Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 3,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (earthquake, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorits): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1940)

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Cook, Arthur B.
Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 3,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (earthquake, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorits): Text and notes — Cambridge, 1940

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Schmutztitel

A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION

Titelblatt

III

A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION … TEXT AND NOTES

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Preface

VII

VOLUME III with its two Parts comprises the third, and final, … College and University duties is necessarily limited, and that the … the scope and contents of the book. Volume I was to deal with … attempts to connect him with Sun, Moon, and Stars, while Volume II … omena—Earthquakes, Clouds, Wind, Dew, Rain, and Meteorites. … The work as a whole sets out to survey the range and influence

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The former may simplify things and enable you to get more directly … write—letters C, D, and O. Ideally C should have dealt with Zeus … p. 1131). On Olympia too I have said my say both in the Classical … ground {Olympia Oxford 1925), and Dr W. Dorpfeld dug deep … of Volume I and that of Volume III has of course brought an … First and foremost stands my debt of gratitude to the Syndics of

burden of publishing, despite all difficulties, this costly and un- … I have further been able to count on the co-operation of man)' … Reviewers in general have been benevolent, but superficial and … amazing knowledge of ancient art and modern art-collectors has

few of my former pupils, while engaged on quests of their own, … Gotha (pi. lxiii), Leipzig (pis. lxii, lxv, 1), and Vienna (fig. 476). … of access. Dr N. Bachtin gave me prints of Mount Ossa and of the

and there actually witnessed the sacrifice of a white bull to 'Zefs' … indebted to a host of contributors both at home and abroad. My … and Keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities in the British … Casts of coins and gems have again been sent me without … Briailles supplied the cast of a gem representing Kroisos on the … Permission to produce or reproduce plans and illustrations has

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the Museum at Munich (pi. 1), and by the Direktor of the Badisches … bulk of the drawings in Volumes I and II. Her work has through- … and produced as an experiment in lithography by the Cambridge … the Cambridge Museum of Classical Archaeology (pi. lxiv) and the … And here I must add a word on another of Mrs Kennett's … history of Greek religion with its gradual development, now slower,

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and onwards to ever greater heights till Zeus at his noblest joined

Contents of Volume III

§ 5. Zeus and the Earthquakes....... 1—29 … (d) The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth .... 68 … § 8. Zeus and the Dew.........165—283 … ii. Hephaistos and Athena....... 188 … § 9. Zeus and the Rain.........284—881 … iii. The myth of Danae and analogous myths .... 455

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(4) The aigis and Gorgoneiou of Athena .... 837 … (/) Zeus and the Hail . . .......' 875 … (b) Baityloi, Baitylia, and Zeus Betylos..... 887

XVII

(3) The Hierbs Gdmos on Mount Ide . . . 1032 … (6) The Hierbs Gdmos on Mount Kithairon . . 1042 … (a) Zeus and Hera at Hermione .... 1043 … (S) Zeus with Hera on the frieze of the Parthenon 1053

List of plates in Volume III

XIX

I Bronze medallion of Mytilene showing Zeus, Poseidon, and … (B) Apollon(?), Dionysos, and Ares(?) attack Giants

(3) A fragmentary mirror formerly in the Borgia collection and … XXI Plan of the American excavations on the north slope of the … Nike, and Hebe (?) . . . . . . . .182 … Hephaistos and Kekrops.......187 … Anesidora fashioned by Hephaistos and adorned by Athena 201 … (6) Aglauros(?) and Herse(?) make off .... 248 … conventional figures bearing garlands and gifts … and now in the Loeb collection at Murnau . . 307

XXI

Iupiter Pluvius and the rain-storm ..... 33° … mourners at prothesis below, and subsidiary zones of lions … and his ass..........4°° … Hades and Persephone, whose palace is surrounded by … presence of Akrisios, Danae, and the nurse holding the … Amphitryon and Antenor by the intervention of Zeus • 5" … Zeus with oak-wreath and aigts.....53^ … and an elderly male spectator...... … Europe on the Bull

XXII

XLVII I A Roman mosaic from Aquileia: Europe on the Bull, escorted … XLIX (1) Amphora at Munich : Io as a heifer with Argos and Hermes … Zeus in labour, with two Eileithyiai and Hermes in … Zeus in labour, with one Eileithyia and two gods in … Zeus in labour, with one Eileithyia and Hermes (?), Pos- … and other deities in attendance ..... 673 … Hermes, and Hephaistos in attendance .... 675 … and other deities in attendance . . . . .675 … LIX Pelike in the British Museum: (A) Zeus and Nike (B) Hera … a spectator stands before the Owl on the Akropolis . 777

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(3) and (4) Bronze coins now at Berlin......959 … Zeus and Hera on Mount Ide in the Troad . . ' . 1033 … Ixion on his fiery wheel.......1072 … XXVII (a) and (b) Terra-cotta group in the British Museum, … now in the Museum of Archaeology and of Ethnology, … ryv Zeus advancing with triple lightning-fork and bird . . 115°

Abbreviations

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Vol. I pp. xxv—xliii and Vol. II pp. xxiii—xliii. … logischen Institute: athenische Abteilung, and from 1915 (vol. xl) Mitteilungen des … Etruscan, and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum London … Brit. Mus. Cat. Gems- = H. B. Walters Catalogueof the Engraved Gems and Cameos Greek … Brit. Mus. Cat. Sculpture* = Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman

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Holland 2, Italy 12, Poland 3. Spain 1, the United States 6, and Yugoslavia 2. … Farnell Gk. Hero Cults = L. R. Farnell Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality Oxford … Frazer Totemism and Exogamy = (Sir) J. G. Frazer Totemism and Exogamy A Treatise on … to a.d. 2J0 based on the work of Barclay V. Head. London 1932.

XXVII

ssori Min.-Myc. Rel. = The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and its Survival in Greek

XXVIII

work, begun in 1894 and now nearing completion, at present (1939) covers the entries … Pfister Rel. Gr. Rom. 1930 = /)^ Religion der Griechen und Romer. Darstellung und … and Roman Bronzes by Gisela M. A. Richter New York 1913. … v Roman and Christian Sculpture. Part 1 The Sarcophagus of Claudia Antonia … xiii Jewelry and Gold Work. Part 1 (1910—1914) by C. Densmore Curtis Roma 1925.

XXIX

The Salting collection in the Victoria and Albert Museum. London 1931. … >u. i The Lockelt collection (Spain—Italy (geld and silver)). London 1938. … Hispania, Gallia, Britannia, Italy and Sicily) with Atlas of pis. London 1922, ii … yrenaica, Libya, Zeugitana, Islands between Africa and Sicily, Numidia, Maure-

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §5. Zeus and the earthquakes

§ 5. Zeus and the Earthquakes. … during the six years 1893—1898, and adds that, for every shock felt … Attike, Parnassos, and … Korinthia and Argolis 28 311 1858-1878 1886-1888 1895-1897

2 Zeus and the Earthquakes … the Straits of Euboia together with the Malian Gulf and the islands … ancient earthquakes, of which a well-arranged and critical list for … maritime and the rest within easy reach of the sea, it is not sur- … runners and Rivals of Christianity Cambridge 1915 ii. 297 (citing F. Cumont Recherches

Zeus and the Earthquakes 3 … Meineke «A Ail. & J «. «?• * and Apostol. 9. b0- The ^^.gf'J^ … N,«48«, the Naiad nymphs, and maybe an attempt to make sense of "J … quakes are produced by some huge beast beneath the Earth. Sometimes, as in Japan … °f his tail was five hundred years' journey, and the space between his two horns anotne … stocks and stones, tried in vain to lift his head (Ov. met. H. 614 «■)• Gla"ts lalf low ,y … accompanied by a peculiar crash occurred in Zakynthos on Aug. 4/to, '86*, ana … Other gods could on occasion produce a quake. Athena did so at iroy

4 Zeus and the Earthquakes … Xeiovra rais xopetais) and in Eur. Bacch. 586 ff., 605 f., 622 f., 632 f. shatters, or at least … Poseidon, makes and can therefore unmake earthquakes (Orph. h. Ner. 23. 5 ff. 8s … iv. 278) strikes me as far-fetched and improbable. … dXrjdrj, ^AfleTc Kal re\\eubcraTi p.oi rnv irpayfiarelav ravT-qv (on the identification of

Zeus and the Earthquakes 5 … •W*a and is possibly to be connected with Upai, Ionic trf, the 'hawk *p£rev … of mwrit, ^ Audollent „/. rif. p. 4*)), a hawk-headed deity with a basket on its head … C A. Hutton Catalogue of the Antiquities {Greek, Etruscan and Roman) m the collects … Magical Papyrus of London and Leiden London 1904 (l.) 189 verso col. , - … 302 (on which fonnula with its variants see C. Wessely Gra"'"'"e] … The fact is that any and every subterranean deity invoked by the magician «"*«?

Zeus and the Earthquakes … And all her crests were swaying to and fro, … Trembled and, trembling, sprang from his throne and shouted … Mytilene, struck by Valerianus, and hitherto unpublished (pi. i and … scene. On the left Poseidon, holding a dolphin (?), threatens the … 2 My specimen came from the cabinet of a Greek collector on May 14, 1928. Obv.

Zeus and the Earthquakes 7 … 6. 1 IWetSdc^ Me7aXo,r9e«5 ewo^rue-and /cX^ros i«/o<ri7cuos (nom. 7 times, ac . … dactylic tripodies with anacrusis were YVoveiSiwv tvoaWw and 7otl}oxos bmrlyam, tor … P- 213, 27 booty**) ; and the same reason suffices to explain the lengthened tirst … (Hesych. ft>« ■ <p0eip« and t$a,v ... 00eipu* are misleading glosses, based on a wrong inter- … Sprachforschung ,„„ xlv. 234 n. 3. Boisacq op. cit. p. 1.09 and Walde-Pokorny op. … a late compound (Ap. Rhod. 4. 1243, Plout. v. Lucutt. 28) and yields no tolerable sense. … «c- and perhaps JVMkMMf (Walde Z^. pp. 516 "•f1™* »

Zeus and the Earthquakes … earthquake-god, //. 20. 568. being a 'spateres Einschiebsel' and ivvoo-iyaios, evoo-lxOav, … and mean 'burdened with the ground,' 'burdened with earth,' 'laden with leaves.' The suffix … (so all lexicons, ancient 'or modern). And this tradition must be as old as Hesiod, since … of evoai-xOw. On the whole, it is safer to accept the traditional rendering and to assume … Periklymenos son of Neleus, son of Poseidon, and Euphemos son of Poseidon). … p. 139, 12 f. Wendel <ob Adv ob jid rijv Tijv ol yap Awpieis rb y els 5 rptwomiv and … Dresd. 39 StjCi (sic) rj yij and Io. Philop. roviKa rrapayye'Xjj.ara 31, 13 Sij), Souid. Arjjirjr-rjp

Zeus and the Earthquakes 9 … <5e (cod. a), where T. Bergk prints rpb xoX&iaw and E. Diehl rpiTroXo, S„, J. M. Edmonds … as equivalent to'Ewatyaioi, AS being in this case an ancient but unrelated name o the … forschung ,881 xxv. 145ft". and R. Meister Die griechischen Dialekte Gbttmgen 188911. 221, … to the view that AS was an ancient name of the earth-mother {supra 11. 584 nn. o, 1, 6 5 … Others prefer to suppose that in the tragic exclamation 5S we have the vocative and n … Keligion und Mythologie der Griechen Leipzig 1866 iii. 2.9 and O. Jessen in Fauly

io Zeus and the Earthquakes … "SeialxBwv KvavoxalTris (Cougny and Abel print aaalxBwv KvavoxalTTjs), | k.t.X., oracl. Sib. … xBovbs cod. $ and aTr)aeis xBovbs cod. SE') evvomyalov, | rjv rrore q>i]p,l%ovcriv irruivvplrjv

Zeus and the Earthquakes i1 … our land.' Nonnos makes it mean 'dwelling on earth' (Nonn tnUrpr- ev. Io ■jI J« … is accepted by K. W Goettling-J. Flach and H. G. Evelyn Wh.te. But the^gateJ … god ratd.rox„s is mentioned repeatedly on a stile of white marble, which was found in … *«««7 ^. no. 946, M. N. Tod and A. J. B. Wace A Catalogue of the Sputa … *ariot driven from right to left (M. N. Tod and A. J. B. Wace op. e,t p. lj6 no. 44° … of Damonon and Enymakratidas at the same contests. The record includes vanou events … 2 There was at Gythion a sanctuary of Demeter and, adjoining it, a statue of Poseidon

12 Zeus and the Earthquakes … 111. 1 no. 805 = Dittenberger Sytl. inscr. Gr. '3 no. 790 a base of Pentelic marble, on the … inscr. Att. iv. 2 no. 556 c, 1 ff. =J. v. Prott and L. Ziehen Leges Graecorum sacrae ii no. 27, … and E. Clavier for 4k tov codd.) /tavreiifiaTos, Kal 17'pwos Bovtov, rp/ros Si 'Hcpa/crrou. AeXr. … of Pentelic marble found near the Erechtheion and inscribed in lettering of s. v B.C. … 'EpexBius (sc- Medeios ii and Diokles iii in the stemma of the Eteoboutadai as given by

Zeus and the Earthquakes 13 … enemies of Herodes Attikos and his accuser before Aurelius), 21 ff. Bvyaripa ^Mir^ys … On the Poseidon-cults of Thera see Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. i. S75 n. 1, Gruppe … " Ancient and modern opinions are listed by Welcker Gr. Gbtterl. i. 627, Preller—Robert … » deriving the compound from yata + -/oXos and in-referring the second element to

14 Zeus and the Earthquakes … P. Kretschmer ploughed a lonely and fruitless furrow, when he sought to take the … swim, and how Poseidon flung a trident at him but failed to hit, the missile becoming the … attitude, but further characterise his rock as the island by representing on it an assortment … des rotfigurigen Stils Tubingen 1925 p. in no. 2 and by Hoppin Red-fig. Vases i. 206 f. … Moscioni (no. 8572) and Alinari (no. 35754 = my pi. ii)): (2) a kylix from Vulci, now at … from fresh photographs. The rock on (1) shows a scorpion, a polyp, a hedgehog, and

Zeus and the Earthquakes

16a

(B) Apollon (?), Dionysos, and Ares (?) attack Giants.

18 Zeus and the Earthquakes … but Ephialtes (a kratir at Vienna published by J. Millingen Ancient Unedited Monuments … pi. 13, 1. The rock shows a polyp, a dolphin, etc., a prawn (?), a goat, a snake, and … (probably from Cape Chelone: see Paus. 1. 2. 4) and flung by Poseidon at the Giant … alten Volker Leipzig 1893 pp. 4, 43, M. Jastrow The Religio/i of Babylonia and Assyria … (4) India (L. de la Vallee Poussin in J. Hastings E/icyclopcedia of Religion and Ethics … Richardson in an important paper on 'The Myth of Er (Plato, Republic, 616 b)' makes it

Zeus and the Earthquakes 19 … at the centre of the universe with a fire girdling the sphere of the universe, and further … Georgios the Pisidian, who was deacon of St Sophia and record-keeper at Byzantion … ct/iey but the reference is to Thales and Hippon) elpai t6 SSup nai ttip yijp ed> BSaTos … WisSlnS r£Sults of the Peripatetic Agatharchides and others (H. Berger in Pauly— … to Arte M C'U'te ce,ta'n tnat the phrase 'floating on the ocean' goes back beyond Pliny

20 Zeus and the Earthquakes … at least some traces of the conviction that earthquakes were ulti- … who nods his head, shakes his hair, and thereby makes the mighty … of a deep-seated and permanent sort. Indeed, the same belief still … Other poets, classical and post-classical, associate the most awe- … ovtus Ka.fiwT6iJ.evoi' Kal 0-vvudovp.evov and schol. T. (cp. scholl. L.V.) ad loc. Ev^pavoip 8e … 1 n. 1). The latter occurs here only and in Eustath. in II. p. 145, 10 ff., who combines … Leaf in the argument prefixed to his ed. of //. 8, in his note ad loc, and in his book

Zeus and the Earthquakes … to Zeus6 and the author of a Sibylline oracle to use the like language … connected less and less with the former, more and more with the … Paean to Poseidon, and most of them were for beating a retreat; but … 3 I have elaborated the point in Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway

22 Zeus and the Earthquakes … on the ancestral altar2. Apameia in Phrygia was repeatedly devas- … Tyana (s. i A.D.), when the towns on the left side of the Hellespont … But when in 115 A.D. Antiocheia on the Orontes was severely shaken, … altar of Zeus in the market-place and begging for a sign of the god's

Zeus and the Earthquakes 23 … of Zeus3. And certainly in late times earthquakes were reckoned as … 'camp,' a legend found on silver Carthaginian coins current in Sicily and Italy ^ … PMegon 20. (/V(^. to r>. Hi. 611 Muller) and op. Zosim. 2. MP- J •

24 Zeus and the Earthquakes … 9 Macrob. Sat. i. 12. 20 adfirmant quidara, quibus Cornelius Labeo (on whom see … etym. Wdrterb? p. 455, Muller Altital. Worterb. p. 249 f.) and accords with the cult of … Roma 1847 p. 45 = Orelli—Henzen Inscr. Lat. set. no. 5637 Iovi | Maio | sacrum and by … authenticity: see H. Dessau in the Corp. inscr. Lat. xiv no. 216* and in the Ephem. epigr. … by Arnobius, but set on its legs again by Frazer Worship of Nature i. 334. … 3 Flor. epit. 1. 14. For the aedes Telluris on the western slope of the Mons Oppius … of Ancient Rome Oxford 1929 p. 511.

Zeus and the Earthquakes 25 … ° a false Prescription. If the said holiday had been polluted by any man and … lentia | restituit (on a large altar now standing at the southern angle of the Palatine … eus I Sei dea (foun(j at xibur on a cippus of local stone), G. Gatti in the Not. Scavi … gs 1 fl""ther D. Vaglieri in Ruggiero Dizion. epigr. ii. 1726 and Wissowa Sel. Kult.

26 Zeus and the Earthquakes … blamed Christians2 and Christians blamed pagans3 for all the horrors … Libanios, who composed a special and somewhat hysterical lamentation for the down- … copied from a stile at Tyre, in which he congratulates his eastern subjects on having … down by the spread of the new religion (id. 9. 7. 8 ff.).

Zeus and the Earthquakes 27 … to chasten and reform his erring creatures2. … J5i6)4 for the Sistine Chapel at Rome and woven by Pieter van … videret. etc.). See further J. E. B. Mayor's notes on Tertull. apol. 40. … (tSerc OeoC (ptXavOpuirlav; 5ivap.Lv, on m'ca£e 7171- olKOV/ihlJV■ <pi\av9puirlav, on TrlirTOVirav … f- Migne)) and even makes him on another occasion quote Ps. 103. 8 (Io. Chrys. hom.

Zeus and the Earthquakes 29 … and claims that by so doing he benefits the very gods : … That heaved the regal chair on high3. … in deprecation 'My God, cease thine anger!5' And the inhabitants … 4 A small marble frieze found on the base of a lararium in the house of the auctioneer … lupiter, flanked by two equestrian statues, with a commemorative arch to the left and an

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / (a) Zeus and the clouds in the literature

3<d Zeus and the Clouds … The congregation was for fleeing into the town; but the preacher detained it, and all … dicted the downfall of the town Truxillo. It was destroyed by earthquake on Feb. 14, … dvifiuiv, ffbv 5e vetpieo-ai KaXv\pe | yaXav 0/10O Kal irbvrov - bpwpei 5' ovpavbdev vv£, on which … Zeis (always at the end of the line and, except in 7. 280, 11. 318, 14. 293, 17. 198, 20. 215,

Zeus and the Clouds … some neighbouring height and did his puny best to allay the mid- … on the very hottest day of the year toiled up the slopes of Mount … 4 Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art i. 249 C, 256 f., 260 ff., 275, 323. … the ed. of Servius by G. Thilo and H. Hagen iii. 2. 265, 3f.), Lucan. 4. 124 f-> CP- Mart- … MaXXois and Sir J. E. Sandys ad toe), was intended as a rough imitation of the starry, … ao-Tpaitp Ai6vvo-ov dxexXaiiwe xtTQvt and cp. the vase-painting figured supra ii. 202 … 'Brygos: his Characteristics' in Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Zeus and the Clouds … of its early import and had taken on a meaning half-religious and … (so M. Fuhr and F. Blass, after C. G. Cobet, for 6 ax'-voKitpaXos Zevs HSe (I. Bekker and … laois on Kal UepiKXijs 'OXvp-rnos trpoo-qyopevero) and perhaps by Eupolis (Hesych. s.v.

Zeus and the Clouds in Literature 33 … Of course, on occasion, magic might be employed, not to collect … For, though sundry scholiasts and lexicographers attempt to render … the ability to divert the clouds from their course and to precipitate them as hail or … 363, 25 f- Lentz) ap. et. mag. p. 59, 61 f.). On the etymology of KeXaivSs consult

34 Zeus and the Clouds in Literature … world between them and … And of their own accord the gates of heaven … wepi KaTapx&v 605 Z-qvl Kekaivetpi'C refers to the planet Zeus and is followed immediately … b" X^ov wapa. Ttarpl Ke\aive(pei (with variants Trap 'L-qvl Ke\aive<peT and Ke\aive<pei wap Z-qvi)

Zeus and the Clouds in Literature 35 … And Zeus was as good as his word. The sequel tells how … Then take us for Gods, as is proper and fit,

36 Zeus and the Clouds in Art … oak-wreath on his head, a reddish4 himdtion round his left shoulder … 36 Zeus and the Clouds in Art … oak-wreath on his head, a reddish4 himdtion round his left shoulder

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / (b) Zeus and the clouds in art

Zeus and the Clouds in Art … there, Zeus is really couched on a mountain-top, say the cloudy … prompting Eros5, the expectant eagle6—in a fairly consistent and … pointing downwards to some human fair. … 5 The history of the type is worth tracing. Its several stages are enumerated and … °r is perched on a cornu copiae(n. 1225 fig. 1023) or grape-bunch (i. 596 fig- 4SW or "ee … over the regalia (ii. 811 fig. 778), or appears in relief on an altar (i. 713 fig- S«). 1 c … A *"<isc on ancient painting London ,74° P- «7« P>- '° °" H!S w3

38 Zeus and the Clouds in Art … not have been represented as a naked woman, and Venus could at most claim a parental

Zeus and the Clouds in Art 39 … Zeus on the eagle4, Ganymedes on the eagle—is decidedly awkward. … sistently careful draughtsman P. S. Bartoli, depicts Zeus seated on … 3 Cp. the attitude of Ganymedes himself, not to mention the eagle and the dog, in the … 6 The stone, which is circular and plano-convex (here figured to a scale of -?), possibly … Gems (Ancient and Modern) got together by John Wilson (1790—1876). It is described

40 Zeus and the Clouds in Art … the centre, with a himdtion draped round his knees and over his left … minimised and liable to confusion with the lines of the arm and hand.

Zeus and the Clouds in Art … chlamys and radiate crown, she by her arched drapery and crescent. … Minerva's hand—the same group as it appears on bronze medallions … . in age and motif'are two, if not three,gems in our national collection5. … a medallion, in two bronzes, of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (161—165 a.d.) with … 6 Nos. 7228 and 8889 in the Wilson Collection of Gem-impressions (supra p. 39 n. 6).

42 Zeus and the Clouds in Art … numerous gold coins on which their supramundane position was duly

Zeus and the Clouds in Art … upon them as on comfortable cushions (fig. 17)3. Kanishka, his … 2 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Greek and Scythic Kings p. 1241". pi. 25, 8 and 9 ( = my … Kadphises ii and reign c. 120—c. 160 a.d. L. D. Barnett op. cit. p. 42 had placed … Bnt. Mus. Cat. Coins Greek and Scythic Kings p. 136 ff. pi. 27, 9 ( = my fig. 19),

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / (c) Nephelokokkygia

raises many problems, some of which we must attempt to solve. … for staying where they are, with the Birds. And Pisthetairos is … without first paying tribute to them! Hereupon Tereus and his mate, … 1 The first draft of this section appeared as 'Nephelokokkygia1 in Essays and Studies … Bird and Beast Stories London 1915 p. 236 f. no. 78 ' Why has the lark a tuft ?', p. 238 f.

more ancient than the gods, and Zeus ought to relinquish his sceptre … king had a son, whose [two ?] elder brothers grew up lawless and violent. They scorned … with fig. on p. 418) and the hoopoe (id. id. 1895 iv. 57 ff. with col. pi.), and it is reason- … Birds Oxford 1895 p. 97 is in danger of going too far when he says: 'The Kopvdds and … implied by, the Pandectarius Arabicus Matthaei Sylvatici (an Arab commentator on the … rcgaliolus (Suet. Iul. 81 regaliolum with v.l. regaviolum, on which see De Vit Lat. Lex. … 'ii Persian religion is still that of K. Schwenck Die Mythologie der Perser Frankfurt am

sovereign of Egypt and Phoinike, and his cry sent the circumcised … that Aristophanes has here preserved for us a genuine scrap of ancient folk-custom. … 2 We have no reason to think that Egyptians and Phoenicians were specially devoted … kokkv suggests at once 'cuckoo' and 'cuckold' (W. Mannhardt 'Der Kukuk' in the … are all pre-Hellenic, e.g. the faience goddesses surmounted by snake and lioness (? leopard)

phantine statue of Athena with a cock on her helmet, said to be the work of Pheidias, on … -.J E". V°.n Lasau,x DerEid beidrn Griechen Wurzburg 1844 p. 27 f. and R. Hirzel Der … subjects to take an oath by the gods, but bade them swear by goose, dog, ram, etc., and … Sosikrates (on whom see Laqueur in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. iii a. 1160-1165) … o fT°S ™* (g°0Se' d°g' ram) and «* X** 'A^»«' (Soose, ram). … Plane ram), Arsen. p. 423 f. Walz (goose, dog, plane, ram), and in part by Zenob.

UavoJjpri from his own cj. and 'TapyrjXloi<Tiv from that of F. W. Schneidewin) 'iyxvrov irpb … Kai airbs u/ivve r-qv Kairirapiv, <is"Ep.7re56s (so Kaibel and J. von Arnim, after C. Miiller, … eiopdav iinSeiKv{ip.evot 7rp6s Xdxava 6p.v6ov<ri, p.d rd Xdx.ava Kai pta rd Ka\a Xiyovres and … goose; cabbage; vegetables; wine?). G. Menage in his note on Diog. Laert. 2. 40 … But we have yet to determine the origin and significance of the oath by goose, dog, … (Loukian. vit. and. 16), would presumably have interpreted the 'ram' as Amnion.

P-uvtikov opviov). And a little mythological ingenuity could doubtless discover some spark of … men from the worship of artificial objects and to direct their thoughts toward the one … The same tendency is seen in Gogs (Shrew, iii. 2), Fr. parbleu, and Ger. Potz in Potztau- … Leipzig 1902 p. 96 n. 2 objects that nobody said vt\ rbv Zijva (despite //. 23. 43 and Od. … k.t.X.) and consequently nobody would have altered it into vi] rbv xw"- But tn's objection … '9lo pp. 31, 67, 86)—a popular distortion vt) tov xw°- arose and was in due course fathered

The Birds, flattered and fluttered by this speech, are willing to … 2. 7 Kal rd TrepUxo" be irdcras (sc. tos ffre^dvas) tclxovs SIktiv o-Tepebv birdpxef and ap. Stob. … mundi, cp. 1. 1102, 2. 1045, 1148, 3. 16, 5. 119, 454i I2I3> 6. 123), and as a Lucretian … 'Leaving exposed the utmost walls | Of time, about to tumble in | And end the world,' … Analogous conceptions are found here and there in the religious imaginings of the … absumat; in quot autem annis numerum non didici. On this Latin version C. H. Beeson … mention one of aithtr, one of wind, one of light, one of water, and one of fire, together

down out of heaven from God' (Rev. »i. 2, cp. 21, 10), 'having a wall great and high; … \ap.TrahK and Severianus of Gabala (on whom see Lietzmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … els to aXXo pjpos ai5ri)s to oUovp.evov vvKTa direpydt;eTai and the whole structure of the … The cosmic walls of philosophy, religion, and so-called science presuppose mythopoeic … Of some otherwise forgotten myth. … •nan nicht selten der bezeichnung grummel- oder grommelthurm fur gewitter'), while on … n Oldenburg the northern lights are also known as Turm, the 'tower,' and taken to be a

and to demand the submission of Zeus. If he refuses, they will … French examples. Sailors in the Channel regard certain big black clouds as dangerous and … charged with thunder and hail; it is then called tourrougat a 'keep.' Finally, when black … 2 This is not religion, but common sense. Athen. 325 B Kal ttjv vf/rrav de KaXov^h-qv … of comic invention. There is no special link between Zeus and the wren beyond the fact … number of such names applied to the wren (both the Troglodytes Europaeus and the … A Glossary of Greek Birds Oxford 1895 p. 174) and both on the crown of the head have

of their divinity, and are obviously competent to harm or help … Ouranos and Ge, primaeval parents of all the gods. Birds declare … a'I got rid of and Pisthetairos quits the stage to sacrifice the goat … epithets formerly belonging to Zeus4 and justifiably put a price on … *«pt of Ail. de nat. an. t. 35 or Geopon. 15. 1. 19). On the hoopoe liberating its im-

auspicious, and a Messenger brings word that the great wall is now … And up against him to the sky I'll send … 1 Aristoph. av. 1230ff. Earlier and cruder is the conception of 'the Brygos painter,' … no. 5) represents Iris ambushed bytheSilenoi Echon, Lepsis(Nepsis?), and Dromis (on these … from some Satyric drama, though hardly from the Iris of Achaios (W. Helbig in the Bull, … threatened to bum the palace and walls of Amphion, husband of Niobe (H. W. Stoll in … oUe). Here Pisthetairos threatens to turn the tables on Zeus by burning his 'palace and

On the wopcpvpluy or 'purple gallinule' (Porphyria hyacinthinus or veterum) see … ib. ii. 2204) on the way from Athens to Marathon, declared that Porphyrion, who was king … cult, was 'identisch mit Phoinix, and gleich diesem Reprasentant der Phonikier.' This … a very ancient Attic king. If he was son or brother of Athamas, he too was one of those … second hand, purporeus codd. B.H. porpureus codd. G.L.K.), and we have already met … iganten 1st angeblich Athena tytiXaSos genannt' inverts cause and effect). … Ule thund 1 1 Welcker Gr- Gotterl. i. 793 11. 18): Typhos and he 'were laid low by

make Porphyrion the main antagonist of Zeus: (1) a kylix by the potter Erginos and the … maler des rotfigurigen Stils Tubingen 1925 p. 465 no. 1), on which the combatants are … op. cit. iii. 40). (2) An amphora with twisted handles, found in Melos and now in the … 8 and 8 a, P. Ducati in the [ahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1907 x. 255 figs. 83—85 (photo- … by the same artist (Furtwangler—Reichhold op. cit. ii. 196). Vases (2) and (3) presuppose … arch. Inst. 1908 xi. 141), which again shows the sky as an arch, yellow-painted and … no. 132, 735 f.)—and the left serpent winds up till its head rises above the giant's left

by the states to Pisthetairos; for every one has gone bird-mad and. … He is desperately anxious to escape notice from above and produces … The envoys in due course arrive—Poseidon, Herakles, and the … (2)> (3). (j)) conceived as a sturdy antagonist, full of fight and seen from the back as … The giant defeated by Zeus on a red-figured hydria from Vulci, now in the British … das Fell eines wilden Thieres, eines Wolfes oder Luchses(?)') and, as he collapses, is … Tnballos (on whom see J. Schmidt in Roscher Lex. Myth. v. no2f.) could claim … a"a Oreios—into a vulture (yvtf and a sort of swallow (?) (Xo^us) respectively, and their

and will listen to no proposals, unless Zeus consents to restore the … a blaze of glory. The Birds, parting on either hand, greet them with … O ! O ! for the youth and the beauty, O ! … And Love, with his pinions of gold, … 83. 6 Priape, 9 o Triphalle, 15 Priape, and the gloss Uplairos cited in Steph. Thes. Gr. Ling.

The earth-crashing thunders, deadly and dire, … Partner of Zeus on his throne, … always by some phrase descriptive of the Olympian king. He comes … made by G. Caramia in his article on Btw/Xfw in the Birds of Aristophanes (Kivista Me-

and comments on the verse— … When Pisthetairos, bride in hand, is escorted 'to Zeus' floor and … was about to dispense it to Tydeus; and some actually called her Athanasia (schol. … Ouranos by Titaia (Ge) and a sister of Rhea (Pandora), brought up her brothers the … 41 ff., Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. pp. 1081 n. 5,1521 n. 1), whom some take to be a 'Queen' … is 'Queen' of the Underworld and at the same time goddess of the mysteries and of … final scene in the Birds implies a clear reference to the sacred marriage of Zeus and Hera,

hesitated. The partner of Zeus must needs be Hera. And Hera in … Pisthetairos, Nephelokokkygia, and finally Basileia. … turns aside to the sacred marriage of Dionysos and the fiaaChHraa (supra i. 672 n. o, 686, … and Boeotians (H. G. Lolling in the Ath. Mitth. 1878 iii. 19 ff. line 14 f. cited supra ii. … tik&v avvyev[t]i] \ "Hpa BacriXd[a] e[7ri] ro[0] f3u/j.o[v] ] ra[s] (o-)Ti/3dc>as iK[bciJ.riaev~[. On … 2 Schol. Aristoph. av. argum. 1 and 2. W. Christ Geschichtedergriechischen Litteratitr

longest of the extant comedies; and dealing as it does with a subject outside the ordinary … and ideas which possessed it while he was engaged in the composition of the earlier play. … Trygaeus ; whilst the whole scheme of the proposed sacrifice on the stage, its preparation, … else; in each of them, and in them only, we hear the "sweet song" of the t<?tt(£, and in … So again, although the Athenian dependencies on the coasts of Macedonia and Thrace … people was directed to the military operations in Sicily. And the very remarkable verbal

held the balance between Athens and Sparta, a fact that the play- … The Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge 1927 v. 256 ff. … 1723 on an architrave of Pentelic marble in the church of St Theodoras near the village … a chaos of clouds (av. 178) and a babble of political intriguers (Ach. 598). 'Ganz … 'Opveats, where again the name is selected partly because it suggests birds (opvea) and … F. Creuzer Symbolik und Mythologie* Leipzig and Darmstadt 1841 iii. 248 n. 2 saw … said that in the shape of a cuckoo he deceived Hera and won her love on the Mountain of

fahrbiicher d. Liter, xxxii. 77—80 as a pure fabrication and is described by A. Potthast … founded on old traditions.' Partial confirmation of the alleged statements of Prokosz may … current in the fifteenth century, dignifying inferior powers with the rank of gods and … Other Polish chroniclers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries complete the list by … on the Sola, some 40 miles south-west of Cracow), id. 1 (j. 3y B) < item £>eus vita> qUem … The Folk Lore and Provincial Names of British Birds London 1886 p. 121, O. Keller Die

To secure her by guile, he transformed himself into a cuckoo and … faring alone, came to the mountain and sat on the spot where there … piece by Polykleitos. The goddess sat enthroned. On her head was … statue that, though in point of costliness and size it fell short of the … states that the cuckoo-oracle was consulted on the first of May (A. Lecoy de la Marche

drapery, the queenly bearing, and the golden throne. Greek and … I need not labour the point. The myth was well known, and the … mythopoeic mind, has split off the cult-title Bastleia and transformed … calendar on a marble slab in lettering of s. iv—s. iii B.C. SeKdrai- "Hpcu 'Apyetai "EXetai … iii. 1 no. 172, 5 ff. on a taurobolic altar of Pentelic marble, to be dated c. 361— 363 A.D. … (Paus. 1. 18. 9), unless we reckon the ruined temple on the way from Phaleron to Athens, … 32 f., cp. ii- 816 n. 1) and Aspasia "Rpa, if not also Hipavvos or VvpawoSaip.uv (Meineke

appealed to an Athenian public by thus dwelling on a virtually … very statue was known and admired by ordinary folk at Athens in … the central goddess is not Aphrodite but Hera, who sits on a throne … Real-Enc. iii. 44 f., would identify the BacriXeia of Kratinos and Aristophanes with the … Aigyptos, Danaos, etc.) and Phoinike (Agenor, Kadmos, Phoinix, etc.) play a large part … pi. 10, 1 and 1 a. … 6 The panther appears to be a variant of the lion, which on other vases representing

68 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … and the chef-d'ceuvre of the sculptor queens it in the centre. Doubtless … 'from above3.' Hence his ludicrous umbrella. And Pisthetairos, … iii. 1615 fig. 6) and is usually explained as symbolising the sovereignty of Asia (Eur. Tro. … privigni (sc. Dionysos and Herakles). … 68 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … and the chef-d'ceuvre of the sculptor queens it in the centre. Doubtless … 'from above3.' Hence his ludicrous umbrella. And Pisthetairos, … iii. 1615 fig. 6) and is usually explained as symbolising the sovereignty of Asia (Eur. Tro. … privigni (sc. Dionysos and Herakles).

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / 68-103 (d) The clouds personified in cult und myth

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 69 … Sokrates would introduce his elderly pupil and initiate, Strepsiades, … only the third prize, being beaten by the YIvtIvh] of Kratinos and the KWos of Ameipsias— … 1912 i. 422 f.), being either 'composed to be read and not to be acted' (B. B. Rogers in his … in the sky and took the clouds to be a Centaur, a leopard, a wolf, a bull—in fact, as … (Hesych. s.v. </>apij) and nebula in Latin (De Vit Lat. Lex. s.v. 'nebula' § 9) for a thin,

70 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … more orthodox, and in their pardbasis begin by invoking four gods … Sokrates' nebulous notions and shifty morals6. But the Orphists, … Brimful of thunder and fire, loud-roaring, of watery ways, … Rent by the winds or charging amain with a crash and a clap, … the Akropolis, and Dionysos of Mt Parnassos—another quartet of deities likely to be

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 71 … fSaaiXrios (so Clem. Al. strom. 5. 14 p. 416, 4 Stahlin and most codd. of the cohortatio. … of the Aia0?}iccu (Orph. frag. 248 a Kern ap. Clem. Al. strom. 5. 14 p. 411, 4 and 10 … numen adorant. J. Rendel Harris St. Paul and Greek Literature (WooJbrooke Essays, … of explanation from Aristophanes; the worship of angels is, like the new religion in the … saw a cloud like a Goth swallowed up by a cloud like a lion and divined that Asper

72 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … Kephalos and Prokris in the following form3: … that Nephele here must be a flesh-and-blood personification, not a … 1 The nimbus of Christian art has a long history of its own, on which see L. Stephani … and J. Nicolai Disquisitio de Nimbis antiquorum, Imaginibus Deorum, imperatorum olim, … Eustath. in Od. p. 1688, 27 has a v^i\t], and so P. K. Buttmann in schol. Od. 11. 321.

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 73 … first succumbs to the trinkets of a stranger and later lives with him … goddess bestowed her favours upon Kephalos and was jealous of … the goddess Nephele for a mortal wife, and was punished by a … on the mountain-side. She wears a short chitdn, and attempts to pluck the unerring javelin

74 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … A curious modification of this union between a mortal man and … 1 A. H. Krappe 'The Story of Phrixos and Modern Folklore' in Folk-Lore 1923 … by B. L. Gildersleeve and W. Christ, cj. OipaviSdv. T. Mommsen, followed by O. Schroder,

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 75 … vvvovatq. (but other scholia on the same line give the more usual account: schol. A. C M.

76 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … and looks back in terror towards the left, where just beyond a neighbouring hill Nike is … On the variants 'laaiav, 'Ia.<rwi>, 'Idffios, "laaos, see W. Gundel in Pauly—Wissowa … xxxii. 144 (full list and map), M. P. Nilsson Homer and Mycenae London 1933 p. 64 ff.

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 77 … on the traditional Homeric lines he, like Homer, had lost his eye- … Thou didst not go on board the well-planked ships, … 3 Frazer Go/den Bough3: Spirits of Corn and Wild i. 208 f. compares 'the West … Konon narr. 21, writing between 36 b.c. and 17A.d. (E. Martini in Pauly—

78 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … by a storm out of the Aegean to Egypt, and there taken from her … and substituted by Hera for the faithful wife4. Like Herodotos, he … Platonic passage is expounded on allegorical lines by the neo-Platonist Hermeias of … ' The passages relating to Stesichoros' TtaXivipSla are collected and discussed by … (the resolution of a self-contradictory mythical figure into self and shade goes back … p. 323 Reiske Kal rbv piv 'Sr-qo-lxopov TV vvrepov <pdrj Xiyew on to Trapdnav oiSi … B. D. els "ZTTjalxopov alvlrrerai • Xiyet yap iKelvos on iX8iiv b 'AXi£av8pos iwl rairris ttjs

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 79 … And dost deride the tale that he was sewn … And borne him, babe divine, to Olympos' height, … Against the strifes of Hera and sent out … On the plot see further A. von Premerstein ' Ueber den Mythos in Euripides' Helene' … (paaiv iv PVPV Aids, I bvop.a perauT-fiffavTes, on dta debs \ "Hpa Trod' upiipeuffe, avvBivres

80 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … is attested by vases2, frescoes3, reliefs4, and other works of art5, … 1 see no probability in the suggestion that Hesych. s.v. dnapa- to. <r/^Xij- Kp?j7-es and … design on p. 73 (part of which = my fig. 23). published a yellow-ground Corinthian pyxis … This view, accepted by F. Lenormant loc. cit. i. 602 and by E. Thraemer/^. at. i. 1123, … d'enfantement (?)' etc.). The hair and the girdle of the central figure prove it to be female. … torches, standing on the lap of a seated Zeus (supra ii. 273 with fig. 177, infra § 9 (h) ii … p. 134 ff- fig- 83 ( = my fig. 24): 'Zeus, naked, very tall, his long hair and beard curiously

82 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … de' Reggj Studj, n. 63: altezza, palmi i\; diametro, 1 palmo, 3J oncie') and drawn for … recorded by L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pit. 1861 p. 13, and published by … a cloth or garment. Behind Zeus stand a Bacchant (thyrsos) and a Maenad (panther-skin, … in the Joum. Hell. Stud. 1934 liv. 175 ff. pis. 8 and 9 by A. D. Trendall, to whose … regards this curious effort as 'ein humoristisches oder vielmehr parodisches Bild' and … cites for comparison and contrast a fresco said to have been found in Rome and formerly … bryo gekrUmmt,' says Gerhard) of Semele, who half-clad in a yellow robe lies dead on

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 83 … Reinach Rip. Reliefs iii. 362 no. 2). Zeus, with bent head, is seated on a rock. He leans … Xeal-£„Ci v. l6+6> xj I47Ij> and loc_ ciL p_ j-g ff. explains in like manner h. Dion. 1 … H- W. Stoll and W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1822, Gruppe Gr. Myth- R#. … "e dl-suited to Nymphs. Besides, Hauser rightly insists on the points of similarity

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 85 … un tiers; longueur dix palmes moins deux onces'), and whether it was continued by means … Minturnae (?), was exhibited at the Palazzo Pisani in Venice, and is now preserved in … exhausted on a couch, her left hand propping her head, her right drooping as if she held … • p- Lenormant, Wieseler, and Schneider would recognise Gaia).

86 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … broken away), on whose shoulder he rests his … of the Vatican, shows the veiled head and … admirably suited to a child's sarcophagus and, doubtless, often repeated (cp. supra ii. … iv. 362 ff. pi. B 1, 1 and 2, A. L. Millin Galerie Mythologique Paris 1811 i. 5of. no. 222

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 87

88 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … and a Initiation, which leaves his right leg bare. He leans with his right hand on a long … a narthex with umbelliferous head (so Heydemann. Gerhard made it a ferule and grape- … reverse of the handle shows a pair of scantily draped dancers, male and female. … Lastly, a bronze coin of Nysa Skythopolis, the ancient Beth-Shan and modern Beisdn,

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 89 … P- 904 goes off on a wrong path). Farnell Cults of Gk. States v. 110 keeps a clearer head: … pretends to actually [(.raV)] give birth to the adopted son; and this would be the natural … was accepted and affiliated in this wise to Zeus by some Hellenic tribe who were still in … H. J. Rose ('On the alleged Evidence for Mother-right in Early Greece' in Folk-Lore … no' D) shows Herakles as a well-grown youth, with his lion-skin round his neck and a

go The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth

92 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … intelligible to us, hercle: unial: clan, denote 'Hercules son of Uni (Iuno)' and certainly … (c. roo a.d.) in his paradoxical notion that Herakles was the son of Zeus and Hera(Ptol. … and suppose a direct quotation of the following words) Atds not "Hpas vlbs). The whole … is Eros, crouching almost en face, with a bulla slung round his throat and an ovoid object … modifications—a Ukythos of ' Apulian' style found at Anxia (Anzi di Basilicata) and now … reduced to the proportions of a boy and has lost his lion-skin and club. But that he and … n. 2, ii. 515 n. 10) and a fitting reward for her services. Hera herself is a queenly figure,

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 93

94 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … gising tendency dates the whole hostage-episode, with its play on … This couple is balanced by a standing Eros (wreath, sphenddne) and a seated Aphrodite … to agree ('Sonne...vielleicht mit recht,' etc.), and F. Solmsen in the Indogermanische … Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 1316, Hesych. s.v. Zppaos (so M. Schmidt for ippas cod.)- Kpi6s), and … ■rjhiKiuiTTisy and had noted the Laconian cult of Dionysos "Epi0os. H. Ehrlich ib. 1906

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 95 … Lenaion and the Attic Gamelion (J. Delamarre in the Rev. Philol. N.s. 1901 xxv. 180 f., … Dindorf, Souid. s.v. Ei)pnr/S);s ter, Gell. 15. 20. 4), who was interested on the one hand … of the wise Chyavana,and the greatly illustrious Aurva was born in her, ripping open … (2) A. Kuhn op. cit.2 p. 149 ff. compares the case of Vena, son of Anga and Sunitha,

g6 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … Parana 1. 13 'And they fell upon the king, and beat him with blades of holy grass, … named Ajagava, and celestial arrows, and panoply from heaven. At the birth of Prithu, all … and black complexion, a wide mouth, large ears, and a protuberant belly. It also

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 97 … 'nto his mouth (to suck), and the wielder of thunder said, "he will suck me." Thereupon … auspicious, and from the side of the queen, who was purified by her vow, her son was … ness.... As was Aurva's birth from the thigh, and Prtthu's from the hand, and Mandhatfz's, … arm-pit, So also was Bodhisattva on the day of his birth produced from the right side; … n°tes that, according to an Old French legend, Phanuel once peeled an apple and wiped

98 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … (6) S. Baring-Gould Legends of Old Testament Characters London and New York … his acquisition, when a messenger from heaven appeared, and told him to let her run … a sweat, and brought forth a female-child and a male-child from under his arm-pit, while … — Wafthr. A maid-child and man-child grew together from under his arm-pit. Foot … The Religion of the Teutons Boston and London 1902 p. 342, P. Herrmann Nordische

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 99 … In this connexion the design on a red-figured liydria in my … stands a slender, youthful Apollon. He wears a bay-wreath on his … Mythologies Leipzig and Darmstadt 1842 iv. 330, Gerhard Gr. Myth. i. 452, Preller— … (Paus. 8. 26. 6 kcu Alos re idputravTo Aexedrou fiwiiov, are evravBa tt)v 'ABr}va.v TeKbvros) and … (Ant. Lib. 27) and Zeus *'Eira<pos assumed to account for Dionysos 'Eircupios (Orph. … 1 O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 1323, citing A. Hug's commentary on … 4 The vase (height 8} inches) was found in Attike, and was acquired by me in

100

ioo The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … 'He (sc. Apollonios of Tyana) put in at Lesbos and made his way to the … Wherefore the god came upon him as he was chanting an oracular strain and … design on a red-figured kylix now in the Lewis collection at Cam- … that on one side Pelops is taking down an oracle pronounced by the head of Orpheus

101

The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth 101 … the devotee of Apollon, the other the wife of Orpheus. And, if that

102

102 The Clouds personified in Cult and Myth … epic fashions out of' hollow cloud' and decks with Dardanian armour … 100, 107. A chip above the young man's head has been crudely altered by some later hand … p. 97 ff. pi. 1, 2), who likewise occupies a position on the extreme left of the group. … and some points of the story suit the Younger better than the Elder. Be that as it may,

Plate 17

(1) A mirror from Clusium, now in the Casuccini collection (no. 176), Villa Marcianella, Chiusi. The head of Orpheus (3<*>(]V) looks up from the ground with parted lips, while a young man on the right takes down the oracle (B. Bandinelli in the Mon. d. Line. 1925 xxx. … h) A fragmentary mirror formerly in the Borgia collection and now presumably at Naples, which had once a similar design (E. Gerhard Etr. Spiegel iii. 190 pl.Ji96, B. Bandinelli loc. cit. p. 548).

