 n. 1, ii. 522 n. 2. See now the careful study by Eva Wunderlich D*1 … 5 Geopon. 5. 30. 1 dpKeiai cr^an rbv faKoibv eirixpie, Kal ov iroL^oeL (pdetpas ij a/ifi"^05' … 6 Supra p. 33 with n. 4. ^ … See further Frazer Worship of Nature i. 45 f.

879

Zeus and the Hail … without serious damage—he laid hands on himself. Do not imagine that the … One step more, and magic passes upward into religion. A stone … 1 F- Haase read decuriones with cod. Ea. But A. Gercke restored Cleonaei from

880

Zeus and the Hail … 'AxiXXuvos 'IoynjWou koL XaXafiou (xaXafiov Ah: yaXa^lou £~). K. Wernicke in Paul}'^ … 3 F. W. Hasluck in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1904 xxiv. 21—23 no. 4 fig. i, id. ii. i9°

881

Zeus and the Hail … In the time of Dionysios— … Meidias, son of Straton, as first mayor handed over the stele … Tuv 'S<ui> tTrav\yet\a/j.epos aTVOKaTlaT-qaev. … Zeus and the Hail … In the time of Dionysios— … Meidias, son of Straton, as first mayor handed over the stele … Tuv 'S<ui> tTrav\yet\a/j.epos aTVOKaTlaT-qaev.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (a) The cult of meteorites

882

The cult of meteorites … und der Neuzeit Bonn—Leipzig 1922 p. 352 Index s.v. ' Meteore,' id. in Pauly—Wissowa … 2 G. A. Wainwright 'The aniconic Form of Anion in the !\Tew Kingdom' in the

883

The cult of meteorites

884

The cult of meteorites … 16 Caracalla]) and a famous meteorite is known to have been worshipped (Plin. nat. hist. … Casios etait done positivement un dieu-foudre ou un dieu-aerolithe, ce qui nous induit a … Id. 'Letopolis' ib. 1932 xviii. 159—172 argues for the existence of a similar thunder-

885

The cult of meteorites … J- represented as omphalol, e.g. a tomb (supra ii. 219 n. 4), a mound of earth (supra ii. … E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. iv. 2009.

886

The cult of meteorites … shipped. It was a smallish stone, but Anaxagoras was said to have … 2 Plin. nat. hist. 2. 149. The marm. Par. ep. 57 p. 17 Jacoby notes the yea( … Wachsmuth, Theodoret. 4. 18) in H. Diels Doxographi Graeci Berolini 1879 p- 34*- … Trap aOrols Trvp&Sijs iitv to xp&^a, o~tbypip 5^ atras ko.to.aea'qiiao'ii&os' irapabeb'bo~d&L "Y^

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (b) Baítyloi, Baitýlia, and Zeus Bétylos

887

Few terms in the nomenclature of Greek religion have been … Sotakos3, a well-informed lapidarist of the early Hellenistic … Sanchouniathon of Berytos in his Phoenician history5 had more … The qualities of magic potency mentioned by Sotakos and … "09 n. o. See now the excellent article by Grimme in Paulv—Wissowa Real-Enc. i A. … Tr)j> toO irarpbs (on his father 'EXiow "Ti/wros see supra ii. 886 … ' <\>t\aiv, e-n-evb-qae 0e6s Oupacds j3airi5Xia, A/tfous e/j.\j/iixovs p.-qxavri&aiJ.evos.

888

was the neo-Platonic philosopher, who was in Athens at the time … 'He says that at Heliopolis in Syria Asklepiades2 made the ascent of Mount … * For such Xidocpopoi see J. Schmidt in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xiii. 774 f. and

889

a wall; for this was the means by which it gave the enquirer his desired … concerning the baitylos, this empty-headed fellow continues: " I thought the … The mention of Parnassos suggests that this curious note may contain a Byzantine … So R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. 1904 ii. 257, O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. … ^ A. Cowley Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C. Oxford 1923 p. xviii f.

890

S. A. Cook1 reminds us that Ishitmbethel at Elephantine is strictly … high) found in the sanctuary of the Palmyrene gods at Dui"a' … Zeus Bclylos, [god] of the dwellers along the Orontes, Aurelius Diphilianus, soldie'

891

Diphilianus, to his national god Zeus Betylos. And the lettering of … I- Benzinger in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 363. … W. H. Ward The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia Washington 1910 pp. 193—195 … s»°: The irregular oval object resting on the divine seats, and surmounted by a star or

892

Yet, whatever be the case with the stone at Bethel, there can be … The Syrian cult of meteorites is attested by one other record, … Mtiller) ap. Euseb. praep. ev. 1. 10. 31 t) 5k ' kardprr] iwid-qKe t-q ISlq. Ke<pa,\i) f)a(x^e j

893

the remarkable epithet Astrochiton, ' He of the Starry Robe1.' … An odd tale, which associates Kybele with the fall of a meteorite, … historicity to a myth. Pindar teaching the flute-player Olympichos … Sir G. F. Hill in The Church Quarterly Review 1908 lxvi. 133, 139 f., id. in the … E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. ii. 925. … Sllex (M. Platnauer mistranslates 'the sacred statue'). … the remarkable epithet Astrochiton, ' He of the Starry Robe1.' … An odd tale, which associates Kybele with the fall of a meteorite, … historicity to a myth. Pindar teaching the flute-player Olympichos … Sir G. F. Hill in The Church Quarterly Review 1908 lxvi. 133, 139 f., id. in the … E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. ii. 925. … Sllex (M. Platnauer mistranslates 'the sacred statue').

