Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 3,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (earthquake, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorits): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1940)

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Cook, Arthur B.
Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 3,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (earthquake, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorits): Text and notes — Cambridge, 1940

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A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION

Titelblatt

III

A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION

[Prosa]

kai d <t>epeKYAHC eAereN eic "EpwTA mctaBcBAhcSai ton Ai'a msAAonta … ka'i thc 'HAei'ooN noAeojc co<t>hc kai ai-a^c BoyAeycAMeNoc iApycAMHN,

Preface

VII

It may be thought that a task taken in hand as far back as 1907 … over for a third, at first uncontemplated, volume. This concerns … Lexikon (vi. 564—759). But my notion of a survey is somewhat

VIII

that 'my subject from the outset demanded digressions.' Indeed, it … I did indeed pen a screed on 'Korinthos son of Zeus,' but I sup- … Addenda from page 1066 onwards—'1066 and all that'! It was a

aware that I often dissent from their findings, they have wished me … of Semitic lore I have consulted Professor S. A. Cook (p. 1072), … Mr A. Waley identified the source of a Chinese inscription and … I lustoire des religions 1926 xciii. 65—94) and a most heartening … that I secured the unique double axes from Crete and Athens

of pi. i. But Mr Seltman has no monopoly of kindliness. Not a … Greek stdmnos from Knossos (pi. xxv). Mr E. J. P. Raven pro- … chapel on its summit from photographs taken by Mrs Bachtin in … twice, in 1926 and 1929, bringing home with him a wonderful series … with striking photographs of the top (fig. 915) and of a rock-

and there actually witnessed the sacrifice of a white bull to 'Zefs' … P. P. Jacobsthal, the print of a vase at Marseilles representing, he … a series of choice impressions from his own unrivalled store of … Conservateur des Musees at Abbeville (fig. 888), by Miss G. M. A.

XII

figs. 776, 883, 897), by Professor Homer A. Thompson (figs. 923, … out maintained a high level of exactitude. Her coins, for instance, … Kennett. She sketched the Corfu pediment from a full-size cast in … And here I must add a word on another of Mrs Kennett's … now faster, from primitive paganism towards complete Christianity

XIII

in proving that, I shall feel that the labours of half a lifetime have

Contents of Volume III

(a) Zeus and the Clouds in Literature ... . . 3° … (a) Men believed to control the winds . . . . . . 103 … (a) The Arrhephdroi......... 165 … {a) Rain-magic.......... 284 … (cf) Rain as water poured through a holed vessel or sieve . . 33^ … (a) Water-carrying in the myth of the Danaides . . . 355

XVI

(a) Ritual of the Dipolieia....... 577 … (17) Zeus struck with a double axe. The birth of Athena . 656 … (a) The cult of meteorites ........ 881

XVII

(a) Zeus and Hera at Hermione .... 1043

List of plates in Volume III

XIX

II Amphora from Vulci, now in the Vatican: Poseidon, … IV Fresco from Herculaneum, now at Naples: Zeus reclining … VII Amphora from Melos, now at Paris: the Gigantomachy— … IX Reliefs from the eastern frieze of the great Altar at Pergamon, … X Hydria from Vulci, now in the British Museum: … XIII (1) KraUr from Ceglie, now at Taranto … XIV (1) Gold bulla from Vulci, now at Paris: Birth of Dionysos … XV (1) Lekythos of early Apulian style from Anxia, now in the British

(1) Amirror from Clusium,nowin the Casuccini collectionat Chiusi … a youth consulting the oracle of Orpheus'head (?) . . 102 … XX Bronze statuette from Ephesos, now at Queens' College, … XXII Hydria from Chiusi (?), now in the British Museum : … XXVI Painted terra-cotta//<^«<? from Athens: … (1) A heroion containing five stalks of bearded wheat, flanked by … XXXI Three gold ears of barley found in a grave near Syracuse:

XXI

XXXII Reliefs from the Column of Marcus Aurelius at Rome: … (1) A typical set … XXXVI Lekythos from Monte Saraceno, now at Palermo: … XXXVII Krater from Canosa, now at Munich : … XXXIX A Roman mosaic from Palermo: the amours of Zeus—Antiope, … from a woodcut printed by W. Strauch of Nuremberg . 502 … XLI 11 A sardonyx cameo from Ephesos, now in Venice : … XLVI (1) Terra-cotta plaque from a tomb at Hadra (?), now at Queens' … (2) Bronze mirror from Athens (?), now in Rome :

XXII

XLVII Amphora from Canosa, now at Naples : Europe playing with … LI Amphora from Girgenti, now at Karlsruhe : … LI 11 Amphora from Caere, now in the Vatican : … (2) Restoration by E. A. Gardner (1902) … (3) Restoration by A. B. Cook (1917)......689 … LX Amphora from Nola, now at Berlin :

XXIII

LXV (i) Etruscan kylix at Leipzig: Pegasos born from the blood of … LXVl Pediniental relief from the temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath . 862 … (1 a, ib) Two differently lighted views of bronze coin now at Paris … LXX (1) A bronze mirror-case in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge : … LXXI 11 A head of Hera Lakiniai?) in blue glass, c. 400 B.C., from … •-AXXIII Marble head from Jerash :

Abbreviations

XXV

Amelung Sculpt. Vatic, iii, 1 (Sala delle Muse, Sala rotonda, Sala a Croce Greca) von

XXVI

ix Description des Revetements peints a sujets religieux par M. Bulard. Paris 1926. … xi Les Sanctuaires et les Cultes du Mont Cynthe par A. Plassart. Paris 1928. … Latine Histoire des mots par A. Ernout et A. Meillet. Paris 1932. … Genealogie und Mythographie Berlin 1923, Zweiter Teil: Zeitgeschichte a Universal- … Frazer Totemism and Exogamy = (Sir) J. G. Frazer Totemism and Exogamy A Treatise on … Head Coins of the Greeks = A Guide to the principal Coins of the Greeks from circ. 700 n.c.

XXVII

Jahrb. d, Deutsch. Arch. Inst. From 1918 (vol. xxxiii) onwards the Jahrbuch des kaiserlich … ctlean Cat. Coins = Fitzwilliam Museum. Catalogue of the Mc Clean Collection of Greek … Mitwirkung von Th. Menzel, J. H. Mordtmann, A. Zippelius Berlin—Leipzig … acir- d. kon. Gesellsch. d. IViss. Gottingen Phil.-hist. Classe. From 1924 onwards

XXVIII

gegeben von Wilhelm Kroll und Karl Mittelhaus (Zweite Reihe [R—Z]) iii A— … A. Reinach Textes Peint. Anc.=Recueil Milliet. Textes grecs el latins relatifs a I'histoire … Repertoire (apart from its first volume, the 'Clarac de poche') claims to have published … and Roman Bronzes by Gisela M. A. Richter New York 1913. … Stuart Jones Cat. Sculpt. Pal. d. Conserv. Rome = A Catalogue of the Ancient Sculptures

XXIX

'• 1 The collection of Capt. E. G. Spencer-Churchill, M.C., of Northwick Park. … eberCat. Coins = The Weber Collection. Greek Coins by L. Forrer i (Auriol Find Class, … Wo .^ar"a' Incerta) London 1929 with Atlas of pis. London 1925.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §5. Zeus and the earthquakes

Greece is a land of many earthquakes. Reckoning great with … 3 c. Davison A Manual of Seismology Cambridge 1921 p- 161.

in this land hardly a week, in many years hardly a day, goes by … correspond with prominent features of the country—the base of a … Lokris, and Boiotia; the northern coast of the Peloponnese from … ancient earthquakes, of which a well-arranged and critical list for … 1 A. Philippson Das Mittelmeergebiet, seine geographische und kulturelle Eigcuart … 3 A. Philippson Der Peloponnes. Versuch einer Landeskunde auj'geologischer Gruudlage … 5 Not invariably. Pythagoras taught that earthquakes were due to a concourse

therium, Hipparion mediterranmm, Mastodon longirostris, etc. }^\a~".J t0 … Meineke «A Ail. & J «. «?• * and Apostol. 9. b0- The ^^.gf'J^ … 'Witless Ones' (cp. h. Don. ,56), must of course be distinguished from N,i5«jr … ii. i6t quotes with approval Sir A. Evans 7^ A*p London i9«8 U. 1. S«4- … head and tried to throw the Earth off him with his horns. Thereat, a midge was sent 1 … changes his weary side (Verg. Aen. 3. a»tL). AH Sicily trembles when Typh« us, … to lie beneath Mt Vesuvius (Philostr. her. 2. 7). and during the eruption of 79 A-»- m!U \ … Other gods could on occasion produce a quake. Athena did so at iroy