103

based his figment on a passage of the Iliad, in which Apollon rescues … § 7. Zens and the Wind. … on board the ship of Osinius, the phantom disappears: ib. 663f. turn levis haud ultra … mention of the " wraith" is not like Homer, nor does it appear on other occasions when … On heroes etc. wrapped in a cloud and carried off by god or goddess see F. von Duhn … 3 Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art i. 319—331 ('The Magical Control of the … 4 Arrian. an. 3. 16. 8 Koi ravras {se. Antenor's group of Harniodios and Aristogeiton) … based his figment on a passage of the Iliad, in which Apollon rescues … § 7. Zens and the Wind. … on board the ship of Osinius, the phantom disappears: ib. 663f. turn levis haud ultra … mention of the " wraith" is not like Homer, nor does it appear on other occasions when … On heroes etc. wrapped in a cloud and carried off by god or goddess see F. von Duhn … 3 Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art i. 319—331 ('The Magical Control of the … 4 Arrian. an. 3. 16. 8 Koi ravras {se. Antenor's group of Harniodios and Aristogeiton)

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (a) Men believed to control the winds

104

Heuddnemos1; and that the Heuddnemoi had something to do with. … accused of having bound the south winds and so prevented the … emprisoned in a new jar and buried in the field would safeguard the crops against stormy … millet against sparrows and worms (Plin. nat. hist. 18. 158 multi ad mili remedia rubetam

105

crops, he had asses flayed and bags made of their skins: these bags … d"<?Mw*). And very similar beliefs on French soil are noted by P. Sebillot Le Folk-lore de … his note on Eur. Phoen. 120 restored d\(^avtp.a% as the right reading in Iambi, loc. cit. … variation dx^uoi/ ttoXXou erioefUvov s.v. 'Ep-weSoK^ij! and thence transcribed s.v. bopa, where … Hie fame of the exploit lasted on into the twelfth century (Tzetz. chil. 4. 5^4 ff. t<? vat"*

106

to the Winds1. And his employment of bags recalls the methods … the Greeks to Pythagoras, Epimenides, and Abaris3. Indeed, any … and reign5.' … a bag of its skin, bound the blustering winds within it, and gave it … to the Winds1. And his employment of bags recalls the methods … the Greeks to Pythagoras, Epimenides, and Abaris3. Indeed, any … and reign5.' … a bag of its skin, bound the blustering winds within it, and gave it

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (b) Aiolos Hippotades

107

of the winds by Zeus1. And Aethlios, son of Aiolos, was reputed to … shut Aquilo in the caves of Aeolia and send forth Notus to cause … a dead tribal chieftain, who lives on in his Otherworld island7 and … Somewhat similar is Philostratos' account of Indian weather-magic». … 8 A. H. Keane in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh .908

108

by drought, and sends up clouds to moisten the whole country; but if rains … in a leathern bag; when they escape from it he pursues them, beats them, and … Hesiod's Works and Daysz, or to the pithos of Zeus containing … 1 Frazer Golden Bough*: The Magic Art i. 326 f. … Boisacq Diet. Hym. de la Langue Gr. p. 771, Walde Lat. etym. Wbrterb? p. 569) and

109

Gothic saiwala and the English soul2. The island of Aiolos would … Aiolos Hippotades has both in ancient4 and in modern5 times … n- 1 (the Furious Host), and the history of such words as dxf/tos, animus, anima; vvo-q, … ti'tla sela to aMXos, for *<rat/"6\os, 'beweglich, regsam,' and cp. AfoXos), C. C. Uhlenbeck … Kz- 32, 324. Cf. got. saiwala "ime".' Etc.), and as a tenable alternative K. Brugmann— … "79. A. Walde in Indogermanische Forschungen 1901 xii. 382 f. and in his La/, etym. … l834 vii. 2. 1313, 6 ff.), made Melanippe the daughter of one Aiolos and the mother … (P- 5> 20 Hude), and in part by Herodian. xcpi novnpo^ M£«*»» 2. 42 (ii. 647, 24 Lentz).

110

as hippiochdrmes, 'fighting with chariot and horses,' in obvious … the idea, felt it necessary to invent some explanation. Thus … of Meligounis (later called Lipara6) and there fallen in love with … Odysseus and resolved to take vengeance on Polymele; and finally … 7 Parthen. narr. am. 2, irepi IIoXu^mjXijs (iaropei 4>iXtjt£s "iHp/J.rj (on which poem see

111

as sister and yet wife of Zeus may have arisen on Aeolic ground. … 1 This explanation is advanced by Paus. 1. 7. 1 and defended by Miss R. E. White … divers in ]. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1915 viii. 425 b, … Frazer Golden Bough3: The Dying God p. 193 f. comments: 'On this hypothesis we … Slster and, through marriage with his own sister, the husband of the king's daughter. Thus … McLennan____(The Patriarchal Theory, based on the Papers of the late John Ferguson

112

was believed by his people to live on in his island of souls. Such … The results of the last section throw a new and welcome light … from the Moors and the Mountains Glasgow 1931 pp. 62—67 'A weather witch, Stine … parlance and acquire ritual (e.g. Tai-qoxos: supra p. 10 ff.) or mythical (e.g. 'l<piy{veia) … was believed by his people to live on in his island of souls. Such … The results of the last section throw a new and welcome light … from the Moors and the Mountains Glasgow 1931 pp. 62—67 'A weather witch, Stine … parlance and acquire ritual (e.g. Tai-qoxos: supra p. 10 ff.) or mythical (e.g. 'l<piy{veia)

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (c) The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis

113

antiquities1, states that the Athenians alone offered sacrifices and … Bruckner and G. Oikonomos from February 1909 to September … $av65rjfj.os oe iv S"' rpijaiv on p,6voi ''Xd-qvaloi dvovat re Kai efix0VTaL aurots virep yev^crecoi … Pp. 101—in with figs. 1—3 and pi. A' ( = my fig. 37).

114

truncated triangle (fig. 37, no. 1) and inscribed … nos. 2 and 3), both inscribed in lettering of c. 450—400 B.C. … Yet another ancient stone, built into the southern wall of the … German Archaeological Institute in the mound beneath it and in some neighbouring areas

115

a sheep was offered to the Tritopatreis and another to the … context in both cases is suggestive of fertility and fertilisation. … for a y{vo% on the ground that the HvppaKidai (infra p. 118) certainly were such. On the … t, 187 (' wohl einer Phratrie'), and W. Dittenberger locc. citt. prefer to assume a (pparpla. … 6 Reading and rendering are alike in dispute. S. Ferri 'La "Lex Cathartica" di

116

white marble consisting of curved slabs (0-54™ high), which rest on … sherds of coarse vases, a piece of stag's antler, ashes and fragments … inap.e, ovk bala a7^d![i]. | t&v Se lepuv baia iravTi, and translates ' Wenn bala der Seher ist,

118

level of the virgin soil discovered not only ashes and charcoal, but … the construction of the circular edifice. And an inscription (fig. 40) … c. 400 B.C. The third line is less well cut and appears to have been … and P. Roussel points out that their archegetes Pyrrhakos is described … 1 M. Holleaux he. cit. p. 354: 'Des huit lettres qui la composent, on n'a pu jusqu'a … (figs. 1—4. of which 2 and 4 = my figs. 39 and 40) and makes it clear that the inscription

119

Delos1 and there set up the first wooden statue of Apollon2. On … space. The cult there carried on might be limited to members of … d'une vaste necropole dont on a retrouve des traces, d'une part dans la region a l'Ouest … he adds fig. 5 plan, fig. 6 inscription, and fig. 7 restoration of this second monument. … romischen Religion Leipzig und Berlin 1909 p. I74f.), Miss M. C. Waites 'The nature of

120

On the one hand, the Tritopatores are described as remote and … that the Tritopatreis were the earliest offspring of Ge and Ouranos, … century B.C.8, makes Zeus, 'a very ancient king,' the father by … occurred in Philochoros' treatise on the Attic Tetrapolis [Frag. hist. Gr. i. 410 f. Miiller).

121

On the other hand, somewhat to our surprise, the Tritopatores … by his critic and rival Philochoros3. The author of the Orphic … ApiffTo0ai/);s 6 Bufdi'Tios—a view put forward by G. Kaibel and U. von Wilamowitz- … &ypui> dvipous elvai (pr/o-t, and Phot. lex. s.v. TpiTordrup- TpuToirdrpets oi p.iv dvip.ous, k.t.\.

122

verse1. Others went on to compare them with Aiolos Hippotades2, … or wind that was the soul of some long-buried ancestor6. That—I … 0 On the reincarnation of ancestors in their descendants see E. B. Tylor Primitive

123

generation' and so, more generally, a 'lineal ancestor,' its correlatives … tion of TpiToytveia is, of course, late and worthless (G. Lippold loc. cit. p. 107 f.), but his … TpiToyeviqs as an epithet of Athena is not Homeric (T. W. Allen and E. E. Sikes on … ■s a not very probable conjecture: see F. H. M. Blaydes ad loc.) and oracl. ap. Hdt. 7. … frequent in Homeric and post-Homeric verse (not, however, in tragedy) (Bruchmann

124

Kronos, and Ouranos—a claim whose validity we shall later have … typical plurality1. And the successive 'three' (= many) generations … But this last and latest specification offers quite inadequate support … Misconception, however, of a sort there certainly was, and … H. Osthoff8, A. Fick9, K. Brugmann10, and H. Pedersen11, relates

125

fixed with some certainty the derivation of the names in question. … Trito- and Trlto- undoubtedly modified the meaning of the … Tpiui/ o-vvav^riOftaa, UpbfTov Aibs Tpiroivos'. This is largely based on Apollod. 1. 3. 6—a

126

'Afojra, on iv rip Tpiruvi eyevvriBrn TifJ AijSvKip. elo-'i Si Kal aAAot Siio Tplrwves, els (liv … oBai (the source here is the 'Phrygian poem' of Thymoites (Diod. 3. 67), on which see … only as an adjunct on the reverse side (J. N. Svoronos op. cit. i. 204 ff. pi. 19, 10—27, … A somewhat similar deity on an unpublished bronze coin of Karystos in my collection

127

the Morea London 1830 ii. 79 with plan on p. 73 identified this Tritonis with a spring on … '71, all cited supra p. 126 n. o. The Boeotian towns Athenai and Eleusis (Paus. 9

128

Epakria calendar certain 'priestly dues on account of the well for … Gk. States i. 266 ff. holds that Athena Tpiroyiveia originated in Thessaly or Boiotia, and … n. 3, M. Winternitz A concise Dictionary of Eastern Religion Oxford 1910 p- 5^9'

129

takes on the duties of a wind-god. A mosaic3 found in 1833 at Saint … / , J- Stuart and N. Revett The Antiquities of Athens London 1762 i. 13—25 with pis. 1 … ^ggteas)> Frazer Pausanias ii. 187 f., E. A. Gardner Ancient Athens London 1902 pp. 24, … ^ * Graindor in Le Musi'e Beige 1906 x. 353 ft", and in Byzantion 1926 iii. 29 ff. notes … in .a native of Kyrrhos in Makedonia (not Kyrrhos in Syria) and that the tower at Athens

130

Athens in the first century B.C. and better known to us as the 'Tower … Notos, Lips, Zephyros, Skiron. And the roof was crowned by the

132

If Triton thus played the part of Aiolos, can we go further and … niche ifiaiskosT) with his left hand on the head of a Siren at his side. … spirits at a distance. And this may well account for the persistent … Apotheosis and After Life London 1915 p. 257, C. T. Seltman in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath- … n. 1, infra § 9 (d) ii (a))—and was decorated with several paintings. That on the tympanum

133

E- Petersen4 caught at the notion and

135

Leukothea, Halia, Kombe, Palaimon, Glaukos Pontios, Enalos, and … Thetis and Achilles, Nereids riding on dolphins and sea monsters or on sea horses, … 111 the Black Sea5, it is at least legitimate to interpret the scene on … Mrs A. Strong Apotheosis and After Life London 1915 p. 215 'The dolphins and

136

sea with threatening breakers. A rock-bound coast looms up on … boat across the flood. On the cliff to the left sits a man, who leans … the Blest. Much has been written on the relief since then2, and, … and F. Fornari 'Brevi notizie relative alia scoperta di un monumento sotterraneo presso … Majeure Paris 1927 pp. 388—391 mentions thirty-nine articles, paragraphs, and letters … ii. 66—70, J. Hubaux 'Le plongeon rituel' in the Muste Beige 1923 p. 5 ff., E. Strong and … Maggiore in Roma' in the Mon. d. Line. 1926 xxxi. 601—860 with 54 figs, and 43 pis-

137

Sappho and Phaon (Plin. nat. hist. 22. 20 ob hoc (sc. male root of white eryngo) et Phaonem … and, taking a hint from H. Stuart Jones (ib. p. 103 n. 124 a), interpret the relief as a … Ovid's description of Sappho and the Leap does fit the design of the relief with remarkable … . °tt> the earlier art-type of Aphrodite stepping on to the ferry-boat of Phaon, as shown … The dejected man on the rocks to the left has been compared by F. Cumont in the … much has yet to be done by wav of investigating the antecedents of these and other

139

entrance of the soul into the Otherworld as conceived by some … as, like the Tritopatores, at once controllers of the wind and guard- … patores and the Tritons. And, in the absence of any inward identity,

140

and others, seems to me far less probable than the older identifica- … and buried was followed, and largely superseded, by the more … Poros-Architektur der Akropolis zu A then Cassel and Leipzig 1904 p. 76 f. fig. 84 a and b). … stipra p. iit n. 4) and that of Achilles with Leuke (first in the Aithiopis of Arktinos ap. … W. W. Merry in his note on Od. 10. 3 writes : ' May not the whole story of the floating … of the Greeks and Romans have almost invariably some foundation in fact. Moreover, … the surface of the Euxine was almost entirely frozen over, and that when the ice broke up … and others, seems to me far less probable than the older identifica- … and buried was followed, and largely superseded, by the more … Poros-Architektur der Akropolis zu A then Cassel and Leipzig 1904 p. 76 f. fig. 84 a and b). … stipra p. iit n. 4) and that of Achilles with Leuke (first in the Aithiopis of Arktinos ap. … W. W. Merry in his note on Od. 10. 3 writes : ' May not the whole story of the floating … of the Greeks and Romans have almost invariably some foundation in fact. Moreover, … the surface of the Euxine was almost entirely frozen over, and that when the ice broke up

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (d) Zeus, Oúrios, íkmenos, Euánemos, Bóreios

141

In point of fact both expectations are justified. It is often and, … terminal cliffs of the Caucasus to the mouths of the Dniester, Dnieper, and Danube ; and … 3 Literature on the subject is cited and in part criticised by W. Christ Geschichte der … Origins and the Transmission Oxford 1924 p. 103 (who, however, will not admit any … substituting their own dialect and admitting chiefly such Aeolic stock expressions, words,

142

tradition, recognises Zeus as natural lord and master of the winds. … They had travelled far and would fain reach the haven of their … Zeus Otlrios had a sanctuary on the Asiatic side of the Thracian … curb 'lepov Aids Ovplov eis "P-qftav woTap.bv elcrl <tto.8loi ^= anon. peripl. Pont. Eux. 1 and 3

143

thirteenth century, but based on an archetype of 130—150 A.D.1, … leron1 and Urion^, while the Italian geographer Guido in 1119 A.D. … I Gyllius in Dionys. Byz. frag. 47 (Geogr. Gr. min. ii. 57 Mtiller) and frags. 58, 59 … . E- D. Clarke Travels in various countries of Europe Asia and Africa* London 1816

145

by two columns some 18 ft high; they rest on a great marble … ( = my fig. 58). See further Sir J. E. Sandys' n. on Dem. Lept. 36. … come from Samaria, the other (fig. 60) from Ain el Sultan on the site of Jericho. Such … °f the Ionic order, not less than two feet and an half in diameter. It had been hollowed ; … 1VtV, Kai Tbv eirl r$ arb/MiTi irvpabv, 8s t)ptt)t<u (J. J. Reiske and H. A. Hamaker cjj.

147

of Zeus Ourios, and still sings his praises in passable elegiacs: … "on Antas of a sepulchral inscription at Brundisium published by G. Fiorelli in Not. … 50(l ?' tne epigrammatist, who was born at Tyre (Anth. Pal. 7. 428. 11 f. Meleagros) and … accou'3S~~aS ^ucne'er conjectured—chose to describe Zeus by the rare epithet evavrriros on

148

on his return from Kolchis first sacrificed to the twelve gods'1. … altar to the twelve gods a dedication of Phrixos3. And Dionysios … of Aiolos6. The cult was essentially Aeolian, and Zeus Oiirios was … Imperator1, and is almost certainly represented on a Syracusan coin … after death, and sent the same from his island-home in the Black … Makedonia c. 197 B.C. by T. Quinctius Flamininus and dedicated on the Capitol at Rome … Stadt Rom im Alterthum Berlin 1871 ii. 308)); (2) the statue on the shore of the Bospor°s > … and Induperatoris, recorded by A. Drakenborch on Liv. 6. 29, are all examples of ingenuity

149

'hird, and worst, works in reminiscences of Agamemnon at Aulis, Abraham and Isaac,

151

Boi'das1 of Byzantion2, son and pupil of Lysippos3. The boy uplifts … gestu manuum sublatarum') gives a very full collection of literary passages and con- … 1$. ib. p. 36 ff. adds a survey of the monumental evidence and a pi. of the Berlin … Altcrtum 1912 xxix. 113) and grotesquely inadequate. Some critics have no souls. … group the statue as a suppliant with that of a warrior brandishing lance and … • 25 and B. Sauer in Philologus 1908 lxvii. 304 n. 1.

152

the fame of this solitary figure standing with outstretched arms on … Be that as it may, there was inspiration both literal and … If on the Coan shore ye chance to see … character. Worshippers from far and near linked the name of this … 5 On the prevalence of these pests in the Aegean during s. ii—i B.C. see J. M. Sestie1 … Cs-nfirrrplov 'A<TKd\av'i.TT]s, \ crwOds &t6 ireiparwv, | eixip and in smaller lettering ov 8^roV

153

To Zeus Ourios and Astarte Palaisti?ie, … alaistine and Aphrodite Our ante. The former appears for the

154

sanctuary on a terrace to the north-west of Mount Kynthos2. … To Zeus Ourios on behalf of King … first with his mother Laodike and then, for a short while in 111 B.C.6, … B.C., which was found on the eastern slope of the Inopos ravine, … 5 The pedestal is K, the paved way V, on the plan (Bull. Corr. Hell. 1882 vi. 3°r

155

dated to the year 105-—104 or 104—103 B.C.2, and was set up by a … on its upper surface. The front of the block bore a carefully cut … 3 E. H. Minns Scythians and Greeks Cambridge 1913 p. 560 f. … vii. 2410) and recognised in the variants 'Apiroxpdra (/user. Gr. sept. iii. 2 no. 591, 1 … 'ApiroKpaTTjs and even the abnormal KapTroKpaT-qs (E. Sitlig in the Zeitschrift fiir verglei-

156

Iovis Opulentia and Minerva to the third of the sixteen regions of … and this (north-east by east) is just the direction of a wind blowing … And thence through all the seas that break … 4 See U. F. Kopp's n. on Mart. Cap. 47. He cp. Mart. Cap. 51 sed etiam Liber ac … Pontos (9), the Propontis (8 f.), Rhodes (8), the Kyklades (7), and the Adriatic (6 f. )■ BuL

157

spirit, the spirit—let us say—of a tribal chief, long since dead and … L. Weber8 has drawn attention to the very ancient character of this … 2 On the relation of tepevos to Uu, Ucvfopuu, etc. see Prellwitz Etym. Wbrterb. d. Gr. … Eleusinian seer (Max. Tyr. diss. 38. 3), on whom was fathered an Atthis perhaps composed

158

Androgeos and Eurygyes are Greek, not pre-Greek; which means … fixed on the vessel's poop5, like that of the bifrontal Lithuanian … The lexicographers place these little figures on the poop, not the prow (Hesych. s.V. … Egyptian Religion trans. A. S. Griffith London 1907 p. 76 fig. 51, Sir W. M. Flinders

159

representation of the dwarf Pataikos is seen on statHres of Arados, struck in s. iv b.c., … 527 f. pi. 117, 2 and 4. I give Babelon Monn. gr. rom. ii. 2. 527 f. pi. 117, 2 ( = my fig- 68) … '9. 12 f., pi. 2+) 4) cp. pi. 24, ,6 and 20). Figure-heads of this sort would be gilded … Much material with regard to apotrdpaia on ships will be found in D. Kuhnkenn

160

the ship's trail and supplied her with a steady breeze, much as Boreas

161

and infers that the cult of Zeus the wind-god had been brought from … Zeus Endnemos, then, like Zeus Oilrios, was on this showing an … ■ Dai'machos of Plataiai (on whom see E. Schwartz in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal-Enc. iv. … UXevpuy is certainly a cognate of irXevpop, irXevpa, 'side', and tr\evpbv, irXeupa are … no. Heberdey and A. Wilhelm in the Denkschr. d. Akad. Wicn 1896 vi. Abh. p. 102

162

a | j known as the Triopion on the Appian Road1, … times. Eumathios Makrembolites6 in his Romance of Hysmine and … lightning, spinning dust-storms11, and a windy warfare that confuses

163

Zeus, send me a storm and a whirlwind, I pray, … And toss her and swirl her, and twist her and twirl her, … demons or witches or wandering souls3. And not least in modern … have altered his rendering of lines 976 and 979. In the parallel passage, thesm. 56 ff., the … It may be suspected that Aristophanes had recently (?4ii B.C.) witnessed some striking

164

most remarkable parallel to the ancient Greek equation of Zeus … 1 J. C. Lawson Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 191° … 5 On this point there has been divergence of opinion. J. C. H. Biichler SG. 913- … possibly the literal whirlwind, on which mythical names are sometimes bestowed; so it1S … of John the Baptist, when Herodias would have covered it with tears and kisses, We«r … whirlwind of his blast), looks mythical and of high antiquity. Not only did Ziu or ^l10' … Dr B. F. C. Atkinson kindly consulted on my behalf Dr A. Fah, the librarian

165

god2, and presumably implies that Ziu in popular fancy took shape … a certain sanctity. The wide-spread belief that, if gathered on the … They put on their heads the things which the priestess of Athena gives them to … Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 54 (Isle of Man), 67 (Northumberland), 127 … For similar usages at the Parilia (April 21) and on St George's Day (April 23) see … A. E. Crawley in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1911 … Some have regarded ' App-qtpopia as a clipped form of' Appryro<popia (so schol. Aristoph. … god2, and presumably implies that Ziu in popular fancy took shape … a certain sanctity. The wide-spread belief that, if gathered on the … They put on their heads the things which the priestess of Athena gives them to … Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 54 (Isle of Man), 67 (Northumberland), 127 … For similar usages at the Parilia (April 21) and on St George's Day (April 23) see … A. E. Crawley in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1911 … Some have regarded ' App-qtpopia as a clipped form of' Appryro<popia (so schol. Aristoph.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (a) Arrhephóroi

166

Er.rheph.6roi or Ersephdroi rather than Arrhephdroi, and that the … garments were white, and any gold worn by them ipso facto became … 28 f., Favorin. lex. p. 287, 53 f., and even L. Meyer Haudb. d. gr. Etym. i. 266). But … the sense of a 'young animal,' and compared the use of Spbaoi in Aisch. Ag. 141- But … thing is said, without a mention of Istros, by Hesych. and Souid. s.v.' Appi)<popla, et. maS'

167

Erechtheion2. They had a tennis-court {sphairistrd) on the Akropolis, … a certain priest of Asklepios and Hygieia gave his own daughter to … 1s, Demeter and Persephone8) and Karissai9 and Ersoplwros of the … !t is regarded as a type of corruption and therefore forbidden in ritual (e.g. Gell. 10. 15.

168

To understand these honours and prerogatives we must, I think, … we have the worship of Demeter and Kore, the two Thesmophoro'2'. … daughter, who served as Errhephdros for Demeter and Kore5.' Seats … therefore, that Dew-bearers stood in some relation to Mother Earth; … 0 Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 no. 318 (with facsimile on pi. 1 = my fig. 72) epa-qQopois § … ' Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 no. 319 (with facsimile on pi. 1 = my fig. 73) epcri]<p6pois $ … jecture. If they lived 'not far from the temple of the Polias' and 'lodged for a time with

169

the Akropolis by way of the Propylaia and the western slope (A. Mommsen Heortologie … (by means of a hanging ladder?) right down into the cave at a point some 50 ft east of … Samos (born c. 340 B.C.): see E. Sellers The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of … ipse Phidias inposuisse dicitur.' The discrepancy between iv tt) ir6\ei and extra muros … Ad-qvas 'ASpiavas EKaXecac, a>s <&\iywv iv '0\v/XTna5uv ircvTeKaiSeKaToj). The precinct, on … been located. But E. A. Gardner Ancient Athens London 1902 p. 251 n. 1 throws out an … MiWes (I. Bekker, followed by H. C. Schubart and Hi Hitzig—H. Bliimner, cj. … Recently O. Broneer of the American School at Athens has found on the N. slope of

170

sanctuary of Eros and Aphrodite attested by numerous niches in the rock and two rock- … 300 B.C. (Svoronos Ath. Nationalmus. p. 453 ff. nos. 1451, 1452 pi. 102), and the relief … the Aglaurion a modern path leads eastward to the new sanctuary, and it is reasonable to … passage and the sanctuary are immediately contiguous, while actually one must first pass

Plate 21

Plan of the American excavations on thenorth slope of the Akropolis

171

Aphrodite h Kr/wois, a more ancient one, which we have just discovered on the Acropolis … mer. 7. 1 tj} Ovpai'iq. de rrj iv Ktjttois ddp.a\iv): some notion of this herm may be had … H. Hitzig—H. Bliimner on Paus. 1. 19. 2). The ablest defence of this view is that put … 234ff. no. 527 fig. and in C. Picard La sculpture antique Paris 1926 ii. 57). But a half- … Reinach Rip. Stat. i. 347 no. 4 a herm in the Villa Albani on which see J. J. Bernoulli … sometimes on an archaistic effigy of herself (A. Milchhofer in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. … ' 275 n. 10, E. von Mach A Handbook of Greek and Roman Sculpture Boston 1905

172

to Aphrodite and the Genetyllides1. Aphrodite in particular was the … Equally persistent, and hardly more encouraging, have been the attempts made to … (T. Wiegand Die archaische Poros-Architektnr der Akropolis zu Athen Cassel and Leipzig … on an archaic amphora' (sc. a Boeotian relief-vase from Thebes, now in a private English … Personally, I suspect that the ArrhephSroi in attendance on Athena were an extremely … 1 Mommsen Feste d. Stadt Athen p. 319 f. On Genetyllis and the Genetyllides in

173

caduco pondere (so F. Biicheler, transposing lines 17 and 18, and retaining et codd., for which … bare breast (Aphrodite?) directs his efforts. On the left sits a young man with a thyrsos. … Differently conceived but somewhat similar in effect is the design found on a bronze … right hand raised to hold a small tree, which rises from (behind ?) a base. On the left of her … identify first Faustina and then her daughter with Venus. Faustina at least was actually … T&s iv Ti} darn -ya/aou/i^as fiera tCiv vvn<piuv 6ii€iv), and had coins inscribed venvs, venvs

174

Eryx (figs. 86, 87)1 was 'covered with dew and fresh grass2'— … fig. ( = my fig. 84), 8, 9, G. F. Hill Coins of Ancient Sicily London 1903 p. 90 fig. H> … noniani || s ■ c head of Venus Erycina to right, with ear-ring, stephdne, and wreath;

175

remains of ring-walls and temple-platform see C. Hulsen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi … dew on Sicilian vegetation and adds: 'Nella divina rugiada si vedeva la protezione della … t'A]0po8;Tal 'Bp(w)itfr[««], D>od. 4. 83, Steph. Byz. s.v. "Ep^, cp. Paus. 8. 14. 6 and … ornaments, volutes, etc. on the various Utrai (e.g. figs. 85, 9")- The plant Xi.XWs, 'rose- … The dove had a special significance in this cult and was in all probability viewed as an

176

Hist, num.? p. 138. Fig. 91 is from a specimen of mine); and this type is comparable … omits r)), Kai rwv iepiiv aiopdruiv «XAoi7re rb TrXr)8os) and their later equivalents (Diod. 4. 83. … (cp. Paus. 8. 24. 2) or at least of some part of Sicily (Diod. 4. 23, 83, Paus. 4. 36- 4'

177

Myth. Vat. 1. 94, 1. 107), not only founded the town and temple of Eryx (Diod. 4. 83, … the 'Minoan' kind, who as such would have her sacred tree and doves and pdredros. In … Real-Enc. viii. 1467, D. G. Hogarth in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics … 1909 ii. 118a, W. W. Baudissin Adonis and Esmun Leipzig 1911 pp. 18 f., 23 n. I, 26, … different form. Eryx is a wrestler or pentathlete, who challenges strangers and slays … time of Pausanias a joint-sanctuary of Ge Kovporpoipos and Demeter X\6r} (Paus. 1. 22. 3 … Kovporpoipov di/eilfjueV]?) rS> Srjfiwi, cp. Hesych. BXai/n;- tottos 'AOr/vya and perhaps … d'Inscr. gr. 110.673, ]6 ff- = J. v. Prott and L. Ziehen Leges Graecornm sacrae ii no. 24, … kultus dcr Griechen und Rimer Kdnigsberg i. Pr. 1917 p. 29) and probably a small

178

had a reserved seat in the theatre {Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 no. 349 (with facsimile on pi. 3) … no. 5 a small pillar of Hymettian marble, inscribed in red letters of Roman date and … rbv Ka\ovp.evov Bov&yior): see C. Wachsnuith in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal-Enc. iii. 1097 and

179

with much probability that the Arrhephoria was performed on the … accurate observation2—that the dew lies thickest on the night of … XXoia (Meursius cj. XXoeia, A. Meineke cj. XXoeia) • eoprr\ airb tuv KaK-wav (Meursius and … to Poseidon Te/xenT-qs, a white male lamb to Poseidon *tkios, and two fine sows, one of … States iii. 33 says of her worship : ' Its chief claim on our attention is that it seems to … ""POffo>iov I ^oXoOo-o, with schol. ad toe. cited supra. On the topography of the site … R v. 4 !-4' 3' Plin- "at- hist- l8- 202' Macrob. 7. 16. 21 and 24. See further W. H.

180

menting on the passage from Alkman, remarks that the meaning … certainly so regarded4; and dew was held to be a gentler form of … And, if so, it may well be that in the 'something wrapt up9', … 3 Supra i. 29 f. 4 Infra § 9 (e) i and ii.

181

°und in a grave beyond the Ilissos on the road to Halimous and now … le left. Kekrops, with snaky tail, faces her on the right: he raises the … hena's helmet suit some date after the fight at Marathon6. The … p 3^ °n,ar0Se early and lasted late [ft. Gud. p. 207, 26 'Epe%6e(it, 6 "EpixBbvios, et. mag. … '924 p*,' c^man Athens: its History and Coinage before the Persian Invasion Cambridge

182

rising of the boy from the depths of the dark earth to light and … old art-type and amplified it by the addition of other interested … that the head, shoulder, and breast of the child, parts of Kekrops' fore-arm and of Athena s

183

the ground, while Athena, armed with helmet, aigis, and spear, receives … with a large fillet in her outstretched hands. Behind Zeus and … and Sir C. H. Smith6 to interpret the whole scene as the birth ot … Leipzig .899 p. 60 f. fig), which appears to reverse the design-Zeus (?) on the right, … Vasenbildem Halle a. S. 19.2 p. 51 t), and as a Bassarid, nurse of Dionysos, m Nonn. … " H. B. Walters History of Ancient Pottery London 1905 ii. 265 n. 5. … 3 "0. 2,24, 3 01 NAN0H and no. 4044 = A.Conze Zte attischen GrabreUefs

184

goddess 011 the left anonymous. From her position and attitude I … 1 Cp. the pose of Hebe (inscribed) on two krateres by ' Der Kadmosmaler' (J. D. … Compte-rendu St. Pet. 1861 p. 33 ff. Atlas pi. 3, 1 and 2 = Reinach Rip. Vases i. 7, 5 and … cit. p. 451 no. 1) on which H B H, again on the extreme left, stands with her right hand … goddess standing on the left of another kratir in the Jatta collection (supra i. 459 n. 5 … "YLfi-qv. On Dia as consort of Zeus I have said my say in the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 177 f.> … Demeter Chide (Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 no. 353 (with facsimile on pi. 3 = my fig. 94) … d. Inst. 1829 i. 292—298, Mon. d. Inst, i pis. 10 and 11 (Reinach Rep. Vases i. 66, 1 and … painter Hermonax—indeed as that artist's masterpiece ('Sound and able as Hermonax s

185

In lieu of himdtion, wreath, and thunderbolt Hephaistos has but a … Hephaistos is definitely established in the room of Zeus on a … Hephaistos wearing a bay-wreath on his head and a chlamys over … work generally is, he only once shows himself a remarkable artist, and that is not on any … hesitates between Hephaistos and Poseidon, but id. p. 5 decides for Poseidon. A. Flasch … 2, for Kekrops. E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1841 xiii. 92 f., bent on recognising the … Personage as Zeus. Yet Panofka loc. cit. says 'Neptune,' and C. Lenormant op. cit. i. … Jahn loc. cit. is content with 'ein bartiger Mann.' And Muller—Wieseler loc. … Period of the Free Stvle and may have been the teacher of Aristophanes'), J. D. Beazley

186

left hand on his side. Behind Ge is Kekrops with serpentine tail.

187

Finally Hephaistos ceases to be reminiscent of Zeus and … The reverse design (inset on pi. xxiv) shows Heos in pursuit of Kephalos, one of whose … 2 Possibly the famous olive-tree on the Akropolis, called by the comedians the dcn-ij … sych. s.w. iaTT) Aai'a and TrdyKV<pos), together with the /j-opiai, which were believed to … retidu St. Pit. 1872 p. 5 ff. with figs. 1—4 and Atlas pi. r, Frazer Pausanias ii. 343 (., … tysipp und seine SttUung in der griechischen Plastik Hamburg 1891 p. 9 ff- figs- 4 and 5>

188

188 Hephaistos and Athena … seed of the sky-god down into the womb of the earth-goddess, and we … first to last, and that Zeus as interested spectator was gradually … called Hephaistos, and a Hephaistos of normal type. … in the Hellenic myth of Ge and Erichthonios, and (2) that in the … fits well with certain important facts in the history of Attic religion … 1 I have excluded from my survey the parallel, but later, series of vases and reliefs, … 3 The rigime of Peisistratos and his successors did much to enhance the prestige 01

189

Hephaistos and Athena 189 … 1 This important fact was first firmly grasped and clearly enunciated by M. P. Nilsson … Others have stressed the connexion between Athena and the 'Minoan' or Mycenaean … In this context we cannot ignore the goddess twice figured on a stdmnos from Knossos … starting from her hips, uplifted hands, and a polos on her head—' offenbar eine Gottin, … A kindred, but further developed, figure occurs on the remarkable terra-cotta plaque … N- slope of the A reios Pdgos, and was associated with other objects in terra-cotta— … KTuvvav cod. xjt AaKtSaiyadvioi Se Oi-mv. Athena in due course was Christianised and

190

Hephaistos and Athena … 6 On coins of the Oxyrhynchite nome showing Athena with the double axe see supra … 7 The various forms of the name "H0aiffTos and the … 576 f.) holds that Philoktetes and Hephaistos were originally different forms of the same … fig- 259), wore thepilos. The pre-Hellenic god, who lies behind Philoktetes and Hephaistos, … 680, Steph. Byz. s.v. 'IWvpta)—and the names *iXokt?jt?;s and Xpiari both point in tne

191

Hephaistos and Athena 191 … TVs MfydXiys \eyopL{vqs ffeov, r\v Xfijivov 0curr TavTri 5e Kai irapdevovs 6veaBai and continues: … and relates it on the one hand to the place-name ' AQavaaoos ' AOavatros 'Aravaaos … 'apers iv) London 1890 p. 136 no. 26, id. The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia Oxford … wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2180), on the other hand to a group of Etruscan (?) words denoting … saecti/ares, 17 B.C.), 107 and 132 ad atallam fuerunt (followed by a list of the

192

192 Hephaistos and Athena

193

Hephaistos and Athena 193 … city at Troy, c. 2500—2300 B.C. (H. Schliemann Troy and its remains London 1875 … uPper part, or the lid, has a projecting nose, arched eyebrows, and round prominent eyes. … "■ow H. Schliemann was certainly wrong, when in Troy and its remains p. 113 and llios … ^°s- H 213 pi. r7) H 214 pi. 17, H 215, H 216 pi. 17), and Kypros (Perrot—Chipiez … repre~myhg- 106). This remarkable vessel, painted with yellowish white on a dark ground, … ^eth-Sh Ut>Ular vessels ""om various cult-centres in Palestine, Crete, and Rhodes. At

194

Hephaistos and

195

Hephaistos and Athena 195 … has two handles surmounted by birds in the round and windows in its sides penetrated by … l%\^<tlb' 1927 p" 74' A- T.O\mstea.d History of Palestine and SyriaNew York—London … a two-y,! 1 ' ^lcldle Minoan' date (c. 2100—1580 B.C.) on one summit of Mt Korakies,

196

196 Hephaistos and Athena … upwards and encircling its mouth, together with a terra-cotta goddess emergent from a … cylindrical base and the fragmentary arms of another entwined with snakes—clearly t *

197

Hephaistos and Athena … H. Boyd Hawes, B. E. Williams, R. B. Seager, and E. H. Hall Gournia, Vasiliki and … ia? • ' ^' V" 2' and ^" Dussaud Les civilisations prthelltniques dans le … tja ,e" ^' 's o.28jm high, and again has no bottom. A ribbed handle on either side is … nd c ( = my fig. 118 a, b, and c), E. Kuster Die Schlangein der griechischen Kunst und

198

198 Hephaistos and Athena

200

Hephaistos and Athena … is mentioned by Pindar as a 'holy axe3' and is often figured on sixth- … the 'Minoan' snake-goddess served a similar purpose and prove her to have been aJ> … collection, which are made of salmon-coloured unglazed (?) clay and were found at Ephesos. … It is perhaps not too hazardous to conjecture that Trojan Gesichtsumen .and the like … 1 I do not propose to treat '"RcpaiaTos and $aurr6s as etymologically connected, thoug … Kopvtpav kcit iLtcpav \ dvopova-aicr' d\d\a\£ev vtrepfi&Kei /3o£ and frag. 34 Bergk4, 34 Schroe

201

Hephaistos and Athena … Taught by Athena and Hephaistos' skill … This squares with the fact that in Crete, where Kronos and Rhea bulked big, … viii. 314f., 3+r: both rightly attach little weight to Diod. 5. 74 and Paus. 8. 53. 5) … de ^ na*lnsfes'-l'rogr. Berlin i. 5—7 pl. 1 (in gold and colours), Lenormant—

202

Hephaistos and Athena … attribution, and in his Attische^Vascnmaler des rotfigurigen Stils Tubingen 1925 p. 261 … passed through the Hope and the Bale collections before being purchased in 1881 for the … And the composition as a whole is comparable with that of the Triptolemos-relief from … Demeter ' Av-qaiS&pa and by that of Kore VlpwToybvq (Paus. r. 31. 4 cited supra ii- 25' … aus alter und neuer Zeit Berlin 1886 p. 194 ff. pis. 4 and 5, ' Pandora' in Hermes … wakened from their winter's sleep and summoned to help the farmer in his work. *v

203

Hephaistos and Athena 203 … be re' * *e Ilard eartn is broken up by men with mallets or mattocks,—and it must … UIe' ls S'ven on a series of vases (C. Robert Archaeologischc Maerchen pi. 5.

204

204 Hephaistos and Athena

205

Hephaistos and Athena … a well-marked tendency to bring together the craftsmen's god and … Hephaistos seated with a pliidle in his right hand and a double axe … Ir* Pentelic marble c. 400 B.C. and now preserved in the National … J^73 p- 72 (L) col. pi. 22 (= my fig. 122)), which shows the head and lifted hands of Ge … and makes Ge emerge from the broken soil as a great white head in three-quarter … .n Herjnes iqi4 xljx. ,y ff. fig.), on which Pandora emerges from the ground quite … flora as Epimetheus' bride. All the figures named on this vase, Zeus, Hermes,

207

Hephaistos and Athena … deities bringing gifts for the marriage of Peleus and Thetis is … decorated the base of a stele bearing some decree of the said kleroAchoi. … ■Ath. Nationalmus. no. 2985 pi. 197, 1); and his right hand was certainly touching the … argues that Athena is offering him her helmet and shield. In this we are to see a symbolic … V^Xde /3oa06os eif 'EwiSaiipov | tl/j.uiv 'Hpa/cXeos yeixdv ■ as (peiSero &pa Zeiis) and appeared … set* ^!'lens sent arms to Sparta through the agency of Epidauros, and that this relief was

209

Hephaistos and Athena 209 … 1 On the famous ^iXaipa made by Hephaistos for Peleus (Hes. frag. 110 Flach, 79 … Gr-Myth. Rel. p. 1309 f. and C. Picard in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. v. 998.

210

Hephaistos and Athena … outstretched to take the bolt, her left resting on her hip. Behind … 2 Supra ii. 63 n. 1. But see on the other side G. Wissowa in Roscher Lex. Myth- … p. 3 no. 24 pl- 2, Gnecchi Medagl. Rom. ii. 18 nos. 77 and 78 ([40—143 a.d.) pl- s"2' *'

211

Hephaistos and Athena 211 … followed by imperial coins of Samos2, Thyateira (fig. 132)3, and … aistos holding- a hammer and forging- a shield on his anvil. Before … ^stos and Athena appear to have had a joint festival, the … ^•xhisch 0pTi,p ^"H-tilery (Phanodemos (on whom see W. Christ Geschichte der

212

Hephaistos and Athena … for this was the day on which the priestesses with the Arrhephoroi … Kai dr/fj.Lo5rjs 7raXcu, varepov 8i vtto ixbvtov fjyero rG)v rexv-rQv, on 6 "H^atcrros iv rrj ' ArTLKrj … Harpokr. loc. cit.). Souid. XaX/ceia bis is repeated by the et. mag. p. 805, 43 ff. and in … 2 On the connotation of the word iravSr/fios see W. Dittenberger ' AI0NTS02 … at her feet (Imhoof-Blumer Monn. gr. p. 413 no. 158) and imperial bronze coins of … Nerva) or EYNNAAEI E (id. ibid, and Suppl. vii. 622 no. 593 Nerva, after D. Sestiw

213

Hephaistos and Athena … found on the Akropolis might be held to connect the goddess with … aistos was content with a mere altar3. The two obtained full and equal … sanctuary (?)7 'of Hephaistos and Athenaia' and enacts 'that the … (so E. Clavier and R. Porson for Ik tov codd.) /xavreipiaTos, Kal Tjpwos Bovtov, Tplros Se … tnscr. Alt. ii. 3 no. i6j6 = iii no. 302 leptws \ Bwtou) and for the priest of Hephaistos … Corp. inscr. Att. i no. 46 + iv. I. 2 no. 35* = J. v. Prott and L. Ziehen Leges Grae-

214

214 Hephaistos and Athena

215

Hephaistos and Athena … him4. B. Sauer5, accepting these results, goes further and attempts a … w ine/a/iresA. d. ocst. arch. Inst. 1898 i. 55—93 with pi. 3 and figs. 31—38.