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (c) Kybele und meteorites

894

from the sky1, and is described as a stone of sooty colour and black … Deum fuisse Matrem? Id. ib. 6. 11, 7. 50 speaks of it as silex. The interp. Serv. in ve1*

895

the Phrygians worship the Mother of the gods, something would shortly fall … MATRIDEVMET NAVISALV[.a£ … • He]big Fiihrer durch die offent lichen Sammlungen klassischer Altertumer in Rom3 … angen 1926 ix_xi p. xjx fig. ,57, E. Strong Art in Ancient Rome London 1929 i. 43

896

Claudia standing statue-like1 on a plinth as she draws the ship by … A third inscription, likewise found at Rome and relating to the same cult, is given … Maffei supposed that Navisalviae was a single word designating the divinised Claudia … 1 Ioul. or. 5 p. 209 Hertlein speaks of these miracles as Kotvy fiiv vwb TrXtlaTf"1 … 2 Not impossibly Claudia would be conceived as attaching her girdle to the sacrei … e^iKvehai ryj (pwvrj Std tov 6e6v. Audin reckons that 1000 years from the fall of

897

Caci1. Here it remained for a good six hundred years, set in … • Platner—T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford 1929 … k0(jj '^rnob. adv. nat. 7. 49 (after the passage cited supra p. 894 n. 2) et quern omnes … Plac i ^ayer in ^oscner Lex. Myth. ii. 1525 thinks that the stone from Pessinous was … Ser statue was still existing in the time of Theodosios the Great (378—395 A.D.), for … Munich) L" """"""" d'Alhenes Paris 1858 p. 3i/ff- with fig. ( = my fig. 730:

898

at first by B. V. Head1, made the interesting conjecture that it is … monnaies d'Athenes Munich 1923—1926 pi. 73, 3 Berlin ( = my fig. 729), 4 A. Rorna11 … p. 139 f. figs, a—c, V. Gordon Childe The Danube in Prehistory Oxford 1929 pP' j,

Plate 67

A baitylos(7) from Ephesos,

899

in an axe-hammer from the second city of Troy1 and serve to … 4 On Sviorris the 'pestle' in relation to Qviar^ the storm-god (?) see supra ii. 1022. … P1- 7, 17 ( = my fig. 732) ACTT € NA[I] HN). (2) A bronze coin of Myra in Lykia, … fi2- 734) YTTAITTH NflN€TTI CTP*A£PMOAAOV and N 6IK flN I). … °n a bronze coin of Maionia in Lydia, issued in the time of Trajan Decius (fig. 737 from

900

goo The stone of Elagabalos … 3 It was obtained by Sir William Ridgeway, through Mr H. Lawson of the consul*' … goo The stone of Elagabalos … 3 It was obtained by Sir William Ridgeway, through Mr H. Lawson of the consul*'

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (d) The stone of Elegabalos

901

The stone of Elagabalos 901 … QowIkuv tpuvrj 'E\aiaydf}a\ov KaXovvrei. veins 5i avrip /xeyiffros narecKeiaaro avrov, … '"'i/j.vrovai Tip Oeip eKdarov rod Itovs TroXitreXij dvad-fifiaTa. &ya\p.a fxkv oSv, Ciairep vap … nammicomo devoti pectora Soli | vitam agitant (sc. Emeseni). Hence the spelling 'IIX10- … nator a statuis, amico ] optimo. dedic. kai. Ian. | P. Cornelio Anullino II | et M. Aufidio … n N (*) N a bronze coin struck by Antoninus Pius. The star on the stone is probably one … P; 357)- Cp. the star that appears in the field of FiS 741- … ^MlCflN KOAHN with ZK<P (527 of Seleucid era = 2i5 A.D.) a bronze coin struck

902

go2 The stone of Elagabalos … Iovis vel Solis sacerdos, 17. 8 praeter aedem Heliogabali dei, quem Solem alii> a''1 … Fig. 743 is from a specimen of mine. The horn set on the ground behind Elag3^ f … Elagabalus' head here and elsewhere is often surmounted by a horn-like projection!,v

903

The stone of Elagabalos 903 … ]gnem et Palladium et ancilia et omnia Romanis veneranda in illud transferre templum et … C R- Unger cj. typum) > Dianae Laodiciae ex adyto suo, in quo id Orestes posuerat,

904

The stone of Elagabalos … Studniczka loc. cit. thought that the block might have come from the temple on t'ie … 6 Cp. a denarius at Berlin (J. Leipoldt Die Religionen in der Unnvelt des Urchr's ^

905

The stone of Elagabalos … v^.. '• Lenormant in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Atit. ii. 531, F. Cumont in Pauly—

906

The stone of Elagabalos … in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 644 fig. 738, ii. 529 fig. 2618, Stevenson-" .jgji)^'1

907

The stone of Dousares 907 … 1 H.Jordan—C. Hiilsen Topographie der Sfadt Rom in AlUrthum Berlin 1907 i. 3. … Max. Tyr. 8. 8'Apdf3wi abfiovGL p.ev, bvriva be ovk oTSa- to Si &ya\p.a elSov, Xiffos rji> … "A ^ot"^' s-v- Oevs "Ap-ris- Tovreo-TL Bebs'Apys, ev HiTpa tt)s 'Apafjias. atfieTai Sb debs … R- Dussaud Notes de mythologie syrienne Paris 1905 p. 168 with fig. 37 ( = my … The stone of Dousares 907 … 1 H.Jordan—C. Hiilsen Topographie der Sfadt Rom in AlUrthum Berlin 1907 i. 3. … Max. Tyr. 8. 8'Apdf3wi abfiovGL p.ev, bvriva be ovk oTSa- to Si &ya\p.a elSov, Xiffos rji> … "A ^ot"^' s-v- Oevs "Ap-ris- Tovreo-TL Bebs'Apys, ev HiTpa tt)s 'Apafjias. atfieTai Sb debs … R- Dussaud Notes de mythologie syrienne Paris 1905 p. 168 with fig. 37 ( = my