Manchester 1908 p. 37 ff., id. Greek Tragedy London 1920 p. 281 f., A. W. Verrall The … earr/oe Kparepovs f}paap.otis yci'iys diroiriiJ.\j/a^, | t\vIko. irvpcpbpos avyy} eKivnae (so P. Scriverius … dirbrpeire, irip.Tre 8k fivffTais \ ohflov k.t.A.). But Usener's contention that Aloeus, son of … 8i/j.&Tup)) and in magical spells etc. to a variety of chthonian powers including Hekate … in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2646 = A. Audollent op. cit. p. 41 no. 22, 30 ff. (a leaden … Kara rijs p-n\[o-i]x6bvns ttjs KarevevKdo-qs p.e\Lov'xov to p.i\-q Ki avrbv fieXiovxov—a formula … 19 ff. = A. Audollent op. cit. p. 45 no. 24, 16 ff., p. 47 no. 26, 20 ff, p. 49 no. 27, 18 f, … (of s. iii a.d.) iSv ob Sbv-q \ [Trapa]Kovoai, Bpipw p-q^xOuv), an unnamed goddess who holds

attributed earthquakes to Poseidon1. A memorable passage in the … Audollent „V. p. 4o no. ^ .9ff «* t* « ™ vvMvo, rov A[ o„] i M* ru* … A. Audollent p. 4S no. 24, 9 P- 47 no. 26, 12 ff., p. 50 no. 28, … *« no. T23, I0f. (of iv or v A.D.), F. LI. Griffith-H. Thompson The Demotu … griechische Zauberpapyri p. 30 pap. Lond. hi, 311 =F. G. Kenyon *A 94 no. • … Griechisch-agyptischer Offcnbarungszauber Leipzig 1921 i. i9° § 747, a°d h- . 1, tjerlin … tremble and shake (Ps. 77. 18), the hills to move to and fro (Jer. 4- *4) A»Q *

Trembled and, trembling, sprang from his throne and shouted … A mouldering realm that ev'n the gods abhor1. … scene. On the left Poseidon, holding a dolphin (?), threatens the … The Homeric lines, however effective, are not improbably a late … 2 My specimen came from the cabinet of a Greek collector on May 14, 1928. Obv.

0*«V(A. Gehring ^,«^V«; Lipsiae 1891 p. ^9), always in the nominate … (A. Gehring „V. p. 288). The common phrases are 7«*>X<» *»«rtyowi (nom. 4 wnes, … twice). ■a,wKr£7««of alone occurs 6 times (nom. twice, voc. thrice, acc. once , enonyu … Lang has booiyatoy, a spelling found in late prose—Souid. bocrtyatat (cod. A gives vv … 59 ^oatyuXW, Hesych. bocupiWur (A. Meineke cj. ftwtyuXM) (W. Sc"u^ … indogerm. Spr. i. 254 f.) that boai- bvoat- tbo*i<- are derived from b-M of … a late compound (Ap. Rhod. 4. 1243, Plout. v. Lucutt. 28) and yields no tolerable sense. … »9«S) that e- might be a prothetic vowel, the epithets few!***, iW-r"" denotmS

the god 'that waters the earth.' But, unknown to us both, A. Goebel of Magdeburg had … earthquake-god, //. 20. 568. being a 'spateres Einschiebsel' and ivvoo-iyaios, evoo-lxOav, … ■<rX- is frequent in epic compounds (D. B. Monro A Grammar of the Homeric Dialect … ivoais is applied by him to a 'shaking' of the earth (Hes. theog. 681, 706) or sea (lies, … 568 a\ev'iS (a ex £ factum cod. Med.) 5a with schol. d\ev w 52 : oi Awpieis rijv yijv Sdv … rrapa rb rb vSwp irrjSav dva, Aristoph. Lys. 198 <peu 52, et. mag. p. 60, 8 ff. ahev a 52 (so … /cei/*A'ou=Favorin. lex. p. 112, ioff., Theokr. 4. 17 ov Adv (ydv cod. k) with schol. vet. … rdv ovS' dv ris dji.oijj.os vulg. H. Kdchly cj. rav ob ji&v ris dpua/xos A. Meineke cj. raw oilris

7*o0ep6, sm4>ep6v. In forwI. 9 BergkVso Diehl a/. Prokl. i» Hes o.d 389 rp^6Xeo, … 'E,„o<riSaS either as a simple derivative of i*o<m, or as a blundered form of BWl7«M, or … Die Griechischen Dialekte Gouingen 1891 L »«, A. Thumb Haudbuch der griechischen … 14 ff- ret. Si poiv \ei[x]|o. Sttop icarfc" * (Comparetti reports A, a mason s error) w … That being so, we must abandon the attempt to make 'BwcxriSos a dialect torm o … 1 Pind.frag. 18 Bergk* a/. Eustath. comment. Find, praef. 16 (tfMW. p. Sfi. W* … Hesych. s.v. ■BubJ-i n«r«sa,, * 'A*>r««; which, however, J- A. HartongDu

Beds, a raOra eTriTeXovai, Kowos virb 'Yupaluv ■ Sv e^epp.rjvev'ovTes eis ttjv y)p.eTipav yX&TTav, … originated in a gloss, cp. Hesych. s.v. ivvocrlyaios- Kiv-qo-lyaios. irrLBeTov Hoo-eiSSivos.

AM,a, | yaidoX6v t' U*+i,\'Aw*, «.r.X) in the sense of 'holding' or 'guarding … The supposed derivation from fc» P« rise to variouS fonns,m '°"X°^( TXyt … a^aip^a 4 yi). dXXo, 3e S.a rrj, 5 S.00677o, ™pd rV **** 7^" « "s Koi 0 JT^Sbl- … 1 Near Therapne was a sanctuary of Poseidon r<udoXos (Pans. 3. 10. ? to*™- »* … god ratd.rox„s is mentioned repeatedly on a stile of white marble, which was found in … *«««7 ^. no. 946, M. N. Tod and A. J. B. Wace A Catalogue of the Sputa … Meant AaM6,oW | rot afiro reflfilxT*] | airoS d,<oXto- | iv Vaf°*a J"/*" … 2 There was at Gythion a sanctuary of Demeter and, adjoining it, a statue of Poseidon

Taidoxos (Paus. 3. 21. 8 Kal ArjfiTjTpos Upbv dywv Kal HoaeiSQvos &ya\p.a Taiabxov (so codd. … left, on a bronze coin struck by Caracalla (Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner op. cit. i. 62 … 111. 1 no. 805 = Dittenberger Sytl. inscr. Gr. '3 no. 790 a base of Pentelic marble, on the … the tribe Erechtheis is careful to distinguish its eponymous hero from Poseidon (Corp. … K.r.\.)—a distinction observed as late as s. ii A.n. (Paus. 1. 26. 5 iae\8ov<tl Si (sc. into … (supra ii. 793), the result being a syncretisticgod called Poseidon 'EpexBevs (Lebas—Foucart … for ipixBovlov codd. C. Miiller, A. Westermann, I. Bekker accept 'EpixBovlov) Boi/t?;s,