216

Hephaistos and Athena … dedicated to Hephajstos and to Athena HephaisUa'. After this we … she is a daughter of Poseidon and the lake Tritonis and that therefore her eyes … commonly local in origin, and this one suggests Hephaestia in Lemnos, where there was … peaceful aspect, as patroness of art and handicraft. The suggestion of a Lemnian … (= my fig. 137) recognised the appellative on the fragment of a painted terra-cotta pinM … Vorlegebl. iii pi. 2. 3), which dates from the latter part of s. v B.C. and is inscribed … lis olov t rjv op-oior-qTa rod XWou t<p e\(<pavTi i^evpihv;), and his pupil Alkamenes may We

217

Hephaistos and Athena 217 … *I1;h a chlamys over his left arm and a horse's head on his right hand. His left hand may

218

Hephaistos and Athena … temple led to him being called the son of Hephaistos and Athena. Yet,' adds … and wherever it originated, had as early as the fifth century B.C. … bosom (fig. 139)4, or dandling the infant on her arm (fig. i/p)5- … being forsaken by Aphrodite, fell in love with Athena and began to pursue her. … Gorgdneion; also the child's head and arms with the upper part of his body. See Clarac

219

Hephaistos and Athena

220

Hephaistos and Athena … turned her back upon him and, choosing rather to keep her virginity, hid herself … successively with eros 'love,' e'rion 'wool,' and tfris 'strife,' are of … the scenes represented by Bathykles the Magnesian on the throne … - Kallim. frag. 61 Schneider. The sequel is preserved on a wooden tablet among the … Marathon on the strength of Nonn. Dion. 17. 317 ff. Kal <rv, TeKeaatybvov <j>l\oTrap0^e

221

Hephaistos and Athena 221 … tainly included Hephaistos and Athena; but it hardly justifies us … Phaistos in love is pursuing Athena, she is fleeing from him, and … f <an<oretta'), 6 (obverse), 7 (reverse) (of which, 6 and 7 = my fig. 141)- obv-: Hephais-

222

Hephaistos and Athena … and Erichthonios2,' etc. The attempt of Hephaistos on Athena … for freeing Hera from the magic throne that he had made6. Athena … s Amelesagoras (on whom see supra p. 157 n. 9) frag. 1 (Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 22 Miiller) … vero terra nuncupatur. etc. Cp. Serv. in Verg. eel. 4. 62 and georg. 3. 113, Myth. Vat. I'r

223

Hephaistos and Athena … And that something was the startlingly blasphemous, but ancient, … their common patronage of the arts and crafts1. And doubtless that … together of these two occurs already in Homeric verse2 and Hesiodic … that in the remote prehistoric past Hephaistos and Athena were … *\es Arrt/tds Athens 1863 p. i65ff. and P. Pervanoglu 'Das Hephaesteion in Athen' in … tho P' 507 f'' Farne11 Cults °f Gk- States \. 378). H. Koch and E. v. Stockar, after a

224

224 Hephaistos and Athena … so soon as they met their husbands, and on their prayer being heard … Wiirzburg 1888 p. 147 ff. and F. Solmsen in the Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachfo''^ … Nauplia (Paus. 2. 38. 1 with Sir J. G. Frazer and H. Hitzig—H. BlUmner ad l°C4)'

Plate 28

Votive relief in island marble, found on the Akropolis at Athens :

225

Hephaistos and Athena … l^Diod. Sic. 4. 79).' But see K. B. Stark in the Mem. d. Inst. 1865 ii. 243—275 and … "To-tovTa. voBov 7X0705 6>0a/« liaffi and Dion Cass. 59. 28 (Caligula named Caesonia's … _I30 fig. 4), in which a family of husband, wife (pregnant), and three children (one … leros and Varro with regard to the proverb vs tt\v 'kd-qvav, sus Minervam (Fest. … (e> . 65 Athena is opBoTirdos in many archaising reliefs and vase-paintings

226

226 Hephaistos and Athena … The two chief centres of his worship on Greek soil were … p. 103 ff. no. 58 pi. 7 stattr. Figs. 142 and 143 are from specimens in my collection-

227

Hephaistos and Athena 227 … °nce dwelt in Lemnos and Athens, together with Bisaltai, Krestones, … and Attike....His name Hephaistos too is certainly Pelasgian.' … \vrit°S JraS' l°79 von Arnim ap. Philon. dc provid. 2. 41 p. 76 Aucher, and many later

228

Hephaistos and Athena … god. L. Malten3 justly lays stress on the well-informed words of … he was hidden for nine years in a hollow cave by Eurynome and … passim, C. Swainson The Folk Lore and Provincial Names of British Birds London 1°

229

Hephaistos and Athena 229 … stamped with the image of a goat, and hence called the goat's seal. … shows Hephaistos, in the garb and with the tools of a smith, falling through mid air.

230

Hephaistos and Athena

231

Hephaistos and Athena 231 … setting forth all the virtues of Lemnian earth, and said that he … °rms as lempnia frigdos, and even lima fragis* {'Alphita, a Medico-Botanical Glossary, … .^Se being used, as Mr Mowat has pointed out to me, on account of the form employed

232

232 Hephaistos and Athena … distinguished on their labels as Terra sigill. Lemnia, Terra sigtll- … den Inseln des Thrakischen Meeres Hannover i860 p. 121 and G. Pantelides 'Lrropfa nj … 2 On which see E. S. Peck in Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Soct")'

233

Hephaistos and Athena … 1 Steph. Byz. s.v. At)/j.i>os (cited supra p. 191 n. o) asserts—perhaps on the authority … goddess was in historic times regarded as a form of Artemis and that goats had come to be … area. And, if so, his name £mbaros may well be the would-be Greek form taken by … Condemned, goat substituted) and that of Iphigeneia (girl condemned, deer or bear (schol. … TlEnN bust of Hephaistos to right, with slight beard, ptlos, and chitdn over one

234

234 Hephaistos and Athena … 'the way up and down is one and the same3'? The Stoics, influenced … heaven6, Hephaistos with fire on earth7; and the myth which told … shows obv. bust of Hephaistos to right, with full beard, pilos, and no chiidn; rev' … obv. bust of Hephaistos to right, with slight beard,'pilos, and chitdn over one shoulder; rev- … obv. AHM|NOC bust of Lemnos to right as city-goddess, with turreted crown and

235

Hephaistos and Athena … that fire terrestrial was derived from fire celestial1. On which showing … irvpos avrb/xaTOL (pXdyes. bijXoL be craipws, on tovto deoppvTbv £<ttl to Trvp, e| cvv ^ir-r/veyKev'

236

236 Hephaistos and Athena … The worship of Hephaistos and Athena, proper to the Pelasgian … sixth and fifth centuries recovered something of their former prestige … dem die Hosen lagen, schwanger.' After nine months Satana split the stone and a … rcKev Ala and Nonn. Dion. 41. 63 f. cited infra p. 237 n. 1.

237

The three daughters of Kekrops were Aglauros, Pandrosos, and … " The simplest and most satisfactory derivation of "AyXavpos is from £7X065 (* 07X0/05 for … AyXavpos was a compound of d7(a)X- (d7aXXeie, dyaX/xa) and aSpa: 'eine gottin heiterer … theog. jH\r)ta.tipri re TaXa^atipi] t as Nereids, and perhaps dyavpos' abundant, affluent'), … The three daughters of Kekrops were Aglauros, Pandrosos, and … " The simplest and most satisfactory derivation of "AyXavpos is from £7X065 (* 07X0/05 for … AyXavpos was a compound of d7(a)X- (d7aXXeie, dyaX/xa) and aSpa: 'eine gottin heiterer … theog. jH\r)ta.tipri re TaXa^atipi] t as Nereids, and perhaps dyavpos' abundant, affluent'),

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (b) The daughters of Kekrops

238

the Akropolis and that nobody can claim to have seen one so doing1. He adds … comix invisa Minervae, Hyg. fab. 166 hae cum cistulam aperuissent comix indicavit (on … crows' accustomed food. Besides, it is still tenanted by plenty of owls (on the war of owls … 1872 ii. 245 f. ('The Owls and the Crows'), D'Arcy W. Thompson op. cit. pp. 46' 98' … 3 Pellene, an ancient city of Achaia, ' stands on a hill which rises at the summit into

239

having opened the ark they must needs perish and stain the rocky … secret without the knowledge of the other gods. She laid him in a basket and … montes Hypsizorus, etc.), and this suits better the position of Lykabettos (N.E. of the … codd.) I vo/ios rls i<TTtv o<pe<riv iv xpV0~V^dT0is I Tpi<puv tIkv' (on which custom see ib. … (Paus. 6. 20. 4 f., stipra i. 58, ii. n?i), Zeus Sosipolis at Magnesia on the Maiandros

240

refuge to the shield of Athena and was reared by the goddess. But … mysterious rites for Agraulos and Pandrosos, who had sinned W … ' The literary evidence was diligently collected and arranged by B. Powell Eric^ … agoras {supra p. 237 f.), makes Agraulos and Pandrosos the guilty sisters. J. Toepffer in

241

with the life and death of Agraulos1 or Aglauros2. And naturally … and Herse were not originally a triad of sisters. Of the three, … °y K. F. Hermann Lehrbuch der griechischen Antiquitdlen Heidelberg 1832 i § 56, 12 and … 111 Anspruch genommen'). But see J. Toepffer in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 829 and … the subject. She was followed by H. Usener Gdtternamen Bonn 1896 p. 135 ff. And

242

as 'the three daughters of Agraulos (Aglauros?)'1, and later writers … assembled to swear that they would fight till death on behalf of … the dew which enabled her to bring forth in their season corn and … Eiic. iii a. 437) frag. 2 {Frag. hist. Gr. iv. 489 f. Miiller) ap. Phot. lex. and Souid. … us (p-qaiv 6 QiXoxopos. Xiyovai Si on TroXipov avpfSavros Trap' 'ASr/valois, ore 6 ESpoX'"'0 … 10 Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 no. 372 (with facsimile on pi. 4) KovpoTpbtpov | ef 'AyXaW

243

ffer/eeios5. And, just as the youths of Athens in the fourth century … ~ (1) Corp, inscr. Att. i no. 3220 44 f. and 63, 69 f. = Michel Reaieil d'Inscr. gr. … (2) Corp. inscr. Att. iv. 1. 3 p. 148 ff. no. 321 2, 19 f.,'27 f. and 3, 6, iv. 1. 2 p. 74 ff. … droseum') and Index p. 669. … graphical bearings of this passage are discussed by J. M. Paton op. cit. p. 747 f. On the … ViijT HeUer Zeit StuttSart 1888 P- 55 ff-> and F- 0rtl1 in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.

244

'to Athena Polids and to the Kourotrdphos and to Pandrosos1.' It1S … approach to the Akropolis5, and Souidas6 dwells on the importance … rbv {k rairris Kaprrbv Kop-qv, k.t.X. , and A. R. Rangabe Antiquites helleniques Athene … 5 Paus. 1. 22. 3 (cited supra p. 177 n. 1) with Sir J. G. Frazer and H. Hitzig-"" … prescribed animal, and in any case must not be confused with the sheep for Pandros … A. ed. Aid. and the epitome Harpokr.) dveLV oiv, Kal iKaXeiro t6 0vp.a irripoiov.'

245

But Photios6 and Souidas7 are apparently alluding to the same … custom implied by the pepios-scene on the eastern frieze of the … * Corp. inset: Att. ii. 3 no. 1160 (a broken base of Pentelic marble found on the … n°- 1369 (a round base of Hymettian marble found on the Akropolis) 'ky\aipov Upea

246

her all-prevailing cult the worship of both Aglauros and Pandrosos, … Aglauros6 and Pandrosos7, if not Herse also, were—we have … Erichthonios? Perhaps they fed him, shut up in the basket, on dew8- … 8 It is on record that Herse, Pandrosos, and Agraulos had a popular festival ca 7^ … age [supra p. 240 nn. 4 and 5). In Hyg. fab. 160 he becomes the father of Kephalos r

247

and there begat Tithonos the father of Phaethon1. Some such … halls with food and ambrosia {i.e. honey) and, as downright old age … basket or a basket-cradle {liknoii) and slept like a baby (fig. 153)4, … ln Lyk. Al. 18) or Trymo (schol. V. //. 20. 237) or Rhoio (schol. and Tzetz. in Lyk. … relief in stamped gold foil, found at Vulci, then in the Campana collection, and later at

248

between the Uknon and the kernos1, which figured in similar rites , … and fig. 154)6. Similarly Eos, bent on making Tithonos not only … Stud. 1903 xxiii. 292 ff., ib. 1904 xxiv. 241 ff., ead. 'Note on the Mystica Vannus lacchi … yap Kepvo<pbpov 6pxvP-a old* on \Ikvo. t) ea"xapi5as (ptpovres' xtpvo. 6£ ravro. ^koX^lto that … 3 Lyk. A I. i6ff. with Tzetz. ad loc, cp. 1084 with schol. and Tzetz. ad loc. … (a) Athena and Erichthonios, who sits up in his basket to greet her. The wicker h … Existing illustrations being inadequate, I have given both a photographic plate and a

Plate 29

(3) Aglauros (?) and Heise

250

have conjectured that the Dew-sisters fed the infant Erichthonios on … viol. 920, and Eustath. in II. p. 825, 43 ff., schol. A.B.D. //. n. 1, Eustath. in II. p. 396, … his phrases (231—238) and resuscitated by later writers. See also F. Dornseiff 'Der … Plin. nat. hist. 11. 93. O. Keller Die antike Tienveit Leipzig 1913 ii. 401) and remains … irarpiSos Trj irb\ei and schol. R. roit rlrTiyas Trapi\afiev, lireiby) ol iraXcuoi Kara tt]V inairKonif

251

'476 A—b) is noteworthy on account of its possible relation to KiKpof (cp. P. Kretschmer … rtniiniscent of the cicala, and by A. Boulanger in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. v. 164.

252

explained the ttttiges as threads of thin bronze or gold twined in the hair and rustling … 'Tettix n' ib. 1907 x Beiblatt pp. 9—32, and a renewed … out that these pendants are 'intended for chrysalises' and … Temrjuk on the Sea of Azov, a tomb dating from s. V »•

253

found by A. N. Skias in a cave of Pan and the Nymphs, known as Lychnospelia, on … '"sect's body. The other, pointed, end of the pin was caught by the hook on the lower … S,cal(-' 1) and 2t (= my fig. 161 : scale }), it. ed. S. Reinach Paris 1892 p. 69 pi. 22, 20 ami … •*«"«of late Roman and early mediaeval date found in Hungary again represe

254

On the whole it may be concluded that the Utttx. ot Thouk. 1. 6 was a golden fibida … We are not, therefore, surprised to find that the tettix occurs as a private badge on … 1926 pi. 37, 6—15) and again on tetradrachms and drachms with the names ot ^ … a specimen in my collection). On bronze pieces the tittix is sometimes a 'symbol ((w ^

255

nos- 5»5i 526, J. N. Svoronos op. cit. pl. 71, 17, 18 and pl. 79, 38—42). (2) obv. head of … n- 74 no. 201 pl. 34, 17). (3) obv. cicala; rev. amphora and branch (Brit. Mus. Cat. … ^'ver and bow (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Attica etc. p. 88 no. 627, J. N. Svoronos op. at. … 'Vangler Geschnitt. Steine Berlin p. 239 nos. 6*24 and 6523 pl- 45- id- Ant. Gemma, 1pl.

256

red, on a white slip (Brit. Mus. Cat. Terracottas p. 83 no. B 72 fig. I7=my fig. 169 … H. B. Walters History of Ancient Pottery London 1905 i. 445 pi. 40, c, Per jjgazl&J'

257

was ab origine a personification of the cicala1, and that he bore … to go to 'the dwelling of Tettix' and appease the soul of Archilochos. 'The dwelling of … "■""eiXi^as that the poet had spoken of himself as a tittix, and this lends the needed point … A folk-tale from Naxos says that the cicala (6 t'cir'^Kat), the ant, the bee, and the … b '94 no. 352, ii. 943, O. Dahnhardt Natursagen Leipzig and Berlin 1910 iii. 468). In … with water and then distribute it among the bystanders, who in return wish them " a happy … L A. A. Tovaiov, "'H Kara to 110770101' Xiioa," p. 47] " Thresh and mow and make a cake … See further B. Laufer Insect Musicians and Cricket Champions of China (Anthropology … 2 's not older than s. v B.c. See, however, h. Aphr. 236 ff. and infra n. 2. … r°»tanPa*' T^T^Kas> and the Latin cicada with its derivatives (G. Korting Lateinisch-

259

and adds: 'Nach gewohnlicher Amiahme soli die Benennung der "Cigarre" (span. ptg. … Roumanian chincala (Korting loc. cit.), and the Latin verb fritinnire (Suet. frag, p. 252, 2 … shows TinBun and Qesau as a pair oflovers flanked by Memrun (Memnon) on the right … p°rschungen und Sludien Stuttgart 1883 iv. 34 notes that Deecke read \tinSn\, and … ■ Helbig in the Bull. d. Inst. 1878 p. 84 f., and S. Bugge loc. cit. p. 35 fl". accept Evan, … rei6°' 820 and W" Deecke in K- °- Mu"er Die Etrusker Stuttgart 1877 i2. 481 propose … ■nfo Cr'. and P- 2I5 asserts that, when it hails, people invoke Tituno or Tignia. If his … *Us supplicated by Heos and Thetis (supra ii. 734. 753 3 <3»- Leland op. at.

260

had by Eos a son Memnon; and here too the dew-connexion re- … close relation to Zeus. In the Pandroseion was his altar7; and, … the Etruscan stem tin- denoted both the 'day' and the 'daylight-god' tinia or tina, "> … Ti0wi/<5s). The schol. A.L. //. 11. 1 equates Ti8av6s with Tit&v and both with Ap°' 0 … the one hand and Tinia, Tignia on the other. But the whole edifice is a house of ca ^ … 'Aktikti' from 'Akt-q and had cited in support, not only the lexicographers (sUf ^0fa of

261

moisture, and the like. … Soping (cp. Hesych. 'Epvfi&s- Zci5s) and J. J. Reiske ('An HerusV), is not particu- … About an hour's walk to the north-east of Vari (Anagyrous), some 29om above the … lr» E. Curtius and J. A. Kaupert Karten von Attika Berlin 1904 Blatt 8 (Vari) with … 1 iplan)%2y' ng- ^-(i pl- 2 (sections) = my figs. 17;, 176, and figs. 1—10, M. E. Dunham … the . 'resort, c. 600—c. 150 b.c. and c. 300—1:. 400 a.d. Inscriptions prove that during … div>ded marked c on Ae plan (fig. 174). This shrine was arranged in two levels, each … ?erhaps 6 holes on the left of the upper level, with corresponding holes on the right, … moisture, and the like. … Soping (cp. Hesych. 'Epvfi&s- Zci5s) and J. J. Reiske ('An HerusV), is not particu- … About an hour's walk to the north-east of Vari (Anagyrous), some 29om above the … lr» E. Curtius and J. A. Kaupert Karten von Attika Berlin 1904 Blatt 8 (Vari) with … 1 iplan)%2y' ng- ^-(i pl- 2 (sections) = my figs. 17;, 176, and figs. 1—10, M. E. Dunham … the . 'resort, c. 600—c. 150 b.c. and c. 300—1:. 400 a.d. Inscriptions prove that during … div>ded marked c on Ae plan (fig. 174). This shrine was arranged in two levels, each … ?erhaps 6 holes on the left of the upper level, with corresponding holes on the right,

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (c) Zeus Érrhos, Ersaîos, Ikmaîos, íkmios, Áprios

262

ed. min. i no. 783 'A7r6X\oeos ■ "Epcro, E. Curtius and J. A. Kaupert Atlas von Athen … and H. van Herwerden Appendix lexici Graeci suppletorii et dialectici Lugduni ■BataT°/; el … kcLttov Xu|/x0ais e0i;Tewe^ = a sixth foot plus a complete hexameter), and cons

263

his vagaries of dialect, lettering, and metre seem tome to indicate a much later (Hadrianic?) … l«e Sec^ and omphalSs are still to be seen at the point marked /S on the plan (fig. 174- Cp.

265

(=my fig. 178), C. H. Weller in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1903 vii. 267 ff. fig. 4 photo) and … r3 i- 403 'supposed to represent Isis, the Egyptian Ceres,' E. Dodwell A Classical and … agree with the lion's head carved in the rock at £ on the plan (fig. 174). See also A. Rapp … Athens and Attica London 1836 p. 198, ib.3 London 1855 p. 170, was not very wide of … 'fife-nt state, the tender blade, the opening blossom, and the young firstling, were alike in- … t Anally, if—as seems probable—the cave at Vari was the actual spot on Mt Hymettos … ^Po<rJl$aWS 'S common'>' approved and squares with Hesych. ip<raia-...Spoo-diS-q and ipaahf

266

and oxen from the Nymphs and of bees from the Brisai. But … altar for Zeus Ikmaios, Lord 'of the Damp5,' and sacrificed on the … KaBdnep ixvdoXoyovai, k.t.X. and more fully Clem. Al. Strom. 6. 3 p. 444, 30 ff.

267

Arkadia and Lykaon suggests that the altar of Zeus Ikmaios … come into vogue. The priest of Zeus Lykaios made rain-magic with … with Zeus Aristaios or with Apollon Agreils and Nomios—high … Zeus and Apollon pure, … Aureus and Notnios named of some to-day, … gott 'Ft P' IM a" ancient divinity' etc., Gruppe Gr. Myth. Ret. p. 1710 ' Wetter-

268

Pindar appears to be weaving together a warp and a woof of diverse … or a mortal who had put on immortality. … Thebes to Keos and thence to Sardinia) Pindarus refragatur, qui eum ait de Cea insula … lartov on rbv ' Apiaraiov Sia rb rr\v KTT]vorpo(piav Kal Kvvrjyeaiav evprjKivai 'Ayp^a h

269

name implies a powerful goddess and her son. Are we transported … On the whole, I am disposed to see in Aristaios another example … Kai thaia on the occasion of the Pythian festival. Falling in love with her, he inscribed an … (q J* tale of Hermochares and Ktesylla is paralleled by that of Akontios and Kydippe … "H. Mus. Cat. Coins Crete etc. p. 96 pi-'5 and 16 f., Hunter Cat. Coins ii. … ^rbueh der griechisehen Eigennamen* Braunschweig 1875 »• "8 and in raU,y

270

in Keos, and states that in Sardinia he begat two sons called … poets with Zeus5, appears as a Zeus-like head, bearded and often … bronze coins in the Leake collection and two in the McClean collection.

271

Cean towns Ioulis (fig. 1 S3)1, Karthaia (figs. 184, 185)2 and Koresia … defined. B. Keil6, K. Tiimpel7, and J. W. Kubitschek8 held that its … 'he Num. Chron. Third Series 1891 xi. 12900. 25 'Aristaeus,'which reads IOY and has … , -Agrcus on autonomous and imperial bronze … p P • '9'. 9 and 12, Head Hist, num.* … n0 , °e!es>t Rensch' and Atppodiaios nihil est; v'A<ppiot'). Thessaliotis: 1'harsalos (ii. … \r,Ul"pel in I'auly—Wissowa Real-Em. i. 2724 and 2796. … BlVe« by t ty 'KalIlpolis) on the Thracian Chersonese, of which a revised transcript was

272

more likely explanation. Both are engraved on marble stelai topped … It remains to determine the sense of Aphrios, and that is no easy … Heidelberg 1909 p. 242 and in greater detail F. Bechtel Die griechischen Dialckte Berl"1 … and O. Kern in the Inscr. Gr. sept, ii no. 452 incline to accept Giannopoulos' view- *> … salicn Stuttgart 1924 p. 107 with fig. 5 chart of Velestino (Pherai)), who appears on s> … Hekate, with two torches, on galloping horse; in the field, a wreath c0° ^^ly … placing her right hand on a lion-head fountain; in the field, a wreat 1jnsCjirjftetl

273

(Indra) hasted up to the Asvins and Sarasvati, crying, "I have sworn to Namuki, saying, … j 6 *°am of the waters." Nilakantha in his commentary on Mahabh. i. 7306 ff. (Calc.; … to j anc^ slew Vrtra...). Mahidhara at VS. x. 33 says: "the Acvins and Sarasvati gave … and foam of the waters: that is neither wet nor dry."'

274

sort of intermediate or nondescript position between earth and sky … of the sky-god's seed, and thus in a manner akin to dew or rain- … To the foam of childbed and brought forth the Paphian. … Bloomfield ib. further contends that this legend of Indra and Namuki gave rise … 'river-lead,' or some surrogate such as lead, iron-filings, and even the head of a h^ … Society of London 1868 New Series vi. 36—again cited by Frazer Totemism and EX°e> ^

275

hinwandelnd," O. Kern Die Religion der Griechen Berlin 1926 i. 206 "die auf dem … u°ttingen 1894 p. 439 'Der Name 'A<ppo8iTij ist wohl kaum griechisch' etc.) and … ' +52 and L. Preller Griechische Mythologie- Berlin i860 i. 263 note the Semitic aphrodeth,

276

old as Hesiod1, reappears in fifth-century science2, and quite con- … and at the same time to make sense of a foreign name by assimilating the first part of it to … 1 Hes. theog. 190 ff. (supra ii. 447 n. 8). This and many other literary allusions are … Hesiodic dippos and put together the following pedigree: … i. 2796). On this whole genealogy see supra ii. 693 n. 4. … occurs also in theological and exegetical authors such asCornut. theol. 24 p. 45, 3 IT. Lang

277

That, however, is guesswork, and other guesses are almost … Some twenty minutes west of Pherai (Velestino), on the right … specie ' enera °* tne "rcopidae or frog-hoppers is labelled aphrophora, and one of its … Birds Lond ^ *"rtner ^~ Swainson The Folk Lore and Provincial Names of British … That, however, is guesswork, and other guesses are almost … Some twenty minutes west of Pherai (Velestino), on the right … specie ' enera °* tne "rcopidae or frog-hoppers is labelled aphrophora, and one of its … Birds Lond ^ *"rtner ^~ Swainson The Folk Lore and Provincial Names of British

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (d) Zeus Thaúlios

278

by terra-cotta figures and vase-fragments. Next, a necropolis of … gold, ivory, and other materials3. These had been deposited in two … of a warrior4; gold and silver ornaments of 'orientalising' date; … and frieze-blocks in the same material, showing traces of painted … in marble were also found, half life-sized and of good fifth-century

279

and in its turn destroyed by fire c. 200 B.C. It was approximately … various fragments of the cornice with carved and painted decora- … in massive blocks The finds comprise many pedestals and frag- … decree in the Thessalian dialect. And there are other records ot … own era the spot was in some sense holy ground. It is not, h™ev<~r> … "W*w (Bull. Corr. Hell. ,9,4 xlviii. 482 with n. 4, A. M. Woodward m the/on™.

280

of Enhodia1, whose head indeed appears on the coinage of the town … p. 308). Fig. 190 is from J. Hirsch Rhousopoulos Sale Catalogue p. 88 no. 1446 pi. 19, on

281

above, a space left blank for a painted portrait below, and in the … and central disk3, beneath which is the fragmentary inscription: … masonry suggest that the place was fortified in ancient times7. The … 7 «. ». p. ,36 reports that he found on this hill (■ auf dem HUgel der

282

corresponding hollows on the under side of votive bases. One such … by an old Turkish mosquea, founded—so it is said—centuries ago on … Thaumos (?) or Thaulos as a title of the Macedonian Ares6, and … Molione (supra ii. 1015 n. 8)) is not found elsewhere, and perhaps postulates daaxO^""

283

Gaertringen2, F. Bechtel3, and F. Solmsen4. But none of these is … 1 Bergk", 4 Diehl, 45 Knox). On this showing 6a*X«r would denote Throttle. … "W.o, (//. 20. +03 f. cited supra 5o6 n. .), the bull-hanging for Athena at Il.on (sup,a … W. Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the Semites* London 1927 p. 343 n. 3.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (a) Rain-magic

284

284 Rain-magic in modern Greece … ' I chanced one day upon a very old woman squatting on the extreme edge … her what she was doing; and she replied simply enough that she was making … doubtless she knew) to pay for what he has got, and never prepays what he is … through knowing "the god above and the god below" {top Sua, 8e6 koi tov <ax<i … - In the drying-up of the springs and in the rain of ashes Mr Lawson sees an alius'011

285

Rain-magic in modern Greece 285 … By the woods, on the highway, … And vines in blossom we may see; … Out with drought and poverty, … And to God prays: … So many stems (may spring) on the vines,' etc. … eel by Frazer Golden Bough': The Magic Art i. 272 t). For variants see A. Passow … j< and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge .9.0 pp. «3-»5- Cp. O. Schrader in

286

286 Rain-magic in modern Greece … And God the Lord she prays. … And strong the laddies too. … 'Garden-poppy,' and the chief actor in the ceremony must be largely … 'When the land is suffering from protracted and obstinate droughts, the … naked, and dressing her up with garlands of flowers and leaves, which entirely … 3 J. C. Lawson Modem Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 191° … 11 E. Gerard The Land beyond the Forest Edinburgh and London 1888 ii. 13.

287

Rain-magic in modern Greece 287 … found in Servia, and I believe in Croatia.' … °r of corn and vines. Thus scantily attired the girls go in procession from house … e ceremony regularly takes place all over Roumania on the third Tuesday … rporushe and their leader Pripats2 or Prpats3. The origin of the … essential connexion with the present form of rain-magic. More … fohr «w £r ■Golden Bo»gh 3: The Magic Art i. 2 73 f. (citing biter alios W. Schmidt Das … form is Tepffe7S<Jn °P' P* 2*: <But the most general, and, as I think, most correct … eptTraTw, " walk," and subsequent assimilation of the first two syllables.* Etc.

288

288 Rain-magic in modern Greece … up in grass, herbs, and flowers that nothing of her can be seen, not … And drench the diggers all, oy Dodo oy Dodo le ! … And wetted the corn and the vine. … (Bring us) both maize and wheat, … Bough'3: The Magic Art i. 273.

289

Rain-magic in modern Greece 289 … held that the leaf-clad girl personifies vegetation, and his lead is … form of the earth-mother'. Accepting Ralston's mterpre a on I … according to the principles of imitative magic, and that the company … and zhd represents either gd or dd; if this be the root dodo-laf«^^~A … and Lado, the Slavonic Genius of the spring'). . , Nac]ir, d. … fr'* and S O. Hoffmann/?/, Griechischen D.aleite Gottingen ,803 … Frazer Golden Bough*: The Magic Art i. 172. *<4 „ . n.mUriiae

290

290 Rain-magic in modern Greece … blessing of the wells and springs, and the festival is called the Kledorm*, which … Samarina celebrated the festival of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist on … Go/den Bough*: The Magic Art i. 275: 'The words of the Servian song...taken in con- … 2 M. Hamilton GreekSaints and Their Festivals Edinburgh and London 1910 p- … Water Deities.' 'The ceremony of the Klithona, observed by the Greeks on St. J .

291

Rain-magic in modern Greece 291 … ar>d the next day after church the bands of girls collect together again and go … that the dressing up of agirl as a bride and the visiting of the conduits is connected … ■jjBht differences of detail'), p. ,20 S. (the Klithona on St John's Eve in Thessaly and … Cambridge 1903 pp. 53—57 (a minutely careful account of 6 Mfiow on St John s Eve … ^served in western Asia Minor, in the Aegean islands, and in some parts of European … and the vineyards, | the grasses and the meadows.'

292

292 Rain-magic in modern Greece … water-jar with its sprigs of basil and talk of sweethearts lies the … an island destitute of springs and exposed to serious droughts. … 'St Elias is considered lord of rain, and at the time of his festival in July a … 'At Pentecost the seaports, such as Larnaka and Lemesso, are frequented … 2 M. Hamilton Creek Saints and Their Festivals Edinburgh and London '9 . … 3 M. Hamilton Greek Saints and Their Festivals Edinburgh and London

293

Rain-magic in modern Greece 293 … a Puppet and immersing it in water: … Ttek Saints and Their Festivals Edinburgh and London 1910 p. 131. Vartevar, pace … 80 1 • ,Maclei in J- Hastings Encyclopa:dia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1908 i. … cecl;1 an °ld healllen festival which was celebrated on the same day. On the day pre- … literature ^ °US tyPe 01 Noan in the ark on coins of the Phrygian Apameia Kibotos … °n Greek Saints and Their Festivals Edinburgh and London 1910 p. 131.

294

294 Rain-magic in modern Greece … thrown into the water. At Harpoot they make a man-doll and call it " Allah-potik." … make a rain-dolly. The children dress it up as a bride and veil its face. They … sea, and immerses a cross three times. At the same time a white dove is released. … the large reservoir on the slope of Lykabettos, and the bishop there performs … The local fishermen, as divers, are stripped ready to find it, and a strugg e

295

Rain-magic in modern Greece 295 … The village of Lytochoro1 in Thessaly gives an elaborate and curious version … with a gilt cross at the top, and on the Eve of Epiphany they are conveyed to … Pnest prays. Then three times the tall standards are bent and dipped in the … ees by the Jordan banks. It is a common belief that all trees on Epiphany Eve … continue the Sichna. The cross itself is cast into the river, and the divers … hies °n ^P'P^any morning a vessel full of water to the church, and the priest … °Ur Loid Came l'le ^a-' °^ ''&nts and baptisms. There came great rejoicings and

296

296 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … 'At the river Jordan, the holy place, the Lord is baptised and saves the whole … sheep-skin to copy the fleecy clouds, worked his magic on the … arts could produce at will clouds, rain, hail, and snow. Unfortunately

297

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 297 … gone down to purify themselves in the sea, a shark carried on one … n°. 4566 pi. 171, 20 ( = my fig. 791) says oddly 'insect on r. wheel.

298

298 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … a not infrequent form of popular ordeal2. Mrs A. Strong and … 3 E. Strong and N. Jolliffe in the Joum. Hell. Stud. 1924 xliv. 103 ff. … (which is printed as a certainty in both editions by M. Schmidt) and in any case^ \iet

299

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 299 … Mystery of the Eleusinians kye kye', that is "rain—conceive." And … 11 to Zeus the sky-god and mother-earth ; and it belongs to that part of the … ram-magic was essential to the performance. … 7 HiPP- 'ref^)^8 S'VeS a mislea<iing refer ence and an erroneous text. … plead that ' admits that its position in the sentence is against him and can only

300

3<oo Rain-magic in ancient Greece … Magic Art ii. 139 n. 1 (eirideiKviji>Tes roh tiroTrreijovo'L to [itya Kal 6avp.aarbv Kal rehtLbraTOV … vaudrait s'y resigner, si 1'on y gagnait une interpretation plus conforme au mode d'enseigne- … 'an ear of grain reaped in silence,' M. P. Nilsson A History of Greek Religion trans. … With regard to the significance of the rite, we are ill informed and widely diverse … had any footing at Eleusis; and Hippolytos' attempt to find an Eleusinian counterpart 0^ … for its totem....Then some one particular ear or sheaf of ripe corn was selected to lC^^£ … Religion- London 1902 p. 364 ff.). 'When, then, we find that in later times a" e(1 jn

301

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 301 … (3) Elsewhere Reinach treats the corn-ear as the offspring of a priest and a priestess, … a«ount of the rite is given by Harrison Proleg. Gk. Rel? p. 548 ft". and Fr azer Golden … cere emarks of Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 139 n. 1). But though the … Studie M' Cornford 'The 'ATTAPXAI and the Eleusinian Mysteries' in Essays and

302

302 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … yeveueas. All this was aptly expressed in mythological parlance. Kore is carried off and … life. Demeter received into her bosom both the sown corn and the buried dead. She … every autumn into the underworld only to come up again in the springtime young and … way. to Eleusis, lending point and precision to the hopes already inspired by the Gtf& … (6) P. Foucart, the father of this Egyptising hypothesis, in his final work on 1 ^ … Alovvltov Trj A-qix-ryrpa LTvyKaBLepioaav, alvLTTdpLevoL r6 ybvLpLov ttjs iiypbTrjTOs) and at Elelis

303

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 303

304

304 Rain-magic in

305

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 305 … cart pursues the theme of corn as an emblem of Osiris, and draws attention to the … a5?! '479 b.c., according to H. R. Hall), a frame of cedar-wood, on which is stretched … c°ver ji acconung to H. R. Hall) the late Earl of Carnarvon and Howard Carter dis- … \ A n resurrection of the god (A. Erman Die agyptische Religion Berlin 1905 p. … al; Bhilai I 6 cora^on °f a chamber dedicated to Osiris in the Ptolemaic temple of Isis … ^izion. M !, nal' °f Osiris (second and third registers = my fig. 196), Lanzone … ESypt Newle""'reci'o» London—New York 1911 i. 58 fig., A. Moret Kings and Gods of … a miirnrny and 1 •W & papyrus of the Louvre (No. 3377) Osiris is represented swathed as

306

306 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … en Egypte' (p. 54 ff.: corn-maidens in ancient and modern Egypt, after Miss W. S. … expressly compares the corn-stalks that represent the resurrection of Osiris on Egyptian … reverentially displayed at Eleusis there was a corn-token. ' And,' he continues, ' it may … area and to one literary record in the east. … and Dionysos (wrongly restored) in a car drawn by two panthers or lynxes, ellteIc011. … and 22, 1—5 ( = my pi. xxx), F. Lenormant in the Gaz. Arch. 1870 v. 31 ff- with 2 … Festschrift filr fames Loeb Miinchen 1930 pp. 123—125 figs. 13 and 14 (photograp 1 ^

Plate 30

(1) A herdion containing five stalks or o ^^&tv ts ( " A do,-^^. SUres bearing garlands and gifts.

307

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 307 … ■Ancient Pottery London 1905 i. 476 f. fig. 106, ii. 158) substitutes a small crop of wheat. … p °n de Sir ?0,1,1 Coghill Bart Rome 1817 p. 42 f. pis. 49 and 51, 2, Reinach Rip. … 'D' J a'"^ Ponographs No. 32) New York 1927 p. 9 and, more adequately, by P. Wolters … ears are barley, not bearded wheat, and certainly not a cross … coins Ear are not true '° nature- ^-n(^ ne adds ''lat tne ears rePresented on Greek … '""KetheT °^ ^etnsa'da saying 'Sir, we would see Jesus,' Philip sought out Andrew and … fruit> (Joh"lt0 t'le eartn and die' abideth by itself alone; but if it die, it beareth much … ""essays Is farther probable that these profound words were meant to convey some

308

308 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … Pan, Men, and ye fair Nymphs, all hail!— … vTtipxve was a new formati°n from on the analogy of Be tctie and under the rn^

309

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 309 … supply by a silent and undemonstrative invocation of appropriate … That cry was addressed to the divine Sky above and to the … supra p. 302 n. o (4)) gifts toic Oeotv (sc. Demetei' and Kore), TpurroX^/xij, … aPpare' ^ 97°)> holds rhytin and bowl. His consort, the chthonian goddess, has … site of th^ ^rasmentary relief of Lakrateides, the greater part of which was found on the … Eleusis. H- von Prott in the Ath. Mitth. 1899 xxiv. 256—266 (on 6e6s, Bed at

310

Rain-magic in ancient Greece

311

Rain-magic in ancient Greece

312

312 Rain-magic in ancient Greece … Eleusinian powers. Theos [Bebs), in the guise of Zeus, is seated, sceptre in hand, on 11 … (Tpi7rT6\e|/io[s]), who receives them as he sits on his serpent-car. In the background is … belong to the family of Lakrateides—Sostratos with vine-branch and torch on the t\a ' … priest of Theos and Thea ((a) Corp. inscr. Gr. i Add. no. 274 6, 4 S. = Corp. inscr. … lepevs Qe\ov Kal Beds Ei>jeat|os } Haiavievs (on ~) as an arbitrary sign for an i"e … of 6 Bebs and t) Bed with Plouton and Persephone.

313

Rain-magic in ancient Greece 313 … "ley m en'ak'y The alleged rattles are perhaps not rattles at all; and, if they are, … ln ^aniigeio7"/ai,riS 5'5l'a7ai Kai *WpAro» Anfc^foft <ca0ws Kai ol Xoiirol naprvpovai. and

314

314 Rain-magic in the cult of Zeus … Priam, and Priam's folk (stout spearman he), … Gleaming, and hid Mount Ide under cloud, … on cult-usage, the actual rain-maker was probably the priest of Zeus … connexion between the Arx and the Arcades*, when he makes

315

Rain-magic in the cult of Zeus 315 … c^Uppe Gr- Myth. Rel. pp. 196, 202 f. But H. Last in The Cambridge Ancient History … Wis n "le 'dentincation of this spring see Frazer Pausanias iv. 383 and Bolte in Pauly— … j^' eeces and twelve caldrons, each caldron having forty handles. When in 1903 … a>td pr ' ^*orSan ' Greek and Roman Rain-Gods and Rain-Charms' in the Transactions … When D-US' Pausanias Sives us "o information on this point.'

316

316 Rain-magic in the cult of Zeus

317

Other cults that gave the sanction of religion to the rites of rain- … °ver axe and knife at the Dipolieia2. … antiquity, interesting in itself, and of greater interest inks connexion with a local … the villagers, both Christian and Mahometan, with a local Bey at their head, go … Prayer ' In the time of Dearth and Famine.' It runs as follows: … S ^Valup Kal tu>v TreMuv. jJVoi ov Set (6xe<T0ai, 77 oCtws, air\ws xal fKevdtpws. On the … ■ (&Xeu' and Aristoph. 'Sijffoi frag. 4 (Frag. com. Gr. ii. 1110 Meineke) ap. Souid. s.v. … Other cults that gave the sanction of religion to the rites of rain- … °ver axe and knife at the Dipolieia2. … antiquity, interesting in itself, and of greater interest inks connexion with a local … the villagers, both Christian and Mahometan, with a local Bey at their head, go … Prayer ' In the time of Dearth and Famine.' It runs as follows: … S ^Valup Kal tu>v TreMuv. jJVoi ov Set (6xe<T0ai, 77 oCtws, air\ws xal fKevdtpws. On the … ■ (&Xeu' and Aristoph. 'Sijffoi frag. 4 (Frag. com. Gr. ii. 1110 Meineke) ap. Souid. s.v.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (b) Prayers to Zeus for rain

318

it can be restored, gives us three or four passable hexameters and is … That with thick crops and corn it may abound. … 'The drought is now on. Not a cloud above the horizon. What we want is … e^x^" rbv 17'Xioc and Eustath. in II. p. 881, 42 ff. \<?£eis &pa \ wffirep to. iraiW "t£eX … inraTois (a would-be ablative absolute on the analogy of the Latin formula).

319

though Zeus has turned his attention to foreigners and is neglecting the folk at … P°V-l-(p Sidfipoxov oi pjy dXttrdelv, where 'Zeus' means rain and 'Bromios' wine. … Perh" ^^c,'ie''' /l_a' Tauras ras KaT-qyoplas oiiK ijyvbei Qioyvis b tlleyapevs. k.t.\.), and … See F t TfXioi/ | 'e"\Keiv Karudev rauro touS' u5wp ■jrdXii'; Silenos of Chios (on whom … 'P' 934 ed' P«' l8?I' 21 ff'' Eudok- z""'- 6l> '-7' and 9l8« Natalis Comes 9. 1 … though Zeus has turned his attention to foreigners and is neglecting the folk at … P°V-l-(p Sidfipoxov oi pjy dXttrdelv, where 'Zeus' means rain and 'Bromios' wine. … Perh" ^^c,'ie''' /l_a' Tauras ras KaT-qyoplas oiiK ijyvbei Qioyvis b tlleyapevs. k.t.\.), and … See F t TfXioi/ | 'e"\Keiv Karudev rauro touS' u5wp ■jrdXii'; Silenos of Chios (on whom … 'P' 934 ed' P«' l8?I' 21 ff'' Eudok- z""'- 6l> '-7' and 9l8« Natalis Comes 9. 1

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (c) The relation of rain to Zeus

320

essentially connected with this god. Philosophers and grammarians … aipe97}o^ol'Tal• ob yap 077 o~<pl earl vSaros obdepia aWy &7rocrTpo(pr] on pyq etc roD Atds povvov^ … 3 Supra ii. 344 n. o. Cp. F. H. M. Blaydes on Aristoph. Ach. 911 Ittu Aebs. … cod. V.), Eustath. in II. p. 153, 34!. Sebw to §pexw Aeus Ka'L Zeus 6 'dTjp. On the su ^ … I possess the abstract of a paper written by Prof. T. G. Tucker of Melbourne and * ^ … practically all concerned with human maintenance—the Earth-mother and her c - … dbovci, Kal rj eopTT] KaXetrat 'To-T-fipta"); and Iii(p)piter (Diespiter) stands £ p]).