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (e) The stone of Dousares

908

The stone of Dousares … 1 F. De Saulcy Numismaiique de la terre sainte Paris 1874 P- 37° P'- **» 1 A … 16 no. 48 pi. 4, ii ( = my fig. 759) Trajan Decius and Herennius Etruscus A flly

909

The stone of Dousares 909 … south-west of Bostra, the lintel spanning the main gate of an … 1 Brit. Mm. Cat. Coins Arabia etc. pp. xxxi, 27 no. 3 (my fig. 761 is from a cast)

910

91 o The stone of Dousares … Nevertheless this pedigree remains, in part at least, conjectural. Confining ourselves … se'mitiques^ Paris 1905 p. 199]....La masslbdh a done, au fond, le meme sens lorsqu'e'jjj

911

The stone of Dousares … speuj 6eou Aov\<rdpeos i-rrli-qire \ rbv fiaifibv ex t\Siv ISluiv erei yd' (59 of the Arabian era … F. H. Weissbach in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ix. 2064 ff.

912

The stone of Dousares … 2 Lebas—Waddington Asie Mineure iii no. 1907 (Bostra, in the first half of s. ii A.D.) … Another form of Zeus recognised at Bostra was Zeus Amnion, who appears on the … Sun-worship pure and simple is attested for the Nabataeans by Strab. 784 fa'0" … 6 Epiphan. panar. haeres. 51. 22. 9—11 irp&rov p.ev ev 'A\e^avbpela iv tQ KopeW … virbyaiov tottov. ipwribpLevoL be on rl £o~ti rovro rb [ivo'TTjpiov diroKplvovTai Kal Xkyovff'V

913

The stone of Dousares … by this mystery, they make answer: "This day and hour Kore (that is, the … i» 'A\e^avSpela. … Tw V irapdivos i] iv yaarpl lxovo~a Kt" ovWap^dvovaa Kal riKTOvaa vibv, ov fvxtKbv, ov … Philcf a^°Xos' I ^e'as <pv<rews ipydWijs aluvlov irdvra, on which remarkable outburst of

914

914 The stone of Dousares … See further C. Lackeit Aion, Zeit und Ewigkeit in Sprache imd Religion der Griechen … F. Cumont, too, in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1866 writes: 'Dieses Bae'J ^

915

The stone of Dousares 915 … ^ojo-<pbp(p t<ai Trj 'A<ppob'iTrj, rjv Kara Trjv 'Apdftwv y\Cbffaav Xd/3ap \eyovo~iv, brrep &rri … aHapS, Trj auT&v rrpoaayopevovo-i. 7X017x77. Lobeck Aglaophamus ii. 1227 n. z quotes a … Without accent) T77 airwv Trpoaayopevovoi ykiiaar]. F. Boll in the Sitzungsber. d. Heidelb.

916

The stone of Dousares … We are not then, so far as I can see, in a position to state … London and Edinburgh 1885 Book I Part vii p. 2615 f.), ka'ab 'maiden with full breast' … blunders badly when in this connexion he speaks of ' der kleinasiatischen " Demete ,

917

The stone of Dousares … That conclusion was reached more than a century since by … 4 F. v. Dalberg Ueber Meteor-Cu/tus der Alten, vorziiglich in Bezug auf Steine, die … Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Meccah and Medinah' London—Belfast 1879 p. 493 n. 3 … de I'Asic antdrieure Paris 1872 ii. 126 n. 1 cites an unpublished passage of Niket. Chon. … ^Ppadp., i) is a$TI£ rjjp Ka>irl\ol, npo<r8ri<rai'Tos b're rbv 'laaaK t/ieWe Bieiv robs Si elt … tuvtpbptp Kai rrj ' A<ppo5irrj rjv Kara rr)v rwv ' Appdf}uv y\Ciaaav Xa^dp ivonafavoi, rovrfort

918

The stone of Dousares … in 1853, has described and illustrated the Ka'bah as decked in its … 'A(ppoSlry]s dtrrpov, 6 KaXovcri Kovfidp, Kal avcupwvovav £v rij irpoffevxTl aurtdv ovtojs … iravoirXta boyptartK-q 28. 1 (exxx. 1333 A Migne), Kedren. hist. comp. 425 B—C (i. 1^ … 3 The expression tKriirupta rrjs 'Arppobtrr/s used by Zigabenos and Niketas is *e … rots ^pvytaKots (Aretades of Knidos frag. 2 (Frag. hist. Gr. iv. 316 Mliller))- … Xpvo-rjv Trap' eKelvots Xofidp is more vague. But there can be little doubt that the Tvtf°s

919

The stone of Dousares … color is now a deep reddish-brown, approaching to black. It is surrounded on

920

92o The stone siderites or oreites … 1 Burton op. cit? p. 494 n. 3 observes: 'Ibn Jubayr declares the depth of the stoi'e … 5 Plin. 7tat. hist. 37. 176 oritis globosa specie a quibusdam et sideritis vocatur, … 92o The stone siderites or oreites … 1 Burton op. cit? p. 494 n. 3 observes: 'Ibn Jubayr declares the depth of the stoi'e … 5 Plin. 7tat. hist. 37. 176 oritis globosa specie a quibusdam et sideritis vocatur,

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (f) The stone siderítes or oreites

