Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 3,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (earthquake, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorits): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1940)

634 Zeus as an ox; Zeus Olbios

as a heifer with human face1, as a maiden with heifer's ears and
horns2, as a horned maiden3, or at least as a maiden with a heifer
at her side4.

Aeschylus' in Harvard Studies.in Classical Philology igor xii. 335—345 with col- p'- ^
F. Anderson,.R. Engelmann in the Jahrb. d.kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1903 xviu- -i2
fig. 2 ( = my fig. 430), L. G. Eldridge in the Am. Joum. Arch. 1917 xxi. 41 f- ^6' \'
51 ff. fig. 6, J. D. Beazley op. cit. p. 245 no. 39). ^

Graeco-Roman gems revert to the animal form of Io. A brown chalcedony from
Blacas collection, now in the British Museum, shows Hermes on
the left holding the heifer by her horns and Zeus on the right
standing with left hand raised and an eagle at his feet (T. Panofka
loc. cit. pp. 18 f., 46 pi. 1, 7, G. P. Secchi in the Ann. d. Inst.
1838 x. 315, E. Braun ib. 329, Mon. d. Inst, ii pi. 59, 4 ( = my
fig- 431: scale f ) from an impression by T. Cades, Brit. Mus.
Cat. Gems'1 p. 143 no. 1262 pi. 18). See also the gem noted supra
i. 440 n. 4 fig. 312, of which there is a photograph in Imhoof-
Blumer and O. Keller Tier- und Pflanzcnbilder auf Miinzen und "*3
Gemmen des klassischen Altertums Leipzig 1889 p. 132 no. 28 pi. 21. /-my

1 R. Engelmann in the /ahrb. d. hais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1903 xviii. 38 ff. fig'1 \ jQ
fig. 432) was the first to publish and discuss an important vase at Boston, on w 1 ^
appears as a heifer with human face. This red-figured oinoclwe came from south ,^
and is described as ' vvahrscheinlich apulisch, in direkter Nachahmung attischer Ware
der Mitte des V. Jahrhdts.' Engelmann adds: ' Meiner Meinung nach dttrfte m£l"jjesS
der Zeitbestimmung noch etwas holier hinaufgehen.' The vase represents a '3ea'vear5
Hermes, with chlamys, petasos, caduceus, and sword, advancing against Argos, who * e
chiton, ox-hide cape [supra i. 458 f.), leather cap, and brandishes a club as he turns ^ ^ ^
his pursuer. Io moves off towards the right: her body is that of a heifer, but her hea ^
bovine horn and ear combined with the features of a maiden, and a veil the

of which serve to conceal the ungainly combination. Engelmann acutely rem %^tant
the same ^aiwz-oriental ' Mischbildung' is presupposed by the earliest of 0^0( |
Aeschylean tragedies (Aisch. suppl. 565 ff. Wilamowitz fiporol 5' of 7SS t6t v<ra'' ^ | ^
xXw/xj Selfiari dvpiiv \ t&Wovt', o\f>iv arjBri | /Sootoj/i opQvTes Svtrxtpts ^'^^^""yyissott'1
/ih> /3o6s, I Tav S' av yvvaiKdf ripas 6' iBaixfiovv). But S. Eitrem in Pauly-^" 0lcbpS
Real-Enc. ix. 1739 replies: 'Aber Aischylos braucht ja nicht absolut an em ^jjt
Mischwesen zu denken, I[o] mag auch in den Hik[etides] nur als kuhbormg g
worden sein, um als ein "wunderbares Mischgeschopf" bezeichnet zu werden- ^hpS*

2 The exact date of Aischylos' Prometheus Bound is not easy to fix I '.^ aftei'
Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur6 Miinchen 1912 i. 296 f.), and

repeated examination of the evidence (W. Schmid Utitersuchungen zutn J ^ p0et
Prometheus [Tiib. Beitr. ix) Tubingen 1929 (Aisch. P. v. is the work of an ull^n°^eUS' i"
writing between 458 and 445 B.C.), id. ' Epikritisches zum Gefesselten Prom esseite
the Berl. philol. Woch. Feb. 14, 1931 p. 218 ff.) can roundly declare: ';P«; gchm'd'^'
Prometheus ist weder von Aischylos noch zu dessen Lebzeiten verfasst 0 • ^j-orel in
O. Stahlin Geschichte der gHechischen Literatur Miinchen 1934 i. 2. I93> CP' ' cCxXS'v'
the Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft '93,^ r jgh t >n
84 f.). This is not the place to argue the point. In any case S. Eitrem loc. ct • 1 der
saying: 'Die gehornte Jungfrau wurde namlich die beliebteste ErscheinunB ^ jgjt
verwandelten I[o] in der Kunst, und auch in der Literatur wird die /3ofe?u! 7ral'.; 5',
Aisch. Prom. 586 [kXucis (pdiyfia. tSs fjovncpw irapOivov;], vgl. 673 K> LK€Pa
opar'] haufig erwahnt.' ^f alre*^

A good example of Io with cow's horns and cow's ear is the Jatta ^ ^ ^8°
figured (supra i. 459 n. 5 with fig. 318), of which Overbeck Gr. Kumtmyt-ben, als
(no. 19) says: 'Den Mittelpunkt bildet Io, welche als kuhgehornte und