' Afljjvatos 'EpeX0et Uoaeid&in dim K.r.X., A. N. Skias in the 'E0 'Apx- 1897 p. 62 ff. no. 49 … 1 A rough stone, about a foot long, dug up a little below the great wall which supports … Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 486. For a fuller discussion leading up to the right derivation, … » deriving the compound from yata + -/oXos and in-referring the second element to

terre,' but ib. p. 735 'qui vehicule la terre,' F. Bechtel Lexilogus zu Homer Halle a.d.S. … P. Kretschmer ploughed a lonely and fruitless furrow, when he sought to take the … Kos; whereupon Poseidon, breaking off a piece of that island now called Nisyros, hurled … pp. 1311, 14 f., 1536, 18 ff.)). Black-figured vases regularly show Poseidon moving from … are (1) an amphora from Vulci, now in the Vatican, referred by J. D. Beazley Attic Red- … Moscioni (no. 8572) and Alinari (no. 35754 = my pi. ii)): (2) a kylix from Vulci, now at … op. cit. p. 330 no. 1 Atlas pi. 4, 12 b)): (3) a kylix from Vulci, now at Paris, assigned by

Plate 2

Amphora from Vulci, now in the Vatican :

16a

Kylix from Vulci, now at Paris :

the world3 or the earth is a ship4 and that earthquakes are due to … who conjectures that, just as Nisyros was believed to have been broken from Kos … aiptdivres lepayui\\y]ol oxd roO <T(5c7raj'|[TOs] Sdp.ov UoT[ei5S.]\[vi Uop]0p.i[ut]). A. Fick … Boston etc. 1898 p. 430, id. Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylo/iia a/id … See also A. A. Macdonell Vedic Mythology Strassburg 1897 p. 14, supra ii. 1035 f.); … p&Xero rrjs tou ttcivtos < <r<patpas (suppl. A. H. L. Heeren) > 6 5r]p.wvpybs 8e6s. Miss H.

probable that Platon's picture combining a straight axis of light with a curved periphery … wider the emperor Herakleios (610—641 A.D.), has introduced the same conception into … y v tov fier avTbp irvdp.4pos, | aapaii Si p.a\\op rrypor]p.4pais 6'Xois | toiwp Kpe/j.a<ttt}p ttjp … a(j tt 1 ^st oceano velut innatans, longissime ab ortu ad occasum patet, hoc est ab Jndia … So oros> nor, if it does, that we should see in it more than a rhetorical flourish.

but a specialised form of Zeus1, his trident being originally the … none the less magical because the magician was a god. Later epic … Kparos o.tv' aBavuTow ixiyav 8' e\t\it,ev "OXv^irov with schol. A. ad loc. airb roirav 8k … TTjV KQirr\v o'iav tt/s "Upas typa\peii). The former anecdote is a commonplace (supra i. … a/J.flp6o-iai 8' apa xa^TaL eweppihaavTo avaKros | Kparbs air' adavaToio, p.fyav 8' eX^Xiifec

Let his blast rock the earth, roots and all, from its base1. … The earth is a-quake2. … epithet seisickthon, 'who maketh the land to quake,' from Poseidon5 … latter. A short series of examples will here be instructive. In 464 B.C. … Paean to Poseidon, and most of them were for beating a retreat; but … Aristoph. av. 1750 ff. <J ixiya. xpbazov dffrepo^s 0dos, | w A.is d/xfipoTov eyX"S

near the coast of Achaia were swallowed in a single night1 by the … tated by earthquakes—a fact which, according to Strabon, explains … earthquake at Tralleis (s. ii a.d.), which was authoritatively set down … altar of Zeus in the market-place and begging for a sign of the god's

a particular variety of Zeus-sign [Diosemidf. … 5 Cic. & div. 1. 101 (cp. 2. 69) with a useful note by A. S. Pease ad loc The den … '»st. 6. 6 (i. j98 Hertz), Cic. de not. dear. 3. 47- Hyg. fab. praef. pp. to, 4 » 'a/ … Pr°Pri[a.....sacrum fiat. te quaeso precorque; c]etera [uti supra.] Cp. orac - f … fc 8 V-g- W .. 345 ff. terque novas circum felix eat host.a fruges, \ omms q

as a means of communicating fertility to the ground1, so that it had … esse non diffitebere, quod a. d. duodecimum Kalendas Ianuarias Herculi et Cereri faciunt … Maio res divina celebratur terram esse hoc adeptam nomen a magnitudine, sicut et Mater … fastos a Tusculanis transisse commemorent, apud quos nunc quoque vocatur deus Maius … Worship of Nature i. 336—339, S. B. Platner—T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary … 6 See Plout. de plac. philos. 3. 15 = H. Diels Doxographi Graeci Berolini 1879 P- 379 a

Pioclaimed by edict a solemn holiday on account of it, but refrained from fixing … Two centuries later Ammianus Marcellinus, a propos of a devast- … Ro 6 usaSe °f tins formula may be illustrated from Cato de agricult. 139 lucum conlucare … lentia | restituit (on a large altar now standing at the southern angle of the Palatine … Cor' 4 = Dessau op. cit. 5047 sive deo sive deae oves II (from the acta fratmm Arvalium … f I.a"' antt1u'M>im return divinarum lib. 8 de feriis frag. 1 (in R. Merkel's ed. of Ov.

such things happen, the priests prudently abstain from mentioning … Libanios, who composed a special and somewhat hysterical lamentation for the down- … 2 Euseb. hist. eccl. 9. 7. 1 ff. cites in extenso a letter of Maximinus ii (305—313 a.d.), … Arnob. adv. nat. 1. 3 had recently met, and refuted, a whole string of similar charges. … 816, 17 ff. Hartel: the letter is of 256 a.d. (A. Jlilicher in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc.

of a quaking world. But ultimately men in general and moralists in … on the Orontes in 396 A.D.: W. Capelle in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. Suppl. iv. 356). … k-t.\. (during the earthquake at Constantinople in 400 or 401 A.D.), id. in Acta Apost. … dominum salvatorem atque creatorem (written c. 385—391 A.D.: M. Schanz Geschichte … t'ofrBfyat, id. ib. 12. 10 (lxv. 620 A Migne) tin dia<p6pois imxeiptp-ai" KaTwrKtidfrtr … 433 A.D.: W. Christ Geschichte dcr griechischen Litteratur6 ii. 2. 1433).

kill himself; below, the earth cracking as a gigantic nude bearded … 2 Goethe's Faust trans. A. G. Latham London 1908 Part ii. 138. … D. H. Kerler Die Patronate der Heiligen Ulm 1905 p. 86 f. gives a list of saints

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / (a) Zeus and the clouds in the literature

(a) Zeus and the Clouds in Literature. … Agatha of Catania (Feb. 5), during whose martyrdom in 251 a.d. a fearful earthquake … Moors at Granada in 1300 a.d. Soon after his death the town was plagued with famine,

a pre-Homeric tag1 originally descriptive of Zeus as a rain-making2 … ep. 4. 3. 1 f., Prosp. Aquit. in psalm. 147. 16 (li. 420 c Migne))—a usage hardly to be … MaXXois and Sir J. E. Sandys ad toe), was intended as a rough imitation of the starry, … (lists in Hoppin A'ed-fig. Vases i. 106 ff, J. D. Beazley Attische Vasenmaler des rotfigurigen … Popularising at Athens a custom which originated in Thraco-Phrygian ritual. But the

in a sheep-skin' {meloti)3. It is, however, reasonable to suppose that … F. A. Gotthold, followed by A. Meineke, cjj. 651) irpoaipxerai \ RepiKXirjs (A. Meineke … Kapie libri H. Stephani. K. H. F. Sintenis cj. Kapaie. A. Meineke cj. Kapaii).' … K. W. Dindorf, etc. cp. Plin. ep. 1. 20), ifipbvra, fwesfeo Trjv'EWaSa—a passage to which … F.H.M. Blaydes restores 'Seivbv Kepavvbv ovros iv yXwao-q tpipei.' A. Meineke prints 7X161-77;. … A. Emperius cj. KaTa7ripyoin;i<?!) | 7raXXa/<?> KvvwiriSa,' schol. Plat. Menex. 235 e … ApLO-ro<t>dvris"'Bpav rrpi'ko-iraalav KaXeiv may be a mere slip).

