Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 3,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (earthquake, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorits): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1940)

618 Zeus as an ox; Zeus Olbios

type, sought to vary the traditional pose1, imported fresh elements

which shows some features of the obverse more clearly. The reverse has an incuse square
containing a lion's scalp surrounded by the inscription A^"^ | i A^O | £T\AOr ' J I
Mr A 3 (QaiaTloiv to tpaifia). Analogous types occur on the oldest coins of Gortyna>
but on these the bull more often moves towards the right. Sundry specimens on wni
the movement is towards the left seem to be of slightly later date (Brit. Mus. Cat. Con1
Crete etc. p. 37 pi. 9, 4, J. N. Svoronos op. cit. p. 158 no. 4, p. 159 no. 8 pi. 12, 241 n°' ^
pi. 12, 25. Babelon op. cit. ii. 3. 979 ff. no. i62t pi. 255, 2, no. 1622 pi. 255, 3 as^°"
these coins to Phaistos: on their reverse the legend surrounding the lion's scalp has e't|1^
been replaced by a border of dots or disappeared altogether). For further light on
relations between the series of Gortyna and Phaistos we await the forthcoming study 0
the subject by Mr E. J. P. Raven. ^ g

(3) The terra-cotta plaque here published (pi. xlvi, 1) is said to have formed part 0
frieze from a tomb at Hadra, the eastern suburb of Alexandreia, which passed into
collection of Florence Lady Ward and thence into mine. Excavations carried on
great depth in 1898—1901 led to the discovery of-two cemeteries, 'that of Hadra

east of the city containing Hellenic graves, and that of Gabbari on the west, which is ^
Hellenistic and Roman' (R. C. Bosanquet in the Joum. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 35*^ ,jjeS
further E. Breccia Alexandrea ad Aegyptum Bergamo 1922, and for details id. ' 001 ^
de Hadra' in the Municipality dAlexandrie. Rapport sur la marche du service du * '
1912 pp. 15—33 pis. 10—22, id. ' Nuova esplorazione nella necropoli di Hadra m ^
Bulletin de la sociiUarchiologique dAlexandrie 1914 xv. 56—58, A. H. Tubby—
James 'An account of excavations at Chatby, Ibrahimieh, and Hadra' ib. I9I^ ij^
79—90 pi. 3). Height 5T1Tins., width 4! ins. There is one hole for attachment. ^
relief is throughout covered with a delicate white slip, on which Europe's ma
touched in with light blue pigment. The design shows a magnificent bull turned to ^
the left and pawing the ground, on which flowers are springing. Couched on his ^a^0(jy
an easy attitude is Europe, looking towards the right. Her feet are crossed,

and her

is half-draped in a light wrap which she holds as a sail with either hand. The foitn ^
the bull, the spacing of Europe's breasts, the rendering of the flowery meadow,
characteristic of the fourth century B.C. and suggest a fine original dating f'0111
period of Ptolemy i Soter or, at latest, Ptolemy ii Philadelphos. . * n0vi

Mr A. D. Trendall, however, draws my attention to a bronze mirror (pi. x ^ff"
in the possession of Mr Bisset in Rome. This mirror, which measures 'IS jt was
(or -i9m, if the handle be included) is said to have been found at Athens, wliel^viollSly
bought from a dealer in February or March 1935. The design of its relief is 0
identical with that of the terra-cotta plaque. k0th?

How is this identity to be explained? Is the plaque a forgery, or the mirror, ^
Or should we point to the fact that a bronze mirror-case of c. 300—250 B.C.
(M. Collignon in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1885 ix. 322 ff. pi. 7), no. 1355 in the Bib"0
Nationale, is similarly duplicated, or at least closely paralleled, by a terra"°°f ^ gibl-
found in the Peiraieus and now at Berlin (Babelon—Blanche! Cat. Bronzes de
Nat. p. 544f. no. 1355 fig.)? [tribute^ t0

(4) The type recurs, with some exaggeration, on bronze coins of Gortyna a tyr f>
the third (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Crete etc. p. 42 pi. n, 5, J. N. Svoronos op- ^jj^m*
pi. 15, 20, McClean Cat. Coins ii. 497 pi. 240, 15, supra i. 529 fig. 400, Head 1

p. 467) and second century B.C. (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Crete etc. p. 45 P1- ' ' n

supra i. 472 fig. 328), J. N. Svoronos op. cit. p. 173 f. pi. 15, 26, 27, 28, M

Coins ii. 498 pi. 240, 16). (siif"

1 Europe floating (supra i. 547 fig. 414), recumbent with front to spec a
n, o (3) pi. xlvi, 1, 2), recumbent with back to spectator (infra p. 626 figs• 4 ^ ^0
standing (supra i. 530 n. 2 fig. 402), stooping (infra p. 619 n. 2 (1) pi- xlvHi
n. o (2) figs. 419, 420), sitting (infra p. 622 n. o fig. 422), etc.