Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 3,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (earthquake, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorits): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1940)

858 The digis and Gorgdneion of Athena

which presupposes a bronze original of c. 450 B.C., the negroid face
with animal tusks and lolling tongue has already become less
frightful. The tusks have gone; the tongue is going. On the
Dresden 'Lemnia'1 (fig. 695), one of two marble copies of a
Pheidiac(?) Athena in bronze, c. 450—440 B.C., the cheeks are still
too broad, but the tongue is pulled in, and the snakes are no longer
knotted under the chin. On the Kassel statue2 (fig. 696), a later
version of the same original, the tongue is just visible, but the face
is a better oval, and the snakes are replaced by a tangle of snaky
tresses. Finally, on the Varvakeion statuette3 (fig. 697), a Hadrianic
reduction of the Parthenos, the head in the centre of the shield
develops a pair of winglets and might be mistaken for a mediaeval
cherub4!

One other Gorgdneion remains to be considered—the expiring
effort of Graeco-Roman accommodation in the west. The British
goddess presiding over the hot curative springs at Bath was Sul °r
more correctly Suits5, whose name—probably akin to the 0^
Irish suil 'eye'6—was the Celtic equivalent of the Latin Sol-
These hot springs at Aquae Sulis are unique in the British Isles>
and the natives seem to have thought that the sun as it sank
beneath the western waves warmed the waters below and sent thef*j
up hot and bubbling to the surface. Their healing properties vvou

1 Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Sculpt, pp. 4—26 figs. 1—3 pis. 2, 3' aIlC' ^
(Bologna head), F. Dlimmler in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2014. ^er

2 Friederichs—Wolters Gipsabgiisse p. 209 f. no. 477, A. Furtwangler in R°s ^
Lex. Myth. i. 699 f., M. Bieber Die Antiken Skulpturen und Bronzen des konigl- Musi
Fridericianum in Cassel Marburg 1915 p. 5 ff. no. 2 pi. 9 and fig. 2 (restored *
Bologna head). vi,

3 K. Lange 'Die Athena Parthenos' in the Ath. Mitth. 1880 v. 370—379, **• 1 ^.
56—94 pis. 1 and 2, Friederichs—Wolters Gipsabgiisse p. 203 ff. no. 467, Brunn r
mann Denim, der gr. und rom. Sculpt, pis. 39 (facing) and 40 (profile). j-jrf

4 S. Marinatos in the 'E0. 'Apx- 1927—1928 p. 17 f. fig. 7 (after Sir A. Evans
Palace of Minos London 1921 i. 276 f. fig. 207, c 2) cp. one side of a four-sided co
seal ('Middle Minoan ii') from central Crete, on which appears a facing a u[
apparent side-wings. But Sir Arthur is careful to explain these as 'locks flowing
either side and terminating in coils' like those of Ishtar. da''v6

6 The only forms of the name at present known are the genitive Sulis and the ^
Suli. But other inscriptions may yet be forthcoming, for much of the ground a J ^ j,.
the Bath still awaits excavation. Prof. J. R. R. Tolkien in R. G. Collingwood—flUt
Myres Roman Britain and the English Settlements Oxford 1936 p. 264 n. I P
that the Celtic nominative must have been Sulis. t , aS a"

6 M. Ihm in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 1592 and 1599. For the sun conceive

eye see supra i Index p. 882, ii Index p. 1389. j'^

7 On siiil as akin to sol see Walde Lat. etym. Worterb. p. 720 {■,
Altitalisches Worterbuch Gdttingen 1926 p. 404, Walde—Pokorny Vergl.
indogerm. Spr. ii. 446 f., Ernout—Meillet Diet. (tym. de la Langue Lat. p- 9°9