legereta, 'the crowd-gatherer1.' Truth to tell, a parody of the old … many a Swiss hillside may be seen the mortar from which maroons … raX<Wt (A. Meineke prints KaXovaiv).' I have assumed that Kratinos meant 'collector … the ability to divert the clouds from their course and to precipitate them as hail or

to be recognised as a poetic heirloom of fixed and unalterable pattern2. … Hera and Athena, the Horai fling wide a ckmdy portal to admit … Sitting apart from all the other gods … 1 Schol. D. //. i. 397 ntkawefyti' tuS ras ve(pe"\as p.e\a.lvovTi, dfifUpowo^. Cp. Orion

And ringed about him was a fragrant cloud2. … o'er them spread a cloud magnificent … sky8. There is a would-be return to Homeric naivete'in the Birds of … And we won't run away from your worship, and sit … in a scared tone: … £>A &"W nP*v&para I rapa this c«/>Aais uovtp X" "Lev*.

can be illustrated from early imperial art. A fine fresco from … shows a fair-haired3 Zeus reclining amid the clouds. He wears an … inspected for me all the frescoes representing Zeus that are in the Naples collection. … Nimbus und Strahlenkranz St Petersburg 1859 p. 13 (extr. from theMtmoiret de tAtadimu … can be illustrated from early imperial art. A fine fresco from … shows a fair-haired3 Zeus reclining amid the clouds. He wears an … inspected for me all the frescoes representing Zeus that are in the Naples collection. … Nimbus und Strahlenkranz St Petersburg 1859 p. 13 (extr. from theMtmoiret de tAtadimu

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / (b) Zeus and the clouds in art

a rainbow, beyond which, half-hidden by the clouds, is perched an … Golden House (fig. o,)7. Here against a circular field of blue is seen … 1 With the works of art recorded in the two preceding notes cp. a numismatic type … °r is perched on a cornu copiae(n. 1225 fig. 1023) or grape-bunch (i. 596 fig- 4SW or "ee … A *"<isc on ancient painting London ,74° P- «7« P>- '° °" H!S w3

Zeus seated on a cloud with a crimson himdtion wrapped about his … a wind-swept chlamys fluttering from his shoulder. The great eagle, … Venus very kindly, according to Virgil' (Aen. 1. 254 ff.)) from a drawing by Bartoli in … not have been represented as a naked woman, and Venus could at most claim a parental

a living footstool. Eros hovers near at hand with welcoming arms. … it2. Hermes' gesture secures uplift3. Detachment from earth is … Hermes' action after all is a little meaningless. And the two … These weaknesses disappear in a third fresco, which again formed … Vatican group after Leochares (supra ii. 281 a. 4). … Tritonum lusus') = my pi. v, Reinach A'tfp. Peint. Gr. Rom. p. 9 no. 5. … in the MS. Catalogue as 'Jupiter between Juno & Minerva to witness a Chariot Race' !

The convex circular field is admirably suggestive of a cosmic scene. … imply that the pose was modified into a gesture of entreaty or the like (C. Sittl Die

chiton, himdtion, and veil. She too holds a short sceptre in one hand … Verus (fig. 12)4 that we may fairly attribute the intaglio to a period … happy effect in the decoration of a terra-cotta lamp, now at Berlin … "34 fig- (= my fig. 11) (Paris) (Minerva 'porte la main droite a sa tete') = E. Aust ill … la main droite a sa tete') = Gnecchi Medagl. Rom. ii. 43 no. 6 pi. 71, 6 (= my fig- l») … Electoralis Brandenburgici vol. iii (Colonia; Marchica; s.a.) p. 439 f- H' P"

the cloud-belt goes back, through a long line of literary tradition, to … monarchs laid claim to a like exaltation. Thus Kushana kino's of

of northern India, whose reign ended in 78 a.d.1, appears either half- … L- D. Barnett Antiquities of India London 1913 p. 43. V. A. Smith I^he Early History … °n a couch'). … 11 Supra ii. 791 n. 2. V. A. Smith op. cit* p. 286fT. dates Huvishka's reign c. 160— … "> 16, pi. 28, 9, V. A. Smith op. cit.* p. 76 coin-pi. figs. 4, 5. Fig. 20 is from a specimen … O. Barron in The Encyclopedia Brilannica" Cambridge 1910 xiii. 317, A. C. Fox-

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / (c) Nephelokokkygia

Athens and its perpetual lawsuits, set out, under the guidance of a … struck by a grand idea. If Tereus and the Birds would but hearken … Prokne the nightingale, summon an assembly of the Birds, a sus- … 5 This fable, which is of a type still common in the Balkans (cp. M. Gaster Rumanian

got their story of the Lark from one told by the Brachmanes about the Hoopoe, a bird … stories to account for parallel features. But D'Arcy W. Thompson A Glossary of Greek … nowadays commonly rejected in favour of a Celtic origin (Plin. nat. hist. 11. 121 Galhco … pp. 219—222, C. W. Gliick in the Jahrb. f. class. Philol. 1866 xii. 166 (., A. Holder … ibi vocatur, rex avium in Italia, with the remarks of D'Arcy W. Thompson A Glossary

Tragedy-kings bear a bird-tipped sceptre3. Zeus himself has an … A Glossary of Greek Birds Oxford 1895 p. 68 f. Cp. Aristoph. av. 713 f.) might well be … that Aristophanes has here preserved for us a genuine scrap of ancient folk-custom. … f. D. A. in, 362, 13. xii, 400. Zs. f. D. Myth, iv, 447. Kuhn, Westfal. Sag. 11, 74, 221.) … to the Cuckoo. But it is likely enough that they regarded his cry in the spring-time as a … from the temple-repository of ' Middle Minoan iii' date at Knossos (Sir A. J. Evans in the … 1923 pp. 22, 72 ff. figs. 103—106) or the terra-cotta goddess with a dove on her head from

phantine statue of Athena with a cock on her helmet, said to be the work of Pheidias, on … 1913/1914] P- 212 cited by Keinach Rip. Slat. v. 120 no. 9). A third, in the Bammeville … curious practice. From them we learn (a) that Rhadamanthys would not suffer his … 401 A /lA rov Ktra, Gorg. 482 B (A rbv Kvva rbv Aiyvrrrlwv debv, Phaedr. 236 D—E S/JWDpu- … Sosikrates (on whom see Laqueur in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. iii a. 1160-1165) … opKovs jrou^ea, Kara rCv 6eQv, dXX' 0)lvimL KeXcdo-dl x^a Kal Kiva Kai Kpi6v Kai ra … Further allusions in Loukian. vit. auct. 16 £S2. Kal fir), 6p.vio> y( 001 rbv K<n>a Kal ryv … v Kepawustiivra 'Ao-kXhitciov Kal ra Saiptbvia a eireKaXeiro; (dog, goose, plane), Tert. … t-orum quercum et canem et hircum iurat (oak, dog, goat), Athen. 370 a—c (Nik. frag.

UavoJjpri from his own cj. and 'TapyrjXloi<Tiv from that of F. W. Schneidewin) 'iyxvrov irpb … 48 Pearson, de vita tsstim. 32 a von Arnim) /j.t/j.obp.evos rov Kara rrjs Kvvbs opmv Su/cpd-rous … opKOV iirayeadaL iravra rd £$a. ovSi XuiKpdr'qs rbv Kiva Kai rbv XW°- bp-vbs iiraifcv, dXXd … <5p.vve Si, (pact, xV"a "al XoiKpar-qs' dXXos Si ris Kpdp.{iijv ov fijXcidas iicrrepov 6 xu<>cufwc … eiopdav iinSeiKv{ip.evot 7rp6s Xdxava 6p.v6ov<ri, p.d rd Xdx.ava Kai pta rd Ka\a Xiyovres and … (Frag. com. Gr. iii. 620 f. Meineke) ap. Athen. 441 e, cp. Hellad. ap. Phot. bibl. p. 530 a … citt.) that Sokrates was deliberately making a mock of the gods by his appeal to some … A mantis like Lampon might swear by the 'goose' as a mantic bird (schol. Aristoph. av.