321

c°ntrol of the rain-power. On this showing t& 'OXvuiria would be ceremonies of cloud- … a We 'Raging' god might be appeased (Hesych. Mai/ud)ct?js- MeiX(x«>s, KaB&paios) and … fru;t u' ^75 n. 2, 1226] or rather ^dXcupos was god 'of the Swelling Tips' on plants, … etymolo'giesUC <er s readinS of Greek religion is simple and so far attractive. But the

322

ov Siotl oi>x vcl> dXXa bibrt uarepop. See further M. H. Morgan 'Greek and Roman Rain- … In the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 175 and in Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 267 I drew attention to … Stuart Jones prints it in the latest edition of Liddell and Scott. The choice of the ne_ … hinting at an etymological connexion between verbs and vlbs. . Qf the … a storm, and "dances" in whirlwinds'(U. Holmberg Finno-Ugric Mythology

323

Zeus2. And Herakleitos the Stoic (s. i a.d.?3) interprets the blood- … ■^ntoninus Pius, shows Zeus enthroned on Mount Koressos, with a … " the Cabinet des Medailles at Paris (fig. 204)9 and in the Lobbecke

324

period, formerly in the Castellani collection and now in the British … tion of him is known5. But it is probably he who appears on the … cult-statue of Artemis Ephesla, is highly conjectural. And other conjectures nav£serljie … 6 On this great Germanic tribe see the monograph of H. Kirchmayr Der " ^ gniith

325

dependent on the account given by Cassius Dio (c. 210—222 A.D.), … So Marcus subdued the Marcomani and the Iazyges after many hard … e Quadi had surrounded them at a spot favourable for their purpose and the … legion Was ^ usa8c °f fulminatus, and presupposes that on some definite occasion the

326

the Romans on this occasion and brought destruction upon the barbarians, … a legion) from Melitene; and these people are all worshippers of Christ. Now … alone had the saving water; in any case Marcus took pity on them. « g

327

by means of a timely rain-storm, which on the one hand refreshed … ^-useb. chron. p. 172 Schoene (= Chron. Pasch. 260 n—id\ A (i. 486 f. Dindorf) and … sto aS a Christian forgcy- Granted, however, that (4) and (5) are an addition to the … c°lunUre"US' snort> '* appears that both Dion and Themistios are describing the … Darba 'C cruc''orm shield-signs of the legionaries and misinterpret the attitude of the … A S^e tne Punitive lightning and its effect upon the foe. … bza'nr Kedren°s, indirectly dependent on Eusebios (K. Krumbacher Geschichte

328

Apollinarios, who was bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia and probably wrote only one 0 … construction upon it, and Dion half-polemically retorts with the, story of the rnag … of the scene on the column as misconceived both by pagans and by Christians is … that Legion, the letter of the emperor, and its mention of the prayers of the Twelfth LeS'°^ … that all the legions had the lightning on their shields and the eagle on their staPten(js … stationed in Melitene to guard the crossing of the Euphrates; and that, to Ju Jj^jjy

329

J^on Kampf oder Abwehr ist keine Rede, so wenig bei Dio 71, 8. Es betet niemand. … steers a mid course between Skylla and Charybdis. The alleged marvel is neither pure … ne imperial letter cited by Tertullian was genuine and did actually tell—though without … no A 48' Dindorf) Sfifipos in tou 6eov iyiveTo), not to a specific god, and made … Certainly8amSt b°th the metno<1 and the results of Harnack's investigation, and he

330

Capit. v. M. Ant. philos. 24. 4 and portrayed on the column, the destruction of a wooden … turns this into numerous flashes (/cepawot 01k 6X4701) with the downpour. And Greg. Nyss. … G. Calderini Die Marcus-Saule auf Piazza Colo?ma in Rom Mtinchen 1896 with text and … (pp. 29—38), Petersen describes its sculpture (pp. 39—104), and von Domaszewski— … small (nos. 38, 41) lie dead and weapons are swept into a heap. On pis. 20, B + 21' A .j … with thirst and relieved by a sudden downpour, which proved too much for the foe- ^ … flash and rainfall to the prayers of the emperor (Iul. Capit. v. M. Ant. philos- 24- 4 ^ ^ … bfiflpiov iiSuip). Dion, a superstitious narrator and himself the author of a book on

331

to divine interposition1. Later tradition went further and busied … and portents (Dion Cass. 72. 23: W. Christ Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur* … all • —a hypothesis consistent with its diction and structure, not to mention an apparent … d—261 a (i. 486 f. Dindorf) and vers. Armen. ann. Abr. 2188) followed … Dio ' c'a'med, a local tradition, but a rhetorical and in part ridiculous amplification of … life_aeniarkable effects either to Chaldaean magic or, preferably, to Marcus' blameless … *PPende n C°ntroversy' a f«» hst of the sources had been got together and critical notes

332

incantation of some magician in the imperial retinue, Arnouphis … in late Greek mystical and magical texts as Hermes Tpur^yioTos {supra ii. 611) with Tat, … W. Scott inserts roirov after bfiov and omits toAtwv)). On the Egyptian antecedents of this … tov Qebv Kal ayawoiv t'ov ir\T]<rlov (so cod. c. codd. a. b. d. e. f. g. and S1 add auT0, aT0S … vlois ttjs d7Tfi9e/as and 6. 12 irpbs rds dpxds, irpbs rds tijovo-las, irpbs toiis K'"TliOKI>"'T0!>^ng of … and Rivals of Christianity Cambridge 1915 i. 98 ff.). The same hymn in a tip*.' ^gtf. … = Preisendanz ii. 30 no. 7, 668 ff.). Ephesos had long been a hot-bed of magic

333

deavouring to personify and portray the actual rain-storm. Details … \xf'StUS ' con^tf^ponmeus Moysi. Hermes is here an elderly man with long hair and

334

fashioned and simple-minded peasant, and must not be discounted … sophisticated folk of Asia1 and Europe2 in general, but it survives … in The Mythology of all Races: Finno-Ugric, Siberian Boston 1927 p. 444 states, on the … I. Goldziher Mythology among the Hebrews and its historical development trans- … xi. 1555], the Syrian Zeus Kdatos [supra ii. 906 n. 3, 981 n. 1, 985 n. 1], and a va ^ … collected instances from Germany and France. Thus in the Oberpfalz, when it ^

335

vvhich appears to have left its traces on more than one language of … the sieve'4 or 'God is drenching with the sieve,'5 and use the proverb … spoil the nuts (Id. id. pp. 146, 154). So in the Mark district, if it rains on June 11, … ii, Schrader in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1909 … tranche"1 • • ra'n ^ aU onrermS °^ nonev> where the rain which drops on the trees and … ^aris [ AuS*'si '893 Stuttgart 1893 p. i4of., H. Oldenberg La religion du Ve'da

336

the sky, and empties in turn on the earth through sieves of varying … all at once cause a regular deluge1. The interval between ancient … Greek rain-charm consisted in pouring water though a sieve3. And … Real-Eric. ii. 1094, G. Knaack ib. vi. 364) and is here merely a learned allusion broug … 3 E. O. James in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh i°3 … well go back to the magic-saturated last days of the Roman Empire' (A- ol(j be

337

dhinatio ista or some such jingle: possibly the enigmatic EN ITEM A VS contains the neo- … diatribe curiosa Curise Variscorum 1677 devotes 86 small quarto pages to a collection and … P°l°niti hm"1'1" po!licenci°.' Here and there Pratorius reports local usage, e.g. Ci 'in … 1 xvi and xvii), Frazer Golden Bough3: Balder the Beautiful i. 236,

338

further enquiry, as it has important bearings on both ritual and … On the west bank of the Nile, south of Memphis, lay the town … W. R. Halliday Greek Divination London 1913 pp. 219, 221 n..3 ('sieve and shears )i … v. 323—328 (ancient and mediaeval usages: modern practices will be dealt with s-V' … Several Christian saints have a sieve as their attribute. M. and W. Drake Saints … d'eau que l'ancienne, mais l'autre tarit immediatement. On dit que cette fon a j … is held in her honour on the third day in Whitsun week). miianf in … further enquiry, as it has important bearings on both ritual and … On the west bank of the Nile, south of Memphis, lay the town … W. R. Halliday Greek Divination London 1913 pp. 219, 221 n..3 ('sieve and shears )i … v. 323—328 (ancient and mediaeval usages: modern practices will be dealt with s-V' … Several Christian saints have a sieve as their attribute. M. and W. Drake Saints … d'eau que l'ancienne, mais l'autre tarit immediatement. On dit que cette fon a j … is held in her honour on the third day in Whitsun week). miianf in

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (d) Rain as water poured through a holed vessel or sieve

339

custom for three hundred and sixty priests to empty Nile-water day … e traced back to the fourth century A.D.3 and connected with the

340

images of bronze, silver, wood, stone, etc. to the action of fire and … water, and set it up as a god. He completed his work by cutting °^ … and the water issuing forth from the holes put out the fire 01 … - H. W. Stoll and W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 948 f-> GrupP* _JRot>ert

341

and A. Capello2 (fig. 212). Kanopos, from whose perforated body … t'idien 1907 ii. 5. 7) is represented in a fragmentary archaic votive inscription on the

342

Der bbse Blick und Verivandtes Berlin 1910 ii. 10 (with fig. 23), 234, 251, 254, and … Zeus Amnion, rev. PI, PITA, PITAN, PITANAI AN or the like and a penta- … on a shield (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Mysia p. 172 pi. 34, 9 ( = my fig. 215), i°>

343

and a variety of magical marks, including 01 and perhaps scattered … Cyrenaica p. 61 no. 292 pi. 26, 1), and Rome (Babelon Monn. rip. rotn. i. 25, 48, 49, … Das Pentagramm ist Ideogramm fiir "Weltraum."' Id. ib. goes on to connect the Baby- … It is found at (a) Nerab, (b) Gerar, (c) a jar-handle from Ophel, and a curious type with … t Sir \y. jj_ Flinders Petrie Decorative Patterns of the Ancient World London 1930 pl. 48 … 1 Si To~ ' '°nys. Thrak. p. 321, 37 and 488 Hilgard Orjra 6V1 toC vavrSi Biaw ptpieiTaf … ts' sat. ' 8.Was the initial of W»WM and was itself transfixed with a dart (schol.

344

who died and was buried near the river-mouth. As a dead man he … divers figures. And its neck was completed by the addition of a … NeiXov KarayyiWovai, to. irpdyp.ara rots bvbp.ao-l /j.erd\afi^dvovres. On this equivalent … p.era<popiKQs. Xtyei 5e < to > tou NeiXou and 856 dppevoybvov yap to vSoip tov 1 e' … e/xtpaivei reXov/ikv-qv, k.t.X. On the NciXiya see R. Wagner in Roscher Lex. Myth. … 6 W.Weber Drei Untersuchungen zur dgyptisch-griechischen Religion HeK'e'kel^0111es

345

deceased and commonly topped by the heads of the four children … e old conflict between Osiris and Set was interpreted at Kanopos as a struggle between … and masters the moisture that generates and nurtures the Nile. Typhon's ally is the … incgj^*0* ^) 'arider and others cjj. yTjv KaoTrifiov) (pvpdcrt rip BSart), add costly spices and … f0Ur ^ ?api> the jackal-headed Tuamautef, and the hawk-headed Qebhsennuf. These … ^'fe in a ^ Puamute'> the lungs by Hapy, and the intestines by Qebeh-snewef. A. Erman … I graham.)), it is presumably flu, ordinary intestine-jars may on occas.on

346

on the imperial coinage of Alexandreia (figs. 220—232). R. S. Poole1 … on a couple of cushions and facing us upon a garlanded base … Museum (no. 9267), which on each of its four faces had a sunk panel with reliefs, flanke … inscription: (a) A helmeted bust with a circular shield and crossed spears beneath l> … 'Canopi' of Thoth, Anion, Mut, and in lieu of an epigram 77. 187—191- W … 'Canopi' of some missing deity, Shu, Tefnut, Hathor, and the lines eh KatcoPi r 1 … of Ra, Atum, Nut, and the lines 'A/ypios iandet kclt Utos Sis Sij/j-op Hirnvra , ^ … The stele dates from the end of s. i is.c. and comes from Alexandreia. F. LI- … (2) are headed by Ra and Thoth for Sun and Moon: (1) has Osiris, possibly for *e P ' ^0

348

finallyupborne side by side on the spread wings of an eagle(fig. 232)2- … of dots seen on the Osiris-'Canopi' (figs. 224, 228, etc.) were holes … was in effect the equivalent of snow and rain, the Nile was popularly … griffin, which rests its right paw on a four-spoked wheel (A. F. Gori Museum Flo'en

349

At Silsilis {Djebel Selseleh), on the right bank of the Nile in Upper … body of Kanopos was treated as a quasi-sky, and that the figures with … ^itte b°" -11 Ne0u>Tou tov I [fi]eyi<TTov. '■ L t Tpaiamv Kaf[o-a]pos tov xvpiov. Sayce and … fig- 7o l2 Rome and Naples 1900 p. 5 pi. 29, Harrison Proleg. Gk. Rel? p. 279 f.

350

In the other case a bearded and somewhat deformed man with … of Heaven' and wore a robe glittering with stars4. It is surrounds … no. 59, 2 pi. 29, cp. C. W. King Antique Gems and Rings London 1872 ii- 4 P ' (|ie … See W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 433 ff. and R. Eisler milennial

351

mountain-emblem of HA, one of the most ancient gods of the … sent the sacrifice of Bousiris with some approach to Egyptian … Slrnilar in fact that it must be the self-same vase—and this in 1865 … themselves with gestures of grief before and behind a narrow vertical oblong, covered with … ^chnungd. Gr. i. ,79 ff. iii. 35 figs. l5», 153, M. H. Swindler Ancient Paintmg \ale … analogous scenes—' mcyomancie homerique' (Odysseus evoking the soul of Antikleia) and

352

and is officially stated to have come from the Basilicata in South … ever, who kindly examined the vase afresh on my behalf, reports … realised the fact. As to the stars and circles I can only suppose they w^ … in the varnish. I doubt if they are original. There is also a crown on the 0 … a Canopic jar resting on a plinth, which terminates in a female head. (i>) Part 0 ^nd

353

°f the four figures (pi. xxxiv), on which the faint markings have … b°red through1.' My friend and colleague the late Dr A. Wright … ain' and that sttphion had been produced for the first time from … "le dom^°SS'k'e l^at some sucn significance was attached to the louver or circular opening in … T. Asi,u h J- Anderson—R. P. Spiers The Architecture of Ancient Rome rev. by … em on Hdt. 4. 158, and A. W. Lawrence on Hdt. 2. 14, 22, 3. 10, 4. 185.

354

way of a rain-charm has left traces of itself, not only in the rites and … Flinders Petrie4. It is even permissible to use less general terms and … identified with the Danaoi6 of Homer; and they in turn cannot be … states that Aristaios, son of Apollon and Kyrene, was the first who discovered h°vV … Sch. Ath. 1901—1902 viii. 184, id. The Ancient History of the Near East Lond°n^yace … pp. 28 {., 1001. The Egyptian texts are collected and translated in H. T. Bossert AU … The latter loc. cit. p. 83 n. r is tempted 'to see some connection, in name at ^

355

Water-carrying and the Dana'ides 355 … Danaos and Aigyptos were twin-brothers. Belos, their father, settled … ;n p tne succession of Danaos to Gelanor see Paus. 2. 16. 1 and the interesting omen … dedit.' This famous encounter is commemorated on a late autonomous

356

356 Water-carrying and the Dana'ides … Lynkeus for respecting her virginity3 and was for that reason … The incident of Amymone, the Satyr, and Poseidon is an obvi°u … tfAifet to fi-fi I Kretvai civevvov, k.t.X. and is further supported by the pleading of Ap … were murdered at Lerna, and their wives cut off the heads to show their fathei a … quinto quoqtie anno and known as ao~irh h "Apyec. The Dana'ides after

357

Water-carrying and the Danaides 357 … c°mposed the cycle of the Olympian festival; and this notion, since … fifties6, especially the fifty daughters of Endymion and Selene, and … e explained as torrents and rivers, which in winter rushed headlong … as"^s in common with Apollodoros, is derived from some prose author (hence such names … ty" "5—118), in which Lynkeus avenges his brothers by slaying Danaos and all the

358

358 Water-carrying and the Danaides … Bernhard1, N. Wecklein2, O. Waser3, etc. and described as 'Ein … by L. Laistner and C. Bonner. Laistner8, who regarded the race of … accomplish her deliverance, has to perform some feat involving … Latin caput and Modern Greek /cc0oXdpi are quoted in support); that Paus. 2. *f" i^^ra

359

Water-carrying and the Dana'ides 359 … Current in Greece5 and in many other parts of Europe from the … lcn the father of the youths is their companion and himself … 4 C ^eing, but the youngest robs him and they all escape'). … 6 J- Bolt h°"en V°m Drakos')' "• 178 ff> (four variants> and notes).

360

360 Water-carrying and the Danaides … the Daanau or Danauna of Egyptian records5. And the ground thus … 3 On the historical element in the myth of the Argonauts see now the a dm ^

361

Water-carrying and the Dana'ides 361 … Waters7 at Argos; or it may be on account of the Dana'ides, who … S0uid ,stath- »'« II- P- 461, 3 ff., cp. schol. T., schol. B. L., and schol. A. D. //. 4. 171,

362

362 Water-carrying and the Dana'ides … It is not unreasonable to contend that this ancient tradition was, … ' Parched ones.' But etymology is capable of a volte-face, and modern … I would suggest confusion with Srjvaibs, 'ancient,' in its Doric form Savaibs (Aisch. Bu • … jetzt das gebet des alten Chryses rlauav Aavaol tp.6. S&upva (A 42).' On the Danavas ^ … which is several times used as a neuter meaning "stream" and once as a ^em'fi"ltiy in

363

Water-carrying and the Dana'ides 363 … ycenae occurred about 1500 or a little earlier, and that the great fortification … on 6 r° ^e tne bottle-shaped cisterns of later date to be seen … 74 f.: i'p " '^°"and 'The Danaoi' in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 1928 xxxix. … 'he Aegean"** kefore numan memory " to classical Greeks; and the still earlier inhabitants, … plans but0""'"5 and J- A- Kaupert Atlas von Athen Berlin 1878 p. 18 ff. description, with

364

364 Water-carrying and the Danaides … and this equation, though it has not attracted much notice in recent … quitted his own land and settled in Apulia. His provenance suggests … 1927 p. 32 ff. figs. 1 section and plan, 2 section. … 6 H. R. Hall in The Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge 1924 ii- 276- jjatur … 8 So Dr B. F. C. Atkinson, who from his great and as yet nnpuW^^ ^rp-

365

Water-carrying and the Dana'ides 365 … And Ovid4 mentions … e- Surviving examples of the type on Italian soil are the … ^aUnia\ : l" Lyk- AL 105°- The story is told, with some variation (Brundisium, not

366

366 Water-carrying and the Danaides … played by Danaos and his daughters in Greece. … certainly related to the river-names Ddnapris (Dnieper) and … ways of water, and would thus come to be regarded as good water … A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford 1929 p. 99 f. ^ gell

367

Water-carrying and the Danaides 367 … the heart of Asia Minor and leave a permanent population in Galatia, … in t"tI London, Glasgow and Dublin 1905 pp. 48, 71, 72, 77, 230, alii., J. A. MacCulloch … SqUjj ff65' Scandinavians, Ligurians, and Finns.' But the prevailing view (d'Arbois, … ' Religion of the Ancient Celts pp. 63, 67 f., 103. … Bronze.^'°n the secti°n and ground-plan of the 'Treasury of Atreus' with those of the

368

368 Water-carrying and the Dana'ides … A tribe that bore an Illyrian name3 and at one time dwelt as … The Danube itself was at a later date believed to gather clouds and … 8 Frazer Golden Bough* i. 91 f., ib? The Magic Art i. 262 ff., J. Rendel W< ingS … are Bana ba Tilo, 'Children of the Sky' [supra ii. 434]) and drench her with wa^ '^^ng

369

Water-carrying and the Danaides 369 … tater Greeks and to the Romans after them became the point of the … P'tkos, and so atone for the murder of their cousins8. This water- … -Picurean influence10 and has been assigned to the Alexandrine … tne ea° and throw it into the Pool of Abraham.' O. Janiewitsch 'Durstige Seelen' in … Ve8etati . Uolde" Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 97 ff. ('The infl uence of the sexes on

370

And in the myth as related by Apollodoros there is no question of … that, when a wedding had been arranged and the wedding-day had … Hope Vases Cambridge 1923 p. 12 f., cp. M. H. Swindler Ancient Painting New J* … 5 The situation of this fountain has been the subject of long and lively debate^ … due south of the Olympieion, and that it was re-named Enneakrounos, when fit … 116), and the excavator concluded that the modern Kallirrhoe was neither Kalhrr … here at least seven tunnels and six cisterns (still containing water) had been cut in ^ 0f … probably ended at this cistern, and that two sets of water-pipes diverging flaq'ueduct

371

fountain by a female loutrophoros*. And in both cases, according to … r9o6 pp. ItI—j^i, 153—158, and by W. Judeich Topographic von A then Miinchen … (jjScoe sPa<3e. But the literary evidence is almost all against him; and at any moment … *K T9t-1 ^a'ter—Sauppe and or. 18 frag. 5 Baiter—Sauppe). fin Si to. Xovrpa iKbpi^ov

372

carrying' for him and—we are told—set up over his tomb the … ancient authorities, however, state that pitchers called loutroph6rot … Harpokration and Pollux are confusing the marriage-rite (boy or girl carrying P ^agen … iireriSero KaXiris eis Ivde^iv rov on dXovros to vvp.<piKa Kal dyovos direicri (con … hill resembling a man lying on his back ; and it was said that, whenevei a

373

can fortunately be confirmed, at least in part, both by literary1 and … sPorts, and—an important feature—they have either no bottom or … °eneath and so reach the dead7. This may well be8. Yet A. Milch- … plSi * Hirschfeld in the Ann. d. Inst. 1872 xliv. 142 ff. no. 41, A/on. d. Inst, ix

Plate 35

at prbthesis below, and subsidiary zones of lions and horsemen.

375

A point connecting them with the 'Dipylon' amphorae* is that some … "trophdroi (pp. 40—43 nos. 44—83) and Attic red-figured loutrophdroi (p. 44 f. nos. … j«) Three broken specimens found together at Trachones near Athens and now at … t^ ' *~~S)- The main design on each vase is a black-figured prdthesis, with mourners on … #5j/aire' *n 'he Mon. Piot 1894 i. 49—60 with figs. 1 and 2 and pis. 5—7, Perrot—Chipiez … th , s,s' W'th red-figured mourners on the neck and black-figured horsemen towards … '^otfip • ^a'Se *°unct at Athens and now in the Schliemann collection (P. Wolters … 6 P Vn J ^8" 01 '• 3 Supra pi. xxxv. 4 Supra pi. xxxv and figs. 236—239. … height- ^'Pros> formerly in the Pierides collection and now in mine (fig. 240a—d.

380

no monument should be erected on a grave-mound but a small pillar, … i"]6m inclusive of its rough end) and very few elsewhere [e.g. that of Thrason in "le … and photograph)), are usually of Hymettian marble. They are cylinders that taper slig» ' … fillets painted in red. The mensae are solid plinths, oblong in plan, with upper and l°n … i. 325 no. 683, E. L. Hicks The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in * … 56 ( = my fig. 243)). On the left side of the pdros base is inscribed 'ByvTUP I \^er tIie … and fish's tail. On a large leaf is a young Satyr dancing to the left with a ^jg'ieft, tMc

382

complexity, on upward tapering tombstones (figs. 246—250)1 and, … 37, on voyait sur le tombeau de Sophocle un Satyre tenant a la main un maSC'U j^gon * … The handles enclose two crudely worked Sirens beating their heads and brea

384

pi. 2, 4, A. Michaelis Ancient Marbles in Great Britain, trans. C. A. M. Fennell Cambridge … relief on the vase shows an older man, who wears a himdtion, advancing ft-0"1 ^ nian>s

385

ah-otirion is decorated with finely wrought dkanthos-\ea.ves, palmettes, and central lotos- … ter"iinate be/6 * S.'ren bealing her head and breast. The handles of the loutroplwros

386

finally, on the downward tapering pillars prescribed by Demetrios … (S. A. Koumanoudes), and now in the Museum at the Peiraieus (C. Curtius in raS5biifS … and p. 382 n. 5. Above the vase, in letters not earlier than 300 B.C.*

387

and set up on the summit of the grave-mound—a custom traceable … (^rny fig. 251)). The sunk relief shows an ornamental loittrophdros, with akrotiria on … M. Mayer in the Ath. Mitth. 1891 xvi. 310 n. 2 and P. Wolters id. p. 389^ with fig. … With a "~ouve Cat. Vases (TAlhiiies p. 330 no. 1061), on which, behind a woman … (Urg ii- 220 P 38 n°' *5 with fig" on P- ( = n,y n8- J5*)' iJ- Vasensamml. St. Peters-

388

256)2 and set beside a pair of similarly decked lebetes (figs. 257, 258)3, … Swindler Ancient Painting New Haven: Yale University Press 1929 p. 193). has («) a … has a row of white dots round its shoulder and three sprigs of myrtle in its m° ^.HS. C«1'

389

which presumably contained water for the bath of bride and bride- … °f Myrtle 1,0^wros and a pair of black-figured Ubetes on stands, decorated with sprigs … ^•fasis (L ah3' "°' B pls- ? ( = my n2- 2?9) and 6), and sometimes attributed to

392

What is the meaning of these customs, and why should a ceremony … Auserl. Vasenb. iv. 85 f. pi. 313, where the Ubes rests on the head of a tor

393

and will leave no children to carry on the proud tradition of knightly … forehead, stands in the background leaning on a staff and lays … Hardly so. That would be modern, not ancient, sentiment. … grave ' suggested that originally the custom of placing a water-pitcher on the … 1 Arist 6 1, ^ a t°utr°ph6ros on its right and a Sphinx on its left. … roi>s T' . ^a and Souid. s.v. ^^Pia \ovrpd' ra roh veKpols 4iri.(pep6p.tva. iKo^ov yap … ^ttstath. i„ q§' 1 {PraS- gr. Kultsclir. p. 40 ff. Tresp) ap. Athen. 409 K—410 A and

394

of the bridal \ovrpocp6pos on the grave of unmarried people represents the … third and last stage of the custom under discussion is presented to us m … Ibn Fosslan (text and translation ed. by C. E. Frahn, St. Petersburg, l^23_I … also in Greece in prehistoric times (cf. Pausanias, ii. 21. 7), and in the stol^.sts … ceremony and thence into the mere symbolism of the marna^ereiit … - O. Schrader in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinbuig

395

Custom past and present, ancient literature, modern folk-song, all agree in their … 'ke- Achilles (?)—a bride to keep him company. And, when this … e Mediterranean c. 600 B.C.3 and the subsequent (or consequent?) … Happy and blest one, a god thou shalt be in place of a mortal … '9°7 p Erman A Handbook of Egyptian Religion trans. A. S. Griffith London … 6 One * 1 °SiriS and bore his name')- Supra p. 343. … same date and provenance

396

in fact carried with him to the tomb, engraved on a golden tablet, … of the problem, at least goes some way towards one. … had their bath fetched from a river as an omen of fertility....And over those that … a fertility-charm of a simple and intelligible sort. As such it can … Esthonia, etc.]. See also Frazer Gotten BougA': The Magic Art ii. I59'- '

397

Water-carrying and the mysteries 397 … er advanced in years; and an inscription common to them

398

picture showed a pithos, an elderly man, a boy, and a couple of … groups of water-carriers and assuming one label for the lot Pausania5 … Platon in his Gorgias (written between 399 and 388 B.C.4) like~ … that the intervening figures are said to have been on a higher level than the first § … Philolaos or some other Pythagorean, e.g. Archytas (E. Frank Plato unddie soa ; fa

399

collection and now at Munich1, has for obverse design (fig. 262)2 four … Both sides of the vase may be indebted to some sixth-century fresco,

400

beneath the feet of a skeleton buried on the slope of Monte Saraceno … 1 The late Orphic poem Kardfiacris eh "AiSov (on which see A. Dietencn -< ^ … runners; and Orphic influence is already traceable at Athens in s. vi Ti.c (L- … ('emphatically not Danaides...but "Uninitiated".... The ass and...Oknos h tbe0. … Columba and E. Gabrici.

Plate 36

Unmitiated in the Underworld, together with Oknos and his ass.

401

pithos, as before planted deeply in the ground. Here Oknos and his … cit. rightly interpreted the lame ass and the lame driver looking … ass). p tu nu"a voce deprompta tacita praeterito (a variant version of Oknos and … ^atnbridge * jge of Kosala {Jataka Tales edd. H. T. Francis and E. J. Thomas … Xxii. glave yielded the Medem-irate'r, described and illustrated supra i. 251 f.

402

sceptre in hand, sits on a sumptuous throne in his nether palace, … Eleusis3, Rhadamanthys with hoary hair and a brow furrowed by … 1 The Orphic character of this and similar vases from south Italy was justly emphasised … 1895 liv. 193—204, and W. K. C. Guthrie Orpheus and Greek Religion London (i93'; … pi. 56, 275 a—c, A. Baumeister in his Denkm. iii. 1928 f. pi. 87 fig. 2042 B and fi£' … An analogous group on the vase from Altamura (Heydemann Vasensamml. 1 ~<

403

headed1 Kerberos away from Hekate and her torches towards some … ears es' theog. 767 ff. gives the dread hound of the under-world god a tail and two … A.rist 9^'BerSk4 ap. Strab. 627), makes him a beast with black ears and a hundred heads, … + Parted iWg ^ that we possess of the Minoan Underworld, and of the admission of the

404

by the snake Ladon, but thinks that the whole ring 'may merely represent some cult … P. D. Chantepie de la Saussaye The Religion of the Teutons Boston and Londo^ … Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1909 ii. 7o8b, S. G. Youngert 1 • … Hestr Reykjavik 1895 pp. 1—64, S. N. Hagen 'The origin and meaning ° ^ pa)is&e

405

Paraphrase of Genesis and Exodus by Georgios Ohoumnos of Chandax (Candia) in Crete … had deceived his (sc. Seth's) mother to her fall. | Wild beasts of every tribe and kind were … fia°les oft•■H L itteratur'1 Miinchen 1897 pp. 615, 617, 896] (Kalila and Dimna, or the … Sees t\Vo rats °W if ne should fall; and raising his eye towards the two branches, he … /,°nlyCeas ■ ^raSon's ready to devour him, and thus his inconsiderateness and … iS^i Siberia' T^3 PP' 1—157 with s° figs- and in The Mythology of all Races: Finno-

408

Cerberus.' If so, on a ring which Evans would refer to the period 'Late Minoan iff' if' … representing the subject of Herakles and Kerberos. Of these— … 2 'Caeretan' hydriai show . . . 3 heads and a frill of snakes. … 1 Attic black-figured vase shows . . 2 dogs' heads and 1 snake's head. … throne in alarm and leaves Persephone to face the intruder, whom Hermes has conduc … leonine mane, and a snaky tail). (4) the 'Apulian' kratir from Canosa (supra pi- xxX … unique silver drachme'Q) of some Etruscan town, now in the British Museum, _ … p. 15). Bronze coins of Italy inscribed rvb and possibly issued by the g&is ^ … rev. three-headed Cerberus (Garrucci Mon. It. ant. p. 59 pi. 77, x and 2 (= my S^apUa … and grasping club, as he drags after him a three-headed Kerberos (Imhoof-B u ^jsi

409

y Kerberos, a hound with a single head, snakes starting from his back, and a snaky tail … Ppold Gemmen pi. 83, 6 p. 180). Another Etruscan scarab, of the same material and style, … "^kes Herat] ^' and Jet anotner> °f tne same description, in the British Museum,

410

(= my fig. 278 : scale j-) and a. jasper of like kind in the British Museum (Imhoof-Blumer … It would thus appear that Kerberos started with one head, and that in Attic art he … 'HpaxXeovs dxOijvai Trap' EupwrOea) and S. Eitreni in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xi. 274/' … but id. p. xxiv wrongly explains his double and treble heads ('Let us hazard a con)^ j,eep … and triplication as early efforts at multiplication, implying intensified power to \

411

°f Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1910 iii. 3i6a—318s. This eminent philologist revived … *™ Eftueias, Epcujs) and ' Namen der milchstrasse und des hdllenhunds' in the Zeitschrift … 5 ff., id. The Science of Language London 1891 ii. 595 ('Kerberos and Orthros'), id. … "dische Stndien Berlin 1853 ii. 295 ff. (cydma 'scheckig' and cabala 'Schwartz,' later … * 22 f- (accepting A. Kuhn's dog Sdrameya = the god 'Ep/xetas, "Epp.rjs and A. Weber's … rece ^ra^er interpolated into the earliest collection of Veda and in several of the more … form *tar^"'ra> karvara as meaning 'dappled,'and this according to Kuhn was the … p. 45q'>^1>'0!^' ^0UDt.s are expressed by H. Oldenberg La religion du Veda Paris 1903 … c°nclusion 'ntles aDour|d ; but on the whole I incline to accept as probable the following

412

M. Bloomfield in J. Hastings Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 191° 1U- … And, if Orthros is analogous to Cyama, he should be the clog of darkness. But, of t'ie … Leipzig 1871 i. 245 n. 2) is countered by J. C. Lawson Modern Greek Folklore and-"nCt^

413

On the hound as chthonian see K. Dilthey in the Arch. Zeit. 1873 xxxi. 83 f. (Erinyes, … p^yCOtta Sarcophagi Greek and Etruscan in the British Museum London 1898, but … (Supra •■ °ne W't'1 Zeus -kv\los invoked by Gortyna, Hierapytna, and Priansos … 3 PP- 3—8 ('Zeis vrb Kvvds rpt(pbp.evos') pi. t, I ff. and

414

hound—a contention insufficiently supported by the thunderbolt, which on certain SP _ … fc.r.X.) and perhaps represented as a dog (on a clay seal-impression of the Middle ^ ^ … Brit. Sch. Ath. 1902—1903 ix. 57 f. fig. 36 (= my fig. 283 : scale f) and da capo ^ ^

415

. lutner and o Akragas rePlace Skylla by a large fish (Head Hist, num.*p. 121. Imhoof- … 37 ff0, and th°n E<1 W'th the <rKiXw'' or' dog-fish' (H. Bonitz Index Aristotelicus p. 686 a

416

exit pointed out to him by Hermes. On the left Sisyphos, lashed … Hesych. s. vv. KiWa- onffkaS- (so I. Voss for /ci/XXas. m)Aa{ cod.). 'HXeioi and o-kvXXov' TW … in II. p. 843 Bachmann)), and that as a mythical monster she was 'eine ' f)llls … a remote possibility. And Dionysos S/cuXXiras is explained with far greater proba ^.^lt … known in the thirteenth century'), and R. J. H. Jenkins, accepting Poisson

417

■ x'i. 2116), but is probably the height near Cape Plagids on which stands the modern … Sfave on Mt Sipylos in Lydia. In view of Paus. 1. 22. 3 toO Be Xeyofitvov Ai6s re elvai Kai … p p . s at Argos were by some taken to be those of Tantalos (supra ii. 1144 n. 2). … conr]e ^"antalos was locally regarded as a sky-pillar, and the place Polion mistakenly … fatllllS 0f Sold eanh a"d lleaven' that fragment from Olympus torn, which swings on

418

on either bank1. In sharp contrast with these doleful surroundings … plac. phil. 2. 20 and Stob. eel. 1. 25. 3" p. 209, 21 ff. Wachsmutk = H. Diels Doxo^raf'1 … wrongly accepted C. F. Graefe's cj. rjirepoirexiTrip) and 35. 295 f. ohs dXTjTTjs ] Tew"- … Tantalo Upsalite 1896 pp. 44 ff., 54), and S. Reinach in the Rev. Arch. :9°3 V£0D

419

Underworld1'; and Orpheus in person, making music on his kithdra, … A gold tablet of s. iv—iii B.C., found at Petelia on the east coast of Bruttium and

420

The Othenvorld landscape, here described in language of haunting beauty and profound … At this the Guardians will suffer him to drink from the fountain divine, and thereaftei … And if he feels faint with the effort, there is the magic water gushing … feet. Last but not least, he is a divine personage, at once mortal and immortal, a

421

nia I Si come argento chiare, candidante'), and that in Chinese—according to the … a yjL?"' Wn'ch bear some resemblance to the pyramidal cypress but, like the XeiKtj, have … Bedeuti 6 Waters 0I" Lethe and Mnemosyne see an interesting section in M. Ninck Die … ^n°stos in Jf1' f- Jacoby) ap. Ail. var. hist. 3. 18 rivers of "RSovi) and Avwrj near … eXteilsion of'u C°Uld 6asily be Iengthened), and (c) that the said folk-belief was itself

422

placed another family—Megara and her murdered boys. Despite … that they linger beside the waters of oblivion. Finally, on the … soil and riddled with holes. The context in which it is found favour … appropriations and adaptations of the idea are found at Lebadeia (Paus. 9. 39- " … (E. L. Hicks The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum «• … inscription, discovered by J. T. Wood on the site of the great theatre, gives a list of Pe^ra … p. 265 ff.), and perhaps in Lusitania, where the river Limia (the modern />' … Kara Koapov. \ v/j.as klkXtictko} [t/qvLV %aXe7r?;i/ airoTr£{j.TTeLV, [ et tls dtrb x®0V^UV . anl on … fig. 262) and of the Palermo lekythos [supra p. 400 pi. xxxvi) affords the s burjed "J

423

'n the no em Wou'<l surely have been shown beside the pllhos, as on the vases mentioned … r'Sht t0 ]ej.(' P ' 4 and 5, 1). Six Danaides with their pitchers—four of them hasting from … S'8n 01 haste lrCC t)anaides> seated and standing, who hold their pitchers, but give no

425

four Danaides sitting or standing on the further bank of the … Comparable with these 'Apulian' vases both in subject and in … Centre of the extant portion sit Hades and Persephone. On the left … ririys, and other familiar figures of the Underworld. … p ln view of the foregoing evidence, both literary and monumental, … ease on * * P'' I^ = Reinacn Kip. Vases i. 455, 1). One of the Danaides, leaning at … 1 Ste v,6^ lle is absent ((0, (3)). some at least of them are at work. … ^a"Ued a„ 54 pl. 90, b for 'a limestone version of the floral decoration common on

426

The explanation advanced by Rohde and Dieterich is not, m … Blighted in fruitful buds and grazing kine, … belonging neither to one class nor to another, and therefore in a tabu conditi°n> ^js, … 444 sqq.), that at the time of their death they were betwixt and between in some … Dryas in a frenzy-fit, his land remains barren and, according to an oracle, cann°;n Vfhen … bound to live in a certain place and there spend their time bringing up sa ^ tt>>

427

and beliefs current among the modern and Byzantine Greeks1, taken … tion4 and of a holed vessel in various myths, rites, and doctrines—the … Now it seems a priori probable that the same ancient fertility- … that the usage underlies a few proverbial phrases and popular … cidingio_ jn ej(-iier event the form of the expression is peculiar and … a ^eras G. Gotz and F. Schdll, following the cod. Ambros., read 'legas.'

428

when men had once begun to distrust the magician and his magic, … previously made known a statuette belonging to a M. Boisot and … On trial by ordeal among Greeks and Romans see K. H. Funkhanel 'Gotten"1 … P. Vinogradoff in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 19 ' … nos. 21 and 22. … portrayed priestesses carrying baskets (Clarac loc. tit.). The statuette and ge"^e vaiiislie<i'

429

restorations or copies, just conceivably based upon some genuine … facts connected with the mundus and the manalis lapis at Rome … ^'Ppold Gemmen pi. 159, 7—9 p. 186 are eighteenth-century works by L. Pichler and … deci 1"adrala was the early settlement on the Palatine surveyed as a templum with its … fourti^J^ °^ name f°r tne new foundation. Summary and criticism in the Am. … it js tnera P01nt of Roma quadrata, a templum or sacred square on the Palatine: … authors^e'nStOC'< ' Mtt7idus patet' in the Rom. Alitth. 1930 xlv. m—123 (most ancient … Was a mere2 ' ^oma quadrata : there was no mundus on the Palatine—Boni's find … another atStpneS aru' tne 'ike- There was a mundus on the Comitium at Rome, and … apPhed to tmtmpnt' but originally the square or templum round the mundus, and hence

430

sought neither on the Palatine, nor in Terremare, and that its sacred functions—Ovid and … Accadauia 1930 vi. 47 ff. (mundus and Roma quadrata were originally on the Palatine, … '(1) The word mundus, in the sense of a pit or underground shrine of some kind, is … the so-called mundus found on the Palatine in 1914. (5) The connection of either … a year, on days that were all comitiales, for the emergence of souls of the dead (cp- the … soil likewise thrown in; (3) an altar placed above the filled-in fossa and kindled. … founding the town. Kroll and Weinstock dismiss this association of the mundus ^.^^j. … mundus. Plutarch errs in locating Romulus' mundus on the Comitium. 1'° jrtrliscan … thinks it likely that this mundus on the Comitium, though described by (jrave … was a mere guess of the scholiast or his source. Roma quadrata too was on yjfo&stij'

431

his more famous father1—in his Notes on Cases of Civil Law remarks: … c°nsul suffectus of 5 A.D., in his work On Pontifical Law3 states that … and 1£lr east"to"west trench had five pits in it containing sherds, pebbles, mussel-shells, … the 1^ t'lere'°re m emphasising the resemblance of Roma quadrata and the mundus to … conc] artlcles, is in the main compatible with Deubner's cautious and convincing

432

for a man to marry and procreate children1.' … dead' and with manare, 'to stream.' The former connexion lS … City, a shower immediately followed9, and since the block streamed … T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford 1929 p- 327 .'. .

433

arc- p. 877, 8 ff. Lindsay (cited infra p. 435 n. 2)), and was perhaps drenched with … b eS<il<:,lte vnd Topographie der Stadl Rom im Altertum Leipzig 1885 ii. 154 and accepted … S--i5agli0 Diet. Ant. iii. 710). He had an altar on the Aventine (Varr. de ling. Lat. … Were en cnaste youths in ambush beside a spring, from which Faunus and Martius Picus … reveai tlfCU^Ce 0n -Aventine, enticed Iupiter to come down, and pressed him to … Agates fo'^"1^ creature,' said the god : 'With a sprat,' concluded the king. And so sur- … ^lltl>an sa ev' '9°3 xvii. 269 and 270 n. 1 I have discussed the similar mitigation of … u'n. j. " Sracious' mood and the place was called liicium in consequence (Plout. v. … T's° f>'ag. m"1,'^ made some slip in the due performance of these rites (L. Calpurnius

434

what manales lapides are, and answers: 'Labeo2, who expounded the … sort6: the via Appia, bordered with tombs, skirts the hill on which … woraus lat. ilex, umbrisch, volskisch, paelignisch, marrucinisch *elex,' etc. and r^fjj … and Ernout—Meillet Diet. itym. de la Langue Lat. p. 452 (' Les langues romanes … F. Skutsch ii. vii. 219 f. and C. 6. Uralih Die etruskhehe DUetyin i Df* &b j|flD<*e

435

a°- an interesting history, and seems to have been re-interpreted as … Early in 1914 Commendatore Boni, digging on the Palatine … ond5, A. L. Frothingham6, and others7 on grounds that seem … b °^ed by Domitian's foundations.' Some further details are given … 35' 3+2 win Monuments of Rome and its Vicinity trans. G. Bagnani Roma 1929 i. … ^ So fl-omp0 ^U'ld °Ver' far less break int0' a monument so venerable and at the same … 3iJ7' er—T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford 1929

436

three things—a granary, a well, or a tomb. And arguments are not … found that the ancient "mundus" had been excavated at the augural centre of the hill; on … thought that the mouth had been covered over and disused not later than the ^ … quadratae' (E. Baehrens and the latest editor Miss E. M. Steuart both accept C. O. ^ a … M. Boni imagine que lorsqu'on portait dans le mundus, grenier sacre, les grains, P ^ \% … la chambre a tholos du premier etage. On a recueilli au cours des fouilles un o ^ 1

437

°f the foundation of Roma Quadrata and inferred from the casting … f°r storing grain, we can see why it should have been opened on … after the setting of the Pleiades6 (on or about Nov. 9), the other two … scan ideas of a nether world7' and the lapis manalis was … 3861 nv X^'"'3'5 and, apparently, Sir J. G. Frazer in his note on Ov.fast. 4. 821 … nterP>-etationin& Patet' in the Jonrn. Rom. Stud. 1912 ii. 26 = id. Roman Essays and … "te'"Pretati Fowler in the Journ. Rom. Stud. 1912 ii. 29 = id. Roman Essays and

438

usage1. Boni too regarded the mundus that he found on the … Still, it must be borne in mind that other thdloi on the Palatine … ° On the schol. Bern, in Verg. eel. 3. 105 p. 774 Hagen (in the Jahrb.f. class-* ^ … .6 Supra p. 436 n. o. ^ and … his corresponding fossa on the Palatine {fast. 4. 815 alter adit nemorosi saxa ' | foss* … traditions of the Palatine' and concludes: 'When the city of the Four ReS jn 0,ie … and also with him the establishment of the puteal or circular sacred enc ^ pal£ltI"f

439

rock-cut chambers and channels of Boni's mundus could, not … adjective and substantive, from a root meaning 'damp, wet, moisten, … ^ec'< Ai 'vVrj ^ *"'on^05 e'ngetreten und zu ai. mandayati "schmlickt (doch s. Uhlen- … ^hniuck'n' au'- I25 L., Isid. 3, 2, 8; 13, 1, 1' and 'mundus, -i, "sauber, rein:

440

with fundus1. The mundus on the Palatine may in fact be a religious … 'the gate of gloomy underworld gods3', and 'the portal of Orcus4 • … dubbed mundus by a later generation and held to imitate the … seraient sortis____On peut d'abord recourir a Phypothese d'une distinction dialectale e ^ … 6 In the epitaph on Cn. Naevius preserved by Gell. r. 24. 2 I should take ^ … min. vi. 296 attributes the epigram to M. Terentius Varro and prints his own … Chipiez Hist, de VArt vi. 356 f., Frazer Pausanias iii. 126, H. Ilitzig and H- ^ ^ … and K. Wernicke in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2340 think that the my 1

441

.tne Palatine was the Capitol, and we have already seen that in the … ^reated as the tombstone of a man and received the offerings normally … lacle ?e Rez'- Arch. 1925 ii. 248—256 figs. 1—6, and W. Deonna 'Orphce Jt … ia*'ngs bv P"r J! Po-i'theon (results of investigation in 1892 —1893, with plans and … // 4t f' and fi ltecture of Ancient Rome rev. by T. Ashby London 1927 pp. 77—82

442

tion of the gens Iulia, and...dedicated in particular to Mars and … 1 In some respects the closest parallel might be found in the P/iilipPe'°" a ls. 79-"

443

statues of many gods, including Mars and Venus ; but my own opinion of the name … n i8q-> jjj as to '"e character and general aspect of Agrippa's Pantheon. … . anteon g s°uth and covering the whole space now occupied by the Piazza del … theU'ar 1)iazza of tllat 'n front of this temPle> v'z-> on 'he south side, was an immense

444

(fig. 292)3, and perhaps also by its seven niches tenanted—if … built on the site of the circular piazza, some 7 or 8 feet above the pavement of the same > … front resting on what must have been the rear wall of Agrippa's cella. The entablature; … its original entrance was on the south through a great outer hall; that later this "V … fantastic and unreal. Still, the occurrence of this novel and striking motif 'derna ^g]Jied … 2 W. J. Anderson—R. P. Spiers The Architecture of Ancient Rome rev. by ^ ^ tj,e … zenith of a cupola crowded with whitish stars on an imbricated ground ot jjjuniinate^

445

above the coloured pavement, was a circular opening some 9m … SOrne the 'lattices of heaven6,' and the late Dr A. Wright reminds … and'1"''36 aS ra-*nmS fr°m the clouds...and separating the drops … the seve^ ^>l.ctlonary °f Ancient Rome Oxford 1929 p. 382 f.: ' Mommsen's conjecture that … '• 752 n. 0\ T,' Ul' 3°4> infra 458), Greek temples (supra i. 751, 752 n. 1) and porticos (supra … 7 A- Wit-S- Peake on Is- 2+-i8-

446

Khonds' religion. A great Janni with two smaller priests and some … ' Oh, give us abundant rain, enough to melt the hill-tops. Go and fetch wate1 … And the mists around thee scatter, … On the head of Vainamoinen, … supernatural and commonly beneficent being called Frau H° _ … J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1918 x. 564s- fill

447

0r, when it snows, she is making her bed and the feathers fly1. She … enderson Notes [on the Folk-lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders … t0 Hdt. 4.'7 and 31.

448

also haunts lakes and fountains, where she may be seen at noon … gave up his grumbling ways and found fault with nothing inside … a beam. It was the beam which some one had had in his own eye whilst he waS … thought Master Pfriem; but he said nothing, and seemed satisfied with it- … or crooked, if they only get along with it, and truly I do not see them k'D … was full of holes, and that the water was running out of it on every side- — … right way with it, but still I have pushed it safely up here, and they won … must at least have four to it." Another angel came and brought two moie ^

449

him by the throat and pushed him forth with irresistible strength. Beneath the … J- Bolte and G. Poh'vka1 in a thorough-going commentary on … ^stern, which had holes in it; and (3) two men on horseback … pro sym'30's f°r labour lost may occur singly and give rise to

450

mother to fill a sieve at the Well of the World's End, and succeeds … witches with sieves5 depends on the belief that witches are rain' … End') with note on p. 260 ('The sieve-bucket task is widespread from the Danaids 0 ^ … p. 262 f. no. 293 with n. on p. 501, A. Kuhn sagen, ueuTum."* -..... … On sieve-superstitions in general see supra p. 336 n. 5 and G. F. AD"

451

Some of the party beat the corpse, or what was left of it, about the head, … when it ceases to be serious and becomes merely jocular. Verbally … and the performance of Edward Lear's Jumblies— … Mofh t0 ^escend in the falling shower and thereby to fertilise … 2 Slut. Bough*i The Magic Art i. 284. … •>-a °"sense Songs and Stories7 London and New York 1889 p. 25. … Some of the party beat the corpse, or what was left of it, about the head, … when it ceases to be serious and becomes merely jocular. Verbally … and the performance of Edward Lear's Jumblies— … Mofh t0 ^escend in the falling shower and thereby to fertilise … 2 Slut. Bough*i The Magic Art i. 284. … •>-a °"sense Songs and Stories7 London and New York 1889 p. 25.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (e) Rain as the seed of Zeus

452

of philosophizing thought, and is not expressed in literature till … Spring makes Earth swell and crave the seeds of birth.

453

The pure Sky yearns to pierce the soil, and Earth … And nurture for our sake all things whereby … 25 ff. ; Ban-aides frag. 44 Nauck*- ap. Athen. 600 A—B and Eustath. in II. p. 978,

454

Mightiest Earth and Burning Sky of Zeus — … But, scattered now by this and now by that, … left a lasting trace on the poetic thought of Rome—from the … commentary on the Timaios of Platon. After remarking t^3' … marriage sacrifice be offered to Sky and Earth. It was with … translated by Lucr. 2. 991 ff. (cp. it. 5. 318 ff.) and paraphrased by Pacuv. Chry … stimulating book From Religion to Philosophy London 1912. , ,\

455

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 455 … given by Pherekydes of Athens, an ancient logographer who drew … to him but to his daughter, and that he himself would be slain by that son.