921

The stone siderites or oreites … Helenos—we read—advised the Greeks to fetch Philoktetes … The text of the last two sentences is defective and stands in need of emendation … in spite of Tzetz. posthom. 571 ff. Kai rbre nh "EXevos, 0(6(potTos fiavris a/x6fuoi>, j

922

922 The stone siderites or oreites … it die down in wondrous fashion6. It was through hearkening to … Helenos the seer was, like his sister Helene, a genuine figure oi … mountain-mother8. It was, therefore, natural that the ' iron-stone … dvdpes dpforepoi oIkC eVcucw, | KA^ucj Aafivapt-evebs re pUyas Kal virtpplios "A/c/xwv, | €UirCi ft

923

The stone siderites or oreites 923 … the stone called siderites or oi-eites came from a telluric outcrop … Zeitpunkt oder an einera bestimmten Ort—an dem freilich nur in sehr geringer Menge, … fallen, war schon in sehr frtiher Zeit bekannt; doch bildete die Auffindung solcher … fattfs, on a voulu faire jouer aux meteorites un role, a notre avis, tres exagere, en … f0che a silicates ferrugineux'), W. Ridgeway The Early Age of Greece Cambridge 1901 … teorique. On allegue que dans la langue des Egyptiens le mot da-en-pet (fer du ciel)

924

indeed a meteorite like others already found in the service of … The name Akmon in this Idaean context raises a point of … And bound thy hands too with a golden bond … W. Leaf5 observes that the word rendered ' anvils' (dkmonas) … 1 See O. C. Farrington Meteorites Chicago 1915 pp. 78 ff. ('Crust of meteori'e^ … 4 //. 15. 18 ff. 6 W. Leaf A Companion to the Iliad London 1892 P' J … indeed a meteorite like others already found in the service of … The name Akmon in this Idaean context raises a point of … And bound thy hands too with a golden bond … W. Leaf5 observes that the word rendered ' anvils' (dkmonas) … 1 See O. C. Farrington Meteorites Chicago 1915 pp. 78 ff. ('Crust of meteori'e^ … 4 //. 15. 18 ff. 6 W. Leaf A Companion to the Iliad London 1892 P' J

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (g) Ákmon

925

F. Munter1 thought it not impossible that the meteorites in … Roth rightly inferred that there must have been a time when men … R. Roth 'Akmon, der vater des Uranos' in the Zeitschriftfur vergleichende Sprach- … e passage belongs to the ' emblemata vetustissima,' which F. Jacoby in his ed. p. 87 … p g g^^0'1' °'K^ova' ahirpifiavov. Kvirpioi. Cp. the neolithic pounder discussed supra … Oxf CrneS <^ew°")e gedacht ist.' Sir M. Monier-Williams A Sanskrit-English Dictionary"

926

contended that the weapon of the sky-god—whether the thunder- … H. Reichelt 'Der steinerne Himmel' in the Indogemianische Forschungen 1913 … 2 Schrader Realtex? i. 433a_b- Supra ii. 64 n. o with fig. 26, 547 n. o, 620. ^

927

The stone of Kronos … figs. a, b. … Comes?)> was taken from the Tilanomachia (cp. Cramer anecd. Oxon. i. 75, 11 ff. oi 8e … Vo A»}5eo. ivarpbs \ Ovpavov ' AnpoviSew Xdcrios Kpbvos avrirervKro ('was represented as a … ^araen tuetur Bekk. 367, 12.' Charon with his hammer (supra ii. 627 n. 3, 641 fig. 557) … The stone of Kronos … figs. a, b. … Comes?)> was taken from the Tilanomachia (cp. Cramer anecd. Oxon. i. 75, 11 ff. oi 8e … Vo A»}5eo. ivarpbs \ Ovpavov ' AnpoviSew Xdcrios Kpbvos avrirervKro ('was represented as a … ^araen tuetur Bekk. 367, 12.' Charon with his hammer (supra ii. 627 n. 3, 641 fig. 557)

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (h) The stone of Kronos

928

928 The stone of Kronos … Hera of the golden sandals and strong Hades, who dwells beneath the ground … 6 Literally 'might get paid the Erinyes of her own father' (sc. Ouranos), whom Kron°s … 7 Supra ii. 549, 845. C. Picard in the Rev. Et. Gr. 1926 xxxix. 194 n. 1 objects … 11 Rhea. The change of subject makes it clear that at this point we pass

929

The stone of Kronos … he ^rae,:ernatural rapidity of growth is characteristic of gods (supra i. 647, 695) and … p. ,tgBeazley Attic red-figured Vases in American Museums Cambridge Mass. 1918

930

93 o The stone of Kronos

931

The stone of Kronos 931 … 2 A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 95 is over-sceptical when he says : ' Verfehlt ist … similar passages). J. de Witte loc. cit. suggested that the two attendants of Rhea were … 4 E. de Chanot 'Cronos, Rhea et Nice' in the Gaz. Arch. 1877 iii. 116 pi. 18 ( = my … J- D. Beazley Attic red-figured Vases in American Museums Cambridge Mass. 1918 … aler?'), fa Greek Vases in Poland Oxford 192S p. 44 n. 1 (such vases 'can hardly be

932

The stone of Kronos … 'The Plataeans have a temple of Hera worth seeing for its size and its … The precise character and arrangement of these sculptures 1 … ayahp.a fiiya- Xidov di a/xipdrepa rod TlevTe\t]<yiov, Upa^iriXovs Si i<XTiv (pya.