P-uvtikov opviov). And a little mythological ingenuity could doubtless discover some spark of … men from the worship of artificial objects and to direct their thoughts toward the one … et a quo omnem animam et totum istum mundum fabricatum esse constaret. etc.). … wounds, 'sdeath, odsbodikins, etc., there is probably a deliberate avoidance of profanity. … s"pra ii. 93+ n. D) an(j Dy Zij„a (Michel Recueil cTInscr. gr. no. 29, 13 f. cited supra ii. … or T^a or z^o—so many ways of representing the initial Ai- in the name of Zeus

accept the plan of Pisthetairos, to build a great wall1 round the air, … auch SidfUovTpos statt StdfjoXos (vgl. hole mich der Kukuk)'). Perhaps /ciW in turn was a … mundi, cp. 1. 1102, 2. 1045, 1148, 3. 16, 5. 119, 454i I2I3> 6. 123), and as a Lucretian … that the cosmic wall figures in a cuneiform text (an astronomical document of 138 b.C. … five in number, according to the fragments in Estrangelo script from Turfan, which

down out of heaven from God' (Rev. »i. 2, cp. 21, 10), 'having a wall great and high; … Enc. ii a. 1930 ff., W. Christ op. tit* ii. 2. 1467 ff.) de mundi creatione 3. 5 (Ivl- 452 f- … world as indicated ib. 4. 187 f. (lxxxviii. 185 a—c Migne) els Tairr,v tt)v yrjv tt\v wipav … dvuBev Se v^Xbraros eXiaabnevos, lis dbXos Xovrpou fieydXri, Kdraaev TrtXp.a ^xouira, avrbs … Kai o-Tiynv Kap.apoeiSr). See further a valuable section in R. Eisler op. cit. ii. 619 ff. ('Die … It seems possible that in the west, if not also in the east, the belief in a celestial city … ^ Moorhausmoor in Thuringen the ivitte torn or 'white tower' seen in the sky is a sign … n Oldenburg the northern lights are also known as Turm, the 'tower,' and taken to be a

proclaim a holy war against him and forbid the gods to traverse their … 'wall.' A long stretch of emparo is termed berri, 'ramparts.' A small coloured cloud … 1 <pa\ripk, though a derivative of 0aX6s, 'white' (Prellwitz Etym. Worterb. d. Gr. … Ho<xeiSS>vl rives okewvo-i, as is clear from the previous clause (cited supra n. 1), depends on … tov Upviv wapeXaplev (the clause Std—TrapiXaPev is absent from codd. R.V.). en-XdcraTo to … populaire de la France Paris 1879 ii. (Les oiseaux sauvages) 288 ff., 301 f. collects a vast … A Glossary of Greek Birds Oxford 1895 p. 174) and both on the crown of the head have

find them a magic root1 which will enable them too to grow wings. … must lend a hand in the actual building. Pisthetairos will fetch … bodies—a needy lyrical poet, an itinerant soothsayer, the astronomer … crest at any rate accounts for the belief in the wren as a fire-bearer (E. Rolland op. cit. ii. … °v\6fi(V0l a-qufyai tirowa $uypa(podai Kai aSiavrov rrpi $ot6.vi\v ovtos yap £\et/9ei$ bird … Wavrop codd.), Philes dean, propr. 724 lypuonv firo^ (apparently a blundering tran- … (a • /*• »5> fT. -fjSv >oi a-cu-TOTTTa. (cp. supra i. 459, 461 f., "3<>) I "al warrd/W

auspicious, and a Messenger brings word that the great wall is now … Vases i. 110 f. no. 4 fig., P. Ducati Storm delta ceramica greca Firenze s.a. ii. 318 ff. … names see Charlotte Frankel Satyr- und Bakchennamen auf Vasenbildem Halle a. S. 1912 … from some Satyric drama, though hardly from the Iris of Achaios (W. Helbig in the Bull, … 2 Aristoph. av. 1246 ff. dp' olad' Sti Zeus et fie \virqaei ire1 pa, | ix(\a$pa p.ev airov koX … 1155 KdSfiov wdpoiKot nai db/xuv ' A/xtplovos = dwellers in Thebes. Aristophanes, according … Gr. Myth. Rel. pp. 509, 1251 n. o), whose house had notoriously come to a bad end … Amphionian walls.' The whole phrase ix4\a8pa...Kai ddfiovs 'A/j.<ptovos must be taken with

D'Arcy W. Thompson A Glossary of Greek Birds Oxford 1895 p. 150, A. Newton … captured (id. ib. 3. 21 (p. I24 Didot))—a piquant contrast to the Tloptpvplav of verse 1252, … deme, identified with the modern Marousi (from Artemis 'Ap.apvoia: see O. Jessen in … a very ancient Attic king. If he was son or brother of Athamas, he too was one of those … 1 a Iupiter Purpurio (supra i. 58, 782). On this showing, Zeus Iloptpvpiioi> gave rise to … We P°rphyrion was thus ah origine a prehistoric king who claimed to be Zeus incarnate, … sentations of the Gigantomachy from the close of the fifth century onwards

make Porphyrion the main antagonist of Zeus: (1) a kylix by the potter Erginos and the … Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 363^ no. 16 Atlas pi. 5, 3 a, 3 b, 3 c, F. Hauser in Furtwangler— … = A. Conze Wien. Vorlegebl. viii pi. 7, Furtwangler—Reichhold Gr. Vasenmalerei ii. … (3) Fragments of a krater or amphora from Ruvo, now at Naples (Pleydemann Vasen- … 8 and 8 a, P. Ducati in the [ahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1907 x. 255 figs. 83—85 (photo- … a famous original, probably the Gigantomachy painted inside the shield of Athena … Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1896—1897 iii. 135 ff., Pfuhl op. cit. ii. 588). (4) A red-figured … (Winckelmannsfest-Progr. Halle i) Halle a/S. 1876 p. 9, P. Ducati in the Jahresh. d. oest.

Plate 6

Kylix from Vulci, now at Berlin : … ^er-Reichhold Griechisckc Vase7imakreipi. 127 by permission of Messrs F. Bruckmann A.-G., Munich.]

Plate 10

a a … a

The herald sent to men now returns with a golden crown voted … He is desperately anxious to escape notice from above and produces … the ' Queen,' a beautiful girl who keeps his thunderbolts and other … uncouth Triballian2. Pisthetairos is busy preparing a savoury stew … Mensch im Altertum- Muenchen—Leipzig 1912 p. 599 pi. 296, A. von Salis Der Altar … The giant defeated by Zeus on a red-figured hydria from Vulci, now in the British … d"rotflsurjge„ 5/z/j-Tiibingen 192? p. 116110. 29. Mypl.x is from a'photograph taken by … ~«ne connexion with the Birds, for a Thracian myth told how his granddaughter

Pisthetairos, however, proves by Attic law that Herakles as a bastard … a blaze of glory. The Birds, parting on either hand, greet them with … Mid just such a song hymenaean … vii. 2479 A. To this there is an ornithological parallel in rplopxos or Tpibpxns the

Chor. Now sing of the trophies he brings us from Heaven, … line or two to avoid his rendering 'Miss Sovereignty,' which, I fear, implies a confusion

marriage-bed3,' they acclaim him with all the emphasis of a farewell … 5 (1) Schol. Aristoph. av. 1536 aoifiaroTOiei ttjv BcurtAeiac avrb rb ■wpayiJ.a. is ■yvvaiKa. … Miinchen 1920 ii. 1. 150) op. schol. Aristoph. av. 1536 regarded her as a daughter of … v. 673) ap. Diod. 3. 57, who in his romantic vein told how Basileia, a daughter of … 41 ff., Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. pp. 1081 n. 5,1521 n. 1), whom some take to be a 'Queen' … fertility, in fact a variant of Kore. Marriage with her means death (supra ii. 1163 ff.). … final scene in the Birds implies a clear reference to the sacred marriage of Zeus and Hera,

occasion there was a special reason for picking out just this title and … the audience Zeus, with a touch of Dionysos. Basileia recalls the Basilissa, not without … a real advance in the interpretation of this difficult scene; but—to quote his own words … 1 Zeus BatriXeus is associated with Hera BacnXeia in a federal oath of the Phocians … twv ibiuv avtdrjKtv I UprjTtvova-qs rijs yvvatKos | avroO IIap7;<r(as ttjs 'Ovaffi/x^pdrov—a series … tik&v avvyev[t]i] \ "Hpa BacriXd[a] e[7ri] ro[0] f3u/j.o[v] ] ra[s] (o-)Ti/3dc>as iK[bciJ.riaev~[. On … von Gaertringen in Inscr. Gr. ins. v. 1 no. 30, 2 f. in lettering not older than s. iii a. d. … Troii]<!a.\ao.v. k.t.X., cp. Corp. inscr. Gr. iii no. 4367/.).