456

45° The myth of Danae and analogous myths … occasion to notice1. Both subjects are represented (figs. 293, 294) on a … case the artist must have been at work between 490 and 470 B.C., … sitting at the foot-end of a richly decorated couch and looking UP … London 1894 p. 25 (Brygos) pi. 34, 1 and 2, P. Perdrizet in Daremberg—Sagli° … also Hoppin Red-fig. Vases i. 458 f. no. 17 and R. Zahn in Furtwangler—Reicl1 … 5 M. H. Swindler Ancient Painting Yale Univ. Press 1929 p. 192. ^' … p. 192 (the vase is described p. 189 ff. and the reverse figured pp. 181, »«5) ■' ju foi'et

457

e myth of Danae and analogous myths 457

458

458 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … Akrisios bids him close the lid upon the protesting mother and … alone and looking upwards at the shower that falls upon her4. … My fig. 295 is from the Mon. ed Ann. d. Inst. 1856 pi. 8) and a red-figured hya> … 490—480 B.C. and involve the same personnel—Akrisios, the carpenter, Danae, ^oston … Ttibingen 1925 p. 364 no. 5 (attributed to the 'Danaemaler')), on the fragment 0 ^jge … the Arch. Zeit. 1844 ii. 268 f. (Tenes and Hemithea), R. Rochette Choix de * ^^ifi

Plate 38

and the nurse holding the infant Perseus.

459

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 459

460

460 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … Nikias of Athens, an artist who flourished c. 3 50—300 B.C.2 and … improbably5 Danae was depicted sitting on the nuptial coudT^a^, … vortisse atque in alienas tegulas | venisse clanculum per pluvium fucum aC^on ftce1'6111

462

462 The myth of Danae and analogous myths

463

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 463 … lng shower. Side by side with her on the same couch

464

464 The myth of Danae and analogous myths

465

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 465 … golden rain at her out of a big amphora on his shoulder. These

466

466 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … rationalists, and moralising expositors. Terence (or Menandros?) … Christian fathers6 and is the accepted explanation of belated alle … 3 Anth. Pal. 5. 30. 5 f. (Antipatros of Thessalonike), 5. 32. 1 f. and 5- 33' … pecunia, Columbanus (abbot of Luxeuil and Bobbio, died 615 (?) A.D.) ear/"- 3' ^ ^ f• … On the other hand, F. Piper Mythologie mid Symbolik der christltch?" 1

467

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 467 … and trinkets. So the heroine, who began by adorning a tale, ends … sentations of it in ancient art6. A fine Roman mosaic, found at … "9 ff T Crowe—G- B. Cavalcaselle The Life and Times of Titian'1 London 1881 ii.

469

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 469

470

47° The myth of Danae and analogous myths … and now likewise at Boston, makes her sit the while on a two- … (fig. 308)3. And a fourth-century chalcedony of unknown ownership

471

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 47 1 … She felt the blowing wind and moving mere, … Stretched out 'neath starlit night and the blue dark. … Yet, Father Zeus, some better plight … °n a ":" ir °Val carbuncle, on which is engraved another half-draped Danae, leaning … Ar'""- Com*'"pCat- Coins Peloponnesus p. [48 pl. 28, 11, Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner

472

472 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … influenced the legends of S. Irene and S. Barbara. Cp. Acta Sanctorum edd. Boll311 ' … (When baptised by Timothy, a disciple of S. Paul, she broke up her idols and cast ^ … and baptized by S. Timothy; she converted her parents, for which reason she vva … highly venerated. She may be identical with the "Irene" of Lecce and Southern … xv. 25 ff. Dec. 4 ('S. BARBARA, V.M. (a.d. 235)....Usuardus and Ado in their Vgjfa. … There was once upon a time a very wealthy and noble Greek named ^'0SC°up jn a … attacked her with his sword, the rock opened and received her into its bos to

473

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 473 … use, that no man might see her. An old woman tended her; and when the … vorld your father and mother live, and all sorts of people live there. That is … fell t'16 k^S*11 world, the girl tottered and fainted; and the eye of God … anda • ich' N- Nilles op- cit- '• 341- 4°4f-> 486> 606, M. and W. Drake Saints … in eitlle ' WaS an underground structure of bronze or iron, and that the sequel did not … *a^*<j5 ^e'laS' '/erralam Danaes transiliamque domum' and Loukian. Tim. 13 says h

474

474 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … Sykeotes, archimandrite of Galatia and bishop of Anastasiop°uS … Maass (supra i. 461 n. 7). Dreams, visions, and philosophemes may equally res

475

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 475 … Greeks, and were never confused by them with rain, golden or … ^e Pueblo religion describes the birth of 'the great leader, teacher, … he' I at ^eleukeia, and that any one who on the vigil of the feast kept watch upon the … J. Qr: 10otlng stars in relation to souls see further the beliefs and practices adduced by … "f^'eligio* Athens I0o4 860 ("• on no- 273>' w- Wallis in J. Hastings Encyclopedia … °ulh of tn ^ aS° a woman of exquisite beauty ruled over the valleys and the region … a'e °ther ruins° "°ne otner than Montezuma, and who built the large casas and all

476

476 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … Mojave of the Rio Colorado in Arizona, and the Apaches1. Indae > … or Dana'tdes3. Her myth too is in some points analogous to the11 … a virgin4. And if Zeus descended upon Danae in the forr° ^g … and that the princess secluded, drenched with rain, and eV^UIIjaiJ … [History of the New World called America Oxford 1892] i. 414 n. 4 and '^t. S^S'' … suitors, and giving maize to the hungry Indians in times of dearth. One day, ^ m»'^ … woman; the Sky is a man... the Earth was asleep and a drop of ram ^ ^ D

477

The myth of Danae and analogous myths 477 … an Isthmian ode1 asks his native town of Thebes on what local scene … And wooed Amphitryon's wife … And lo, Athena leapt to light … ^as embroi5. 3 a' 63 *>, 64 Drach mann) and Strab. 654 f. wrongly supposed that Pindar

478

47 8 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … At critical moments Zeus expressed his mood by sending some … And from aloft, out of the burning sky, … description of the fight between Herakles and Kyknos: … pass for the earliest race of men. On the mushroom's womb see Pl>n- '"^ juteuin- n … 5 H. G. Evelyn-White Hesiod: The Homeric Hymns and Hovienca … 47 8 The myth of Danae and analogous myths … At critical moments Zeus expressed his mood by sending some … And from aloft, out of the burning sky, … description of the fight between Herakles and Kyknos: … pass for the earliest race of men. On the mushroom's womb see Pl>n- '"^ juteuin- n … 5 H. G. Evelyn-White Hesiod: The Homeric Hymns and Hovienca

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (f) Ominous rain sent by Zeus

479

They closed; and wise Zeus, thundering aloud, … reek, Roman,and Byzantine, the portent passes into a commonplace … pl«. ■ su"j°in in tabular form the time and place of each fall of blood-rain recorded by … At Rome in the Forum, in the Comitium, and on the Capitol (Liv. 34. 45). … 165 At Rome by day on the temple of Fortuna Primigenia (Liv. 43. 13). … 3o j ' Aspis on the north coast of Africa (Dion Cass. 48. 52).

480

of classical religion —the definite naming of Zeus or Iupiter, the … in regione Brionum'= Brescia (?). There may be some confusion her … 860 At Balkh in Central Asia (Kazwini and Elmazen quoted by Silvestre de ' … Italy and Vienna, 10 March 1901: red dust with rain falls in Cornwall, enc ^o2: … berl. Akad. 1S47 Phys. Abh. pp. 269—460 with tables and 6 col. pis- 1 1S ' … of silicic acid, argillaceous earth, iron- and copper- oxides, is sometimes sweP^ g^p*

481

Different in character is a mystic and possibly Orphic anthropo- … sacred blood, and that from these sprang the race of men.' … j s rather isolated notion seems to have arisen, in some more or … 3 The "l Words 'from him' are not in the Greek and may be misleading. … an'mals had ^' ^2 ^ + ^-aert• 2- ^< etc0> wno moreover held that plants and

482

with boulders and has been described by a French authority aS a … Paris 1890 i. 1147 ff. with view and map, Lippincotfs Gazetteer of the WorldVo^

483

etTllsphere, midway between Lyra and Corona, Draco and Ophiu- … On the L'T<1 ^ lroi^fiaTa ^e ^X" k.t.X. … in I}' A' IeremkL«PZ'S '9°3 PP' IOO~I04 and Index P- 555-

484

nameless sufferer—toiling, says Aratos3, at some unknown task, … like and in so doing took further constellations … 2 A. Rehm in F. Boll Sphaera Leipzig 7903 p. 149 n. 4 and in Pauly

485

1" Theseus raising the rock was a subject in vogue with artists for some five hundred … j '1'> 55 (= my fig. 312 : scale f), ii. 85. Inscribed These), more natural on a relief fromTrysa, … ' '^77 xxxv. 171 f. no. 104, Svoronos Ath. Nationalinus. pi. 217, 5), and on Roman … Point1 r°C^ "e t'le sn'e'd' 'ne sneathed sword and the quiver (?) of Aigeus. Aithra … c. tg0 iheseus raises the rock in the presence of Aithra and two maids). Pausanias … ^es "'on l-mer ant^ ^' Gardner Num. Comm. Paus. iii. 145 f. pi. dd, 2, J. N. Svoronos … 5r**»- Comm 9aPhUiPPus r»nior. Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner … teller /Presentir>g Theseus and the rock are listed ib. pp. 69—71) and H. Steuding

488

Thamyris at the knees of the Muses who had blinded him2, and … first represented on some Ionic globe of the sixth century B.C. aS … and in the clearly cut relief that adorns the Farnese globe (fig. 3 l7) • … 1 Our earliest evidence for the lyre of Theseus is the kratir of Klitios and Ergotin10^' … franchir l'obstacle3' (id. ib. nn. 2 and 3 adds a useful bibliography). … Lex. Myth. i. 711 with fig. on p. 710, A. Baumeister in his Denkm. i. 224 f- are a" … from 01ympia(A. Furtwangler in Olympia iv. 101 no. 696 pi. 38), on a 'Rac ^ 0>

489

easy to equip the nameless figure with club and lion-skin and to … ^culptitre R '^95 x- ^5 74' P"*' von Mach A Handbook of Greek and Roman

491

y some wiseacre into Tantalos4, the hero who lived in dread of the … fXder Berj. and fo'- 12" Bootes ( = my fig. 321) published by G. Thiele Antike Him- … tie? r Parts survivemCnl nexameters is quoted by the astronomer Palchos (s. v A.D.) and … pra p. +8 restores TdXuj from Ta\&s pirTuv XWov cod. V3 and racis cod. A.

492

whether the myth itself was a mere figment on the part of aI1 … 'After the defeat of the Sabines, when King Tullus and the whole Rornan … issuing from the grove on the mountain-top, which bade the Albans offer sacH … some'1" … down—or on the advice of soothsayers. At all events it remained a regulai CI … The great voice heard from the grove on the mountain-tui^ … pedestal, found near the monastery of S. Ponzio and thence transferred to ^sBS | f … the god 'of Quarries' (De Vit Onomasticon iii. 354, 355), on whom see no"'

493

Latins1. And, since the Alban Hills were certainly prehistoric … a r,.' ^astm The Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge 1928 vii. 348. … 0f o lve °f no serious mischief. Shocks were felt here in the year 1829, and in many … These *u other prodigies, said to have occurred in ancient times on the Alban Hill. … 'termed' 6 °^ ^"3ano' ^ allariccia, Nemi, and Juturna, to which we may add, … n°'ices a sh*'* °r ^a"ar'cc'a] heing hot enough to set fire to charcoal; and Livy [22. 36] … n''ght iea(j " vo'- ii- p. 263). There are indeed some passages in ancient writers, which … ln<3eed, if nJ| B'C-1 'he hill appeared to be on fire during the night....These accounts … s«ffian'C energy ^mstance which has been supposed by some writers to indicate that the

494

fall of pumice or scoriae thrown up from some re-opened vent would … Later showers of stones1, ashes2, or the like3, though on occasion … 207 Stones fell from the sky at Veii, and again there was a rain of stones on … fell simultaneously in the ager Romanus and in the ager Veiens (Liv. 44' … 57 a.d. A rain-storm followed by the fall of white and black stones at Ahmed … Migne). Prokop. de Bell. Goth. 6. 4. 27 and Marcellin. ComyesUvius- … 101 A rain of clay on the Aventine at Rome (Iul. Obs. i04 = 44a)>

495

^e children of Israel on entering the wilderness of Sin, between … a ••••At even ye shall eat flesh, and in the morning ye shall be filled with bread ; … ace of the wilderness a small round thing, small as the hoar frost on the … ;ic" Londoj IcLe:»'- and S. A. Cook in T. K. Cheyne—T. S. Black Encyclopedia … T^dia 'p',,: Cook- T- K- Cheyne, and C. Creighton in T. K. Cheyne—J. S. Black

496

And opened the doors of heaven; … And by his power he guided the south wind. … same naive belief in food, at first let fall by the sky-god, and latej. … 2 W. H. Roscher Nektar und Ambrosia Leipzig 1883 pp. 13—22 and 22 ^'j^ller)

497

a-i>ibrosia, the 'non-mortal' food2, and n^k-tar, the 'death-van- … ■ 1»posit' Vanced 'Jy Brellwitz and now commonly accepted ('Aber mit dem zweiten … ^^chte t\ajlei.r .lnS'y> he proposes a new and undeniably attractive explanation ('Ich

498

The facts on which these fancies rested are partly botanical … during hot weather, in small drops resembling dew, on the leaves … (A. Hecker and F. Diibner would read airevSop.ivo^. H. Stadtmiiller ^ jg of … glosses p.e\lar iWKuraai. 77 Sopara, ij \6yxai and /aeXi?) watcep ,uAr eI5os ° c0d, a'1' … More weight attaches to a northern parallel. The ancient Scandinavian" ^^ey-fi1

499

lime1, and some sorts of reeds2. On the other hand, certain insects, … ]lea^ore than fifty years ago my brothers and I, as boys in our father's garden, used in the … 26* s> not supposed dew. And anon, peripl. mar. Erythr. 14 (Geogr. Gr. min. i. … *S' 'n niost10116^ ^£W' w^'cn 's on-en spread m a shiny layer over the upper surface of leaves, … are founcj pro<luced by leaves and stems of a species of ash, and nectar-secreting glands

500

such honey-dew on the leaves, would say with a smile ' Zeus has been … which rivers of black broth with rich spice-nuts and best barley-brea … Drizzle with loaves, and rain with lentil-soup; … Galen's statement that on Libanos men spread skins upon the ground to ^^011

501

1 On the derivation of the name see F. Diez Etymologisches Wdrterbuch der romanischen … ^Soo in MS. Ilarley 913 f. 3. The MS. was written probably between 1308 and 1318, … ' ^aupt—H. Hoffmann Altdeutsche Blatter Leipzig 1836 i. 396—401, and with revised … ^Similar fancies crop up here and there in much later verse (cp. T. Crofton Croker … (J. tj C e'^' laal- en letterkunde 1894 xiii. 185—191), where it rains flat cakes and pancakes … (W. Giesek""5 cleric and addressed to Reinald von Dassel, Archbishop of Cologne … Sailsages a ed ^engodi [sc. ubi bene gaudetur], and there they bind the vines with

502

comestibles in a shower from the sky. The gap between ancient and … Dobree cj. yvplvois for irvpoh and would omit Kal eVi fiarpaxuv. F- JaC° ^roS … Eustath. in II. p. 35, 17 ff. and Appian. Illyr. 4) '

Plate 40

^u*I[ .""on i„ »"«» Drm jibi man pen Onfluno nwnpfmla Bui/feni mi Kutrr twrt» atmactl … ferk,"""" Mnbm '*N ?rrlfa* manIbm bas mbtr gfbi "0" 1(1 Im Sane On<f Drlman

503

Prejug,; '. U1' ^8 'En hollandais, on appelle les tetards donderpaddetjes par suite du … 1 ternoon. q° h which fell on the Market-place on Monday morning and Monday

504

mined effort was made to get there and feast to heart's content- … fish were lying there. Some were silver, some red, and some of an entirely different … and tadpoles on the Bath—London road some years ago.' … 1 These have been collected and discussed by J. Poeschel 'Das Marche"

505

sixteenth century1: on the last Thursday before Lent a pyramid … Iritroduced into France in 1425, and thenceforward the mtit de … Creasy Pole6, still a favourite item on the programmes of provincial … 0 j. q • ecours. On plante ordinairement des mills de cocagne les jours de fete publique.'

506

which began as a serious attempt to climb up into heaven and share … On sundry occasions Zeus by means of a timely rain extinguished … in its later and fully developed form. The Homeric Nekyia includes … Teleboans. Meantime Zeus quitted Olympos, and came by wa^, g … extra birth, abnormal and hard to understand, was regarded as , … 1465. On <t>ii|, acc. *fra (Hes. theog. 326), as the Boeotian form of S^yf see … land in J. Hastings Encyclopcedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1921 xl •

507

^ maries of an epic union, and this cup in particular was an heirloom … Catai S'Xth"cenU,ry *tile of bluish marble at Sparta (M. N. Tod and A. J. B. Wace A … Alkrnen S' °ne °^ wmcn was interpreted by Loeschcke loc. cit. as portraying Zeus and … °f the tJ °CS' by Teleboes to Ptereleos, and that Amphitryon had claimed it as his share … foeirlooms SeeS 1 sh°wn at Sparta in his day (second half of j. v b.c.). On .cups as royal

508

'Now before Amphitryon reached Thebes, Zeus had come by night and, making … (Dosiadas) rpieo-Kepoio tcairas, and other passages noted by Stephanas Thes. Gr- Li'h- … tended to grow longer and longer: see e.g. Plaut. Amph. 112 ff. MERC, et meus pater _

509

Amphitryon^, and it reappears with some variation in the works of … desperate plight by the help of heaven5—day and dark night … tllrn^Peregit- The Christian Fathers, bent on aggravating the enormities of Zeus, even … 4l!i"iene °ne ^ay and so Profiuced three continuous nights. See further A. Winter … P- 29j> "prn^ to ^- B. Lewis Classical Mythology and Arthurian Romance Oxford 1932

510

night1—and of course the usual crop of moralising maxims. These … found at Santa Agata dei Goti and now in the British Museum, was … 3 On Python see G. Patroni La ceramica antica neW Italia meridionals ^ fuse"'

Plate 41

and Antenor by the intervention of Zeus.

511

design (pi. xli)1. Alkmene sits as a suppliant on an altar, a handsome … • 35o-_,„ a e Univ. Press 1929 p. 295. He was successor and imitator of Assteas … *nt. v 6 7 (reverse) ( = my pi. xli and fig. 322), C. Dugas in Daremberg—Saglio

512

with streams of water from their hydriai. And (a remarkable trait1) … red, white, and black, while the Hyades, as before, are employ1"*' … has Herakles in full vigour stepping on to the chariot of Nike> v … and 7 b (reverse) with text p. 5 by A. H. Smith and F. N. Pryce. … iv pi. 41 (obverse) = Reinach Rip. Vases i. 130, 9 and 10 (obverse), *7+ jggilt&} … 7 M. H. Swindler Ancient Painting Yale Univ. Press 1929 p- J93-

513

'o's breastplate. On the left two Silenoi, Skopas* and Hybris2,

515

Arethousa1 and Premnousia2, are quenching the fire with their … (% 326)* makes Philoktetes carry off the quiver and arrows from … ^ympos7. Hermes leads the way towards a seated Apollon, and … p 9'9. 28 ff. Lentz), Steph. Byz. s.v. 'ApeSowra, and accepted e.g. by G. Hirschfeld in … e5tchl(je ground"une beneath chariot and horses together with the tree behind them quite … ^P'teir-a? eniP'°yed on account of its life-giving properties (supra ii. 1025 Dionysos … J92G ii_ " Romer Giessen 1925 pp. 1—116 and a review by S. Eitrem in Gnomon … ^'d AnTg^ bearded figure with chlamys and pHasos has been variously explained. … ial 85> iin ^0ci pure and simple would rather have been recumbent (e.g. supra i. 116

517

and a helpful thunderstorm extinguishes the pyre. But Plautus' … and afterwards attempts to punish her for supposed infidelity by … by p eief°re on the view expressed a century since … pi. Xxxj. /4= Ph xxxi, 746 figs. 685, 687, 689, 690 and … 'n a s'orm >,Serves: '0ne might say of him [sc. Herakles), "he came in a storm and went

518

makes Labrax threaten to burn alive Palaestra and Ampelisca who … vengeance on her. She flies for sanctuary to an altar, followed by … ode4, was completely misconceived by later Greeks and Roman ^ … a punitive thunderstorm, and works in the Pindaric gold as a t0 … ('Alcmene') with pi. 5 and fig. 73. He holds with Preller—Robert Gr. My 0{ … that the Euripidean thunderstorm was represented on the stage rather than J ^ d- … un pur effet du hasard.' For Zeus on the theologeton in Aisch. *vx°«Taa a

519

Placed upon it Kroisos bound with fetters and twice seven Lydian … resource called upon Apollon, 'and suddenly in a clear and windless … narrative of Ephoros4 as preserved by Diodoros5 and was certainly … ^plexion on the whole affair. Here it is not Kyros who dooms

520

And where is Leto's lordly son?1 … And quenched the yellow flame2. … Kroisos and the Delphic oracle4. Yet the actual rain-sender is ,g … (obverse and reverse). See also the due de Luynes 'Cresus' in the -d""' yasesl- 'g

521

back to the decade 500—490 B.C.1 and is in general agreement with … irmyfig. """'""h'-ci ii. 277 ff. figs. 97—100 and pL 113, 1 (reverse) and 2 (obverse

522

subsequently boasted of his escape and was … would be crucified and so exposed to the … century B.C.7 and is professedly quoting from local histories … daughter in marriage. He bade two suitors, Dryas10 and ^e\fl … 'post Isidorum' and Myth. Vat. 2 'post mythographum I.' sferring t0 … 10 On the name Apvas as implying the cult of an oak-Zeus in northern

523

Pyre and placed upon it the body of Dryas. He was about to slay … ln the Acts of Paul and Thekla*. According to this romantic … gmity. Thamyris brought both Paul and Thekla before the … M-2^896 and f bapt' See further J- Gwynn in Smith—Wace Diet. Chr. Biogi: iv. … bort" °fthe Sat™ °f SS- Adrian> Natalia, and others (304 A.D.). S. Baring-Gould The

524

judgment-seat of the proconsul Kastelios, and, when Thekla would … The governor, deeply moved, scourged Paul and cast him out of the city, an … the guise of Paul and exclaimed " Lo, when I can endure no longer, PaU' ^aS … poisoned by Nero, was being carried to a pyre hastily built on ^ … Forum, the heavy rain washed off the gypsum and left the e … assigns the work, with some hesitation, to the half-century ?*>°~3°° ' J 1933 P'

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (g) Zeus Ómbrios

525

and by Tzetzes2. Elis once suffered from a prolonged drought, till … • Schvvenn3 in his monograph on human sacrifice among the … ^Us at Lyttos in Crete4, of Zeus Atabyrios in Rhodes and Sicily5, … that" °r ^^held by him. It was on account of a persistent drought

526

desperate means were on occasion adopted to propitiate the reluctant … up in the rites of the Elean Zeus Ombrios. His noble birth3 and … On Mount Parnes in Attike stood an altar at which sacrifices … the abolition of agriculture, and asks what would then become 0 … 7 On the strength of this Attic cult A. Boeckh in the Corp. inscr. Gr. ii no. »37+^ cj. … Gr. ins. v. 1 no. 444, 6 f., and F. Jacoby Das Marmor Parium Berlin 1904 P'4'ierjcans … with the start of an abecedarium aba Nos. 13 and 14 fig. 6 are parts of a sma' e(

527

the altars and sacrifices of Zeus Ombrios, Demeter Proerosia, and … lihrygia) India, and Palestine. … ^ Was to be, he gathered all men into the sanctuaries and made supplication … l'll'stoir j tradit'on)> E- Babelon 'La tradition phrygienne du deluge' in the Revue de … 3 W pi . ralner on a series of doubtful combinations than on any solid evidence'),

528

bade Prometheus and Athena to make images of clay, and calling" upon the … three hundred and sixty-five3. And it is easy to surmise ^ Qc … in Miscellaneous Tracts on Antiquity London 1779 i. 206. fjS … 1907 i. 2. 2513—2518 figs. 825—827 discusses these coins and ib. pp. *5.aI^#V dc ""

529

lssued by Septimius Severus (fig. 330)1, Macrinus (fig. 331)2, and … of gSUfiGce to cite Eckhel Doctr. num. vet.- iii. 132—139, F. W. Madden 'On some coins … 4nu-?' 666 f- fiS- 313, C. F. Keary and C. Babington in Smith—Cheetham Diet. Chr. … a p. ^N0 06T0VAPT6MAr ATTAMGflN and Nfl[£]. … f'eshdraw- AA e^ANAP OVBAPXIAn AM£flN and NH6. My fig. 333 is a … pV Bishoprifhist°'re deS reliSions l89! xxiii- 181 and Sir W. M. Ramsay The Cities … Stated, a j . other drawing is an enlarged copy of the type on the coins, and not,

530

it remains at least possible that the Jews had there fastened on … was the name of some local festival6. But, whatever … a cast) and 156, no. 157 pi. n, 11 ( = myfig. 336 from a cast), no. 158 pi- nd 8775' … 1892 p. 54 and Sir W. M. Ramsay The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia ^ c„i,is

531

Plain of Phrygia with his showers and submerged both oak-trees … e Sangarios and longed for his familiar spring. At length Zeus … e soil of Boiotos and hied him back to his native land. His … UP with a jerk. It is taken by C. F. Graefe, H. Kochly, and … div" • lans reverenced Zeus Ombrios, the river Ganges, and local … 1"°n- 22 ^IVen by Sex. lulius Africanus (on whom see supra ii. 695 f.) ap. Synkell. … vgia CW^5 *Pu7fes. See further Sir W. M. Ramsay The Cities and Bishoprics of … a3'"5ol Ka[ T^p,,iTai ^ Ka' Taura irapa twv avyypaQe'wv, on aifjovrai yh> rbvop.ppi.ov

532

Theos of Syria both gold stateres and silver tetradrachms (fig. 33^) … Diodotos ii continued to issue gold and silver coins u … Kings pp. xx f., 3 pi. 1, 4 and 5 ( = my fig. 339) gold statures, pi. r, 6 (==jy0P

533

Agathokles c. 150 B.C. (figs. 341, 342)2 and his contemporary … ^' 343). CaL Coins Greek and Scythic Kings pp. xxviii f., 164 pl. 30, 6 ( = my

534

witness e.g. Zeus fighting Porphyrion on the great Pergamene

535

(%• 346)1 and its counterpart from Falerio (Fatterone) in Picenum … The same subject, but without the aigis, is already found on the Gigantomachy- … P|- v") and 97), is referred by Beazley to the /orf-Meidias period (J. D. Beazley Attic … ^roundplan of temple of Zeus etc. = my fig. 344), 2 (sections and bases = my fig. 345), 3 … j ■ jomIne^ tne remains of an oblong mosaic pavement and a large statue-base (3-6om wide x … r'ght °Ver "le 'e^' shoulder. His raised left hand rests on a long sceptre; his lowered … °Ccupies ti enistlc 'irnes. Two inscriptions were found on the statue-base. One, of 138 a.D., … a'W<0* I Z^iwmaCC"rate transcription). The other, on the narrow end of the base, reads … c rian, the people of Cyrene took as cult images a Zeus and an Athena of

537

Hellenistic age (pis. xliii, xliv and fig. 348)2 wore an oak-wreath … ^edicatedU'ltal)'e S'ze' "" comP'ete tne Triad they executed a statue of Sabina and … ^P^esos tow" A ^ral3'an sardonyx of two layers, whitish grey on opaque black, found at

538

round his head and an aigis over his left shoulder. Even the … and here published for the first time (pi. xliv: scale \). Zeus appears as a noble full-face … from mines between Suez and Sinai, was known to the Egyptians at a very ear )

Plate 44

Zeus with oak-wreath and aigls.

540

human Zeus was not complete without at least some hint of the … he struck silver tetradrachms (fig. 3 50)3 bearing on the obverse his … half a century later on the silver coins of Heliokles, both those … Atlas pi. 5, 1 (photograph of gem = my fig. 348, a: scale ^) and 2 (photograph 01 ^ … Alexander, especially the thick neck, the upward glance, and the leonine hair a ^ … dei Vettii (supra i. 57 n. 4)). The ancients played on the parallel (supra i. 6f>)-

541

(%• 351)1 and those struck in India with a bilingual legend2 and … ^ead fj- Cat. Coins Greek and Scythic Kings p. 21 pl. 7, 2 ( = my fig. 351)1 … Cat, c -ge 1922 i- pi. 4, 8 tetradrachm of Attic weight. On the drachm (Brit. Mus. … ^ight <. ■ ' Cat' c°>"s Greek and Scythic Kings p. 23 pi. 7, 5 statir of Indian … ^"^-ograth '^''Mohammedan Coinage of Northwestern India [Numismatic Notes and … aloSue0ft) Coi"S Greek and Scythic Kings P- 73 P1, '7' 9' V' A" Smith

542

horseback with lance at rest; on the other, a radiate Zeus standing, … brandish the bolt (fig. 354)1 and in some cases substituting the … 1 Brit. Miis. Cat. Corns Greek and Scythic Kings p. 32 pi. 9, 1—Si ^' ^" \ pi. IS'

543

No less dignified is the Zeus who appears on a silver coin of … or coiy1lnC' ma^ w'tn outstretched ringer and thumb be making a gesture of benediction … ^' B- Whhft*1' °at' Coins Greek and Scythic Kings p. 73 pi. 17. 8 ('r. hand advanced'),

544

associated Bactrian rulers, Agathokles and Pantaleon. Agathokles … god controlled both fire and water. Fire in the Vedic religi°n lS … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Corns Greek and Scythic Kings p. 10 pi. 4, 4 (~~ m^_, ^v>ri<!ge … 2 Brit. Mas. Cat. Coins Greek and Scythic Kings pi. 30, 4 ( = my fig. 362'' … 3 Supra i. 141 f. fig. 106 (double rock-cut throne on Chalke, inscribed Ac5s- ' ^ Tfjs … 4 Supra i. 543 n. 1 Zeus and Hekate as parents of Britomartis (?)• Egge''n^

545

sons Ekata, Dvita, and Trita. Their names simply betoken ' First,' … bust with a Greek legend on the obverse, a seated Zeus with a … °f Kapisa, here figured as Zeus enthroned with wreath and … by the ? ymns- • Dvita (the second) and Ekata are no doubt later abstractions suggested … 1921 n\\\ 1897 P-68f-. id. in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh … Xiil 8+ia—s? bSU 'n J' Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1921

546

Antialkidas has room for greater detail (fig. 364)1. On the obverse … Zeus parading with his elephant, which carries Nike on … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Greek and Scythic Kings p. 25 pi. 7, 9 (=my fig' 3j^m the … or thirteen "islands," of which earth consists; and there Vishnu is worshipP … 3 M. Winlernitz A concise Dictionary of Eastern Religion Oxford l9l°\^\ J3int'ef

547

lis master1. The elephant that occurs so frequently on the Indian … C j **■ Mus. Cat. CoiJGreek and Scythic Kings p. 5° P»- .2, 6 (-my ng 3

548

(c. 100—50 B.C.), which shows on one side a helmeted bust of the … Amyntas and last Yavana prince of the house of Eukratides, fr°m … even on the drachms of Amyntas (e.g. Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Greek and Scy ^.ceptiona' … 2 Brit. Mus. Cat. Corns Greek and Scythic Kings p. 62 f. pi. 15. J> 2' Tfhe … and bow, rev. the same type of Zeus enthroned (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Gree c « » £ft)N

549

gesture first seen on the coin of Peukolaos1. This gesture, if I am … '792a^_7g °f Religion and Ethics 1913 vi. 79ib—796s ('1. Divinities with horns' … t( 'he light 0/y °f my friend Professor S. A. Cook The Religion of Ancient Palestine

550

coins of Gaza struck by Hadrian (figs. 3741, 37S2) and again by … more often Mama), and Sir G. F. Hill8 has made out a strong case … and significance ; for if Marnas recalls the Cretan mama, ' virgin > … name Marnas was re-interpreted as Mama, 'our Lord,' and te … Religion of Ancient Palestine in the light of Archaeology London 1930 p. l8° P ' A … 8 G. F. Hill Some Palestinian Cults in the Graeco- Roman Age (extr. iw"0).phfP … Sir G. F. Hill Some Palestinian Cults p. 16 f. concludes 'that the two del^^tU •

551

and prayers to Marnas, whom they took to be 'lord of showers' and … n. jj ^'S'' ™wkos Diakonos (infra p. 553 n. 1), and Stephanos of Byzantion {supra i. 149 … and Eth'Zatl°'1 London 1913 PP- 106—113, id. in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion

552

same number of prayers. Then on to the shrine of the marty … and on the nth his followers celebrated the Epiphany with h}'1^0 … temples in general and overthrew their idols. But, in retU jflUe.

553

and herself broached the matter to Arkadios, who at first was … temples of Gaza—those of Helios,.Aphrodite, Apollon, Kore, and … th6'e e^^'es °^ the gods, and themselves escaped through

554

there, and, most dreadful of all, the sacrifices of men ! Burn it 00 … The Christians, accordingly, with the help of Kynegios and ^e … dedicated the same on Easter Day 407, calling it Eudoxiane a … and it had by way of centre an elevated dome3. It had also a ve ^ … aylav iKK\rio-lav. All this, and more, in the Syrian tongue. Porphyrios adju'^ sQ\e0vW

555

to a place that no man, and certainly no woman, might enter: … women, dogs, pigs, and cattle—an outrage which offended the … °f considerable depth, equipped with buckets, ropes, and a wooden … concentric colonnades, underground chambers, and secret means of … <Urther, it is on record6 that a certain Septimius Arabianus (whose … _ J architecture see further Sir G. F. Hill Some Palestinian Cults p. 14 f. with n. 1 … logy Lonrl l" 4'8, ^" A- Cook The Religion of Ancient Palestine in the light of Archaeo-

556

but actually ventures into the Senate and, like as not, hopes to get … responsible for the fertility of the land and for the very life of its … Aldemios or A/dos*. Perhaps he had a soecialised cult on the … had his variations of type. On coins of Gaza from the … 6 Supra i. 51 f. figs. 27 and 28, 150 figs. 116 and 117, 401 fig. 298 (?)•

557

°n his left arm and sometimes has an … himdtion and uplifting a wreath. On … The same god is represented on … fell ei Ajoul ^ HiH of the Cair) on … Cet"tain Wen_cut blocks of stone and … a Cast). ' Alus' Cat- Coins Palestine pp. Ixx f., J43 pi. 15, 1 and 2 ( = my fig. 378 from

558

a statue in white crystalline marble. The god is seated on a throne … s. ii a.d. No doubt the sculptor aimed at being impressive and, with … drapery with Scopaic eyes and post-Lysippian hair. But above a … a solar Zeus on a wheeled and winged seat, places in his hand * … and for reverse a hawk and an olive-spray 38°' ^afl … - The coin is in my collection. On the legend ~o ='Gaza'see J. P- ^ Ce',lS

559

at Caere and now preserved in the Louvre2, which illustrates two … ^he fi ** ^ute-player and a masked man4 dancing to the sound of … * E' pOttier / Dithyramb Tragedy and Comedy Oxford 1927 p. 263 f.

560

'Kindly,' and Op/ielandrds1, 'Helpful'; the master, Omriqos, that is … and naturally continued to bear his name6. … nymph-like female kneeling on her left knee as she empties a … scene on the back is connected with that on the front.' That is wrong: A. Kor e … Bffcous, 'OiptXavdpos, and "0/u/3/)i«:os as Bacchic daimones, not men. C Franke ^ be … Darstellungen mil mythischen Personen gruppiert werden') and that the p ^jjnd

561

that of the crouching Aphrodite2 and that of the lion's-head … ndmes to one god6; and, whereas Plutarch's list of agricultural … that of the crouching Aphrodite2 and that of the lion's-head … ndmes to one god6; and, whereas Plutarch's list of agricultural

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (h) Zeus Hyétios

562

have been born on the summit of Mount Tmolos in Lydia3. ^ … also his tomb' and that this may be referred to in the late Homeri ct Hesiodi cert ^ … Anlimachia, the decree of a religious society c. 200 b.c. conferring honours on^^0^pov0''' … Apparently the sacrifice to Zeus'WTios had been allowed to lapse for some y

563

the grove of Trophonios at Lebadeia1. And it was at his altar in … lristitution of earlier date, and has made it probable that it was an … the ■ ^enewed by Nikagoras and Lykaithos, who had also at the same time made up … ^ar's 18 a" ^' ^' l89' xx'" +2 and> with corrections, in the Melanges Henri Weil … J<"eil 'n ^taewtw> kut&pxvs (see A. Boeckh on the Carp, inscr. Gr. ii no. 2880 and H. … taPidly f auspicious name), was the right man to run up the steps of office and pass

564

some details of the ' ox-driving' from a consideration of analog°uS … (C. R. Cockerell's copy). Thanks to Haussoullier p. 149 ff. and A. Wilhelm Beitrage^ … KhelS-qv ........... Then follow three illegible lines and 'E7ri itpo\<pi\TtvoV0^ … Olamysh between Klazomenai and Teos (F. Bechtel in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial' __js … gested [pd/3]5[o]c and, later, [0td]X[a]^) rdc Up&v, rol Se lep[oiroiol eKar](pu T ^ r'*

565

Previous day with due solemnity. Seven and twenty oxen, given … Vere chosen, the process recommenced; and so on, till the whole … a with the rest and driven up to the table as before, when the … sacrinceH 6r sacrificed to Artemis IJepaia by Lucullus (Plout. v. Luc. 24) and the … (' Priestiy It- T° P°VKoX('<»'- See further Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art i.

566

2 W. R. Pat on—E. L. Hicks The Inscriptions of Cos Oxford 1891 p. 88 ff- n0, 3_ … Lykeas took the second figure to be that of Zeus Mrjxaveis and said that the ^eQ\^e& … the two Cretan towns Knossos and Tylissos. Both had clearly been colonised j a(6

567

on the eleventh day of some month later than Pedageitnios … *<U iiriTe-xy-qfi.fcrui, evpins) and an acrolithic image of Aphrodite Uaxavlns (Paus. 8. 31. 6 … Ta»rr)s irXucrrai fiiv ein.Texvri<reis, TavToia Si ivdpwirou avevpriptiva is \byovs iarlv). On the … .uv> at Kalchedon and Byzantion of the Attic Hai/xaKT-qpaliv (?), see Dittenberger … P- 2^> and the cautious statements of W. Sontheimer in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. … ^ausanias>a VaTeP (*d- Pyth. 1, 41 « $tuv yap /laxaval wduTat pporiais dperais), and with … logician (c <ra'Tt'5e). and very possibly goes back to the early belief in Zeus as a

568

Severus and Iulia Domna, has for its reverse type a very similar … and Geta, show Zeus himself attired in the self-same costume … that on one occasion, during the procession of the Panamareia … and Geta (the bust of the latter purposely obliterated). See also supra i- 19 8 ' … no. 9 and p. 61.

569

was offered, and on its conclusion one of the goats under no con- … w'th a cord and followed, not led, by the priest passed through the … Halikarnassos, and Zeus near Pedasa. Further, these Carian … e foothold in Attike5; and it is to be observed that the nearest … hefore th^p*?** Sesichert scheint.' C. T. Seltman Athens its History and Coinage … ? 26o, p'2^ ' ^ ^7) and by Isagoras during his brief supremacy at Athens [ii. pi. 14* … f-6"'os (L. c vS' 4°' 6' StePh- B)'z- s-v- Kapia): on it stood a roofless temple of Zeus

570

On the Akropolis at Athens, north of the north-eastern an&^ … onwards, one group, and that the most numerous, shows Zeus ^ … the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 417, Nilsson Gr. Feste p. 252, and the excellent ai … of the monastery of the Panagia Kalamiotissa, on the site of the temple of 1 ^ g; … pp. 19, 24, 54 ff., Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner Num. Comm. Pans, iii- *37 ' . pen … pi. 34, 15, McClean Cat. Coins ii. 362 f. pi. 210, 11 and 13, Head Hist- nutn- ^)0tiies … and P. Gardner Num. Comm. Pans. iii. 137 pl. BB, 1, fig- 39° from

571

portrayed had originally an eagle poised on its left arm. Indeed, … sink rnear"ngless manner (fig. 394)5 and beneath it the die-

572

on the Akropolis at the time of issue, that statue must have been … presents us with a refined and amended version of the foreg >» … and 8. ,j 363 … fig. 397 is from a specimen in my collection, fig. 398 from Imhoof-Blumer and P- … 4 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Attica etc. p. 104 pi. 18, 5, Imhoof-Blumer and P- ^jcli … (=my fig. 401) and from a cast of the specimen in the British Museum \- jjanP

573

conspicuous altar. One specimen (fig. 403)1 shows an eagle on the … t0 k 0Pment at once external and internal, aesthetic and ethical, … rtl°n«menta^"<;'.^ "mulacris Atlicis Bonnae 1866 p. 10 ff., citing both literary and

574

Sundry dedications to Zeus Polieus are on record. A base 01 … Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 687 ff.), and A. Frickenhaus 'Das Athenabild des alten Tenip^r … costume and is at least compatible with the monumental evidence for a seated wea?°zjg,- … care Athens was entrusted during the Persian invasion, when the older and moie … Bonnae 1901 p. 52 on Paus. 1. 24. 4. Jlfi^' … 1873 pp. 1—67, P. Stengel in Hermes 1893 xxviii. 489 ff. and in the Rhein. J> " '^y^lf

575

°r Diipdlia*, and even the Diospolia1. The ancient grammarians … Pp. in—113 ('Bouphonia, or... Dipolia'), Frazer Golden Bough*: Spirits of Corn and … ?Xon' 192' 20 (A- Lentz in Herodian. ii. 1. 493, 2 prints AiviXeia) and 28. … 4wAXio J'"6' 98+' HarPokr- S-7J- AuriXtia (codd. B. I. N. and E.), Hesych. s.v. … ^esVch. j e,xcePl B- C- l- N- and E-)> Bekker anecd. i. 238, 21, et. mag. p. 275, t, … 3('?)IOoG> 3oand^ M' 1 no" 47'' 30 and 78=y'""'- ^ e(L min' ii—"'• 2

576

slaughter3.' It took place on the fourteenth day of Skirophorion … Hon of Ancient Greek trans. W. J. Purton Cambridge 1890 pp. 18, 61, K. Meister … the root ire\- and to regard it as the festival of the At7r6Aot or 'Zeus-worshippers- … Opferbrduche der Grieche?i Leipzig—Berlin 1910 p. 203, and in Pauly _ … 3 The contention of W. Robertson Smith The Religion of the Semites' j0I1gpjrits °^ … p. 213 ff., and in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. Suppl. iii. 339 f. staternel\,

577

passages in Porphyrios1 and Pausanias2. Porphyrios appears to be … 1 istage) NauT?" *^eitwi ovros Si tov eTCL<r<pd£ai>Ta (on the assumption that this omits

578

quoting verbatim from Theophrastos' treatise On Piety1 (c. 332 B.C.); … Ionian, probably Delian, cult [infra (§) Sopatros). And this ' ionische Hypothes^ ^ … Opferbrauche der Griechen Leipzig—Berlin 1910 p. 204f.) and ended by definite … also in the Gbtt. gel. Anz. 1899 clxi. 526 rejected the idea, and so does L. Deubner rfe … Apollonios and Longinus, so that he certainly ought to have known the ritual ^ … jtidruc. The word iriXavos (on which see P. Stengel in Hermes 1894 xxi ' ^rl,

579

Bou^on'a-...Tr6iravoi>...oiov ir\aKovvTiov e£ dprov. lloTravov is the word also in schol. … s was commonly done by way of preparation for burnt-offerings, and always in the … 'nederDarstel^lat taMe and altar served the same purposes and ends by asserting: ' Wie … ^6 of a table fS rePresents two tables, on one of which a fire is burning; that the … Urptal Tpi*tfatI?" 6 and the bronze /3u/i6i of Loukian. de dea Syr. 39 were really

580

the barley and wheat were set out eirl tt/s xa^KVs Tpairifrs (Porph. de abst. 2. 30), while … in actual contiguity (cp. the Tpd-rrefa + fioj/j.6s of Dionysos on a volnte-amp/wra from Ruv0' … the Kabeirion near Thebes and now in my collection. Oblong top, 4f x 2$ inches! 'e^S … traces of paint: the table itself was yellow, the offerings on it were red. In t'ie J - 346 … which may be meant for fruit, are scattered about. And there are two sllceSj[eis see … and admirably illustrated article ('Mobilier Delien' in the Bull. Corr. -"f^ eSx&eS … table; the table with rings or hollows; the table with vases and viands in 1

581

Oxen assigned for the purpose1 were then driven round2, and the ox … comprises, from left to right, Poseidon seated and Athena standing, balanced by Zeus … P-96 ff., relying on a sketch by Gillieron, took these traces to represent a 'Zahltisch' … Peza which stood in front of Zeus Polieus on the Akropolis, and upon which the … exPlainec]ni'3'10to^raPne^ fr°m a casl' aPPear rather to be human and, if so, are better … since suggested Ganymedes, and R. Forster in the Bull. … '2J' ? and 8)' Y"se"b- iv- 8 P1- 242, 3 (=my fig. 407) and 4, Reinach Rip. Vases

583

which certain men whetted an axe and a knife. This done, another … distributed to all and tasted by all. Next they sewed up the skin, … !te. Two others, emerging to right and left, face outwards. A fourth, on the far side … s'Tial m°Sl 'dent'cal group, except that the white ox seen against the altar is on a slightly … j]la°J^se' assume with Jahn that the first ox was merely painted on an oblong pedestal or … 'rnprov ^ 'nsert'on °f <^s tcnbat tov /3oCi>> after the word (Sov<p6vov. This was an … t. 2o Tavr-0 k.t.X. All attempts to fill the lacuna must, of course, rely on Paus. … "s 'hroat ( S StrU°k W^"") lhe ox for sacrifice with an axe, and Peisistratos then cut … ^ifeless Tv 37°"~372 and a couple of articles by W. W. Hyde 'The Prosecution of

584

bloodshed and forced to plead in defence of their action. So the … was condemned as guilty of the bloodshed and cast into the sea • … acquitted' and is reduced to supposing that he must have misunderstood his au ^ … by E. Pottier in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. ii. 270 n. 24 and printed in the ^.^gp … irardl;as> rbv <r<pd£avTa and J. Bernays printed oStos Si <t'ov rard^ai'Ta, 0 ^ goo^

585

°x and the axe with which he did it, both escaped, the blame being … Boiitypd or ' Ox-strikers,' the Kentriddai or ' Goad-men,' and the … several ^ WC" aS ^ Apollon and Zeus TlaTpyos (supra ii. 233 n. 7)—, comprised … 3- 75) ^"'a'"pia as necessarily an Ionic word for yivos (on the strength of Hdt. 2. 143, … r>" ^ Ma-yc°e'3fer ^&**efe Genealogie Berlin 1889 p. 151 f. cited Athen. 660 A on 6i etiwbv

586

evidence of Boutypoi both early and late. A ^yp … and Kosmetes or 'Marshal' of the Athenian r_ ^rH]!^'^ … 6 tovs /36as fidWwv irAu/a. Infra p. 587 n. 1. o[n the … Gbtt. gel. Anz. 1899 c,xi- 526, and L. Deubner Attische Feste Berlin 1932 P- 1 … 6 It is a pov<TTpo<pri8bt> inscription, with ©; U, and + beside X. ^ ^■fitst1"'

587

ngure. Armed with his axe1 and rising on his toes to deliver … his appeal to deep-seated religious instincts, than which nothing on … 'P-toe "'eratic reliefs frequently represent deities, heroes, priestesses, etc. on … Sf'116, iI7i°i. ' and '6- P- 35 suspects that a step devised for dancing (cp. supra i. 150

588

found for the Boutypos. On the ancient calendar-frieze of the … and a wreath, who is about to strike with his double axe a diminutive … Constantinople, c. 800 a.d. on the site of a ruined temple of Sarapis (Paus. 1. 18. 4) an … 2 The frieze has been well published and discussed several times during the ^ ,^ … i. 7 nos. 1—3 and 8 nos. 1—3.