933

The stone of Kronos … i. in, J. de Foville 'Les statues de Hera a Platees d'apres les monnaies' in the Rev. … 4 Paus. 8. 9. 1, with the remarks of G. M. A. Richter op. cit. p. 198 f. figs. 679—681. … Harpe.' A. H. Krappe in his Balor With the Evil Eye Columbia University 1927

934

934 The stone of Kronos … Very different is the impression produced by a tomb-paint'11^

935

The stone of Kronos 935 … himdtion, rushes forward to present Kronos with the stony sub-

936

The stone of Kronos … 1 Stith Thompson Motif-Index of Folk-Literature (FF Communications No. 108) … eiprjTCU Se on 17 'P^a (Bahy alybs airapyu,v<baaaa. rb) Kpovcp biduKe (leg. ISuiKe)' /3aiV?) Si … abaddiris,' lapis, quem pro love devoravit Saturnus, sed in usu hoc lion inveni, … ergo tradidit ei Neptunum, quem in mare submersit, et factus est deus marinus. secund0 … pulveratum devoravit. deinde egestus et formatus est in speciem humanam et vivificatuS' … in the Thes. Ling. Lat. i. 43, 27 ff. abaddir deus dicitur, quo nomine lapis vocatur, 1l£lJl … We gather from Augustine that the term was used of certain deities by the

937

The stone of Kronos 937 … cll'od magis placet Bocharto...: nihil enim frigidius, quam lapidem, eumque talem in quo … in h A" ^' Evans ' Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult and its Mediterranean Relations'

938

93 8 The stone of Kronos … like we know from a silver simpulum … (sc. NeoirTo\£[Aov rov 'A%iAAews) \i&os iarlv od p-iyas • … 2 Frazer Pausanias v. 355 (' Perhaps the sacred … PP- 773> 775> K. Ttimpel in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … 1654 p. 58 with fig. 6, F. Keller in the Mittheilungen … 6 Supra i. 753, ii. 69 f. fig. 28, iii. 209 f. with

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (i) Zeus Kappótas

939

Pausanias1 in his account of south-western Lakonike says: … E. S. Forster in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1906—1907 xiii. 222 f. … ^ Lebas—Reinach Voyage Arch. p. 32 pi. Itin. 25 ( = my fig. 781). R. Weil in the … t|le ^0T" I e ho SoXos- I -poi Si hbire | vdfios, | ajroordro. The interpretation depends on

941

Neither of these explanations is quite satisfactory. The first … Zeus himself, when enamoured of Hera, would repair to the Leucadian rock and sit … town Kdfivovcai drvrjWdyriaav tov fparos, eirel Trjs ire'Tpas Ka$r/\avTo): on which consult … H. Hitzig and H. Bltimner ad loc: "wie IIuo-ivTkos fur llavo-iviKos, A.M. II 442. … M. Mayer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1540 (.: Kawirorras for KaTriroTas (KaTairlva).

942

tention that Kappotas means 'the Swallower.' For though in the … 3 S. Wide Lakonische Kulte Leipzig 1893 p. 11 : 'In der Weise erklare ich den Zei>s … Cp. Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. 46, H. Hitzig and H. Bliimner ad he, Adler iJ1 … 7 H. Usener in the Rhein. Mus. 1905 lx. 12 'Vielmehr gehort ttut- zu Wurzel fteT … 8 F. Solmsen in the Rhein. Mus. 1907 lxii. 337 ' Morphologisch ist diese schon^

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §11. General conclusions with regard to Zeus as god of dark sky

943

§11. General Conclusions with regard to Zeus as god of the … gj Jvitka, the highest peak of Mt Olympos, photographed from the Ridge by Mr C. M. … l8 SuP'a ii- 712 ff. is Supra ii. 722 ff. 17 Supra ii. 1 ff.

944

944 General Conclusions with regard to … 21 G. Foucart 'Sky and Sky-gods' in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and&, ^ … pp. 1—397 (to be followed by ii // Dio supremo nelle religioni politcisliche and ii> A

945

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 94.5 … u "/"'a '■ 428 ff. is Supra i. 633 ff, iii. 606, 615 ff.

946

946 General Conclusions with regard to … 10 Mr H. Mattingly draws my attention to the fact that the same gesture 0 .^s

947

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 947 … And later Orphists under Stoic influence, or Stoics with a leaning … R. Harder 'Prismata' 1 in Philologus N.F. 1930 xxxix. 243—247 argues that … 10 i ' * leSS- 2- 7 'a love Musarum primordia'—sicut in Aratio carmine orsi sumus.

948

94 8 General Conclusions with regard to … the wedding-god par excellence on account of his own hierbs gdm°s ' … 11 Supra i. 47 with fig. 20. 12 Supra i. 49 fig. 22. … 16 Souid. s.v. TeXe(a- "Hpa TeXefa Kal Zei>s TAeios irijA&VTO iv rots ydfiois, t!>s irp^ ^

949

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 949 … There are grounds for suspecting that the laws inscribed on Solon's … Jivyla, dwb rod frvyvivai rb Orj\v rip appevi (Poll. 3. 38 mentions Hera TeXe/a, but omits … 2 //. 1. 237 ft'. a"T^ P-1" u^es '^xai&v I ""^"/"S5 <popiovai SiKa<rir6\oi, of re … v- 574. R. Hirzel Themis, Dike und Verwandtes Leipzig 1907 pp. 56—227 (the fullest … ^Mard, <roi Si 6r]plwi> | u/3pis Te Kat SIktj /ieXei' with R. Hirzel op. cii. p. 218 n. 5.