longest of the extant comedies; and dealing as it does with a subject outside the ordinary … his lust for a share of the air\d.yxva, and finally his ignominious expulsion, we cannot fail to … comedies: the innocent charms of a country life are depicted as they are depicted nowhere … in its natural place as part of a criticism on the style and the language of Aeschylus, while … were in a chronic state of disturbance, and were giving some trouble at this very time, … allusions to the History of Herodotus would seem more suitable to a period when that … A. Ruppel Konzeption und Ausarbeihtngder Aristophanischen Kombdien Darmstadt 1912

of more than one new political combination1. The Argives in a sense … pides of the moment, really wanted was a staunch and loyal ally, … 1 See e.g. J. B. Bury A History of Greece London 1900 p. 458 ff., W. S. Ferguson in … ;i That this is the true form of the name appears from Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 3 no. … 4 A. Todesco ' KOKKTS' in Philologus 1914—1916 lxxiii. 563—567 (an article which … 6 A similar allusion to Argive topography occurs in Aristoph. av. 399 aivodavuv iv … /xeTa^i Kopiv6ov nai Zlkvuvos,—j k.t.A. refer to the alliance of Argos, whose symbol was … a lover in the guise of a bird. As a swan he begot the Dioscuri at Sparta, at Argos it was

to have been, a fairly close parallel to the cuckoo-Zeus of Mt Kokkygion. J. Grimm … a magistratibus afficiebatur, qui cuculum occidisset.' This chronicle, which professed to … be found in those of j. Dlugosz, a canon of Cracow who died in 1480 a.d. and has left … adding from a similar source the names Lei and Pole!, which M. de Miechow Chronica … of ' a goddess Zywie' etc.: he has misconstrued the Latin of Prokosz.

To secure her by guile, he transformed himself into a cuckoo and … of Hera at Argos. The temple-statue was a chryselephantine master- … others. Maximus Tyrius4 in a few well-chosen epithets records the … of the world was believed to take the form of a cuckoo and that the killing of a cuckoo

creation. To cite but a single epigram, Martial1 wrote: … Bastleia2: Aristophanes, true to a long-established tendency of the … Recueil d'Inscr. gr. no. 717, jfcaDittenberger SyU.imer. Gr.3 no. 1026, sf. a liturgical … iii. 1 no. 172, 5 ff. on a taurobolic altar of Pentelic marble, to be dated c. 361— 363 A.D. … (Paus. 1. 18. 9), unless we reckon the ruined temple on the way from Phaleron to Athens, … hit upon a very similar idea. He is known to have dubbed Perikles Zeis (supra i. 280, iii.

appealed to an Athenian public by thus dwelling on a virtually … a frequent subject—the judgment of Paris. To our surprise, however, … 2 Cp. Aristoph. a?'. 508 ff. VPX01> oOrw &<pt>dpa ttjv dpxvv tocr', ei tls kclI /3a<rtXetfoi | … Aigyptos, Danaos, etc.) and Phoinike (Agenor, Kadmos, Phoinix, etc.) play a large part … pi. 10, 1 and 1 a. … from his coloured drawing to a larger scale.

a palm-branch1. In front of her sits Paris; behind stands Hermes; … presented to the fairest. In short, the vase as a whole forms an … 'from above3.' Hence his ludicrous umbrella. And Pisthetairos, … From the ritual of Zeus Aktatos we have inferred that in early … 2 Cp. P. Gardner A Grammar of Greek Art London 1905 pp. 244—253 = ^. The … a palm-branch1. In front of her sits Paris; behind stands Hermes; … presented to the fairest. In short, the vase as a whole forms an … 'from above3.' Hence his ludicrous umbrella. And Pisthetairos, … From the ritual of Zeus Aktatos we have inferred that in early … 2 Cp. P. Gardner A Grammar of Greek Art London 1905 pp. 244—253 = ^. The

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §6. Zeus and the clouds / 68-103 (d) The clouds personified in cult und myth

of copying the fleecy clouds1. Such a usage goes some way towards … sending a shower, but rather august, and indeed divine, personifications … a judgment hard to understand. We have the play in part rewritten, a second edition … in the sky and took the clouds to be a Centaur, a leopard, a wolf, a bull—in fact, as … (Hesych. s.v. </>apij) and nebula in Latin (De Vit Lat. Lex. s.v. 'nebula' § 9) for a thin,

has foisted upon him a worship of the Clouds more properly belonging … Rent by the winds or charging amain with a crash and a clap, … A£' 'OXtifxirtov ■ rfjs iiwplas- ] rbv A/a vofii^eiv, ovto. TrjhiKovrovi, 827 ST. o6k gc/Tiv, w … 6 Orph. h. Neph. 21 XE*fiN, 8vp.ia/j.a <sp.bpva.v. iff. ytpiai (so E. Abel for i)ipwi)

practice2, was naturally ridiculed as fatuous and futile3. But that was a … 2. 105 A—1! (i. 116 Otto) = pseudo-Iust. Mart, cohortatio ad gentiles 15. 15 E (i. 50, 52 … line 20 avrbv 5' ovx bpbw irepl yap vtipos earripiKrai in a different context. Another passage … of explanation from Aristophanes; the worship of angels is, like the new religion in the

For, after all, a cloud may symbolise mystery as well as mystifica- … said—and left her for the space of eight years6 while she was yet a bride. After … Kephalos repair to the top of a certain mountain and often exclaim 'O Nephele0, … slew her. Then he sent for Erechtheus and gave her a costly burial. … pp. 1—23 with figs., A. Krlicke Der Nimbus tmd verwandte Attribute in der friihehrist- … U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, followed by F. Jacoby, prints ei> 7-77 Oop<a>iewy. … 8 Codd. M. Va. of schol. Od. 11. 321 read & vecp{\a, which is accepted by F. Jacoby.

from the myth of Heos. Schwenn, however, has not perceived that … ment—a scene graphically portrayed on a red-figured kratdr with … the goddess Nephele for a mortal wife, and was punished by a … Reize Preis und verliert dabei ihr Magdthum a) durch Ueberlistung, /3) bewusster … Menschengeschlecht gehorende Frau verlasst ihn entweder: a) fiir immer, ohne dass er … Myth. Mon. Anc. Ath. p. lxixf. fig. 14, A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1103 fig. 3,

much admixture and amplification. A. H. Krappe1 has analysed it, … famine, but also a whole bunch of folk-tale motifs—the jealousy of … A curious modification of this union between a mortal man and … a hero had become enamoured of such and such a goddess, but that … by a cloud-phantom and cast down to Hades6. Similarly, when … a l'autel. Pour sauver son enfant d'une mort terrible, la pauvre mere se suicide et … s A. Aarne Verzeichnis der Mdrchentypen (Communications edited for the Folklore … * A. Aarne op. cit. p. 23 no. 511, J. Bolte—G. Polivka op. cit. Leipzig 1918 iii. 60 ff. … \dxov I iro\vya&ies- aWd viv tiflpis eis avarav vwepacpavov \ ipcrev, 36 ff. ^7rei ve<fi£\a. irape-

Hera herself, according to some1, fashioned a cloud-figure, by whom … Kal KarerbXptrjcrep vrrep uvpovaias Xbyovs iroteto'Bat. eVetra top ptep At a ei'bcoXop wotrjaaPTa … nlii sunt; quae nubes ipsi a Iunone in sui forma est opposita, 2. 106 Ixion, Phlegyae … vvvovatq. (but other scholia on the same line give the more usual account: schol. A. C M. … 7ap to rr)v a&pav kcptcTp rbv 'l^topa ewl rrj yeviaet Kivravpos rd a7rd tovtov eKXrfjOr)—an effort … 3 There is not the least reason for supposing that Iasion was a heroi'sed sky-god … lch halte '\aviwp filr einen heroisirten Poseidon iaTpbs') or a form of Zeus (E. Thraemer