589

slew a humped bull in an analogous rite at Stratonikeia1. And the … atre next to the priest of Dionysos himself? On the whole … tjj s attendant, distinct from the Boutypos or Bouphonos; and in … ^'PParch ' -ae"' '49 rje\ioio Bepelraral eZ<ri xAeuSoi with schol. ad loc. and

590

Diomos, and Thaulon. … p. 122 pointed out that Mop.ov ?) was an interpolation on the part of Porphyrins ^

591

that an ox must be cut up by the city. And, when they could not say … This story is undeniably constructed with ancient materials. In … Ve\iP~ra''m ""P°fews- I suspect the word irpdjews and suggest tov 'Zairarpov pera tov … SuSgests th ^f"" BouS,l i'- Spirits of Corn and Wild ii. 6. n. 1 (cp. his Pausanias ii. 304) … Ur'her evide ^ certa'n'y implies the sanctity of the ploughing ox and the ram. … lodern times.' 2 remarks: 'The old idea has survived in some parts of Greece into

592

explain. Sopatros slew his ox in a fit of passion, on his own … divine protection2, and perhaps special virtues were ascribed 0 … removed from his children5. These objections are serious and su … 1 See H. E. Seebohm On the Structure of Greek Tribal Society London i8o5 P" … Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1915 viii. 274'', W. Heiligend0'c

593

°W days men and gods alike were content with vegetables and … ohetis. The Diipolia was being held, and the fruits of the earth … e sheep, the goat, and the ox came to be sacrificed5. Klymene … 'iffeStt °k a^st- -■ 29 f- should be connected with some Ionian cult, probably that of the … 'Pzig-^Tj611^6' 'n Hermes 1893 xxviii. 490 and in his Opfcrbriiuche der Gritchen … *er in r^PMsw^diae 1891 pp. 36—42 ('De Clymene et Clymeno') and W. H.

594

firstlings of his flock, and was permitted to do so with all due … by some ^ajz-philosophical writer; for it exhibits the satne … of Diomos and the ox bears a suspicious resemblance to an° ^ … 5 Phot. lex. and Souid. s.v. \<Lvv6crapyes. That the sacrifice was to Her;ake j ^ ^vev … nameii1 Gottingen 1894 p. 99 record Aio-fiiduv, Aio-fitinjs, Aio-fiySris and t ie

595

°uphonia-tale shows traces, on the one hand of vegetarian … £jan*i w^s scorned by his fellow-citizens as a Cynic5 and, like the … cult*^65 at ^-)'ome'a was °^ recent importation, and that a long-standing and popular … her °^ ^>'omos- In his view Diomos is the rightful priest of Zeus IloXietfs and the original … by g e priest and his god. The derivation here propounded was already recognised … and took'Stjenes not on'y taught in the gymnasium of Kynosarges (Diog. Laert. 6. 13) … C°nsi(lerabie fe8etarian diet »<*-3 P- 318 n. 3) and treated the popular religion with … ritzinPaul°n WUamowitz-Moellendorff Ind. schol. Gott. a. 1884 p. 15 and K. von

596

Attike' much quoted in antiquity1. He states that once on t e … sented on the said shield a whole series of scenes drawn from ^ … s.vv. Bov<pbvia bis, Bovcpovia, and BavXuv, Favorin. lex. p. 385, 20ft". _ r!,ayt»''ra 1°

597

And lastly, when the poet goes on to tell he … A feast and sacrificed a mighty ox1, … nected Thaulon with Eleusis and the harvest of the Eleusinian … _^ntriddai, and the Daitroi—performed the rites of the Athenian … ci as5,at Athens <on which stood the Boutypos> appointed by the

598

festival belonging to and jealously guarded by the Kerykes o … Athens3. Nor shall we be disconcerted if on the Athenian Akrop0 ^ … tedious and, I think, needless here to discuss the whole welte^ ^ … and good. But when Deubner goes on to contend that the remainder of the j a … 3 Hesych. KevrpiaSai ■ twv irepl ra p.mTripia and the schol. Aristoph. nil '-^j sSibljr … When E. D. Clarke in r8oi played Verres and attempted to carry off the marble ^leusiniari … 6 (1) W. Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the Semites |en)s*

599

natural kind of animate or inanimate things, most generally to some kind of animal. … Sc**ntifiquc 13 octobre 1900 ( = id. Cultes, mythes, et religions Paris 1905 i. 18 f.), and … r'gWally a mystic garbed as a ravpos was killed and eaten. Such views receive some … ,„ ein Korngeist ist, muss der des Zeus Polieus es auch seiu') and Frazer Golden … characteat ancl harley laid upon the altar were a harvest offering; and the sacramental … of ta^;," lce Was instituted in order to put an end to drought and famine is in favour

600

P. Stengel Opferbrduche der Griechen Leipzig—Berlin 1910 p. 210 n. 2; and L. Deubner … Denn einmal ist es keineswegs gesichert, dass es sich hier wirklich um das Toten and … weight on Hesych. Aids 6S.k01 Kal wevaol- nvte ypd<pov<xi \pri<poi. <pa<rl 5e if rV … Heidelberg 1858 p. 420 f. falls back on the Varronian idea (supra p. 591 n. 1) ' jt jgs … elaborate attempts to appease it and in some cases even flees into hiding ana ^jr … as if he were himself dead (J. Spieth Die Religion der Euxer in Slid- Togo ^e^J,B die

601

ing to keep in mind the probabilities and improbabilities of the … °P- cit. p. 108). The parallel is certainly striking, and Schwenn goes on to explain that … m°!v Mykonos and now in the Louvre (Reinach Rip. Stat. ii. 682 no. 2). H. Heydemann … ren-' CP* t'le 'yPe °^ Gaia recumbent with hand uplifted in supplication on sarcophagi … of terr rocky U'ound. He cp. the impression of a seal on a little pyramid … to fieav °^ a" uncIraPecl female form bending backwards and looking up … wheel v °Ut £rass> corn'or the like and drawn by an old-fashioned

602

O. Jahn1, C. Robert2, and G. F. Schoemann3 infer from the … undoubtedly accounts for the Skirophoria7, which took place on the … aright by ensuring an adequate dewfall and rainfall at a critical … S/ad/ A/hen p. 509 and O. Band De Diipoliorum sacro A/heniensium Halae Saxo ^

603

Keryx the son of Hermes by Pandrose3; and so did the grammarian … already found that Aglauros, 'the Sparkling One,' and Pandrosos, … Zeus Thaulios%, and seems, as we have conjectured9, to denote 'the … nir>g and the end of it appear to have been magical rather than … sharpening of axe and knife10. But this may have been an after- … 4 W'ijs. Meier would omit cis and restore "Epa-qv nai Mavipoaov. … a g°rm- lex- p- 1790, 57 f.), and still more so by Hesych. s.v. 'TSpotpopla (cod.), … tahol. p; f Arg°nauts (Ap. Rhod. 4. 1763 ff., Apollod. I. 9. 26) and with the Ac\<f>lvia

604

Athens in 86 B.C. He entered the city on the Kalends of March, … Sulla's entry, when Aristion on the Akropolis capitulated through … a rain-charm. The water so fetched was poured over an axe and … introduced from Crete6, was not so wide of the mark as some have

605

rules of magic \ … example of the sort, found near Athens a few years ago and now in … real death and simulated resurrection of an ox among worshippers … the passa fr°m Eleus's' where with its peculiar personnel and ritual it had survived

606

and for the solemn communion of those who together devoured the … might live again in younger and more vigorous form, stuffed with … Skiron, in memory of the most ancient of sowings ; the second in Raria; aI1 … plough that he used was dedicated on the Akropolis6. And he

607

have been found in pieces near Vari and now in the collection of … uP7'a i. 224 fig. 165 and you will realise that Athena and Bouzyges … the th' graffito, of which the first two words are scratched on the reverse,

608

of Athena Boarmta in Boiotia3 and that of Athena Boiideia 'n … s Lyk. Al. 518 ff. (Idas and Lynkeus) rotis'Apris e(pl\aro, | Kal 81' 'Ei>vi!>, Kal Ti",1 … Stuttgart 1924 p. 78 n. 2 (4)). It is, however, equally possible and—to my ce_Iianie

609

Akropolis1 and were entrusted with the discharge of several sacred … Uemophon received the Palladion in trust from Diomedes and took care of … tj^6" w°unded, the followers of Demophon gave way, and Agamemnon seized … n. o, gg. esych- s. vv. Zvyia- i]"Upa..., Ziryios- Zeis.... Supra i. 458 n. 8 and ii. 60 … ^heatre ' ']'^t^r• ii. 467 ff. no. 271 Bovpjyov | Uptwt Aios iv \ UaWadiip on a seat in the

610

changes to political movements in progress at the end of s. vii and … and to make the cakes for the sacrifices out of its produce.' … can see—must have been propounded by somebody bent on tracin» … of Crete. We have already7 insisted on the resemblance ol … Meineke), and schol. A. ad loc. (iii. 473 Dindorf) comments 6 JJepiK\ijs iariv^ V j … 6 Plat. /egg. 642 D—E, on which see J. Toepffer op. cit. p. 141 and O. Kern 1

611

cannibalism in which the local king or some human substitute was … 2 Supra i. 659 ff. (' The Cretan Zeus and Bovine Omophagy'). … 'he l"^ant cn''d °f Keleos and Metaneira, whom Demeter ' hid by night like a brand in … as 4/1' °'50sen Dy 'ol: to expiate the sins of the people and propitiate the gods, was known … is me^.as ^"vSijpa^ 6 ck roiv wpoKplTwv ' AB-qvalwv kXtjpv Xaxd'i' irats brj/xoala jxvqBels) and … ^(1)1.! ^TV" °® ^XoW or the like' na 83°' 1 ff- (on the Rarian Plain) [t6v &<p' … ""ijfler^ • 9»o, 6ff. (on the Akropolis at Athens) 7; /SouXtj | Kai 6 Srj/ios | i<p' iarlo.% \

612

Ombrios in Elis1, that of Zeus Lykaios in Arkadia2, and that of … Pausanias4, describing the statues on the Akropolis, says: … The Religion of Ancient Palestine in the light of Archaeology London 1930 p. 29 nV js … resembling the Ai6>o/36Xia of Damia and Auxesia at Troizen (Paus. 2. 32. 2 _.•„{, … Hitzig—Bliimner in their commentary on Paus. loc. cit. successfully explain a. ^ abef … c See Hitzig—Bliimner on Paus. loc. cit.

614

dealers Basseggio and Depoletti at Rome. This noteworthy paint- … 1 Gerhard Aaserl. Vasenb. iv. 6 ff. pi. 242, 1 ( = my fig. 414) and 2, Reinac ■ … compared it with the small bull standing on a pedestal to be seen on tetradrac^ … pi. 58, no. 1536 pi. 59, and above all the splendid series in the Lloyd collection \ ^ ^

615

certain is that we have a holy ox, holy on his own account with … sufficient—we may at least admit that Greeks of the classical and … 0 during s. vi and the early decades of s. v B.C. in the art of Sicily and central … W. £ ^• J- Anderson—R. P. Spiers The Architecture of Ancient Greece rev. by … which sne .W llle Co"ipte-rendu St. Pet. 1863 p. 135, on account of 'die Rebzweige' by

617

grape-bunches, and concludes, on account of the fish in the water and the rocks on either … the rocks in question were merely high-flung waves and quoted //. 13. 29 ^r\8oovvr\ 5i … e|tman and as yet unpublished, shows on a red panel Europe, draped, riding to right … ^"ne famous Europe-Xy'/;> at Munich (supra i. 526 n. 1 with col. pi. xxxii), on … antj s1*ax' ^ne galloping bull and the floating Europe, with her train of fish, dolphins, … in the'r ^ ^ar ,ne ear''est example of this arrangement is found on a 'Caeretan' hydria … °f ^haistc*' m °rder of semo"ty is the group that appears c. 500 b.C. on the oldest stater

618

which shows some features of the obverse more clearly. The reverse has an incuse square … these coins to Phaistos: on their reverse the legend surrounding the lion's scalp has e't|1^ … collection of Florence Lady Ward and thence into mine. Excavations carried on … James 'An account of excavations at Chatby, Ibrahimieh, and Hadra' ib. I9I^ ij^ … found in the Peiraieus and now at Berlin (Babelon—Blanche! Cat. Bronzes de

619

the bull still on terra firma while the meadow broke into flowers at … • Cat. Vases iv. 95 no. F 184), which has for its main design Europe on the bull riding … figure with ^ ''^ * /a'"'a' and on t'le snore she has quitted stands a bearded male … e"satn»,i Ar' l85' XV' 5<i ff" P1- '°4' 2 shows 'he tomb) and now at Naples (Heydemann

620

up a wreath as omen of successful love. And four stars indicate the sky, which is the true … Europam nivei solatur amore iuvenci, and—for the admixture of yellow—from Mosch. *■ … perilnrip. (B) Zeus, half-draped in a himdtion, with a bay-wreath on his head an ^ … p. 499 n. 8 suggests 'Diopan im Gegensatz zum kleinen Aigipan"!' and quotes 1 oSed

622

a vegetation power1 and as such associated with flowers and fruit. … ' The Greek type of Europe with her flowers seated on the back … by the tail. The bull is painted white. Eros with a tainia and a flower in his left 'iaI1^ … as crowned with an eagle. Overbeck too calls it an ' Adlerscepter' and figures it as ^ … and Gori op. cit. pi. 163 gives it a beard! ^ … which stands erect before her on the flowery plain. Her old nurse (?) turns away ^ g. … perhaps inspired by some such painting as that described in Ach. Tat. 1. 1 e^p-a g^gpa, … a hollow rock, on which sits Europe beneath two overarching trees. On the left a^s ^gfs … 4 E.g. supra i. 539 fig. 411, iii. 618 n. o (3) pi. xlvi, 1 and 2. … 2 Supra i. 526 n. 2, 606, 644 figs. 503 and 504.

623

with sundry modifications1 to have lasted on well into Roman … 411(1 c'ated l"ta' "ear Midea on the Argive Plain, excavated by A. W. Persson in 1926

624

high moves swiftly towards the right; on its back sits a woman (there is a fastening hole … Der Glaube der Hellenen Berlin 1931 p. 112 (' Bronzerelief' !) and A. Roes in the /"'"^ … Europe, this is by far the earliest trace of her myth on Greek soil, and the bull- … 1 Roman wall-paintings and floor-mosaics of Europe are listed by Helbig Vr0 * g5, … 1—6. One painting and a couple of mosaics will serve to illustrate the range and va … room /on the plan by A. Mau in the Bull. d. Inst. 1879 p. 22 pi.) and is now' &igg'lHpoS- … her left is laid on the bull's head and holds a red riband (?to twine about l«s 1 .^nisl1 … squared structure on the right. The landscape background shows a woo e ^ col1""11

625

and sharp sculpturesque qualities, belongs to Mau's Third Style of mural painting (25 B.C.— … ^■"alding^j, U'!' S'intS 0n the breasts of Europe, is a light-and-shade device already

626

century'and now preserved in a bedroom of the Palazzo Barberini at Rome, raises sever:

Plate 48

A Roman mosaic J ^ros and Poseidon.

627

aPpealed, not only to artists and craftsmen, but to poets1 and … raped in a himdtion (deep orange, shaded with red) on his back. Her adventure is … j,°m minor injuries and repairs, there is something wrong about the whole composition, … 'hus V att'tudes and the fine colouring point to an artist of marked ability. We are … near^tVi a'most equal interest and of even greater beauty is the mosaic found in i860 … ■^Sujari X'v'"' ^rom a coloured drawing carefully executed on the spot by the painter … naked . s along. Europe, wearing a blue fillet on her blond hair, but otherwise stark … IriUsthave a °'ever use OI"hlue glass tesserae. The mosaic, badly cracked and damaged, … a8reemetu °n" The obvious intention to represent a wedding train and the general … ' ThJ on\.P a{,T00 ^^y^"' o" S< yiiovt /Sous. … erizing (?) episode omits the actual name of the heroine and ignores the bull.

628

prose-writers1 also. And I suggest that its long-lived appeal implies … Kavak between Panderma (Panormos near Kyzikos) and Gunett … 2 Supra p. 606. 2y) and … 1905 xxv. 56 f. and in his Cyzicus Cambridge 1910 p. 272, all came from

630

and a himdtion. His left hand grasps a sceptre, the lower end of … of the design is that the head of the god with its full beard and … and an eagle on the ground to the right, inscribed ['AJrrdAou |--. wnlia'n … cornes, recourbees comme celles d'un bovide,' and Mendel Cat. Sculpt- Cons c0tnzs

Plate 49

Io as a heifer with Argos and Hermes. … Io as a steer (!) with Argos, Hermes, and Zeus.

631

lo and thereby become the forefather of their race1. But it was in … Representations of Io are collected and discussed in primis by R. Engelmann De … 58 figs. 1—10 and pi. 2 (pp. 51—57 groups the extant monuments as follows: … at ^ Us alfeady before the close of s. vi B.C. (supra p. 221) on the throne of Apollon … and w' ^ a monstrous Argos, with an extra eye on his chest, while Hermes, with pitasos … Pfuhl Alal- AtlaS Pl' '' "J' Wien- VorleSebl. 1890—1891 pi. 12, i"and Jb ( = my pi. xlix, 1),

633

(=my fig. 428) was the first to publish the correct design and to include a point noticed … llle Pitt S "P represents 1° as a steer (!), and adds a seated and sceptred Zeus, completing … Sl<in cape fez'*11 the Straps of his riSht hoot and another under his left boot), leopard-

634

as a heifer with human face1, as a maiden with heifer's ears and … Blacas collection, now in the British Museum, shows Hermes on … Blumer and O. Keller Tier- und Pflanzcnbilder auf Miinzen und "*3 … fig. 432) was the first to publish and discuss an important vase at Boston, on w 1 ^ … Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur6 Miinchen 1912 i. 296 f.), and … A good example of Io with cow's horns and cow's ear is the Jatta ^ ^ ^8°

635

reliefUlefixes 01 ten'a colta, semi-elliptical in shape and adorned with the head of Io in

636

(Annual Report Boston 1901 p. 63 n.). There are several in Berlin, and many in tne … and now in my collection (fig. 433: height 7J ins., breadth 8 ins.). It represents Io en J" … loc. cit. says 'Zwischen den Hornern Binde'; and Walters loc. cit. D 692, 'over r^tr/, … was herself in some sense divine (supra i. 453 ff.). I am disposed therefore to ^ap(tf

637

0 as a horned maiden, e.g. on a red-figured kratir from Ruvo in the Barone collection … k^kground' !hade' and took particular pains to make his figures stand out against the

638

commonly accepted, that the fresco of Io in the 'House of Livia' on the Palatine … faintest indication of horns on her brow, sits in dejection at the foot of a pillar, on wu. … of Hermes and Hera—in sundry Pompeian paintings (Helbig Wandgem. Camp- p- 3 … nos. 131—134, Reinach Rep. Peint. Gr. Rom. p. 15 nos. 4 and 6, p. 16 no. 2), of … and one from the Macellum in the 'Fourth Style' [c. 50—79 a.d.) (Herrmann … who borrowed its main features and used them, inappropriately enough, to expiess ^ … 12, Reinach Rep. Vases ii. 16, 2), shows Io after her wanderings seated on the a ^ … holding his eagle-sceptre. On the left, Hermes, with supported foot, wau~— ■ eSl … Berlin ii. 873 ff. no. 3164), which makes Io sit on the pedestal of the godde-

640

on South-Italian vases (e.g. supra i. 222 pi. xix, i. 375 fig. 287, ii. 416 with fig. 3")- … before it was borrowed by Argos. On this showing we shall not agree with ~oinan … (Helbig op. cit. p. 39 f. nos. 135 and 137, Curtius op. cit. p. 263 f. figs- _i58 an ^cnU°n … isolated and purely decorative figure, surrounded by a fantastic floral arao 4 ^ ^e),

641

Io> again with budding horns, earrings, and necklace. This gem, admittedly the loveliest … Ant. Gemmen\. pi. 49, 9 and pi. 51, 17 (enlarged), ii. 234, J. H. Middleton … lhe Tyszk' ancient copies also exist. One such is a sard from Kalchedon, formerly in … at ^°mpeii fir P.aimin8 of Io w'th a cow, Hermes, and Argos, from the temple of Isis

642

patron-deity of such towns as Olba in Kilikia1 and Olbia on the … 1 For recent investigations on the site see J. T. Bent in the Joum. Hell. Stud. 1891 … pp. 83—91 (mainly inscriptions) with figs. 14 (temple of Zeus) and 15 (' Hallenstrasse It … 10 (temple of Tyche), 11 (gateway), 12 (inscription), and especially J. Keil—A. V\»n … and 80—89 ('Ura—Olba') with figs. 66—116, numerous facsimiles of inscriptlons' … On a limestone plateau in southern Kilikia, which rises to a height of U°° re js … from a Hellenistic five-storeyed fortress (built c. 200 B.C. and restored c. 15° 1 j.jaC}rjan … timenos-visM and the temple itself, to judge from the style of their ar v/e"

643

'he walls of the nais were demolished, the columns of the perlsiasis built in, and an apse … The temple was the main sanctuary of "OX/S?; or "0\£a (Ura), which lay on lower … l°wn.gat'e' We lnfe>" from an inscription found by VV. Bauer on the north front of the … •j!Slrict was rulSa'd t0 haVe been estab'isllet' by Aias> son o{ Teukros; and the whole

645

coast at Ayash (Elaioussa Sebaste: W. Ruge ib. v. 2228 f. and J. Keil—A. Wilhelm in … at the Corycian cave (Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 418 n. 2) and supra ii. 921 n. o). … toparch of Kennatis and Lalassis (AlANToI TEYKPoV || APXIEPEHX … P- 122 f- pi. 22, 4 f.), and M. Antonius Polemo (ib. p. 123 f. pi. 22, 6f.). … the formal '**"**" P- 71 PL I2' the thunderbolt (ib. p. 71 f. pi. 12, 13), and … °ther coins, struck by Philippus Senior, represent the city as a veiled and

646

rudder, and cornu copiae stands before her, and a river-god swims at her feet (Brit. M'<s- … iii. 56 with pi. 29 and figs. 80, 83). … Not much is known of the Salaminian Zeus. Ampelius, drawing from some Alexandrine … fusion (Overbeck Schriftquellen p. 134 no. 738) and exaggeration are all too °^^'°US … Timagenes, itself based on the <biKnririKa. of Theopompos and on other historical wor s ■ … from Tyre to Cyprus and was there joined by the priest of Iupiter, who bargainee ^ … of Iupiter's shrines at Salamis and Venus' temple at Paphus (Amm. Marc. I4" gt … of Zeus, though closed and of evil repute, was still standing and known as the * … ed. of Epiphanios Lipsiae 1859 u 58 f-) and shorter form (v. Epiphan. ipl • … the Security of Zeus, and the seals of the doors shall be loosened, and entering S)

647

evd^ios vtto 8a.v6.Tov Xa/x^dveadaL and again aireX&e iv toj va<g t^.koXov-

648

as the 'Prison of Saint Catharine' (on which see J. L. Myres in Archaeologia 1915 lxVI' … first located in 1882 by M. Ohnefalsch-Richter (Kypros p. 23 ff.) and partially excavated … in 1890 by J. A. R. Munro and H. A. Tubbs (Journ. Hell. Stud. 1891 xii. 66, 1°^ {0

649

marble found more than a mile away on 'Michael's Hill' (J. A. R. Munro—H. A. Tubbs … from a neighbouring field, bearing socket-holes for the feet of a bronze statue and an … °' the province as reconstituted by Augustus and transferred to the senate would be … AugUs( * )• and 'he re-cut pedestal, in blue marble, of a statue of Livia … resPects t° T °'lier temPle- The peristyle would then be an annexe, comparable in some

650

10 ( = my fig. 454) Trajan, Head Hist, num."2 p. 746). His effigy, on pieces struck 5 … who arrived in or about 1202 B.C. (marm. Par. ep. 26 p. 10 Jacoby) and presum … The prehistory of Aias and Teukros is a very tangled business, which can ^ … humanised and equipped with a large shield, to be seen e.g. on the gold rm°~^rllax … enorme que 1'on sait,' etc. (Girard loc. cit. p. 74). A. J. Reinach ' Itanos et 1 ^ jx;_ … Girard and Reinach, concludes: ' the evidence is not sufficient for the assumP^

651

■9°8 p. 686 ff. is also, with some reservations, favourable). A useful sequel to this work … Altering Greece from the north, they occupied both Troas and Lokris, left traces of … ^eus and a priestly dynasty at Olbe in Kilikia. Teukros is the Hellenised form of Tarku, … ' 3- 368, 15. 192 f.; Philostr. v. Apoll. 5. 5 p. 167 f. Kayser). Of this and other such … roko, all of which occur in the names of Cilician priests and kings. At all events, … y miles from Olba, the names Tarkuaris, Tarkumbios, Tarkimos, Trokoarbasis, and … l"entified as the god of the sky and the lightning, we may conjecture that Tark or … ersteri 'tj0'1"'6 "IaPKUllPlVS, Eiav^iTjs, TpoKofaptias, Toyfdp/iot, and comments: ' Dass die

652

wolnnv 26ou ei£d\/i.ei'os avtdrjKev, eid. ib. 1914 i. Abh. p. 61 f. no. 78 on the lower par' … and rapxveiv ' wie einen Gott oder (koniglichen) Heros oder Helden, also prachtig be- … Yavan (the early Ionian settlers on the south coast) and the older race or ta t … in his list of human sacrifices, and less than two centuries had elapsed since - geus

653

central Italy3 and Germany4. … that' re^'n<^U' I grandiaque in torvos transformat membra iuvencos), and finally remarks … ai^m'l''on Cyprius finem futurum non ait, nisi sanguine hospitis litatum fuisset. primus … Gold'. ^7"rtne'm Teukros und Teukrer Rotterdam 1913 p. 40 and Frazer … °n ^orseb ; ■ Corimnian Piasters and a pediment, which contained the relief of a man … he Worship of Zeus at Olbia and in the neighbourhood see Miss G. Mi Hirst in

654

the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1903 xxiii. 36—39 and E. H. Minns Scythians and Greeks … Soc. xxvii. Minutes, p. 11).' Id. ib. p. 456 (with plan on p. 450 fig. 331): 'The opening … op. cit. i. 25 ff. no. 12 a decree granting 1000 gold pieces and a statue to Kallinikos s°n … 'OX/3io7ro|[Xe(7t?s aviOijKeJv k.t.\.), and a very fragmentary third (Latyschev op. ' … and by Professor Minns to s. iv b.c., is from a dedication to Zeus j^i

655

Zeus appears occasionally on the bronze coins of Olbia, usually as a bearded head in … rect grasping cornu copiae and rudder on the reverse (B. de Koehne Description du … Greek towndea'llably CUrious that Zeus "°^«os, as namesake and paramount deity of the … °bverSe a Iss"ed for many generations to judge by the varieties of style, bore on their … ■° Sar,»atia e 8°d GeIas on the coins of that city.' However, it is a far cry from Sicily

656

Europe and Io, together with the semi-bovine type of Zeus Olbl0S' … Bouphdnos, who thereupon dropped his double axe and fled f°r … BtjSXtod^Ki? rfjs Ei5a77eXi/ri)s SxoX^s if 'Zfiiipvp Smyrna 1878 ii. 12 f. nos. 206 and 2°4 … thunderbolt and eagle). The words M. Aur. Commod. are in smaller letters tnau^ ^

657

"is god, was allowed to flee from the spot and escape into safety? … of •eCtlon (%■ 47°> 1 and 1 a)> and partly also by a marble replica … °n his throne. He is draped in a himdtion and holds a sceptre in … The references in Reinach AV/. Reliefs ii. 193 no. 5 and ii. 87 f. nos. 6—8. … ad°rn his° eden (1626—1689), and that it was purchased by Philip V of Spain to … jVere still ^one'111 k fr°m the coIlection of the Marchese Rondinini belong together and … 53=) and a"11^ reliefs- They passed into the possession of W. von Humboldt (1767-

659

scene of his sacrilege and yet in the very act of flight looks back to … ^ he remaining slab, of a different marble and in a finer style, was discovered about … Seatgjj J°y W' Amelung. Modern parts: right arm, right hip, and lower body of the … ^lai S) 'figS' +6—witn neo-Attic fragments of reliefs, now in Rome, Florence, and … Siteira ■ ^Phrsodotos, which—he thinks—adorned the altar of Zeus Sotir and Athena … ^a/'oiin/, KeL>i^la T^v Movaeiwv ^as Athens 1904 pp. 9—40) and again in his Ath. … « to cro svas' wlli'e Zeus watched the issue from afar and Nike with her wreath

660

head of Zeus had been cleft by Hephaistos1; and such was the … back-frieze (fig. i43 = my fig. 473) formed of Hauser's Horai and 'Agraulides' (• > ^ … Reconstructions of this sort are undeniably ingenious and come within ^ 0y

661

tradition followed by the vase-painters of the sixth and fifth … scholar of the third century B.C., spoke of him as Hermes6; and … But, whatever name we give to the axe-bearer on the Madrid … 4 . and Tliaulon (j«/ra p. 597 n. 2). … P' l31), or 'rf'"' 7""" f" AaxtSaiAioyi euaiuii' (on which see Tresp Frag.gr. Kultschr.

662

had been some ritual practice of immemorial sanction; and it is … the vase-paintings and, adducing any collateral evidence that is … 0) = (l),+ li; (4=(4); (a') = (5). Schneider's useful list of vases and Etruscan n«rr … (3), found on the Akropolis at Athens (F. Studniczka in the 'E0. 'Apx- 188 P' an(j a … Schneider and Baur is the black-figured vase of my type (1) lately found W … H. B. Walters in the Brit. Mtis. Cat. Vases ii. 11 and in his History of Ancten ;j. … i pis. 1—5 and by Lenormant—de Witte £/. man. cjr. i. 174 ff. pis. 54 ^5 A'

663

both by the Eileithyiai and by Hephaistos; (4) Athena, armed but … **Ucina, wS^u-0' P°'nt with the forefinger—a gesture copied by Zeus. On the other hand, … rel'efs fro r 0 n- 2 (0 fig. 23 or the supporters of a goddess on an archaic plthos with

664

p. 111 f. no. 466, H. B. Walters History of Ancient Pottery London 1905 i. 49? , -( 1) … cp. The Palace of Minos London 1928 ii. 1 339 ff. figs. 193 and 194, a—f). j q

Plate 51

Zeus in labour, with two Eileithyiai and Hermes in attendance.

665

Karlsruhe (pi. li)1, Vienna (fig. 476)2, and Florence (figs. 477, 478)3, … may be e\- d Gr' S^r'~ P' But that notion is itself improbable, and the wings … !ri°ves towatJ*1 f' n°' l6'^' has Zeus flanked by two Eileithyiai, while Hermes on the left … "S amplified ,°™erly ln the Castellani collection. The group of Zeus and the two Eileithyiai … 2, ie^0rmant-de Witte £l. mon. cir. i. 7 pi. 1 and [85 ff. pi. ?4> Reinach Rip. … U>SeC°n<I Kileilianke<1 hi a bearded £od and Eileithyia on the left, Hermes departing and

Plate 52

Zeus in labour, with one Eileithyia and two gods in attendance.

667

the Vatican (pi. Hi)1, there is but a single Eileithyia. And once, on … S.tr. ^>lack".'?gured a»iph°™ from Vulci, found in 1835, and n°w in the Vatican {Mus. … Sesticuiat 1£ r'8llt' wnl,e a single Eileithyia stands before him. On the left a draped god … £tK c* lack"figured amphora from Caere, found in 1836, and now in the Vatican (Mus. … draPed ZeUS has its 1,ack ending in a swan's-head and its seat resting on a small

668

still smaller, raises her right hand to her head on the right. … from Megara to Kalchedon. Reinach indeed contended—and his … a definite art-type does pre-suppose a definite belief and 11

669

Blacas collection, and is now to be seen in the British Museum2. It … lotiform bolt5 in his right hand and making the gesture of delivery6 … long-haired goddess wearing a purple chiton and armed with lance8 … short chiton, and endromides is the BontyposVL, who—armed with just … off as fast as his legs will carry him13. And, if the Dipolieia was … d32b with text p. 5 by A. H. Smith and F. N. Pryce. … I l?01 v'sible on the photograph.

670

conscious of any relation between the scene he has given us and … effected in the early part of s. vi B.C.—hardly earlier3—and thence- … confidence 'to the second and third quarters of the sixth century' (W. Lamb ^g^e in

671

It was perhaps first brought about by some Megarian resident in … 8°a (Hephaistcs?), wearing a cap and a short chitdn, departs towards the left, but turns … another variety of the same gesture. His right hand was raised and may have held the … Univ. ep"e'heS of Corinth (? early in s. vi h.c: M. H. Swindler Ancient Painting Yale … ^xtes p. "~~c)—of course a mere attribute as often on black-figured vases (A. Reinach … I Jf°"' * Inst- «• PL 55 (=my fig. 485) ABEYS and K9VEV/VIOS, it. vi.

672

of the alternatives Athenian « and Corinthian (and Megarian ?) Q. IAEV5 maybe … The theory advanced by G. Kaibel in the Ann. d. Inst. 1873 xlv. 112 and by … Inst. 1897 xii. 13 and 20, id. in the Ant. Denkm. ii. 6 pi. 30, 12 ( = my fig- + Qr, … A //«a.v-fragment found on the Akropolis at Athens preserve the head 0 rIy ff-

673

promise between the Megarian and the Athenian type, according … (fig. 485 and pi. liv)1. Zeus in a chiton and patterned himdtion is … his head emerges Athena armed with a lance, a circular shield, and a … ^deed he is to be seen hurrying off on tip-toe2 towards the left3 … the right'a' refers lhe na",e [AE]METEP to the fragmentary figure next to it on

Plate 56

{a> ; thena born from the head of Zeus, with one Eileithyia and other deities in attendance.

675

and separated from one another by the rapidly retreating figure of … »*a\Vien 1880 p. 9, and with a query Reinach Rip. Vases i. 197. The mutilated … I ' ^e'' P- "4? n. 4f.), and the initial'A0[---is beyond question. … J. 'rfT,5, lL B- Walters History of Ancient Pottery London 1905 ii. 16 fig. 113), which

676

fhidle and makes Athena jump the wrong way to the manifest surprise of Hephaistos and … Lenormant—de Witte lit. mon. cA: i. 211 ff. pis. 64. and 65, Brit. Mus. Cat- I'asel … on the right are balanced by Hephaistos and I'oseidon on the left. The design

677

oaysos, a bald and bearded deity also wreathed (Hades??), and a white-haired

678

delivered by. Thanr and Thalna, while.Sethlans with his double axe stands aloof.

679

by Thanr and Ethausva—the former fastening a bandage round his head, the latter … teenrV ***' AIyth- "'• 2933f-)> has Tinia sitting on a throne with lowered bolt and

680

The second form of compromise between the Megarian and … ■ Cat. Bronzes p. 116 no. 696). Tinia and Menrfa are again supported by Thalna ^ … no. 1738), makes Tinia beardless and surrounded by three goddesses—one with « … (=my fig. 491) and 4, Reinach Rip. Vases i. 155 f., 4 and 5, H. Thiersch " Tyrrhene

681

Dionysos with a garland of vine-leaves, Aphrodite draped and … ngham ' and now in the University of Pennsylvania Museum … drawing. Zeus, holding a lotiform bolt, sits stiffly erect on a throne … f ^° Pettier loc. cit. S. Reinach loc. cit. supposes that the female figure on the … f0ot'* I3'' 57) one of the Eileithyiai is carrying a wreath. Besides, the figure on the … WsT 7/'e Palace °f M'"°s a* Knossos London 1930 iii. 47off. and by him assigned at

683

pressive fingers. Behind him, Apollon with kithdra and plektron. … A third, here given (fig. 493)3, was found at Vulci and passed from

684

the Feoli collection to Wiirzburg. Zeus is seated on a stool, which … kithdra and plektron makes music. To the right of all stan.^te

685

It depicts the middle group of deities only, and rather clumsily … It may be noticed in passing that this mother-and-child motif was applied by … more correct fig. 495): in it Zeus kept his own thunderbolt and sceptre, 'Zeus' boy' … Gr. 1929 xlii. 89 fig. y) has a noble long-haired Zeus sitting on a high-backed chair,

686

(5) The fifth and final type, in which Athena has reached her … either side of this group stand the two Eileithyiai, and beyond the … - The conjoined profiles are respectively bearded and beardless (cp. sup*0 com,non … 3 Mus. Etr. Gregor. ii. 5 pi. 21, 1 ( = my fig. 498,0 and /<).

687

Front and back of the vase are decorated with sections of the same … Presurnably brings tidings of Athena's birth. And meantime

688

the reverse, The divine witnesses are not relegated to the left and … The fifth type of vase-painting leads up to4 and culminates in the … cleft by Hephaistos, and Athena … standing on the knees of Zeus. … 1 Chlamjis, pttasos, and etidromldes suggest Hermes. Is the rather obvious Pa'r°^j?

Plate 57

Drawing of the east pediment of the Parthenon by J. Carrey? (1674) ind attempted restorations by E. A. Gardner (1902) and K. Schwerzek (1904).

689

be determined and arranged in an intelligible series, we are thereby … Wordsworth1. On the one hand, R. Schneider2 in 1880 justly … "'at f"fi' a P' 657 ff' 0thers have attached little or no weight to the puteal, on the ground … "onian 1>aSe' 3nd that they are therer°re """-Pheidiac in character and /otf-Parthe- … GiebelBr thC Ant' Denh"- 48 ff- P1- 58> B and c. id- ' Untersuchungen liber die

690

than the right and apparently rectangular in plan. … Hesperia 1933 ii. 1, 34—39 with fig. 7 and pi. 1 (=mypl. Iviii, 2), where he still advocate^ … swung sufficiently to suggest that the pose was not a pure profile, and the torsion W - … (W. H. Appleton in Art and Archaeology 1916 iv. 11 with pi. on p. 20). ks … conclusion, arguing that the two stout iron bars converging on block 13 were B1 ,torso … he confessed himself convinced by further argumentation on the part of Sauer ^er. t0 his

691

away from him but facing left, and Nike hovering between them … retrPnSe or alarm* This fine figure on the r'ght aPt]y balances the … -on' *^ ^randtl 'Fragmente der Giebelgruppen des Parthe- … aXe ))ea^ (height o^i"1), is on a scale large enough to suit this

692

on the acute observation that Attic vases painted within a decade … 2 He contends that the types of Zeus and of Athena (with her crestec ^gVic'0^

693

attempting to extend it right and left, I would draw attention to … it is surely hard to believe that Pheidias would have left, as on … bet^0 Jectionable feature by inserting a cross-bar and a sunk panel … '3 Feb 5,1 Put forward my reconstruction in a paper read to the Hellenic Society on … U by sund i"tcr"- d'Arch. Num. 1912 xiv. 274 pi. 16') and had sought to justify

694

throne. There were ancient religious reasons for fixing an eagle … (fig. 502)2, clearly a later variation on the Pheidiac theme, which … Schwerzek, and E. A. Gardner3 is that they all make Athena hold … of offence between the new-born goddess and her sire, while … pi. 48, 8 a bronze medallion of Antoninus Pius) and votive reliefs (Svoro ^ … Architektur der Akropolis zu Athen Cassel and Leipzig 1904 p. 105 … 3 E. A. Gardner Ancient Athens London 1902 p. 308 'Sketch Restoration … 4 E. Beule Les monnaies d'Athenes Paris 1858 p. 390, Imhoof-Blumer and ^,Jt0ieS

695

Madrid puteal and therefore, as Svoronos2 saw, clearly derived from … aUril e cr»ics were misled by the presence of the olive and the snake—variable … °n higw^*08 enthroned towards the right with a sceptre in his right hand and an eagle … sPecime \ 5950 'Patera not clear.' But is there any patera, clear or otherwise, on either … ^ardn r co"ec,i°n and now in the British Museum, figured by Imhoof-Blumer and

696

(fig. 511)1, sometimes in an architectural surround which to some … starting to escape behind the throne of Zeus and a male deity … Gems and Rings London 1872 ii. 52 pi. 19 B, 9 ( = my fig. 511), Furtwangler Ant. Ge»""en … These two gems, if genuine (and there is no obvious reason to doubt them), appeal … others he was placed on the left (supra figs. 492 (?), 497). c … and pi- llU' … the muscles on back and breast between the two sides shows this indubitably' is travel … (Smith inadvertently says 'left'), held up, thrown back, and spread open. The 0 ^ … And here I part company with my friend Mr Smith, who in the Brit. Mus. Cat- j^nds

697

front to back of the temple—, and partly because the Finlay relief … duction of Myron's group2. It may be added that energy and … beyond Hephaistos on the left and Poseidon on the right broad … fi6- 586 e Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks Yale Univ. Press 1929 p. 157 with

698

They probably sat on rocks1, not on thrones2; for the presence … But have we definite evidence as to the name and nature of an}' … Albertinum. They are of the same uncommon dimensions4; and, … indicate, covered her head behind like a veil and was draw'1 … So in the restoration proposed by E. A. Gardner Ancient Athens London '9 … {supra p. 690 n. i) by Zeus enthroned on the left and Hera enthroned on the rig ^ … dignified pose, the simple, harmonious drapery, and the action necessarily * ^erefi»»i … me in what was otherwise a concord of sweet sounds. And how do you rec0

699

the Parthenon. And, since she is seated on a rock in precisely the … ' s,1"«l(l ciH h InS' llle ',0<iy ,urr|ed towards the Iris, the head towards the centre...and … *Valdstei„'° "Jn .'"■'""Pt'y and properlv scouted by G. Dickins it. 1914 xxxiv. 122 fT.

700

vase-picture showing the birth of Athena1; and it will be granted … on a rock in three-quarter position towards the right. A suitable … d. Inst, iii pis. 44 and 45, Lenormant—de Witte £/. mon. dr. i. … 76 and 77). Hera, not named but carrying sceptre, stands next to Dionysos. … (detail) with text p. 12 no. 8). Hera (?), not named and without attributes, stands next

701

place3. But we want a rock-seat, not a throne. And it so happens … ' ■ H. Smith in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Sculpture i. 198 no. 339, 2 and in The Sculptures of

702

Between Hera and the first of the extant figures from the … The Sculptures of the Parthenon p. 24 frag. 87 pi. 14 b) and the front part (width o'35") … So far as I can judge, these three fragments fall well into place on my drawing, which … explicit and leave some room for doubt (L. Ross Archaologische Aufscitze Leipzig 1S55 >• … (A. Michaelis Der Parthenon Leipzig 1871 p. 196 on nos. 8 and 9 asks: 'vvarum nicht? )

704

Pheidias' design too Hebe stood behind Hera. And, if so, her … another vase-representation of her7, and also the entire figure 0 … - M. H. Swindler Ancient Painting YaXe Univ. Press 1929 p. 193. If this dating … Plieidiac prototype of the Lansdowne Herakles (Specimens of Ancient … Bruckmann Denkm. der gr. und rom. Sculpt, pis. 691 and 692 with … and Sculptors of the Greeks Yale Univ. Press 1929 p. 135 with fig. 707)- Tha ^0{[S.

705

The gap between Aphrodite and the extant marbles from the … ls caduceus and Apollon playing his kithdra. Several modern critics … Schwerzek5 (pi. lvii, 3), J. N. Svoronos6 (pi. lviii, 1), and … \n ^ ' P'1 41)- But Lysippos, as P. Gardner locc. citt. has urged, was alike in style and … k'ock "S" aliUr Rhys Carpenter in Hesperia 1933 ii. 68 ff., 81. He holds that on … 5 £ ' Ga"lner Ancient Athens London 1902 p. 307 f. fig.

706

youth wearing a chlamys is seen raising his left foot on a rock to … (on cap or helmet, but not head: see F. Knatz Quomodo Persei fabulam artifice* aJ^c … 3 On Hermes with winged head in existing copies of fifth- and fourth-century orig … A. H. Smith The Sculptures of the Parthenon London 1910 pi. 65, 12 and pi- 7 ' … Ancient Marbles in Great Britain Cambridge 1882 p. 464 ff. no. 85 with p " … p. 43 f. no. 287 with pi.) and Paris (Frohner Sculpt, du Louvre i. 2 to ff. no^ qC the … ib? p. 312 f. n., F. P. Johnson op. cit. p. 172 f.), and later were abandonee

707

°ne figure standing and another advancing from the right. If the … and raise his left foot. But this inversion of the established pose can hardly be viewed as … which together make the right knee and leg of a male figure

708

and intimate of Pheidias1. L. R. Farnell2 says of it: 'The pose is … Richter 77ie Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks Yale Univ. Press 1929 p- 180 … drapery, a long chitin with a large chlamys fastened either under the chin or on ^ … in style and represents a work not much later than the Pheidian period ; w 1

709

Apollon appears in later works of art1, e.g. on a pelike found near

710

Kerch and now at Petrograd, which represents his contest with … she raises her right hand in surprise and holds a bow with her left. … mately the same attitude and is regarded by Furtwangler8, Bulle , … 5 M. H. Swindler Ancient PaintingYale Univ. Press 1929 p. 192 f. … Sculpt. Vatic, i. 108 adds three more. M. N. Tod and A. J. B. Wace A Catalogue oft' … inthePom. Mitth. 1888iii. 278 and K. Wernicke in Pauly— Wissowa Real-Enc. h. 14 3

711

arrow...and that the action of the archer still lingers, so to speak, … but almost equally problematic. And first for the maidenly figure … Eileithyia. This was conjectured in 1876 by G. Loeschcke2, and … fact that the vase-paintings of Athena's birth show two and only … Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, and half a dozen later writers7, Eileithyia … "rthenon London 1910 p. 11 fig. 19 and pi. 3. Other good photographs in M. Collignon … 7 Supra p. 709 fig. S26 and pi. lvi.