950

950 General Conclusions with regard to … Zeus, be thou Nature's Law or Mind of Man, … which I command thee this day____It is not in heaven, that thou shouldest say, Who shall … a<7Tos elb'e'vai, ] Zefo, etr avdyKi} tpvaeos etre vovs ftporwv, \ rr poo^v^dp.-qv ere • irdvTa yaP … i Orph. frag. 23 Kern ap. pseudo-Dem. c. Aristog. 1. 11 (on the spurious character … Karaiax^aL ravTTjv, k.t.X., cp. Orph. h. Dik. 62. I ff. bp\p.a AUrjS p.4Xxo} rravdepKeoSi … See further G. Caramia 'Chi e la dea BA2IAEIA negli Uccelli di Aristofane?' in *'ie … that Basileia [supra p. 60 n. 5) was Dike the iripebpos Aibs (Soph. O.C. 1381 f., An'iaI>' … and ap. Prokl. in Plat. Tim. i. 315, 8 ff. Diehl iv he r<J Yopylq (523 a) trvvTdTroiv re aVf

951

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 951 … 'Now it is true that Anaxarchus, trying to console Alexander in his agony of … with Clemency, Mercy, and Love. Of which kindlier qualities there … 354 E—355 A 0eAs ^ av8p<bivois auiippoai v6/j.os, a<ppoai Si iiSovif}, Dion Chrys. or. 75 p. 267

952

952 General Conclusions with regard to … have ears to hear, in all parts of the ancient world. If for cultural … 7 R. Browning Paracelsus 5 sui Jin. ' But in completed man begins anew [ A tendency

953

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 953 … 3 The Dionysiac nomenclature was syncretistic. Diotiysos came from Thrace (supra … je^Aeschylos und aus der Kassandra des Lykophron.' As to the Bacchae, Sir

954

954 General Conclusions with regard to … and in the same context cites, perhaps from a lost poem by … the physical basis of the cult of Zeus involved mental, moral, and … MupXeapds ev raj ta Jlepl ypa/j-fxariKuiv Tapiria <pf\a\v avrov yeyovtvcu dXX' ov XoKta^ … 7 Overbeck Schriftquellen p. 125 ff. nos. 692—695, 697—754. A shorter set of e*"gS

955

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 955 … 4 H. Bulle in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 328 and 338 ('Es ist das erste bezeugte Beispiel … 5 F. Eichler ' Thebanische Sphinx' in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1937 xxx. … Paus. 5. 11. 3 adds that the man binding his head with a fillet was said to resemble … °" $&ktv\ov Trapa\aj3eiv kcU rbv waT5a irpbs tiraivov ttjs Seas), appears to connect the … not n ^ CaSe ■Pneidias' statue of a boy binding a fillet on his head (Paus. 6. 4. 5) is

956

956 General Conclusions with regard to … (cp. supra ii. 193 n. 2 pi. xi), Etruria, etc., and in particular has shown that in Dah°nl.'e

957

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 957 … claws (i. 747 fig. 54.5, iii. fi-4 fig. +8j; 680 fig. 491), or at least a footstool with leonine … °f Al ' V' C' ^a<7'^s W"'' yiyov(v). Much ancient lore gathered about the birth … ^eX|u ' ' aKPlP€aTtpas <pv\aKijs Seop-ivuv Tip 4>i\iV7ra twv wept rbv ydfiov, ' A-plaravSpos 6 … Etc. p t y y tne kter numismatic die-sinkers (e.g. Brit. A/us. Cat. Coins Macedonia,

958

9 5 8 General Conclusions with regard to … 'I am aware that the measurements of the Zeus at Olympia in point of heigh* … 4 S. B. Smith 'Der Zeus des Phidias auf eleischen Mtinzen' in the Arch. Zeit- 1

Plate 69

Coins, struck by Hadrian, representing the Zeus Olympios of Pheidias •

959

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 959 … But not till imperial times can we expect to find any accurate renderings of the … (ia) and (1 b) are two differently lighted views of a unique bronze coin, struck by … >n the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1908 xxviii. 49 fig. 1 illustrates it to the scale f. A second

960

960 General Conclusions with regard to … utterly eclipsed by the reality1. Livy2 puts it with dry, unconscious … things worth seeing, and on beholding Zeus as it were face to face was moved … Reflective minds would want to know the source of a beauty so … ' I maintain that nothing is ever so beautiful as not to be beaten in beauty by … 4 E. Klebs in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 578 f. … 0 Cic. orat. 8 f. The passage ends: nec vero ille artifex, cum faceret Iovis formal11 … €i ijfJM> 6 Zeus 5i ofifiaTwv id£\oi tpttvrjvat. and an interesting parallel in a letter fro111

961

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 961 … s not the colloquial £ 'ya9(, but a more serious use of the adjective as in Plat. Tim. … Id. ib. p. Dindorf ihs fiev i]dv Kal Trpotr<piXh tipap.a Kai rtpfiv afi^xa-vov 64as

962

962 General Conclusions with regard to

963

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 963 … °f the gods is called both Father and King, Policies and Homognios … ^Ta6rr)s (i/is. j. Geel ed. Lugduni Batavorum 1840 p. io6)>t^j p.op<f>r)s. Surely the

964

964 General Conclusions with regard to … Phidias' in the Rev. £,t. Gr. igij xxx. 105—116 regards this list of epithets as a Stoic … 693 n- 3)- Bergk ad loc. conjectured that the next line in Pindar's paidn was Alicas … airavTijiv deov, cos 8i] Siktjs bvra 5-qp.wvpybv, de fac. in orb. lun. 13 ?) riVos ykyove Troin}Tiis … fierd SIkt}s Kai dperris b/j.oXoyov/iii'us Kai /xaKapiws, k.t.A. See also Clem. Al. stroll'' … 241), and a bronze head at Vienna (H. Schrader in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. iy