Demeter on a thrice-ploughed field in Crete, became by her the … ( = my fig. 22) published a fragmentary red-figured krcittr of late style, from Chersonesos … chariot of NIKH on a gilded oinochde from Athens, now at Berlin (Furtwangler Vasensamml. … A. Debrunner in Ebert Reallex. iv. 2. 520 f., J. B. Haley in the Am. Joum. Arch. 1928

derogating from the dignity of the goddess and was therefore … had outraged a statue {agalmd) of Demeter; or, as the rhetorical … 1 Od. 5. 125 ff. as S' 6tt6t 'Iaffiwci ivrr\6Kap.os Arip.-qTT)p, \ o) Ovpip ef£a<ra, plyv … Prussian custom of the mock birth of a child on the harvest-field [id. p. 150 f.]. In this … A«rp(6as viiXai rijs Bri^s Civopdadai laropd 'EWdviKos ev irpiorw TpoitKuv Kal 'ISopevevs … , a"'k'os, HXtKrpas Kal Aibs vlbs. Trap' £ p.6vu ptra rbv KaraKXvapbv evpidT) dTrtppara. … 4 T a"TOS'Wa-xd re, I iS» tw piv'laaiuva Svo-ffi^pd ti \ rrpa£ai vtpl Ar/p-yrpos >Jyova

another for the sake of a mere wraith {eidolon), in ignorance of the … the truant a wraith {eidolon), fashioned of ouranos or cloud or aither … rijs 'ArXafTlSos, Kai (pKovn ?.apo9 pdtcrjv rr)v vt\Gov. aXX 0 piv 'Xaaiov ipaapa A-qp-qTpos … 8 Stes. frag. 32 Bergk4, 11 Diehl, 18 Edmonds ap. Plat. Phaedr. 243 A—B. The … yevivOai irepipaxwrov dyvola rod a\y]9ovs. … (the resolution of a self-contradictory mythical figure into self and shade goes back … That the genuine Helene never left Sparta may be inferred from Dion Chrys. or. 11 … Dindorf (A. C. 27~>/<rfxo/>os iv rrj irorfaei Xiyet ihs rjpwaKws ri)t> 'EXivi)v ' AXi^avSpos Kal Sia … 4 Eur. Hel. 31 ff. (EA.)"B>a Si pep<p8e1<r ovveK oil vik$ Seas \ ifrvipwaer&p' 'AXe£deopw

from Troy, arrives in Egypt and is there confronted with the true … When Zeus had caught him from the lightning-fire … yivono ko.1 (pbvos flpoT&v, I ei'5w\ov'E\^n;r i$iirep.\f/' is (so A. Nauck for e<s codd.) TXiov. … speaking) eyii 5' iireibr] xpbvov ipav bffov p.' ixPVv, I 70 P-bpfftpov ffdiffaffa, -jrdXiv (so A. Nauck … Xpbvip Si viv I fipoTol pacpijvai (so J. Pierson, followed by F. A. Paley, for Tpa(pvval codd.) … 4 Cp. supra'x. 707 n. 2 fig. 524 a vase now attributed to 'the Syleus Painter' (e. 480 B.C.)

The real explanation of the story is of course very different from … F. A. Voigt in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 1045 f-> E. Thraemer ib. i. 1123, Preller—Robert … et. mag. p. 45, 16 f. &napa- to <tk£\v KpfjTcs. "Axapa- ttoAis ttjs ' A.<rias, ij vvv Ka\ovfiivri … vase is now in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris (P. Milliet—A. Giraudon Vases feints … Unless, therefore, we are prepared to hold that Zeus in labour was represented as a woman,

(4) A south-Italian vase, now lost, but seen by A. L. Millin at Naples in private … fig- 25)- In the upper register is Zeus, seated on a throne with a footstool. He wears a … hardly Demeter and Hekate. Athena was perhaps made out of a third Maenad (timbrel (?), … \?7S,...d<5eA06s Krqaibxov, Kai a"To!> faypa<P~ov), petulanti pictura innotuit, love Liberum … would date it c. 300 B.C. See also Miss E. Sellers (Mrs A. Strong) on Plin. loc. cit. … irvp. Kal to p.iv t9)s 'Zep.iXjjs elSos a/j.v5pbt> … Tjbiov 'Affffvplov re Kal Avdtov k.t.X.). A. … Roma 1824—1827 iii pi. 13): Zeus, with gray beard and hair, sits enthroned on a cloud.

boreisch-romische Studien fiir Archdologen Berlin 1833 i. 105—107, written from Rome … St Petersburg 1859 p. 14 no. 3 (extr. from the Mimoires de FAcadJmie des Sciences A … 4 (1) A marble frieze, found in front of the Porta Portese at Rome and now preserved … Reinach Rip. Reliefs iii. 362 no. 2). Zeus, with bent head, is seated on a rock. He leans … alluding to Ap6.Ka.vov a town and promontory (now Cape Phanari) at the north-east end … «°"Pov &SaKpvv iKoiupio-e ovyyovoi "Epfiijs, | Kai Ppi<pos ewcepdoio <pm?s USaXp.a SeXijxT/s (sc.

from the seated Zeus much as Nike does on the puteal; and here, as there, the three … (2) A child's sarcophagus of late Roman date (White marble. Height o-29m: length … Tersatto Castle near Fiume. Its front represents the birth of Dionysos in a series of three … exhausted on a couch, her left hand propping her head, her right drooping as if she held … describe her as a winged Eileithyia), touches with her outstretched left hand the right … Similar in type, but with sides reversed, is a fragmentary relief (Luna mar > e. … P- 8S Galleria no. ,6 pi. 3.). Zeus is seated'to the left. His left leg, covered by a

himdtion, uses a globe as a footstool (cp. supra i. 4 7 ff-)- His right leg is bare and is being … a sarcophagus. C. L. Visconti loc. cit. p. 94 … tion to a lost relief, of which a cast has been … angstvoll ihn umflatterte [? the wing of a winged … This second series of reliefs is perhaps derived, though not without modification, from … 5 An Etruscan mirror, of unknown provenance, at Naples (A. Sogliano in the Guida … iv. 362 ff. pi. B 1, 1 and 2, A. L. Millin Galerie Mythologique Paris 1811 i. 5of. no. 222

alten Kunst Gottingen 1835—1856 ii. 2. 14 f. pi. 34, 394, A. Fabretti Corpus inscriptionum … In the centre sits Zeus (Tinid) wearing a wreath of lilies {supra i. 622 f., 736 n. o, ii. 740) … Lastly, a bronze coin of Nysa Skythopolis, the ancient Beth-Shan and modern Beisdn,

Plate 14

bulla from Vulci, now at Paris : Birth of Dionysos.