712

The naming and restoring of the two seated goddesses beyond … Pindar's 'well-throned Horai3,' but with Demeter and Persephone … regard to the Parthenon pair that Demeter is the goddess on our … torch but, at most, holding a bunch of corn-ears and poppies as in … box on which Persephone is sitting. Damophon had to make his … Delphoi showed Tellis and Kleoboia on board Charon's boat) KXe6/3ota di tn Trap6&oS> … 1912 xiv. 45—47 pi. 0', 1—3 and further discussed by Dickins in the Ann. Brit- •-> … 1873 p. 125 n. 3 and by Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Demeter—Kora pp. 423 n. b» 43 j

713

Despoina, in accordance with her cult-title, a ' Queen ' seated on … hand and a sceptre in her left is supported by … admitted with a query by A. Michaelis5 in 1871, and then more … Oth"°S D 3' Sculpt"^* of the Parthenon London 1910 p. 9 f. fig. 16 and pi. 2. … ,j"re '■ '07 and in A Guide to the Sculptures of the Parthenon London 1908 p. 20.

714

Lysikrates1, on a moulded askds in the British Museum2, and as a … him with a thyrsos in his right hand and nothing in his left, partly … Herakleia8, and Tarentum9, and to represent Pan at Pandosia10-

715

and Pan is a god who never appears in vase-paintings of Athena s … Corresponding with the deities of corn and wine we have another … 1 (0 Herakles (E. Q. Visconti A Letter from the Chevalier Antonio Canova: and two … lst Classe 1874 14. C. Waldstein Essays on the Art of Pheidias Cambridge 1885

716

triad was Aglauros, Herse, and Pandrosos; and J. Roulez1 was … found on pre-Roman works of art, he urges that Roman reliefs here … 250 f.), in 1893 wrote of them as the Moirai (op. citM. 416). And M. Collignon, who … and iv Index s.v. Cttromancie, H. J. Rose in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religio11

717

therefore, to use the Madrid puteal and the Tegel replica for the … stand up2. In the pediment the Fate sitting on a separate rocky- … may again without scruple jettison a cargo of divergent and some- … tes as three figures on an ascending scale, large, larger, largest—a variation which … See W. Leaf on //. 17. 514, W. W. Merry-J." Riddell on Od. 1. 267, E. Schwyzer … (') The Kekropides Aglauros, Herse, and Pandrosos (F. G. Welcker supra p. 71J

718

groups representing daybreak and nightfall1. On the left Helios … (6) Hestia with Thalassa in the lap of Gaia (C. Waldstein Essays on the Art °J … (7) The Attic Kharites Thallo, Auxo, and Karpo (sic M. Collignon supra p. 716 n. V- … 1 The juxtaposition of these groups with Dionysos on the left and the Fates on the … standing at dawn before the east front of the Parthenon and looking towards the pediment … imagined himself facing in the opposite direction. The sun would then have been on … malerei iii. 33 ff. pi. 126] ... It is true that the Greeks generally and Pheidias in particuI … statue.... But granting that this was a mere habit on his part, we must still regard it* ,

719

Selene look round towards the new-born goddess1 and so reveal the … "leant that Athena first saw the light on the morning of a 'setting … a worthless etymological speculation and accept Pheidias' grouping … to believe that the myth of Athena's birth presupposes some such … On which see supra p. 113 ff.

720

Zeus and celebrated at the time of the Dipolieia, i.e. on the occasion … The rocky summit compassed about by the Sun and Moon … gods. The central group comprised Zeus the thunderer and Athena … Mount Olympos.' Others are less precise and incline to make Olympos mean, not the … the gods as 'invisibly present in the atmosphere of the Acropolis' and that the easte'^e … I would go even further in the same direction. If the olive-tree and the salt well W … 4 No adverse argument can be based on the authority of h. Ath. 28. 4 ff., which »^

721

Erechtheion, and of Poseidon and Hephaistos with whom she … figures on the south and on the north. On the south Dionysos sits … hum. Arch. 1924 xxviii. 143 ff. with pi. 7 and figs. 2 and 3, W. Judeich Topographic … coirie anxious to get husbands, on the first evening of the new moon, put a little honey, … a Grece'2 Paris 1827 v. 66 f. states that women at Athens who long to bear children and … ('A'* ^ree^ Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 1910 p. 120 with n. 4

722

E. Petersen1 and F. Studniczka2 contend that the lovely reclining … she was the eldest of the so-called Fates3. And, as Furtwangler … not only to the central and side-figures of Pheidias' composition, … The deities between Dionysos and Hephaistos were, from left t0 … Soph. 0. C. 42 and ap. Tzetz. in Lyk. At. 406 £k tov (sc. Kp&vov) KaWko/xos yevero … 1895 during his excavations at Eleusis and is now in the Museum at Athens. yjbo

723

P1 558 n. 2 agrees—is quite impossible, and very gratuitous. TSlwiov is the affectionate … of its e,ta let is shaped like a temple-front with pediment and akroterion. The decoration

724

Eileithyia too had a sanctuary at Agra1 and a couple of Hersephoroi … temple and an altar5. His consort there was Hebe, daughter of … with the indications of landscape. Above we see the groundlines of a rocky floor and * … and a girl who carries the K^pxvos or Kipvos, a vessel containing lamps, fitted with a ^ … men, big and little. The big man has a staff in his right hand, the little man has a J … torches, another kernophdros, and a bearded man with a staff over his shou … kernophdros in the centre, a flute-girl making music on the left, Herakles draining … Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 3 no. ic,go = Inscr. Gr. ed. min. ii—iii. 3 no. 4682 (on j,0e

725

Zeus, who had an altar of her own1, and again special seats in the … indeed she was actually identified at Thorikos and Argos4. … adjoining the great Olympieion7. Finally, Eros and Aphrodite had … f . inscr. Att. iii. i no. 370 (with facsimile on pi. 4) "HjStjs and no. 374 (with … and r"Cke aus Grieche»land BaseI l857 P- 68. K. Keil in Philologus 1866 xxiii. 619 f.) … 0 pRnscher in his ^z>M. i. 2076 and 2091 f. … °"e'rocr ^ernies was nothing but a wooden phallds, like that on Mt Kyllene (Artemid. … fythien l' Grazer on Paus. 1. 19. 1 and on t. 29. 1, G. Colin Le culte d'Apollon … 'ate /> r ^P°"on mOaptftSi on the bronze coinage of Athens see E. Beule Les

726

citadel1, and Aphrodite was also goddess of the Gardens, which are … from critics both ancient and modern.

727

a philosopher from Seleukeia on the Tigris1, born c. 240 B.C.2, … where she lay hidden in a cloud till Zeus cleft it and so brought her

728

E. Riickert1, and G. Hermann2 early in the nineteenth century, … moralising and substituted a string of so-called 'physical' interpre- … 'physical' school, the advocates of Storm-cloud and Lightning- … pensee de Zeus... Deja, dans Hesiode, on a vu Metis representer, sous une ^^.^ … 6 F. Max Miiller Lectures on the Science of Language London 1864 »■ 5°3

729

of Aristokles and his 'cloud.' J. F. Lauer1 in 1853 was the first to … the thunder4. T. Bergk6 in i860, W. H. Roscher6 in 1886, and … Physical' explanations in general and storm-symbolism in particu-

730

O. Kern5 and A. H. Krappe6 are frankly convinced. … 5 O. Kern Die Religion der Griechen Berlin 1926 i. 180: 'Denn nachdem Zeus … Kern] to have taken the place of a proto-Hellenic mountain divinity, and A jjlje … Cybele asiatique, on imagina le mythe d'Athena nee de la tete de Zeus, c est-a-

731

female on her head (fig. 532)1, took this curious group to represent … on p 5^r,"es\U''geschichte der bildcnden Kunst in Europa3 Wien 1925 p. 62 with fig. 8 … 3 J PDGerhard and l'errot—Chipiez locc. citt.

732

however, be observed that on this showing the relation of Zeus to … Asdna, is obviously onomatopoeic, and that words connected with

733

bystanders, and the intent to safeguard the fertilising power of the … UP its abode in a younger and more vigorous frame. This rule is of … the myth of Athena's birth reflects just this stage of social and … Mil 1 am indebted 10 Mr C D. Bicknell for the observation that Zeus on this important

734

drew near and smote him on the head with an axe. Whereupon a … situation been true to type, Zeus ought to have been killed, and … Swindler Ancient PaintingY ■sXz Univ. Press 1929 p. 192 f.). Previous illustrations being … and 123 ff.), which however was very possibly inspired by Dan. 7. 9 or Rev. I. 14- … of the elderly but amatory god. Wearing a trumpery crownlet and carrying a 'ac'^er^|ie … on another from Orvieto (supra p. 681 ff fig. 492), nor of the bird between Hepn

735

ance had to be made for the racial and religious changes through

736

and eagle … chronologically in a threefold stratification1. Athena and Hephaistos … But she can have no mother, for that would subordinate her to some other gocldess,^^^^ … diplomacy and ecclesiastical polity.' jfogir … obtain deities of earth (Athena), air (Zeus), fire (Hephaistos), and water ( … 3 On Boiotia as an early centre of Poseidon-worship see supra ii. 583 n. 3- ,g^),

737

the 'Cleaver,' and accommodated in the Erechtheion1. Last came … the scene. Zeus himself lives on in her younger, fresher life. … and Poseidon. At the same time Athena and Hephaistos cannot … sPirit may be forcibly delivered by a timely crack on the crown9. … v'e e Mutter habe, sonclern nur den Vater, aber den Gewaltigen,' and notes that Ares is … the ^s tn'nk that the soul issues from the top of the head, and that the cutting off of

738

delightful parody of the Athena-myth on a pklyax-va.se at Ban … to Iupiter in Ov. fast. 3. 341 'Summos, ait ille, capillos,' he is relying on a vvoi … A more brainless bit of bogus mythology based on the myth of Athena's birtn .

739

ls both Yes and No2. Philosophical and ^^'-philosophical writers … ar,d tells how Ouranos was overthrown by Kronos, and Kronos in … Lact. div. ins/, i. n has a trenchant passage on the subject of Zeus being super- … p), essu'ely a warrior brandishing his bolt or a king sitting on his throne, a man of fine

740

Io And may he not avoid that overthrow? … And wielding there aloft his lightning brand ! … His lightning and out-blare his thunder-blast. … Zeus, foundering on that rock, shall fathom then

741

Prom. My wishes, and the truth of what shall be. … Cho. How can'st thou talk so rashly, and not fear? … Prom. Ay, bend and worship, fawn upon the strong! … •But despite this attitude of defiance and exultation the Titanic … And either suitor vied … And gave unerring counsel for their sake,

742

'But let some mortal bed … On Iaolkos' plain1.' … quotation of Aisch. P.v. 766 and Apollod. 3. 13.5 'ivioi Si cpacri, Aids bpp.SivTOi T … word 'AirbWwva. as an interpolation on the part of Tzetzes from the myth of ^ . … comments of Kiientzle in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 1028 ff. and Sir J. G. Frazei

743

at some Thessalian1 cult-centre where Zeus and Thetis chanced to … 1 On Thetis as 'Thessalische Seegottheit' see M. Mayer in Pauly—Wissowa Real- … araXoi.Tos is used of Odysseus (//. 2. 169, 407, 636, 10. 137) and Hektor (//. 7. 47, 11. … ^ Ka ijTtos, ov5t dtjAiffTiwv j Xtfderai, dWd Sluaia Kal ij-ma drjvea oldev. See further, on … y '* tyKardeTo vr)5vv | Seicras p.y rit^ri KparepJirepov aXXo Kepavpov (so H. Weil and … U. v0n wSS°Wa Real-Enc- viii- "92 and G. Kruse ib. xv! i4o9f. The latter follows

744

first1 wife of Zeus, surpassed in wisdom all mortals and immortals, … he waited until she was small enough and then swallowed her4—-a … 188 f.) takes the same view. And F. Schwenn Die Theogonie des Hesiodos Heidelberg … literature (FF Communications No. 107) Helsinki 1933 ii. 276 D 1793 'M[agic] result5 … (5) Mnemosyne, who bore the nine Muses; (6) Leto, who bore Apollon and Arterni > … took the shape of a fly.' But he quotes no authority for the statement, and I aI^n0S,

745

The general resemblance between the myths of Metis and … utterance and consequent guile. But the Metis-myth is more than … begat and consorted with Nyx, thus becoming the parent of Gaia … Metis the first foremother and Eros of much delight". … 4 "Pra"- 1024 fT. (conspectus on p. 1034). … "T/Ho tt*tT<* cp. Wisdom 7. 12 ev^pave-qv U ixl vaoiv, on airCiv -iryeiTai <7O0Ia,

746

time (chronos) and so were said to have been swallowed by Kronos: … and most divine element left in the fluid layer, a spirit named … he betook himself to the garden of Zeus5 and there fell asleep' … argues that Diotima was historical and was in Athens to stay the plague by s … 6 For Eros as belonging to this category of bet.wixt-and-between see E. ^ ;,/

747

and rise again thanks to his father's nature. This transparent little … a head of Christ inscribed PORVS CONSILII FILIVS, and acutely … So in the long run the oracle concerning Metis came true, and … \v)1jcl"la B'oss 6V1 roy llbpov elpriKe rbv avTov Tip vwb rod Haiddov fieiLvSev/nivip Xdei, on

748

to reconcile both in the brilliance of a fresh and vivid personality. … 'She came to Marathon and wide-wayed Athene.' … lovely Scherie, and came to Marathon and wide-wayed Athene- … at all borders on the blasphemous. But we are apt to forget that 1° … Nauplia. And it is not unreasonable to suppose that the s … E11C. ii. 2065 and 2069), supported a population of Macrobii (Plin. nat. ^"f^4^" 0f tfl£

749

thing happened to Athena, both in Argos and at Athens. The … ' bathing-women,' and brought back in the evening with a torch- … 'Washing Day2.' Now we may be very sure that it was some … to all and sundry in up-to-date Athens Athena was Parthenos. But … flora and fauna of the place would be venerated as divine mani- … Only one tree, so far as we know, grew on the Akropolis— … lls year had ended and another begun, when the following portent took place

750

evidence that the Akropolis belonged to her and not to Poseido'

751

them asunder and appointed as arbiters...the twelve gods. By their verdict the … while Poseidon1 in hot anger flooded the Thriasian plain and laid Attike under … And here we must take into account the western pediment of … Akropolis, and in ancient times lent dignity to a somewhat barren … Was forced to go shares, and vented his spleen by flooding the land with salt water … aus. 2. 30. 6, 2. 32. 8). But, so far as Athens is concerned, notice the orderly and … We'll6"102 aUC' mater'a' exh'hits, the peaceful settlement by adjudicators on the ground of … p| 1 on°graphs include L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. PCt. 1872 pp. 5—142 Atlas … 'n f{/VU ^ 58 pis. i, 2 and 2, E. Petersen 'Der Streit des Poseidon und der Athena' … Minr,- " may 1,e> by sea, and the natives of the place with their ancient cult of a

753

olive3 with a snake twined about it and a Nike hovering in the … °f Athena and Poseidon could be aptly superposed on the corre- … ^ 9> A. Baumeister in his Denkui. i. 221, iii. 1394 f. fig. 1542, Harrison Myth. A/on. … Th Swindler Ancient Painting Yale Univ. Press 1929 p. 357 with fig. 476. … of .. '■ 20' no. 339, 17 twigs of olive (height o'l/1") and 18 part of stem and sprays … Guide Smit'1 in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Sculpture i. 124 ft". no- 3°4> L and M> id-

754

with her lance and so creates the olive, Poseidon strikes it with his … never struck the rock at all! Poseidon with a blow of his trident on … combat-motif, two people fighting one another, and modified it to … a spear at the Troad and dveipaifeTo tt\v 'kala.v dexe&Otu SoplKTriTov) and Serv. V1 .^j; … hasta praeciptio apud Romanes signo, imprimis iusti dominii Groningae 1839 PP" g and

755

thing, Poseidon and Athena are to the left and right of the tree: in … °f the famous Strife. On the summit of the Akropolis, at a point … and ^San'y a s,;atuary group; and the same is true of the minor antiquities in general) … misu as sne takes infra fig. 549, a. And 'Poseidon exhibiting a wave' sounds like a

756

(fig. 542)1, bronze medallions struck by Hadrian2 and Marcus … Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner Num. Comm. Paus. iii. 131 pi. z, 17, J- N. "f^y … 2 Gnecchi Medagl. Pom. iii. 20 no. 100 pi. 146, 8 (Rome) and 9 (Vienna). -nZjal' … of three layers supplements the central group of Poseidon and Athena with two

757

hostility. Athena's snake no longer hisses defiance, and Poseidon

758

Nike, who is drawing out the votes from the voting-urn. And … and henceforward Poseidon, abating his … be seen and heard through an opening in the pavement, was the … hereditary priests of the Erechtheion6. But Poseidon and Erechtheus … in Rom iii. 17 f. no. 3495), which on the extreme right includes part at least of the s … Medagl. Rom. ii. 18 no. 79 (wrongly described) pis. 5.1, 1 (Bologna) and 52, 5

759

and plenty of later inscriptions and texts bear witness to the blend2. … °f immemorial sanctity would presumably be thick-stemmed and … • 268 with n. on p. 473, E. H. Meyer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2849, Escher in … J n'S 'e^' n°' '''' 10 a''ar between tw0 olive-trees, on it a bucranium filleted,

760

was aste. But this sympathy between tree and townsfolk went … Clearly the tree was a hardy perennial, and the Athenians were … in der religiosen Vorslellung der Griechen Munchen 1894 pp. 1—48, and L. Wenige … J On life-trees in general see Boetticher Baumkultus p. 163 ff. (' Schikksalsbaume

762

were fractions {mire) of the original stock, but because on them … 'that, if this were cut open.'the city would be taken and plundered; … 'E\iet/s- Zeus iv Or/flats) and such titles as EJXijti (supra i. 527 n. o) and ^ flf

763

But the exact nature of the relationship between goddess and … Slngle picture, in which Athena and her priestess or worshipper face each other. He cp. … un,ch 1923—1926 pi. 87, 15—32 (of which is Athens = my fig. 550 and 25 J. Anderson … (sti ' 'la.nc'' bearing Nike, on an olive-tree, which stands in place of the Athenian pillar … J tie Greeks p. 35 pl. ,<,, 48), Paris (Imhoof-Blumer and

764

with her vitality and must be accepted as a manifestation of herself … 'A child of Earth he is, and in the earth he dwells.' Pliny3 too … Now the Akropolis, since it abounds in crevices and holes> … which 'grows to a length of 2 feet ioinches.... Thenames Katzenschlange and Aih'r0P … griechischen Kunst and Religion Giessen 1913 p. 76 n. 2.

765

And bade the Aglaurid maidens keep their trust. … mutual recognition of mother and son at the close of the play turns … Ion Athena's gift, and used by her command? … 6 p° snake with garnets serving as eyes and a thin metal tongue inserted in the mouth.

766

purpose, are common enough2. But gold jewellery of the sixth and … Isis and Sarapis (cp. supra i. 360).

767

a couple of fragmentary reptiles found in 1888 to the east and … u"d Sprachwissenschaft 1887 xvii. 264—289 (especially p. 282 on Germanic parallels). … p\239 n. 1), viz. that the Athenian custom and its aetiological myth presuppose a … Possibly the myth of the infant Herakles and the two snakes, familiar to us both in

768

Hekatompedon, and thought to combine them with a central trio, … In this he is followed by G. Dickins5, M. Schede6, and the majority … menagerie7, and was content to assume a single lion holding doWn

769

group of this pediment is unidentified.' And here, at the risk of … Egyptian influence3. On this showing one might suppose that the … which on a red-figured pyxis at Copenhagen (fig. 566)4 are drawing

770

On the one hand, a seductive Eros points out to him that Helen3 is … born, who is at least half a snake (figs. 93 s and 95 s), was buried 111 … The choice between the claims of passion (Eros) and those of honour (Athena

771

had a hierdn3 and a hereditary priesthood4 Erichthonios, another … auteur...on peut l'evaluera 3 metres environ. Nous savons aussi...que le monument etait … ^tait un tombeau voute depetites dimensions {Ancient Athens, p. 361))'). J. M. Paton … nown, but it can hardly have been of stone on the outside, since it is improbable that … j-oi^ounc' °f earth was visible and that it was not until an attempt was made to lay … Q-vay J1/ ^aSe °f an on<er'ng dedicated by the (phcboi of the tribe Kekropis in 334/3 B.C. … iuderL- JfS'on and Ethics Edinburgh 1908 i. 791"—793*, E. Kiister Die Schlange

772

The Athenians say that a great snake dwells in their sanctuary2 and guards the … business as a ruse on the part of the artful Themistokles. Other … it 'the house-keeping snake,' masculine in gender and therefore not … in the myths and rites of Athens is by no means easy to determine' … 2 On the actual haunt of this reptile see supra ii. 1148 11. 2, J. M. Paton The Ertc … throws little or no light on the situation: see A. C. Pearson's excellent note on °P … vaov and Hesych. oUovpbv b<piv ■ tov t?;s TloXidSos ipOXaKa bp&KOvra. Kal °l ^ , -j … the cord with its tapering end and the snake with its tapering tail, as my ft ie^ajce's

773

a buried king1. The pair of snakes, male and female, would then … 0 ™-&yvi)s iv 6/iwvvpLois (on this work see W. Christ Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur6 … th Same var'at'on between one snake and two (supra p. 772 n. 4) may be seen in … slake (h Varvalce'on and Lenormant statuettes of the Parthenos both show a bearded … ^r'chth'Z^ ^ausan,as 'i- 169 'He may well have been right' (on the assumption that

774

a column with a phidle in her right hand and a snake in front of her.

775

dwell on the southern slope of the Akropolis? Had the snakes of … 'performed the liturgy of Pallas' snake on Fig. 569. … A- Korte in ihe Ath. Mitth. 1893 xviii. 245 ff. and E. Preuner in the Rhcin. Mus. … a Sundry small bronze coins of late date have obv. the head of Athena, rev. A6H and

776

address her definitely as Drdkaina, the 'She-Snake1.' And on the … I have seen them in the dusk, and I dare say my readers have too, … Another proverb, 'an owl on the citadel,' was explained as alluding … on the ' Erganeterrase,' the lower part in 1889 near the north-west angle of the ^ar

Plate 60

a spectator stands before the Owl on the Akropolis.

777

early inscriptions1: the carving of the bird is slight and must have

778

originally perched on the pillar that bears the name ' Timotheos of … 1 L. Ross locc. citt. This conjecture has been widely accepted, and is consistent^ ^ … J. N. Svoronos he. cit. fancied that the marble owl was perched on the ohve c0jns, … column was a familiar type in connexion wi th Athena. Ross locc. citt. justly corapgV!i on … Berlin Berlin 1843 pi. b, 19. My fig. 571 is from Ross pi. 14, 5), and the RoI"a?aCk »fl

779

(1) an older and better type in Louvre no. 4144 (G. P. Campana Anticlie opere in plastica … Tourn. Intern. d'Arch. Num. 1912 xiv. 278 fig. 23 Athens), on a … \ 574) Paris, Gnecchi Medagl. Rom. ii. 57 ™. 47 pi- 6 Paris>- and on one of

780

fixed on one or other of the pillars. And what Casson regards as

781

uncanny bird ! And well he might be, for the owl was the goddess … " The tags yXavK&Tris 'Atirjvij and deb. yXavKwircs 'Aflfjuj are both frequent, alike in … KoiPy (Od. 2. 433), Kovpy yXavKwmdi Kai Ad irarpi (Od. 24. 518), and even y\avKiiiri5i … 95 p. 16 took aiymiis in Homer and later writers to mean 'vulture.' But Sir W. M. … , L>ddell and Scott, on the strength of Aristot. Aist. an. 9. 1. 609 a 23 f., etc., says

782

swallow1, and a bird of indeterminate kind2. The precise species … Athena. Behind the goddess is her snake, and a Doric column to indicate her te,v^^ … Seminar at Upsala (fig. i=my fig. 578) and an engraved gold ring of c. 400 B.C- y

783

beneath her wines, and carried him across to Megara2. At Athens … 01 cp. Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 844 n. 8) and that the sea-nymphs after saving the … be 0y* 'at Naples and Lucca) or Fallante (in the island of Giglio, S. Italy) 'can scarcely

784

As we closed, an owl flew o'er us, and the Gods were on our side! … 5 Bekker anecd. i. 232, 30 ff. T\ab% i-KTmo- ira.poip.ia. ewi tuv vevitcr/tcdTuv, on "V •• … fig. 580) Vienna, Sir G. F. Hill Coins of Ancient Sicily London 1903 p. 155 (• p'" \ 'rfifi

785

3io and 304 B.C., which has for its reverse type (fig. 580) Athena … named Dionysios, son of Phrynichos. It is incised on a bronze … I ea,uently the owl had also a sinister significance, on which see P. Perdrizet 'Sur … £>ie ^t<nP E'lcyclopadia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1908 i. 523b—524", O. Keller … Oxford « ewton ^e Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum

786

city-arms reappear on a whole series of red-figured skyphoi. 0^ … i. 183 f. nos. 373 and 374 pi. 65, no. 375 pi. 67 list some 106 examples. Vi t0 y«'

787

laid on the black glaze, the idea of the potter being to produce … attaches to a broken kylix (fig. 5S3)5 found on the Akropolis at … 3 Thick fabric. Height 3J ins. The design on both sides is practically identical.

788

on its left: it is accompanied by the legend Ath\_......]. Under the … and later). His comparison was most just; for coins, as T. BuV … Mus. Cat. Vases iii. 14 n.* , H. B. Walters History of Ancient Pottery London

789

magistrate. I think we may go further and assert that, alike on the … ambridge 1933 p. 2y and context. … ^[H]^'0^ *K ^"'^'^ 'n'l'a' ^ and three stamps: («) owl in olive-wreath lettered … (AW-?10 ^■"TlKP^TV^ EvKT(rjfiofi8ov?) | A.ll-e»iefc has initial E and two stamps: (a) owl, … sta Aa/i7T7-(peus) Ka6v(tr(pBev) i.e. 'of Upper Lamptrai' has initial X and two … °f the )-eSPon^ed to the reverse types of contemporary triobols and diobols of the first half

790

branded on the bodies of Athenian slaves3, and doubtless of other … Either a limited number of jurymen took the trouble to acquire this surcharge on the' … in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. ii. 191 figs. 2411 Berlin and 2412 Meletopoulos ( - … towards the bottom of the 'Eastern Repository' at Knossos and referred by him to … 'Early Minoan' breccia cup from Mochlos and fig. 410 bis, a—d ivory seal of similaI … E. Caillemer in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. ii. 192 f. figs. 2413 and 2414 { — m^ ay … 3 During the Samian War the Athenians branded their prisoners on the face 1

791

cause for its sanctity at Athens, and one which brings it into closer … '!• '53 Jacoby with n. ad he.) ap. Phot. lex. and Souid. s.v. Xafilw 6 St^os). Plout. … pedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1908 i. 5^9a_b ('Thunderbird'), J. Rendel … Pliny's account of the incendiaria avis, which, some said, appeared bringing embers … 0l»ght by one of the Pazzi family from Jerusalem in the middle ages and kept in the … dra Crmison housings and gilded horns, wreathed with flowers and evergreens, have … Vphe . have reached the "Carro," and setting that alight, returned to the altar from

792

verb aitho,' I burn4,' and suggests a burnt or fiery colour5. In point … revealing itself as a stuffed bird tied on to a bundle ot squibs. Immediately the spectators … aeTiT7)%, on which see A. Nies in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. i. 704 f., Gruppe Gr. J ^

793

would appeal to the imagination of a simple folk and might well be … l0ff- &t)h6vikos, but zonar- iex. p. 439 and Favorin. lex. p. 422, 16ff. ^rj/ibKpiTos. … °"tos d' tc ncpavvov \ ayx^™ 5tflA" k'a™ X"P° tot/)6j | {rin4va)...; then on coins,- … 7eres Unheil' with n. 29 on p. 1078.

794

owl on a winged thunderbolt inscribed AQHNAZ … f and … McClean Cat. Coins i. 92 nos. 642—645 pi. 25, 9 and 10, Syli. num. Gr. it- P … notes that the magistrates L. Servenius Capito and Iulia Severa are apparently

795

that has not only wings but human hands as well and is spinning … by an early Corinthian aryballos, found in Aigina and now preserved … above, that is beyond, the horses on the right. Undaunted by two … fiev- Arch. 1903 ii. 122 f. and ib. 1906 ii. 453 f., E. Pottier in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1908 … ln the Rev. Arch. 1906 ii. 453 fig. 1) and i8?i (id. ii. fig. 3), one in the Jatta collection … J"°st complete and the most grotesque)), a seventh in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford … Us- Cat. Terracottas p. 450 no. E 179, my fig. 595) and another in my possession … wii'v'* 47 sti" includes them among the religio-magical 'disques de Tarente' (on … ' the nightjar is called a 'Churr owl' in Aberdeen and a 'Spinner' in Wexford. … on """"""" iu Goerlitz Breslau 1889 pp. 5—19 with fig. ( = my fig. 597) reproduced

797

more heads, which are biting deep into his shoulders, and by a large … his toothed sickle. To right and left, marked off from each other … latter Athena had escorted Herakles. She has now dismounted and … lrutial digamma depends on the mistaken view that digamma was … _Ppears as to-witta-woo ! and in another by Shakespeare3 as … just \3J""^""'a on sale 'n Paris, which shows an owl with the letters KYYY scratched

798

wous on the vase, except for its human head, resembles in all … in Stephanus Thcs. Gr. Ling. iv. 1551c and in F. H. M. Blaydes on Aristoph- ^

799

the ornithomorphic, the semi-ornithomorphic, and the anthropo- … 22 and 829 'Stil des Timonidas'), on which a man named \6npis stokes a potter's … hv p ls '"^resting to see the same three stages combined on a red-figure kylix potted … Athen CS S "1£ 'r'Pod ^'om Apollon, Iolaos holds in readiness his four-horsed chariot and

801

Greek art was in its prime, and then—like so many other half- … Roman period and have as their reverse device an owl en face with … restoration of an ancient type though, except for the aryballos … show for reverse a human-headed bird with helmet, shield, and

802

mant3 and, after him, E. Babelon4 ingeniously explained this as a … spotted as in some species of owls. There can then be little doubt … crossed and two spears parallel, Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Coins Rep. i. 535 nos. 4r … 6 Lenormant and Babelon both rely on Plin. nat. hist. 10. 6 aquilae maximus 'l0n°J … s F. Imhoof-Blumer and O. Keller Tier- und Pflanzenbilder auf M«n%e'

803

posed to bring good luck to their wearers, and is even found in … 'hena, carrying shield and two spears parallel. … ,0fgoneion auf der Brust'!) and two spears parallel; the owl stands on palm-branch … X-'na, carrying shield and spear. … Sn , un'er dem 1. Flligel'); the owl stands on a Gorgdneion, flanked by helmet and … q0 ' %ytn helmeted head of Athena, carrying shield and spear; the owl stands on a … See'' helmcted head of Athena, carrying shield and spear,

804

a laugh and so heighten the prophylactic effect1. A bronze in the … Greek soil till the Hellenistic age and should be explaineo ^ … Sokrates, Silenos, etc. (Reinach Pierres Gravies pis. 24, 25, and 30), often peiid- … 2 Castellani Sale Catalogue Paris 1884 P- 43 n0- with fig. on p. 44 (-"n1^

805

that is seriously to underrate both the quantity and the quality … of Os't'"2'1910 V' ^—I0^' ^' Keyes 'Minerva Victrix? Note on the winged goddess … ^goneion)' and is followed by G. Fougeres be. eit. 'le symbole de la lune en gu.se

806

right hand supports an owl, her left rests on her hip. A similar … meiner Schrift iiber Selene und Verwandtes Leipzig 1895 p. 21 n. 1, and in his Lex.

807

On the other hand, Ionian art of the sixth century B.C. does not … a central Athena standing to the left with round shield and four … Paint on the background6. … hel °' Iieazley The Lewes House Collection of Ancient Gems Oxford 1920 p. 8 'The … p. , ' '^5 "% 3' fig- 140, M. H. Swindler Ancient Pointing Vale Univ. Press 1929

809

for obverse and reverse type an Athena advancing towards the … and ^ ^6 ^ouvre1- The goddess, wearing a high-crested helmet

810

1 This is possible, but far from certain. On the one hand, the representation sU t

811

the point at which Nike split off from Athena Nike and went her … oinochde of the later black-figured style, now at Altenburg and … . es m the new Liddell and Scott p. 1165), cp. 782 (pa ml vdnos, and the sinister sense … '5—iffl ,oros of Athens (on whom see F. Jacoby in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. … S°uid '?,'alo'! SeSfa<»Kei> 'H\i68uipos 6 Trepir)yr)TT)s ev a nepl aKpoir6\eus = Fhot. lex. and

812

hitherto unpublished, shows Athena seated with a helmet on her … Marathon3—unless of course both vase and coins are copies … A. Fairbanks Athenian Lekythoi with outline drawing in glaze varnish on .^i … 3 C. T. Seltman Athens its History and Coinage before the Persian

813

814

successes against the Ambraciotes and their Peloponnesian allies at Olpai, the Corcyraean … and indeed it is clear that Kimon cannot have had any hand in the building or equipP ^ … was an ancient symbol, we have next to discover the nature of the symbolism- s

815

together seem to have betokened the renewal of life after death. And this would agree … ■ating the Thesmophoria would not eat pips of the pomegranate that fell on the ground … 73), and in the Arcadian temple of Despoina (Paus. 8. 37. 7). Again, a pomegranate … 25- 1). A pomegranate, therefore, was desirable food for the dead, and figures fre- … (. Cr 'n depicts a stile, and a woman holding out four pomegranates on a plate for Charon … ■ m Alopeke near Athens, also at Berlin, has the dead man seated by his stile leaning on … +t2 T not remain on earth with Demeter because she had eaten one (h. Dem. 372, … her ra' ,1 'fPresents Persephone with a pomegranate in her left hand and a torch (?) in … kfeeph818 and a fruit in ner 'eft under her left breast (/'*. p. 149 no. B 462 Lokroi … °n her lap and the flower in her left hand on her left shoulder (ib. p. 137

816

Persephone, or more probably a dead woman, seated on a throne, holding a pomegranate … kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1909 xxiv. 130 (s. v or iv), M. H. Swindler Ancient PainttW … statue representing Milon the Olympic victor as standing on a diskos with a P

817

grasped in his left hand and the fingers of his right hand raised and spread, while his head … who6 .comPan'°n to his son Adonis and gave him to wife Pelia, a relative of his own … he got h*aS killed by 'he boar, Mel os i in his grief hanged himself on the tree from which

818

breast (Brit. Mus. Cat. Terracottas p. 47 nos. A 270, A 271, p. 59 no. A 391) or on her … with an inverted crescent in front of it and holds a pomegranate in her right hand: … i A. 1004 ff.) and the Rhoiai (O. Hofer loc. cit. iv. 119), nymphs of the pomegranate- … latest ' Minoan ' phase at Gazi between Tylissos and Herakleion. The half-length "» ^, … smaller (o-53m high), goddess from the same sanctuary has on her head 0 jt-(/h … a huge pomegranate growing on a tree in the king's garden (J. G. von Halm Gff

819

her owls, omens of victory, and henceforward these emissaries—the … ttee.ste s- v- B.C., represents a winged Nike standing with her left arm supported on a

820

(fig. 627)1, on which a winged Athena advances towards the right, … Central Greece p. 39 pi. 6, 3 and 4 ('Winged Pallas or Nike'), Hunter Cat. Coins ii- i> … pi. 37, 4 and 5, Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 259 nos. 3—6, Waddington—Babelon—^eI'^/, … wings on the helmet, not on the shoulders, of Athena (Mionnet Descr. de mid. ant. >>■ 5 e

821

and helmeted as before, supports with her left hand shield and … 95 and 96 a.d. show the same goddess winged and flying towards … °'ns Enip. ii pp, lxxxvii, 344 f. pi. 67, 1 and 3.

822

Graeco-Roman gems likewise represent Athena winged and … andropol and now preserved in the Hermitage was the skeleton of … apotropaion*. The goddess mounts guard with spear, shield(?), and … B.C., but E. H. Minns8, on stylistic grounds, assigns them wl … 2 Furtwangler Geschnitt. Steine Berlin p. 127 no. 2779 a violet paste, and no- … 3 Brit. Mus. Cat. Gems- p. 154 no. 1365 a garnet, in ancient gold setting; fr0111 … 8 E. H. Minns Scythians and Greeks Cambridge 1913 p. 155.

823

Auge the priestess of Athena pursued by Herakles2 and were … G°rgdneion at her right side, and a pair of splendid pinions on her … 1 C. Robert in the Ann. d. Inst. 1884 lvi. 75—87 pis. I and K ( = my fig. 633) after … r"efas i- 119) included both the story of Auge and that of Telephos, her son by a later … l0"W»w 1910 v. 69—108 pi. 4 and figs. 13, 13 Ht.

825

tion of a Greek model of the fifth century' and in that respect … ^tribute or adjunct. Goddess and bird, originally connected by a … Certain art-types of long-standing sanctity and significance, the … L. ! 33> 3 and no. 1018 pl. 33, 2, Reinach RCp. Stat. iv. 172 no. 8 ('Traces d'ailes'), … °thei- ha u"ral Crown- a shield on her right arm, and a cornu copiae in her left hand. The

827

think, modified into the owl on her helmet, of which sundry … with a dove on her head6. … ^lth an owl on her hand. She stands uplifting the owl in her left … ? g , Palace of Minos London 1928 ii. 1. 340 fig. 193 a 1 and a 2. … av- S^886-11 ?D Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 444) on the strength of schol. Aristoph. … "A cit Cat- Coins Attica etc. p. 93 pi. 16, 2, Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner

830

Or, holding the owl in her raised right hand and the spear in her … in the act of letting the bird fly. And a relief in Pentelic marble, … Roman period—shows Athena with helmet, spear, and shiel°> … front, back, and three-quarter position. My fig. 639 is from the official photograph-

831

Hellenistic fancies are not without some warrant in Hellenic … in2)!**65' 146 cy8ni' 3- 4' 22 cygnos> Sfl- It. 7. 441 olores, and a terracotta from Egnatia … CQ see Aristoph. Lys. 723 and Athen. 391 E—F. Not improbably the swans were a later … 6 SuP*a p. 76Q f. fig. 566, 4 Supra ii. 460 n. 2 (l>) with pi. xxv and figs. 359—361; … 12 ~'pra 576 with fig. 446, 606, ii. 765 n. 1 with figs. 715 and 716, 766 n. 1.

832

visible. form. Indeed, we have traced in some detail the stages … Davis2, and now to be seen in the art-collection of Mr Sydney … her throat, and bracelets on her wrists. Lastly, in either hand she … and furnished me with the fine photograph from which my pi. lxi is taken. The … i. 263 fig. 190 Samas (4 horns), i. 577 fig. 446 Ramman (1 horn) and Istar (1 hoW> ^ … this emblem, there held by the Sun-god, as 'a disk and bar, which may be syn1

Plate 61

See page 832 ff. and page 1193

833

are in relief, the lines on the palms incised1; the eyes were inlaid, … ^*x- hi ff. with pi. 1), and concludes (July 3, 1936): 'I suppose then, this Lilith holds … th ^Uess"wor'c were allowable, my own surmise would be that the bar-and-circle held … arch. /ymg yout" on tlle Boston relief (F. Studniczka in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch.

834

goddess en face, with bird's wings, claws, and spurs, but makes her … Her lions recall Kybele, the mountain-mother of Asia Minor; and … ' The plaque presents some very interesting problems in Sumerian relig10^ … with the celestial Ishtar, the morning- and evening-star: and Ishtar "'afgjy … der Hethiter) p. n with fig. 7, a and b, O. Weber in P. Westheim Orbis … H. W. Stoll and W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1818—1821, F. Sch«'e … nude woman with a bird's wings and talons (T. Schreiber Die hellenistischen Re ^ j8i

835

Babylonian magic. … devils and Evil Spirits2. To establish a firm connection between Athene and … pp, X!(,',;^amPbe11 Thompson The Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia London 1903 1

836

snakes1 and owls with the same deity. It might be possible to assume that the … 1834 and now at Berlin, shows a Gorgon-headed monster, with four wings and t ^ -y. … bronze Etruscan situ/a, found at Offida, Picenum, in 1877 and now in the ^ ^ j/i/S- ^

837

The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena 837 … of the Greek Dionysos Meldnaigis5 and of Argos wearing his black … s. . razer Golden Bough*: Spirits of Corn and Wild ii. 173 f. (' Use of the skin of the … o(j 5 4'88, Thulin in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. x. ii2of., and the monographs … ii. ,fUp?a 689 n- 5- See further H. W. Stoll and \V. Drexler in Roscher Z«r. Myth. … """■'Sa T ' ^ Aristodemos' Messenian and Arcadian levies in 726 B.C.) 6wpa.ua yap r)

838

838 The aigis and Gorgdneion of Athena … Tibvrb earaXrai. Kal 5i) Kal to ottvofxa Karyyoptei on £k AL^vrjs ijic€t i} o~To\i) tojv n<* ^

839

The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena 839 … notion has met with some favour both in ancient and in modern … Hdt. 4. r80 (cited supra p. 128 n. i), on which see Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. … sto ^''k'nson 'ne Egyptologist went further in the same direction, and fared worse. He … a^orn (J5 fi2ures another mirror, from Caere, on which the Palladion wears an aigis … ■jSred by two snakes with rearing heads, crested and bearded.'

840

840 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena … This late recital includes some early traits. In particular, the monstrous ^oa'on a b''

841

The aigis and Gorg6?ieion of Athena 841 … have more often pointed out that the goat, normally taboo on the … and the lion skin of Heracles were the sole survivals of a time when the only thing … either themselves frayed or adorned with a fringe of leather; and the scalp was decorated … t W, Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the Semites3 London 1927 p. 437 … Pnmitive period, when the divinity and the worshipper and the victim were all closely … ave a 'ife-giviiig power as well, and it is interesting to find that the a;gis in an Athenian

842

842 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena … scaly and the feathered. Apollodoros, in his account of the … xvii. 315 says: 'An unsuccessful attempt to represent the tufts of hair on the skin may … 2 Apollod. 1.6. 1 elxov 5e rds f3daa.s '(poKi8as SpaxovTuv (an iambic tag?). On Typhoeu5 … Rhea (?) and female companion), attacking two Giants, of whom one has human, … 5. and 4. Jhdts. kommt ftir die G. der schlangenbeinige Typus auf, wahrscheinhch *u

843

The aigis and Gorg6neio?t of Athena 843 … suggests that this account is derived from the Etymologicum genttinum, on which see … The mention of ' wings to her feet' recalls such figures as the running goddess on … 'G?—176 pi. N. Both in Reinach Re"p. Vases i. 284 and 288. I have once more to thank … Seleukeia on the Kalykadnos (Brit. Mus. Cat. Corns Lycaonia, etc. p. 136 no. 38, … 4**. iv. 398 f., Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. ii. 226 ff., Sir J. G. Frazer on Apollod. 2. 4.

844

844 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena … already seen on a black-figured vase at Berlin (fig. 649)2. It is … of Artemis at Palaiopolis, Corfu, the huge pre-Greek group of the Gorgon and e gjant

845

The aigis and Gorgdneion of Athena 845 … work of the 'Middle Minoan ii'1 period (1900—1700 B.C.) and, … not a few mutually destructive hypotheses. Plutarch dwells on the … rysaor and figs. 89 whole pediment, 143 Gorgon, 144 lion, 145 Zeus v. Giant, 146

846

846 The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena … 1 the evening aurora.' Others again drop from heaven to earth and … that the Gorgon must have been a cephalopod, the octopus, and … and R. G. Collingwood15 labels it 'an apotropaic mask.' Finally- … H. Stuart Jones in the new Liddell and Scott s.v. aiyls. … with pis. 6 and 7 and figs. 1—27, id. ib. 1905 xvi. 350 f. with two figs. … 14 J. E. Harrison in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinbur

847

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 847 … Wever, highly probable that this godling with his pygmy stature and Sudani traits … face S a rea' ana'°8y t0 the Libyan Gorgon. His wrinkled forehead and nose, broad … and ' ■ Wallis Budge From Fetish to God in ancient Egypt p. 254 'a slayer of serpents

848

848 The aigts and Gorgd7ieion of Athena … formal curls and a wrinkled forehead. The mouth was wide, show- … Egyptian plaque of schist (?) with the head of Bes on one side, the name of ThothmeS … period, from the Messara in southern Crete, with the head of a negro on one si<le <^ … 1 See the succession of types drawn up and discussed by A. Furtvvaiigler in x ,^ … 2 An antefix of terracotta found on the Akropolis at Athens. Lips, ion^^e°\,a^-

849

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 849 … grasped by Perseus on a red-figured vase dating from c. 475 B.C. … 2 A hydria from Kyrenaike (De Ridder Cat. Vases de la Bibl. Nat. ii. 346 and 348

850

850 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena … 2 Pythagoras of Rhegion made a bronze statue of Perseus with wings (on his fte . … vet. on 24 b eitrdpaov 8t ip-qai ttjv "SAitiovaav, oix Sri oCtw tptiirews flx^i ^Tt ,j-j,is … Cic. in Verr. 2. 4. 124 tells how Verres carried off from the gold and ivory .^0, … Medousa as a beauty is irapa trpoaioKlav and calls for explanation. The^ ^ … EueiSijs, Ei5xa'T,?!! ar>d tne I il-ce (supra ii. nun. 7). We must fall back on the ass

851

The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena 851 … heauty. ■ Hence her name Mtdovtra, the ' Queen,' her diadem, and her earrings. A modern … Richter The Sculpture and Sculptors 0/ the Greeks Yale Univ. Press 1929 p. 177 … '° the head. Buoyed on these, with her concentrated stare and half-open mouth, … 2 An onyx cameo of two layers, milk-white on bluish white, … lv°ry white on dark grey, has the same troubled forehead and

852

852 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena

853

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 853 … as on Greek relief-ware of the fourth century (fig. 670, a, b)z, or … a sequence of Greek and Roman coin-types, of which a few samples … P- 333 no. 3542 pi. 36). Even the eyebrows are writhen and snaky. C. Davenport … A clouded chalcedony of Graeco-Roman date, found on the Caelian at Rome, later … Cp. the head of Alexander the Great on tetradrachms of Makedonia issued under … ar»d snake-fringed Gorgoneion on two Etruscan kylikes in Leipzig and London (pi. lxv). … Whians and Greeks Cambridge 1913 p. 484 pi. 2, 1, C. T. Seltman op. cit. p. 132 ff., … Co"» i- *7* pl. 75, 6 and 7).