965

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 965 … xiv. 81—88 with figs. 91a, gi/>, 92 and pis. 1, 2, id. Phidias Frankfurt am Main 1924 … Strab. 353 (quoted by Eustath. in II. p. 145, 15 f.). … av8pwiros. k&ttI p.tv a.vb~pi.avTU]v fyreLTai to SpLOLOV avOpojiry, tirl be rod \6yov to virepatpov,

966

966 General Conclusions with regard to … If men are meditating perjury, a smouldering lamp-wick is as likely to … rhetoric and Greek satire had equally failed to grasp the sculptors … 2 Schol. Greg. Naz. in Catalogns sive notilia manuscriptorum qui a E. D. Cln^e

967

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 967 … used to sacrifice to Athena Ergdne1. Oil was poured out in front … dvovaiv ivTavBa irplv rj Xaixirpvveiv rb &yaXp.a tpfavrai. A base found at Olympia records … no. 1058, 2 ff. = fnscr. Gr. ed. min. ii—iii. 2 no. 1828, 2 ff. of c. 210 a.d. [4vl] &pxovtos … "•rX Similarly Methodios, bishop of Olympos in Lykia, who was martyrized under … Sllpra halitum eius expansis atque ita expressis...existimaturque et ebori vindicando a

968

968 General Conclusions with regard to … 3 B. Ashmole in The Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge 1930 viii. 689 f.

969

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 969 … This was the laugh of divine derision (cp. e.g. Psa. 2. 4, 37. r3, 59. 8), very different … Kedren. hist. comp. 326 D—327 A (i. 573 Bekker) iv toijtois rj re twv ' OXvp.TidSwv … SuP>a ii. 864 n. r.

970

97° General Conclusions with regard to … 2 Kedren. hist. comp. 348 A—B (i. 609 f. Bekker) r$ e' Irei ytyovev epnrprio-p-bs & … On this and other conflagrations at Constantinople see E. Oberhummer in Paul}' … 3 Theodor. Anagnost. eccl. hist. 1. 15 (Ixxxvi. 1. 173 A Migne) M TevvaSlov V Xef … 5 Theophan. chronogr. 97 B (i. 174 Classen) on ann. mund. 5955 = 463 A.D. rV … ov\ov Kal dXiybrpixov (xxv^a cttI rod ^lorrjpos oiKeibrepbv ecriv. … idffaro Vevvddios. (paol 84 rives r£>v loropiK&v, on rb od\ov Kal oXiybrpiXW o'XVf10, ^7rl

971

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 971 … Geschichte schliesst.' Id. id. p. 141 'Ich behaupte, dass in keinem einzigen Falle bisher … PP- 341—345 ('Das Christusbild'), id. 'Christus in der friihchristlichen Kunst' in the … See further H. Holtzmann ' Ueber die Entstehung des Christusbildes der Kunst' in … Oxford 1911 pp. 670—673 ('Types of Christ'), C. M. Kaufmann Handbuch der christ- … E. von Dobschiitz Christusbilder Leipzig 1899 pp. 1—294 deals exhaustively with one … 1 See especially J. Sauer Die dltesten Christusbilder Berlin 1920 pp. 1—8 with 2 figs. … iKtreuoiar) 4oik6s, tovtov Si dvTiKpvs aXXo rijs avrijs OXijs avSpbs bpdiov ir^a, SnrXolSa … TV w6aei. Cp. Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos hist. eccl. 6. 15 (cxlv. 1160C— 1161 A

972

972 General Conclusions with regard to … / monumenti del museo cristiano Pio-Lateranense Milano 1910 p. 22 pi. 29, 2, 2 a, 2B) … 1 J. Sauer in the Strena Buliciana p. 319 ff. 'lledet

973

Zeus as god of the Dark Sky 973 … eine Ausnahme und will so beurteilt sein.' H. Holtzmann loc. cil. p. 87 ff. dwells on the

974

lappings, fusions, and identifications? That is a grave question, … is entitled 'Maria vergine sempre prega el figliolo per gli peccatori.' Christ, seated on … yap aB6.va.T0i KaXovpievai, t)vIk' av irpbs a/cpy yivojvTai, e^w Tropevdeiaai ^ar-qcav irrl rep rod … The Christian equivalent will be found in 1 Cor. 2. 9 and 10.

W. LEWIS, M.A.

Maßstab/Farbkeil

Hadrian to that of of Geta (figs. 374, 375)1 he is a youthful hunter. … The same god is represented on … certain well-cut blocks of stone and … a cast). =— … G- Murad in the Arch. Zeit. 1879 xxxvii. 198 ('ohne =— £

OCR-Volltext

Hinweise zum OCR-Text

Rain of food

497

'versa1), were originally identical, both being forms of the self-same
substance honey. This identification is borne out by etymology:
a-i>ibrosia, the 'non-mortal' food2, and n^k-tar, the 'death-van-
luishing8,' or perhaps rather ne-ktar, the 'not-dead4,' are obvious
equivalents.

Athen. 39 a o25a 5' 6Y1 'Aya^ayBptS-qs [fab. incert. frag. 7 (Frag. com. Gr. hi. 198
^ eineke)) to veKTap ov irorbv, dXXa rpotpijv etvat X^yet dewv 'to vexrap ta&toj Taw \ p.aT7wv
^ vw r aixfipoaiav Kai tw Ait | 5lo.kovw Kai ae/ivds eljx eKaarore | "Hpa XaXwp Kai KiVptSt
?Japa'ca*'^/teJ'OJ., Ka!'AX/cp.d* {/ra^. 106 Bergk4, 88 Edmonds, 3 Diehl) St* 0ij<rt 't6 x<?KTap
*W ai'TotV Kai ia7r0w (frag. 51 Bergk4, 146 Edmonds) 5^ cp7)crtf 'afifipotrlas p-iv \
f^Kparo, I 'Ep/ids 6' eXec oXTrip ] foots otfoxo^trat.' Eustath. in Od. p. 1632, 61 ff.
Kp^v^* tms passage of Athenaios. The same conception underlies Eur. Hipp. 748 ff.
T af*Ppb<Tiai x^ovrai \ 'Arivbs (W. Dindorf cj. Zaxds) ptkadpwv irapa Koiracs, | tv a
wpos (so q Valckenaer from tva jStoSuipos cod. A. <JX/9t65w/>os vulg.) atf£ei faoVa j

j reHwitz Etym. Wbrlerb. d. Gr. Spr.2 p. 32, Boisacq Z>zV/. t& la Langue Gr.

'39' VValde"~Pol:orn>' Vergl- Wdrterb. d. indogerm. Spr. ii. 276, cp. Schrader Reallex?

P. 1
ii.

+ <ar

S° Prellwitz Etym. Wbrterb. d. Gr. Spr? p. 308 ('*nek (Tod; lat. nec-em.

In ^. *"etwindendt'' ai. tara-s, s. Tetpw. Also in der Bedeutung ahnlich wie aixfipoala.
averte \ ^eutunS habe ich mich mit Jac. Grimm Dtsch. Mythologie I, 294 (necem
(cf. 1>erUhrt')> Boisacq Diet. etym. de la Langue Gr. p. 660 f. ('< * w«/5-"mort, f."
"lui t ' ~tm et voy- s-v- vtK\ii) + -rap "qui triomphe de," cf. skr. lard-h zd. -lara-
^"omjS ,le de" (: s^r- tdrati "traverser, franchir, surmonter, vaincre," lat. tr-ans)
"Gott )' Walde—Pokorny Vergl. Wdrterb. d. indogerm. Spr. ii. 326 ('e^c-rap

4 H ^ank" ("*Tod iiberwindend,"...)').
Problenj tert Calypso Halle a. S. 1919 p. 161 ff. is dissatisfied with the solution of the
■ 1»posit' Vanced 'Jy Brellwitz and now commonly accepted ('Aber mit dem zweiten
"ttbertreff0118^''^ stebt es nlcrlt zum besten; man verweist auf ai. -lard-, aw. -tara-
°der auf • bes'egend," zu ai. tdrati "setzt Uber, gelangt himiber, tiberwindet, rettet,"
s'"reiicl" '] "P"1'"' "die Wasser besiegend "; ich wtirde schon lieber auf ved. -trd "zer-
ersc"eineii .ZWeites Kompositionsglied hinzeigen, das im griechischen Auslaut als -rap
<'er 2erle„ nillsste und von dieser Stellung aus verallgemeinert sein konnte. ...Aber auch
^ernacht " v^KTaP >n "ix-Tap " necem superans " haftet meines Empfindens etwas
!T<lP nur ,jnr an' es ^h't ihr die innere Uberzeugungskraft. Dazu kommt, dass die Silbe
11111 ')• Ac ° . ^eranz'enunS we't entfernter Formen einigermassen gedeutet werden
^^chte t\ajlei.r .lnS'y> he proposes a new and undeniably attractive explanation ('Ich
'yniologi,. j,6Inen neuen Deutungsversuch vorlegen, der hinsichtlich der Bedeutung der
^liche,, Wortf0IMMS ebenblirt'g 'st, aber den Vor/.ug hat, nur mit im Griechischen selbst
; e 'Ollstufe l/m?n auszukommen : 'cn namlich vi-KTap zerlegen. ve- = idg. *ne ist
*&U*m' "'-«//« Negation- die wir in so Ublichen F ormen, wie lat. ne-scio, ne fas, «'-
v . ' ist i/e. S' ne~s<-'"<s, ne-cesse, ne-cessarius, nemo aus *ne-hemo. ...Im Griechischen
ef ' °° Tts, la'ten bei vokalischem Anlaut, da sonst das alte ne- durch ob ersetzt wurde;
uw'^n' Unc' soe^W: nS^°' ^n so'cner Kontraktion aber war ve- nicht durch 01; zu
]j j^0"5'. Vr) 2eSnet es in Fallen wie vq\(rit, v-qpefios, vr\Kt<JTO%, vr/ypeTos, vtiwuos,

rT^tUne Jrf*' Sonst kann vi- also nur in Wortern mit undurchsichtiger

^Uln n der P

in er Ansicnl r,, 1. setzl,nB durch ov verschont geblieben sein; ein solcher Fall ist

-nsicht ~'ol-'-'-»ng durcn ov verschont geblieben sein; ein solcher ran 1:
uimr ' "^Tap' aus dem wohl schon die Griechen den Stamm veK- "Tod"

njc. lc,len KornJ*^05 herausgehort haben werden. Der zweite Teil dieses also sehr alter-
***p mehr tannt tUmS' dessen eigentliche Bedeutungdie Hellenen nachwei si ich selbst
^ern* "^"gabe ' gellort in ''efstufiger Stammesgestalt nach dem Hauptton zu horn.
6r Sehoren |?*J'0te'" Hesych. glossiert /crapes- venpol, Kai dicWpicrrot• oi ara0ot.
C. u, er KTeP'fo, hom. KTtpfffa/ rivd "jem. die letzte Ehre erweisen,"

32

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