854

854 The aiSis and Gorgoneton of Athena

855

The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena 855

856

856 The aigis and Gorgdneion of Athena … (McClean Cat. Coins i. 18 no. 123 pi. 8, 1). On the Etruscan Gorgdneion as inspired by … Fig. 685 (from a specimen of mine) and fig. 686 (from another in the Fitzwilliam … 217 and 218, Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Coins Rep. i. 516 f. nos. 4005, 4006, 4009 pi. 50, 15' … and 45, McClean Cat. Coins ii. 29 no. 3227 pi. 117, 22). … Min. i. 77 pi. 11, 23, id.'- i. 105 pis. 11, 23 and K, 3). … etc. p. 245 pi. 39, 1). Magistrate's name AI N HTHP. On this coin the hair of Heh°s … etc. p. cxii pi. 45, 3). Magistrate's name rOPTOZ. On this coin the assimilat'°n

857

The aigts and Gorgdneion of Athena 857 … °f Ck. Sculpt, pp. 78—81 figs. 29 and 30 (head in profile) (attributed to Praxias pupil of

858

858 The digis and Gorgdneion of Athena … too broad, but the tongue is pulled in, and the snakes are no longer … and the natives seem to have thought that the sun as it sank … Fridericianum in Cassel Marburg 1915 p. 5 ff. no. 2 pi. 9 and fig. 2 (restored * … seal ('Middle Minoan ii') from central Crete, on which appears a facing a u[ … Myres Roman Britain and the English Settlements Oxford 1936 p. 264 n. I P

859

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 859 … on the Akropolis at Athens (supra i. 231 n. 8, 727). … (2) Corp. inscr. Lat. vii no. 39 (deeply incised on fragments of an architrave in … (3) Corp. inscr. Lat. vii no. 42 (on an altar figured by H. M. Scarth op. cit. p. 48 … ar>d proposes to restore quibus fontibus praeest Sul(is) Minervae numen. Ingenious and … Galfridus Monmutensis (Geoffrey of Monmouth), writing between 1136 and 1139 a.d., … H. M. Scarth op. cit. p. 3 (after T. D. Whitaker(?) in The Anti-Jacobin Review and … (Halle 1854) P- 220 and R. G. Collingwood—J. N. L. Myres Roman Britain and

860

86o The aigis and Gorgdneion of Athena

861

The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena 861

862

862 The aigis and Gorgoneion of Athena … classicised, and a noble bronze head (figs. 698, 699)1' found under … This, and the long neck clear of drapery, recall Niketas'3 description … bears numerous traces of thick gilding, and when first set up the … relief (pi. lxvi and fig. 700) thus described by Mr A. J. Taylor6: … and a crest like an animal's head; something, possibly a standard, with an 0% … no. 31 with 2 figs, (full-face and profile). I am indebted to Mr Taylor for the photog1' … 4 On the impression produced by golden statues see S. Eitrem in Symbolae U … two Temples and other Roman Antiquities discovered at Bath London 1802 P<

863

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 863 … of a peculiar, provincial type. F. Haverfield and H. Stuart Jones3, … °f early La Tene art,' and hints at the possibility that the Bath … Sulis (Aquae Solis some called it10) the Gorgdneion could be … 3 F. Haverfield—H. Stuart Jones 'Some representative examples of Romano-British … R. G. Collingwood—J. N. L. My res Roman Britain and the English Settlements … * ai'isinus Regius 4807, s. ix A.D.) reads solis. So also the tabula Peutingeriana (on which … w°uld expect some indication of a masculine Sol. It is worth observing that fragments of … £,ree ravs of a radiate Sol in a similar medallion (J. Carter The Ancient Architecture of

864

864 The aigis and Gorgdneion of Athena

865

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 865

866

It would seem, then, that the aigis was, and had been from time … head or owl's head tended from the first to take on the apotropaic … of Athena? And yet that is far from being the case. Athena … ' aigis-bearer5,' which in Iliad and Odyssey together occurs just fifty … For Zeus to wear and rout mankind withal9. … aiyiSxoto, but Od. 9. 275 gen. 01716x01;, and II. 2. 375 nom. aiyloxos UpovlS-qs Zeis an … especially the works of M. P. Nilsson The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and its Sw""

867

garb of the goddess, and the minstrels coined for him that per- … more dominated the imagination of men and Zeus aigiochos regained … Athena. And indeed Athena was no unworthy recipient. The … her sanctuary, is minded to take vengeance on the Greeks. … Marginal mark >, which was tantamount to our N.B.) on aa<pws At! io-Kedaarai. t) al-yk, … Paus. 1. 26. j, on which see supra p. 758.

868

She discloses her design to Poseidon and explains what will … him. In the fifth and concluding scene Aias was shown swimming … behind, who bears a Gorgon-shield on her left arm and brandishes … contemporary of the mechanician Philon, and ib. 1051 that, with a few alterations, he … declare that 'Lachares the sculptor' had carved a naked Pallas and remark: 'Moreove'i … 7 Hunter Cat. Coins i. 340 pi. 23, 19, McClean Cat. Coins ii. 70 pi. 134, 2 and

869

right, not the left. On tetradrachms of Philip v (220—178 B.C.) … £■ 704)- A similar reverse, but not from the same die, is found on another unimm at … p. 2 ■' 362 p1- 25' 2' McClea" Cat- c°'"s «• 9°f- P1- '4°< 4 and 5, Head Hist, num."

870

brandished a spear, not a thunderbolt, and in this guise appears … in r.'), C. Seltman Greek Coins London 1933 pp. 223, 240 pi. 58, 2 and 3 ('a fighting … stater with obv. Nike on prow, rev. an archaistic Athena advancing to left in the … pi. 46, 29, id. Coins of the Greeks p. .67 pi. 37, 18, Sir G. F. Hill Coins of Ancient … and the effect heightened by the substitution of a thunderbolt for the spear. See \

871

Athena fulminant on the bronze coinage of Athens in pre- … 1 The evidence, literary, epigraphic, and numismatic, for Athena'Irwvia in Thessaly … wreathed with oak, rev. Athena Itonia, with spear and shield, advancing to right (Brit. … Cat- Coins Attica etc. p. 84 pi. 15, 2 = Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner Num. Comm.

872

713)1. And it appealed of course to Domitian (fig. 714)2, a … came to regard the goddess as second self to the god4, and assoc- … have ordered all things aright, had he not set Athena by his side as partner and … 1 Fig. 712 is from the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Greek and Scythic Kings p. 44 pi. II, 7 … found at Niya in Chinese Turkestan, which is figured on the title-page of several works … 'A.6rjvav t£k&v, irapBtvov ofio~av rbv det xP&ov, 7}yv6eis 5', ofytcu, on 7] debs aiirf] 'A.6yv(t^°L

873

the Homeric warfare in her Father's armour. And as in a conjurer's hall Zeus … transacted. Hence she is nearest to Zeus, and, whatever be the matter in hand, … and to Athena2.' … of which we found3 to be based, at least in part, on the curious … If now we rejoin the high-road and pursue the main line of our … On Sivapus as a Greek equivalent of mana see Pfister Rel. Gr. Rom. 1930 p. 108 ff. … the Homeric warfare in her Father's armour. And as in a conjurer's hall Zeus … transacted. Hence she is nearest to Zeus, and, whatever be the matter in hand, … and to Athena2.' … of which we found3 to be based, at least in part, on the curious … If now we rejoin the high-road and pursue the main line of our … On Sivapus as a Greek equivalent of mana see Pfister Rel. Gr. Rom. 1930 p. 108 ff.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (i) Zeus Hýes

874

And Hye as a name for Semele is attested by Pherekydes as early … had a son bearing the same name and evincing the same nature … aTT7]s V7js. But J. G. Baiter and H. Sauppe print u^s H.ttt)s &ttt)s 1)175 without recoi … 15 Frazer Golden Bough*: Spirits of Corn and Wild ii. 22 ' Perhaps the cry

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (j) Zeus and the hail

875

Zeus and the Hail … harder and more formidable aerolites. … about mentioning irrational or indecorous detail, but here and there … 28. 29 There are charms against hailstorms and against various … y ■°55m high) of a boar standing on a thin base-plate. The figure is of poorish work-

876

Zeus and the Hail … Thus the violence of the sky is averted, and storms at sea … 1. Let a woman in her courses exhibit her person to hail, and she turns it … fourth-century sources, the comparatively rational and scientific avvayayi) yeojpyiK&v … and a cod. Palatinus in the Vatican, in place of the indecent recipes (1) and (2) substitute

877

Zeus and the Hail … vineyard, set the creature still alive on its back, having heaped a little … is), and if you do this, no hail would fall on your field or whole estate2. … 10. Apuleius3 of Rome asserts that, if you paint a bunch of grapes on a tablet … 11. This is what has been said by the ancients. But I hold that some of their … 12. And strips cut from the hide of a hippopotamus, placed at each of the … Apul. de mundo 3 and 8 mentions hail, but says nothing of this method of averting

878

Zeus and the Hail … 1. 35. 2 Some keep by them bears' fat pounded with oil and anoint the … Magic of this sort might be worked by anyone. But for its … say that certain men are specially skilled at observing the clouds and can tell … and an interesting review of her book by S. Eitrem in Gnomon 1926 ii. 95—102.

879

Zeus and the Hail … selves, one man a lamb, another a chicken. And forthwith the said clouds, … They want a rational explanation of this practice. Some, as befits truly wise … be may well have been asked on occasion to ward off the cloud … cleone (or deone) of codd. * and deonis of codd. S. … 566, id. Die Religion der Griechen Berlin 1926 i. 95 n. 3. Cp. the title 'AXefko/cos applied

880

Zeus and the Hail … both rain and hail2. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that in … Keui (Thrakia Kome) near Pandemia and now in the Museum at … Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 72 says 'Vielleicht die v.l. raXd£ios...voraiziehen ' and WilamoW'2

881

Zeus and the Hail … Then below the relief the inscription runs on : … It will be noticed that, in the matter of hail, Greek religion like … § 10. Zeus and the Meteorites. … CaP- 3- Apparently the witch and two of her followers are travelling through the air, … . 3 The facts with regard to meteorites are well set out and illustrated by O. C. Far- … Zeus and the Hail … Then below the relief the inscription runs on : … It will be noticed that, in the matter of hail, Greek religion like … § 10. Zeus and the Meteorites. … CaP- 3- Apparently the witch and two of her followers are travelling through the air, … . 3 The facts with regard to meteorites are well set out and illustrated by O. C. Far-

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (a) The cult of meteorites

882

omen, meteorites a sign of downfall and ill-luck1. Accordingly … Much material said to bear on their cult in ancient Egypt has … in Ancient and Modern Times' in Science Progress 1898 vii. 349—370, P. Saintyves … Keal-Enc. iii A. 2446, and more systematically handled by V. Stegemann in the Hand- … a couple of bronze plaques from Memphis (figs. 2 and 3: 593—588 B.C.), three models … Id. 'The Relationship of Amun to Zeus and his connexion with Meteorites' in T"e_ … older neighbour Min, the thunderbolt-god of Koptos; and that the omphalos of ^e.uSjj … in the Psychro Cave (supra ii. 926 n. o). (2) At Kassandreia on Pallene imperial co ^

884

and 4 Claudius, 5 Vespasian, 6 Domitian, [Hunter Cat. Coins i. 273 f. nos. 1—3 Claudius, … and concludes: ' As a matter of fact there are other Egyptian gods who are as much, or … comes into relationship with Zeus ; and this is not unnatural, seeing he was the original … aerolithe.' On this showing, as Wainwright says (p. 189), 'meteorite, omphalos, and … bolt-cult at Letopolis and claims that 'the way into heaven, which was offered there

885

from heaven to earth like a brilliant and scintillating star that Zeus … but borne along with intricate and irregular motions, so that fiery fragments … and was related to Horus, while Amun belonged to the ram-gods and inclined towards … Meteorite-cult over a wide area of the ancient world. I feel bound, however, to enter … On which see O. Gilbert Die meteorologischen Theorien des griechischen Altertums

886

the dwellers in the Chersonese, who held it in reverence, and adds … Potamos. Both Aristotle3 and Pliny4 remark that … was worshipped at Kassandreia, the ancient Potidaia, which had … Narbonensis. One other incident of the sort is on record. Kedrenos7

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (b) Baítyloi, Baitýlia, and Zeus Bétylos

887

Baity lot) Baitylia, and Zeus Betylos 887 … indiscriminate employment and quite rightly insisted that baityloi … Evans still strews broadcast his allusions to ' baetylic' pillars and … to say. Ouranos married his sister Ge and had by her four sons— … Tr)j> toO irarpbs (on his father 'EXiow "Ti/wros see supra ii. 886 … Phot. bibl. p. 342 b 26 ff. and p. 348 a 18 fT. Bekker. The passages are discussed by … ^ee also T. Hopfner in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xiii. 757 f. and P. Saintyves Corpus

888

888 Baityloi, Baitylia, and Zeus Betylos … Libanos and saw many of the so-called baitylia or batiylofi, concerning which … stated that there had once come upon him a sudden and unexpected desire to … breadths across. But at times it grew bigger, or smaller; and at other times it … * For such Xidocpopoi see J. Schmidt in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xiii. 774 f. and … c Athena stands next to Keraunos on the relief from Emesa (supra ii. 814 n. 3 wij

889

Baity loi, Baity Ha ^ and Zeus Bety/os 889 … After detailing these marvels and many others even more remarkable … which deserve to be passed over in silence and not set forth.' … that we have here a late Syrian parallel to the older formation, and … found near the valley of Virana a very ancient stone fallen miraculously from the sky. … 499) and is often called baitylos (infra p. 936 n. 4). But the whole district was, and is,

890

890 Baitytoi) Baity lia, and Zeus Bitylos … 1 S. A. Cook The Religion of Ancient Palestine in the Light of Archaeology

891

Baity lot) Baity lia, and Zeus Betylos 891 … to the position of some Semitic deity of the -bethel-type1, is not … BaitMl6, but also as Hebrew Bethid= Greek Bathoiil6 and Hebrew … some dialect (Phoenician?) in which the same connective ?<-sound … certain neo-Babylonian cylinders on which appear shield-shaped … ment for /RJ^ p. ^ fig> f< Cp_ g_ A Co(jk T//e Reiigion 0f Ancient Palestine in the light … s»°: The irregular oval object resting on the divine seats, and surmounted by a star or

892

892 Battyloi, Baitylia, and Zeus Betylos … fallen from the sky, picked it up, and consecrated it in the holy … Others, before and since, have identified baitylia with meteorites: see F. Miintf … Heidelberg 1811 pp. r—202 with title-vignette and figs. 1—7, F. Lenormant in Daren1' … 4 On the Tyrian Astarte, who was identified sometimes with the moon, some'11

893

Kybele and meteorites … (c) Kybele and meteorites. … instructed by Pindar on the mountain where he used to practise. … to his house an image of the Mother of the gods and of Pan. … 0rigin not only for the sacred stone of the Mother in her temple on … Herodian. 1. n. 1 o.vto piv rb ayaXfia dinreris dual \4yovaiv, k.t.X. On the … Kybele and meteorites … (c) Kybele and meteorites. … instructed by Pindar on the mountain where he used to practise. … to his house an image of the Mother of the gods and of Pan. … 0rigin not only for the sacred stone of the Mother in her temple on … Herodian. 1. n. 1 o.vto piv rb ayaXfia dinreris dual \4yovaiv, k.t.X. On the

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (c) Kybele und meteorites

894

Kybele and meteorites … ' Now at Rome certain direful signs sent by Zeus befell, and the Decemvirs

895

Kybele and meteorites … the ship bearing it stuck in the mud of the river Tiber and could by no means … Cn. Scipio who had been general in Iberia and had fallen there. Nasica was … angen 1926 ix_xi p. xjx fig. ,57, E. Strong Art in Ancient Rome London 1929 i. 43

896

Kybele and meteorites … temple of Victory on the Palatine6, and subsequently in a temple … A third inscription, likewise found at Rome and relating to the same cult, is given … as ' Ship-saving' on account of her exploit. But Orelli with far greater probability took … the Palatine survived two conflagrations of that edifice, in in B.C. and 3 A.D. (Val. … gates and walls by cords to the columns of Artemis' temple (Ail. var. hist. 3. 26), or 2s

897

Kybele and meteorites 897 … be seen4. This black, quasi-human face, with its silver setting and … • Platner—T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford 1929

898

Kybele and meteorites … Kybele, set in silver and decked with a … And B. Pick in J. N. Svoronos Les monnaies d'Athenes Munich 1923—1926 Index p- … 4 On submitting this implement to the Department of Mineralogy and Petrol°=^s … kind of chloritic schist, much softer than nephrite, and easily worked and facetted- ^

899

Kybele and meteorites … tion of Achilles' shield2 and Asteropaios' corselet3. However, the … idol comparable with the bottle-shaped goddesses figured on coins … 4 On Sviorris the 'pestle' in relation to Qviar^ the storm-god (?) see supra ii. 1022. … °Uble chitSn and veil (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lydia p. 119 no. 62 pi. 12, 13 (=my … Similar types seated, not standing, are: (4) Kore between corn-stalk and poppy on a … Mia P. -2 no< ,4 pl 8j 6 ( = my fig_ n6) gTTAAVPH4>AI CTIHNOCAPX and

900

fallen' image of Artemis Ephesia2. And all the more so, when we … a ' Zeus-fallen ' stone, of large size, conical shape, and black colou1" … Sir William acutely detected its true character and had intended some day to pub^ , … fallen' image of Artemis Ephesia2. And all the more so, when we … a ' Zeus-fallen ' stone, of large size, conical shape, and black colou1" … Sir William acutely detected its true character and had intended some day to pub^ ,

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (d) The stone of Elegabalos

901

and its worshippers regarded it as an unworked image of the Sun1. … and such inscriptions as Dessau Jtiscr. Lat. sel. nos. 4329 (Rome) aquila | Soli | Alagabalo | … and TTV0IA at Emesa (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Galatia, etc. pp. lxv, 240 no. 21). … 1S £01ns (e-g. infra p. 902 fig. 743) and medallions (e.g. infra p. 904 fig. 745).

902

attribute plastically rendered in gold1, and in any case is to be … with his god, he was commonly called Elagabalus. On quitting … and before he reached Rome he sent a large picture of himself … Fig. 743 is from a specimen of mine. The horn set on the ground behind Elag3^ f

903

over the statue of Victory and duly worshipped by the Senators1. … stone, and thus celebrated a sacred marriage between the Sun and … graphical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford 1929 p. 199.

904

shows (fig. 744, a, b)z the conical stone set on a lion-footed stool, … Augustus to Constantine London 1907 p. 307 ff. pi. 94. The cap measures o"56m high and … 1918 Abh. xiii. 150—153 held that the Palatine was full up and put the temple °^ … quo prius aedes Orci fuit, quem e Suria secum advexit). E. Strong Art in Ancient Ro"'e … (=my fig. 745) 'ritoccato') and Vienna (Gnecchi ib.), and a billon coin struC'CI^

905

black stone was returned to Emesa1, and its cult at Rome by … and a lunar crescent in the gable (figs. 748, 749)*, and billon coins … « Jj ?f an ancient ring formerly in the Charvet collection. The date € .z <t> = 253 A.D.

906

pointed tiara above and a kteis below. The front is marked by … Zenobia near Emesa and entered the town to pay his debt ^

907

mg from some unknown source, writes as follows: … +53—456, S. B. Platner—T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford … and a yet better one by F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Rtal-Enc. v. 1865—1867. … (|- 754) M. Aurelius AOYCAPHC 060CAA PAH [NOON] and the date H0(?) … Ston of Ancient Palestine in the light of Archaeology London 1930 p. 25 pi. 33, 3. … mg from some unknown source, writes as follows: … +53—456, S. B. Platner—T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford … and a yet better one by F. Cumont in Pauly—Wissowa Rtal-Enc. v. 1865—1867. … (|- 754) M. Aurelius AOYCAPHC 060CAA PAH [NOON] and the date H0(?) … Ston of Ancient Palestine in the light of Archaeology London 1930 p. 25 pi. 33, 3.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (e) The stone of Dousares

908

flat disks (? shew-bread) and again put on a plinth or platform … fig- 757) Herennius Etruscus and Valens Hostilianus [- - -]ADVCARIACOLM6T[-^g) … Rev. Num. iv Serie 1911 xv. 73 f. pi. 3, 1 Elagabalus AOV... Q6...(?) and P ;jf.,

909

are best interpreted as stones of Dousares2, and it has been well … on other Nabataean monuments. Thus at el-UmtaHyyeh, some hours … ancient pagan temple shows in relief the three stones on their

910

world2 and presumably stand in some relation to the 'asherim3— … 2 See e.g. S. A. Cook The Religion of Ancient Palestine in the light of Archaeology … 3 L. B. Paton in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1910 … Reallex. i. 235 f., W. Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the Semites3 London … 6 The analogy of Woodhenge and Stonehenge in the west suggests that the sacred … And, since any object of timber ultimately decays, it might—like the wooden columns of … temps de David, on regardat la massebdh funeraire comme destinee simplement a perpitt'^ … trans. S. H. Hooke London 1932 pp. 87 f. with pi. 5, r and 2, 94 f., 116 n. 2, … himself in a particular place, with an abode, a body, and to enable the worshipped … megalithic erections of Palestine and Syria, and so take us back through the Bronze ^

911

may have taken it under his protection: Isidoros of Charax on the … the 'niveau syro-phenicien' at Laodikeia ad Libanum (Qadesh) and regarded by the

912

idpiiacLTO, eirl 'SafSetvov 'AfipetXlov | Trpoe'Spov to /3' Kal avvapxbvTbiv. On Zeus 'EwiKap-rrios … Another form of Zeus recognised at Bostra was Zeus Amnion, who appears on the … Sun-worship pure and simple is attested for the Nabataeans by Strab. 784 fa'0" … virbyaiov tottov. ipwribpLevoL be on rl £o~ti rovro rb [ivo'TTjpiov diroKplvovTai Kal Xkyovff'V

913

parallels to the Christian Epiphany2 as celebrated on the night of … songs and flutes. The nocturnal service over, at cock-crow torch-bearers go … ■Alexandrian Coins Oxford 1933 p. 40 nos. 1600—1604 and p. 42 … 6p.o0 /cara p.vgtikt\v ws dXTjdus <j>dvai dcoKpaaiav, and an inscription of the … Philcf a^°Xos' I ^e'as <pv<rews ipydWijs aluvlov irdvra, on which remarkable outburst of

914

See further C. Lackeit Aion, Zeit und Ewigkeit in Sprache imd Religion der Griechen … indischen und iranischen Religion (Kala und Zruvan)' in the Beitrage zur indischen … 1037), and Aion the human son of Baaut 'Night' and Kolpias 'Wind' (supra i. I91'' … R. Eisler in the Archiv f. Rel. 1912 xv. 630 prints Xaafiov and notes: ^es>

915

"Kore" or "Virgin," and her offspring Dousares, that is "Only-begotten of the … there in Petra and at Alexandreia3.' … On the ancient Arabian worship of the Morning Star see also Io. Damask, de haeres. … Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the Semites3 London 1927 pp. 56 n. 3, … parked as 'HXiou yev48\iov aG$ei (pQs. Nevertheless K. Holl in his note on Epiphan.

916

Queen of the Underworld, and further that his birth was the subject … stellar company. Its analogues at Alexandreia and at Elousa were … xi. 2250), whose cult had spread to Greece by s. vi B.C. and reached Rome in 204 B.C. … London and Edinburgh 1885 Book I Part vii p. 2615 f.), ka'ab 'maiden with full breast' … and the Persian Anahita from Arabic nahada 'to be full-breasted' [E. Blochet … (3) Greek Ki)/3/3a, m5/tjS)j, KvirnWov, Latin cupa, and other words for 'cup' or 'h0^0^,

917

with five golden crosses, a star-spangled child; and Venus at … F. Miinter3 and F. v. Dalberg4, who went on to argue that the … attention to Arab beliefs concerning the origin of the stone5 and … Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Meccah and Medinah' London—Belfast 1879 p. 493 n. 3 … "'"orobwido-avres and further dvaffe/xarlfa robs wpoo-Kvvovvras rip wpawifi aarpip ijyovv r<f … With this second anathema cp. supra p. 915 n. 2 and Const. Porphyrogen. de

918

1210 A.D.1 but based on the earlier evidence of Euthymios Zigabenos … in 1853, has described and illustrated the Ka'bah as decked in its … 3 The expression tKriirupta rrjs 'Arppobtrr/s used by Zigabenos and Niketas is *e

919

near the door and forms part of the sharp external angle at a height … surface, composed of about a dozen smaller stones of different sizes and shapes, … color is now a deep reddish-brown, approaching to black. It is surrounded on … Burton on p. 494.

920

the stone itself are encircled by a silver band, broader below than above, and on … marked with a kteis3, and draped in a veil4, it was also on occasion … globular in appearance and unaffected by fire. … it was three " Shibr" (the large span from the thumb to the little finger tip) broad, and … 6 On Damigeron see M. Wellmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv. 2055 ' … 8 Printed at the end of E. Abel Orphei Lithica Berolini 1881 p. 161 ff. and, from tv,rf … the stone itself are encircled by a silver band, broader below than above, and on … marked with a kteis3, and draped in a veil4, it was also on occasion … globular in appearance and unaffected by fire. … it was three " Shibr" (the large span from the thumb to the little finger tip) broad, and … 6 On Damigeron see M. Wellmann in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv. 2055 ' … 8 Printed at the end of E. Abel Orphei Lithica Berolini 1881 p. 161 ff. and, from tv,rf

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (f) The stone siderítes or oreites

921

bishop of Rennes, between 1067 and 1081, and in that form became … siderites. The first is deep black and round3. It is good for bites. … a protection against all dangers and alarms. The third kind looks … from Lemnos to Troy, and the arrival of Philoktetes meant the … The text of the last two sentences is defective and stands in need of emendation … ** *'Wt5)too fil-qv KOfAa-ai airb \-qfivov, k.t.\. and chil. 6. 614 ff. T) atSypiTLS \L60s ris

922

Which some the live oreites please to call, … then and there answer truly any questions that you may choose to … Trojan mythology. And Troy was dominated by the mountain'

923

their tools and weapons2. We cannot, then, decide offhand whether … that, as meteoric iron may fall from time to time on any part of our planet, occasional … always ba-n-pet, "the metal of heaven," even when eventually imported and well known. … fattfs, on a voulu faire jouer aux meteorites un role, a notre avis, tres exagere, en … a?onner; car le fer natif nickelifere qui constitue celles, dites holosideres, dont on aurait … E. B. Tylor Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of … teorique. On allegue que dans la langue des Egyptiens le mot da-en-pet (fer du ciel)

924

include both the telluric and the meteoric sort. Certainly the … interest. In a familiar passage of the Iliad12, Zeus awakes on the … And bound thy hands too with a golden bond … known as thunderbolts.' And Eustathios6 informs us that some … include both the telluric and the meteoric sort. Certainly the … interest. In a familiar passage of the Iliad12, Zeus awakes on the … And bound thy hands too with a golden bond … known as thunderbolts.' And Eustathios6 informs us that some

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (g) Ákmon

925

, „eidelDerg '934 P- 17 n. 2. H. Stuart Jones in the new Liddell and Scott p. 51 says … in s °t"c'lla »f Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1915 viii. S9ib), the Mohammedan belief … °>< and the like. See also supra i. 357 n. 4.

926

first just a fragment of the stony vault broken off and hurled down- … When the Stone Age passed into the Bronze Age, and the Bronze … a small votive double axe in brown flint, acquired at Luxor and certainly of Vxi^-^f\tf

927

took on metallic forms1. But to the last a memory of the old … Kronos too was equated with Akmon5. And Zeus himself (as we … The stone siderites or oreites, wrapped in swaddling bands and … Cyclic poem ascribed by some to Eumelos or Arktinos (Athen. 277 D) and by others very … Pendant figure' on some work of art: see B. Wyss ad loc). … • 29 us 3e"Ai<nuv 6 Ovpavbs, b 'AXk/iclv iaropeT and, indeed, of Eustath. in II. p. 1150, … took on metallic forms1. But to the last a memory of the old … Kronos too was equated with Akmon5. And Zeus himself (as we … The stone siderites or oreites, wrapped in swaddling bands and … Cyclic poem ascribed by some to Eumelos or Arktinos (Athen. 277 D) and by others very … Pendant figure' on some work of art: see B. Wyss ad loc). … • 29 us 3e"Ai<nuv 6 Ovpavbs, b 'AXk/iclv iaropeT and, indeed, of Eustath. in II. p. 1150,

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (h) The stone of Kronos

928

' And Rhea, wedded to Kronos, bare splendid children—Hestia and Demeter and … Gaia received from her to nourish and to rear in wide Crete.] [[Thither she … ance is not the true reason, and the line is rightly regarded as an interpolation. A. kza … my interpretation of dy/cuXo/i7)T7;s that the ending -ttjs implies an agent, and cites ^

929

in might, the former king of the godsp. That he then took in his hands and … TAnd quickly2 thereafter waxed the strength and splendid limbs of the … Some said that it happened on Mount Thaumasion in Arkadia4; … Be that as it may, the myth was accepted on the authority of … he ^rae,:ernatural rapidity of growth is characteristic of gods (supra i. 647, 695) and … %• 436)' ''^t'1"century head of Kronos on a silver coin of Himera (supra ii. 558

931

white-haired1, who sceptre in hand and swathed in an ample … from the obvious alarm of the first and the simulated stance of the … staff instead of sceptre, has received the stone. And Rhea, her … soon like to overcome him by might and main5.' … 3 oi)/c oil), afxa rrj yc nai d/x0i7ro\oi 86' Sirovro (II. 3. 143, Od. 1. 331, 18. 207, and … S- 775. b). M. Mayer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1552 f. attempts to cast doubt on the … ~my fig. 776) and 173 (photograph of whole vase) ('by Nausikaa Painter (?)'). … fte scene on the reverse side of the New York pelike is not mythological at all, but

932

a slight elaboration of two figures on the contemporary Paris … 'The Plataeans have a temple of Hera worth seeing for its size and its … The precise character and arrangement of these sculptures 1

933

Hera Teleia1 stood on a square plinth decorated in relief with the … Praxitelean relief survives in a beautiful composition on the am … 1 For numismatic evidence see Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner Num. Comm. Pans. … 179 n. o, G. M. A. Richter The Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks Yale Univ. Press … ' On the veiled Kronos see M. Mayer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 15^8—1563 … sinister face, a lighter green for the hair and beard, and a white … P- 23 ff. and in his courageous survey Mythologie universelle Paris 1930 p. 250 conjectures

934

' The group is evidently composed for a relief, Its gentleness, and … (fig. 779)1 which came to light in 1865 on the road from Osti*

935

Laurentum. Kronos and Rhea, both veiled, are sitting side by side. … a gesture of frantic supplication. But the ogre, with grim face and … just in the nick of time a handmaid1, in reddish chitdn and yellow … picture—-very possibly with some symbolic meaning2—presents the … 1 I cannot agree with Visconti, who loc. cit. took the paidagogds and the handmaid to … 2 The infant devoured to all seeming and yet escaping from death would make an

936

distinct elements. On the one hand, there is the folk-tale motifof … in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1910 iii. 2o8b—209a, … great stones and fills him up with these. See also A. H. Krappe Mythologie universelU … eiprjTCU Se on 17 'P^a (Bahy alybs airapyu,v<baaaa. rb) Kpovcp biduKe (leg. ISuiKe)' /3aiV?) Si

937

and the ritual usage of a baitylos, were perhaps first fused in ancient … Manliana (Miliana) on the slopes of the Lesser Atlas (Corp. inscr. Lat. viii Suppl. 3 … "ddir is repeatedly applied in the Old Testament to God, and occurs in other Phoenician … in h A" ^' Evans ' Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult and its Mediterranean Relations' … "f Minos at Knossos London 1935 p. 52 'on the stone balustrade were placed the

938

says Pausanias1, 'and pass on up the hill you … instead of the child and that Kronos spewed … 133 ff. pis. 13 and 14, 1, J. de Witte in the Gaz. … figs. 128 and 129.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (i) Zeus Kappótas

939

that Orestes sat upon it and was thereby stayed from his madness; wherefore … led to some divergence of opinion. On the one hand, E. S. Forster2 … face of reddish stone some ten metres high, cut into the side of the hill of … The distance from this spot to the centre of the ancient site agrees well with … On the other hand, W. Kolbe5, writing six years later in his … t|le ^0T" I e ho SoXos- I -poi Si hbire | vdfios, | ajroordro. The interpretation depends on

941

and smaller than 1 a rocky platform at the foot of the cliff.' The … The belief that ' Orestes sat upon it and was thereby stayed … like. L. Ziehen loc. cit. agrees that this gives the required notion. And W. Kolbe … 1 See K. Maass 'Heilige Steine' in the Rhein. A/us. 1929 lxxviii. 8 ff. and K. Latte … town Kdfivovcai drvrjWdyriaav tov fparos, eirel Trjs ire'Tpas Ka$r/\avTo): on which consult … Even portable stones might be possessed of great curative and preservative virtue, … he Captain adds: "I knew the woman well and have heard her prescribe.'"

942

Hesiodic myth Zeus swallowed Metis1 and in the Orphic theogony … fifth century5, and this cult savours of a much hoarier antiquity. … Sky9. The Sky is made of stone10. A bit of it breaks off and falls11. … Cp. Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. 46, H. Hitzig and H. Bliimner ad he, Adler iJ1 … 9 Supra i. 1 ff. and passim. 10 Supra p. 925 f. 11 lb.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §11. General conclusions with regard to Zeus as god of dark sky

943

lines, and explored in detail some at least of its ramifications. It … Bright One1,' had developed from Sky to Sky-god and was con- … with sun6, moon7, and stars8—other manifestations of the same … and the thunder, was naturally thought to send all kinds of weather, … Clouds, again, played a certain role in the ritual and mythology of … 8 Supra i. 101 with pi. ix, 1 and 2. 6 Supra i. 777 f.

944

and perhaps began life as a tribal chieftain believed to embody the … Pandrosos, and Herse are best explained as successive names of the … storey of a greater and grander whole. Resting upon them afl° … 21 G. Foucart 'Sky and Sky-gods' in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and&, ^ … pp. 1—397 (to be followed by ii // Dio supremo nelle religioni politcisliche and ii> A

945

elevating and widening force. Inevitably so, for it tends to raise … people, and not least of the Jews. This took place in the Hellenistic … ^Tithras8 of Chaldean magic. Moreover, it was as a pure sun-god … "n&° "elle reliS'oni >"">">teistiche). The views of Foucart and Pettazzoni are summarised … « ',pra »• 232 f. fig. 171, b and pi. xxi, iii. 558. 11 Supra i. 166.

946

man was deemed divine and even treated as a god. The spot where … continues with Thracian and Orphic beliefs8, only to end with the … perjurers10, just as on Italian soil Dius Fidius, 'the Cleaver,' a … labdrum and adopted as the emblem of the all-conquering faith1 • … propped on hand occurs also in the Roman numismatic type of a seated J

947

Doliclienus ' Best and Greatest, the Eternal' is hailed as ' the … and we are left with that impressive monosyllable ringing in our

948

'life' to all things1, and Dia as being the cause 'through' which … of heaven, in a fine ceiling-fresco of Nero's Golden House3. And … Bithynia6 and Perinthos in Thrace7 show Zeus seated in the midst … of the infant Zeus seated on a globe surrounded by stars9 was … attacks on the alleged amours of the god with this, that, or the … the wedding-god par excellence on account of his own hierbs gdm°s ' … 9 Supra i. 51 f. figs. 27 and 28. 10 Supra i. 50 f. figs. 23 and 24.

949

but also the confessed patron of law and order. For as husband of … Have rights and wrongs within thy kenc. … S' Shorey in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh igr8 x. 801

950

O Earth's Upbearer on the Earth enthroned, … Thou lead'st all mortal things on the path of Justice. … ' God, then, as the old story has it, holding the beginning and the end and the … go up for us to heaven, and bring it unto us, and make us to hear it, that we may do it?... … i Orph. frag. 23 Kern ap. pseudo-Dem. c. Aristog. 1. 11 (on the spurious character … 4. 9. 7), and F. Ribezzo 'La AIkt) irdpebpos Atbs degli Orfici' in the same Rivista 19'' … and ap. Prokl. in Plat. Tim. i. 315, 8 ff. Diehl iv he r<J Yopylq (523 a) trvvTdTroiv re aVf

951

nature brings them to accomplishment; and with him ever follows Justice, the … mind over his killing of Cleitus, said that the reason why Justice and Right are … say that Zeus does not have Justice to sit beside him, but is himself Justice and … and unjust4, and at Karousa in Paphlagonia was worshipped as … with Clemency, Mercy, and Love. Of which kindlier qualities there

952

Hiketas, himself 'the Suppliant2,' and even of Zeus aldstor, Zeus … descend to identify himself with the sinner and even to 'become … Dios, an earth-goddess Zemela, and their offspring Dios Nysos, Dios … 3 Supra ii. 1098 n. 5, cp. ii. nn. 4 and 6. … tions, symbols, types | Of a dim splendour ever on before | In that eternal circle I1 e

953

obvious points of contact between Dionysiac and Christian practice. … Kronos7, the earth-goddess Rhea8, and their youthful son Zagreus … assimilated themselves to their god and thereafter, clad in white … Mt Zdgros or Zdgron in Assyria, passing first through Phoinike and then through Crete

954

and in the same context cites, perhaps from a lost poem by … Many, if not most, of these sublimer aspects were caught and … It appears that the god, a colossal figure in gold and ivory, sat … with English rendering and brief notes, will be found in H. Stuart Jones Select ^aSg ff.

955

of gold being inwrought with living creatures and lily-flowers1. … illustrative of ancient athletic contests7. The other three bars had, … 4 H. Bulle in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 328 and 338 ('Es ist das erste bezeugte Beispiel … stone ('Diabastaff ("Schalstein")') found by the Austrians at Ephesos and now in the … match of 01. 86 (436—433 B.C.) and was the ttoxZikA. of Pheidias. … m. F' -Boiss°nade ed. 2 Parisiis 1878 and W. C. Wright ed. London 1922). On the … not n ^ CaSe ■Pneidias' statue of a boy binding a fillet on his head (Paus. 6. 4. 5) is

956

brother of Pheidias with pictures of Atlas and Herakles, Theseus … The exact construction and decoration of the throne has long been a bone of contention … xxiii. 108—117 pis. c and n (restorations by Stackelberg and Brunn) = 2aT. Kleine Schriften … 1892 Heft 1, E. A. Gardner 'The Paintings by Panaenus on the Throne of the Olympian … 1920 xvi. 219—374 with diagrams and 26 figs. … legs (-jro'Scs) and beneath the bars; (3) that the pillars (tclovts), equal in number to the leSs … Clusium with its five pyramides and its superposed pelasus (supra ii. 1219) is suscep1'1 … (cp. supra ii. 193 n. 2 pi. xi), Etruria, etc., and in particular has shown that in Dah°nl.'e … seat might be flanked by two lions (supra ii. 810 figs. 773 and 774, cp. i. 586 fig- 4«"

957

feet (i pi. j). And the usage could be traced further afield. Solomon's chryselephantine … Mass. 1926 vols, i and ii (Text, Translation, and Notes)). A Hittite god at Carchemish … J0ar and lash their tails (Liudprand of Cremona antapodosis 6. 5 p. 154 J. Becker3 … ]j^S- ' 20 has much to say. Among the Baganda and allied tribes of Bantu speech the … j vlnS> then, as such was a lion. And I should conjecture that his throne with leonine … Cp pj ' Drexl), and popular locutions (Aristoph. thesm. 514 \tuiv \tusv aoi yiyovev, … unsucc°S ^'out- Alex. Mag. fort, out virt. 2. 2) and—it may be added—most

958

the sea, received by Eros and crowned by Peitho. On either side … spectator and to uplift the whole glittering vision towards the … and breadth are on record3, but I cannot commend those who measured it … the god to grant a token if the work was to his mind. And, straightway, they … its ancient setting, we cannot, of course, hope to know. Any … small-scale copies of form and features on imperial coins of Ehs … 3 See Sir J. G. Frazer and H. Hitzig—H. BlUmner ad loc, also G. Q. Gigli … Siegel- und Wappenkunde 1866 iii. 21—26 pi. 30, 1 and 2, J. Overbeck ' Uber den 1 ^ … These articles between them cover all the Zeus-types on the coinage of OlywP1

Plate 69

(3) and (4) Bronze coins now at Berlin.

959

but his moral grandeur. And if we cannot recreate his vanished … Possibly the noble and severe head of Zeus (fig. 610) and the enthroned figure (fig. 611) … great gold and ivory statue of the Athena Parthenos was resounding throughout Greece; … Under Hadrian, when art took an antiquarian turn (W. Weber in The Cambridge Ancient … (ia) and (1 b) are two differently lighted views of a unique bronze coin, struck by … duplicates at Olympia and is published by R. Weil in the Zeitschr. f. Num. 1912 … n°- (»), shows small projections on the stile of the throne representing the aydX/iara of

960

that it made on men of various tempers and types—the soldier, the … travelled through Greece (167 B.C.), and having long been anxious … things worth seeing, and on beholding Zeus as it were face to face was moved … religion; so far did the majesty of the work go towards equality with the god- … religion. Cicero6 speculates along Platonic lines : … Lucian in cynical mood bears witness to the same effect on the mind of the populace • … €i ijfJM> 6 Zeus 5i ofifiaTwv id£\oi tpttvrjvat. and an interesting parallel in a letter fro111

961

fashioning the shape of his Zeus or Athena, did not fix his gaze on any individual … the orator returns again and yet again with an ever fresh ardour of … All would admit, says Dion, that it is ' a sweet and welcome … and be soothed at the sight6. 'While of men, whosoever is utterly … siould yourself be near, to select the best; but seeing that good judges and beautiful

962

weary in soul, having drained many sufferings and sorrows in his … ' through the potency of your art have conquered and combined … of more than human beauty and magnitude out of these pleasing … own defence replies6, that he was not the first exponent and teacher … Mind and wisdom no modeller or painter can portray. Their task

963

desire to honour and tend it near at hand, approaching it and … father or mother, are stricken with sore longing and yearning, and … art. Poetry is opulent and can afford to lay down its own laws. It … times terrible and appalling. ' But ours is a god of peace and … "OSt pathetic, and sympathetic, plea for idolatry ever put forward.

964

Xenios and Ktesios and Epikdrpios and countless other appellations, … glittering points. But the speaker, being Greek, prefers to end on … materials and trumpery tools, with Zeus the creator of the universe, … ledged masterpiece of ancient religious art, has not, like many … da/xiocpye Kai evi>o/j.la$—a restoration based on Plout. praec. ger. reip. 13 6 bk ttoKitlkos, … 7]p.wv 6 Xlbdapos ■n-poaeiirev, k.t.\. and adv. Stoic. 14 6 Si Uarpqios Kai "Tiraros K"1 … (sc. b Uivbapos) = Euseb. praep. ev. 13. 13. 27 and C. B. Hase in Stephanus Thes. G'• … pp. 187—200 Atlas pis. 6 and 7, 1), the Otricoli head in the Vatican (Brunn—Brucknia"'1 … 241), and a bronze head at Vienna (H. Schrader in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. iy

965

No doubt there were critics of its scale and proportions. … objection, and Caecilius the rhetorician, a contemporary of Strabon, … not, understand the omission, and some writers who ought to have … xiv. 81—88 with figs. 91a, gi/>, 92 and pis. 1, 2, id. Phidias Frankfurt am Main 1924 … we Colossus which failed in the casting' and p. 113 notes 'The Colossus of Nero was a

966

while Lucian1 goes much further and in a passage of bitter sarcasm … and poetic moonshine—barring what value may attach to the rattle of the … casting a glance at criminals, your glazed eyes dull to all that happens, and … shaken like a sieve, buried in snow, bombarded with hail. It rained cats and … glorious of deities, before they serve you as you served Cronus, and depose you. … rhetoric and Greek satire had equally failed to grasp the sculptors … which preferred truculence to tranquillity and could appreciate

967

During those five centuries his statue experienced some sur- … 'baiSuvrov I Aibs 4k Ileiinjs) and might hold office as drchon (Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 1 … Hadrianic date QaiSwroO | Aios 'OXv/tTrfov 4v do-mi) and dedicates a statue of his wife at

968

directions and prevented the wood from being affected by changes … statue would entail its destruction, and was further deterred by … 3 B. Ashmole in The Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge 1930 viii. 689 f. … ri/j.a.1 irapk 'HArfwi' eUrl. A. Neuburger The Technical Arts and Sciences of the Ancients

969

statue and put them to instant flight. Also, the ship built to trans- … 1169 years. And in the reign of his grandson Theodosios ii (408— … the successive threats of decomposition and lightning, mutilation

970

Cnidian Aphrodite of Praxiteles, and the Kairos of Lysippos1. But … writers4 repeat the incident, Theophanes5 and Kedrenos6 referring … graphy of Christ—the one youthful and beardless, with comparatively … On this and other conflagrations at Constantinople see E. Oberhummer in Paul}' … idaaro Vevvd8ios. (p-qal de 6 laropQiv on rb bVKko oxV^a T°v ^wrijpos, rb ou\ov Kal oXiy … 5 Theophan. chronogr. 97 B (i. 174 Classen) on ann. mund. 5955 = 463 A.D. rV … idffaro Vevvddios. (paol 84 rives r£>v loropiK&v, on rb od\ov Kal oXiybrpiXW o'XVf10, ^7rl

971

Jahrhundert kennt ihn nicht. Das ist eine Tatsache, die unumstcisslich fest steht'), and … jugendliche Christus von Ravenna'), O. M. Dalton Byzantine Art and Archaeology … and 13 pis., and the same scholar's enlarged study 'Das Aufkommen des bartigen

972

and exceptional. But scenes of judgment, law-giving, and teaching, … the more youthful. It seems probable that both were to some extent … has preserved on its right-hand side a faithful copy of the Paneas bronze. If so, the … figure were piously put together and bestowed in the church. See for details E. von … (G. Bendinelli in the Not. Scavi 1920 pp. 123—141 with figs. 1—8 and pis. 1—4, Am- … Good Shepherd carrying a ram on his shoulders, and some more problematic landscape

973

and finally made its way into the religious art of the Renaissance … eine Ausnahme und will so beurteilt sein.' H. Holtzmann loc. cil. p. 87 ff. dwells on the

974

beginnings, its slow mental and moral growth, its adolescent com- … Let us be bold to assert that throughout all ages and in every clime … Dion4 described Zeus as 'the common Father and Saviour and … is entitled 'Maria vergine sempre prega el figliolo per gli peccatori.' Christ, seated on … The Christian equivalent will be found in 1 Cor. 2. 9 and 10.

Maßstab/Farbkeil

on his left arm and sometimes has an … himdtion and uplifting a wreath. On … The same god is represented on … Tell el Ajoul (' Hill of the Calf) on … 3 G. F. Hill Some Palestinian Cults p. 17. E. "t—

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