reflects a very ancient ritual of adoption1. The detail of the sewing … the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Palestine pp. xxxvi, 77 pi. 8, 5. Fig. 31 is from a cast kindly … that we have here a divine example of the couvade was not altogether happy, though the … adoption' from a wide area, including one classical myth: Diod. 4. 39 (from an older … Hpay Xeyec bid rod k6\tov yap avrbv rjytv (ijveyKev cod. a) &s rUrovaa Kai T*Kvoiroiovp.£vr]. … Critique des principaux monuments relatifs a l'Hercule Etrusque Paris 1926 p. 150 ff. … palestrina and was then in the possession of Castellani. Helbig took the medallion to be a

pi. 4). In the centre sits Hera on a handsome throne, the seat of which is seen from … stands Zeus, with himdtion, shoes, and sceptre, signing to a young undraped goddess, … appears in three-quarter position: she wears a stephdne, a necklace with pendants, and a … \4yerat or, less probably, supply the author MaT/>is 6 Qripaios vp.voypa<pos from the context … and holding a horn (cp. supra ii. 347 fig. '241) in her left. Behind Herakles sits Mean … 1854 pp. 1—34 with pi. (extr. from the Memorie delta /tegale Accademia Ercolanense

goddess Rhapso1, but was presumably stressed as a means of … and high boots. She has wings on her shoulders, and a knotted or studded staff by way … It is noteworthy that in the case of Dionysos the simulated birth is from the god (Zeus), … A. Meillet ib. 1895 v. 328 f.) bringing into relation with them Zppaos, which meant either … 83), a man who \Yas tov BaK%i-aSwv yevovs (Strab. 326)—an obviously Dionysiac group of … a 'Verkorperung des lebenerzeugenden Numens des Gottes' (F. A. Voigt in Roscher Lex. … fr. 890 II p. 504 K.: 01k i-crr' aXihirq^ i) /xtv eZpuv rrj 0i5crei, [ rj 5" au0<?\-a<rTos,...Die adjectiv- … Baao-apris, "dem fuchsfelltrager" nach alter uberlieferung, die recht haben kann.' A. Fick

Plate 15

(l) Likyihos of early Apulian style from Anxia, now in the British Museum :

XP»c6s. Uionysos elpatpiwrris "in the tufted skin" was a kid, cp. Hesych. s.v. (lpa(piwT7}s'... … MaXXois with Sir J. E. Sandys ad loc). a. b. c.]. F. Bechtel Die griechischen Dialekte … Deminutiven auf -d0ioc langes a zu, dem im Ionisch-Attischen r) entspricht: £v\r)<pioi> im … forthcoming—from Hittite sources? … 2 Euripides is said to have been a pupil of Prodikos (v. Eur. 1 in schol. Eur. i. 2, 7 f. … J The foregoing paragraph must not be taken to imply that mythical birth from the … (2) A. Kuhn op. cit.2 p. 149 ff. compares the case of Vena, son of Anga and Sunitha,

Rishis pierced the right thigh of Vena. Thereupon, from that thigh, sprang a short- … then pierced the right arm of Vena. Thence originated a person who was a second … who had left no offspring, to produce a son. From the thigh, thus rubbed, came forth a … proceeded to rub the right arm of the king, from which friction was engendered the … Vena, qui etait mort sans posterite, en firent sortir deux enfants, un fils et une fille. A la … meme, elle sera, sous le nom d'Artchis, inviolablement attachee a Prithu. Cet enfant … (3) Mandhatr, an ancient king, son of Yuvanagva, was born from his father's side.

a son as described above. We shall perform for your sake a sacrifice of wonderful effect, … that has drunk this water shall give birth to a mighty and valiant son." "It was I," … who sucked it, and drew from it (heavenly) nectar.' … auspicious, and from the side of the queen, who was purified by her vow, her son was … lhe knife on his thigh. The juice soaked into and impregnated his thigh, from which … a ses piez sa genoilla | Trois des pomes et un coutel | Mit en la main sainz fanoel | Ly

1871 p. -20 f. 'The inhabitants of Madagascar have a strange myth touching the origin of … appearance of an effulgent spirit, and pretended to be a messenger from Heaven com- … a sweat, and brought forth a female-child and a male-child from under his arm-pit, while … — Wafthr. A maid-child and man-child grew together from under his arm-pit. Foot

taking a hint from Stesichoros1 or Euripides2, tells how the gods, … Robert Gr. Myth. i. 781 n. 3 take the appellative to describe Persephone as a goddess of … sumably copied from J.J. Bachofen Versuch liber die Grabersymbolik der Allen Basel … 1 O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 1323, citing A. Hug's commentary on

100

chanting an oracle from the ground1. Behind Orpheus stands a … ddyton of Orpheus. The story goes that once on a time Orpheus here practised … but Orpheus alone gave oracles, his head having lately arrived from Thrace. … design on a red-figured kylix now in the Lewis collection at Cam- … had a hexameter passage such as xPVIJ-Vs<>"',Ti #ei5s ttot iiplararo Kal irpoatenre \ ' 7raC<rae … spoken by Orpheus' head to Kyros the Elder (Philostr. her. 6. 4 rdp.d, a KOpe, ad.) … Kalliope has picked up her son's lyre and a second Muse the strap from which it was hung.

101

Orpheus' lyre by a couple of Lesbian women (hardly Muses). The … women, but lends a far greater significance to them by making one

102

Athens in the sacra of Lesbos and handle the theme with a light- … suspendue.' A. Furtwangler in the Winckelmannsfest-Progr. Berlin L 163 ' eine … To the gems discussed by Furtwangler Ant. Gemmen iii. 24; f. add a sliced chalcedony … a youth consulting the oracular head of Orpheus. … p. 97 ff. pi. 1, 2), who likewise occupies a position on the extreme left of the group.

Plate 17

(1) A mirror from Clusium, now in the Casuccini collection (no. 176), Villa Marcianella, Chiusi. The head of Orpheus (3<*>(]V) looks up from the ground with parted lips, while a young man on the right takes down the oracle (B. Bandinelli in the Mon. d. Line. 1925 xxx.

Plate 18

a youth consulting the oracle of Orpheus' head (?).

103

in order to lure Turnus from the fight1. The Roman poet probably … !t would appear that in genuine Greek myth, as distinct from the … (a) Men believed to control the winds. … they seem to have been a clan tracing their descent from an … 2. 601 says inadvertently: Aeneas a Xeptuno opposita nube liberatur) | airy j kivdq, … a hero is snatched away by a god. It plays no further part in the action, nor does there … Adyi/aiois oiriau iripirtL 'WQavdpos, ca2 vvv Ketvrai 'A.6rjvqaiv tv Kepap-ei/cy al clubves, … «W*), olSe toO (so A. G. Boos for rbv cod. A.) EiSast/iov rbv /3up.6x (B. Vulcanius reads … in order to lure Turnus from the fight1. The Roman poet probably … !t would appear that in genuine Greek myth, as distinct from the … (a) Men believed to control the winds. … they seem to have been a clan tracing their descent from an … 2. 601 says inadvertently: Aeneas a Xeptuno opposita nube liberatur) | airy j kivdq, … a hero is snatched away by a god. It plays no further part in the action, nor does there … Adyi/aiois oiriau iripirtL 'WQavdpos, ca2 vvv Ketvrai 'A.6rjvqaiv tv Kepap-ei/cy al clubves, … «W*), olSe toO (so A. G. Boos for rbv cod. A.) EiSast/iov rbv /3up.6x (B. Vulcanius reads

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (a) Men believed to control the winds

104

Eleusinian ritual appears from the title of a speech fathered upon … there is a dearth of evidence. Perhaps the harmful gale was conjured … nicht sagen.' Hesychios seems to imply that the pagan eponym became a Christian angel … ap. Athen. 597 D ij re woXvi' p,&o~Tri<jiv (so C. J. Blomfield for iro\vp.vr]aTr)iaiv cod. A. … 5 O. Seeck in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii A. 1006 f. … 7 Cp. the Indian 'jar of the winds' (infra § 7 (b)). It was believed that a toad

105

for at Taras a sacred ass was allowed to run wild till it was sacrificed … Prance Paris 1906 iii. 264 f. In Italy toads are said to spring from the first large rain- … 26o) or leaps (id. ib. iii. 267). In Switzerland a toad crawling across the road betokens … his note on Eur. Phoen. 120 restored d\(^avtp.a% as the right reading in Iambi, loc. cit. … *ou?<re<u vepl robs \bipovs Kal ras aKpapdas SUretve ttdos rb crKXXa/3et* to 7t*eO/*a- Xij£a*ros … ff. Stahlin 'E/nreSoicX^s re 6 'A/tp<rva*Ti*os Ku\wavip.as f7r«X7j0?j. \tytrai ovv airb rod … A-Kpdyavri e'eXao-ai abrbv, 3opds bvwv vcpiBivTa iroXfi—a note re-inserted with the … ran 7re5(u>- rbv vbrav iiarvtovo-av f></>pdfa5 \01pbv l5o$ev iwX«flTU rrjs X"Pas> a^v- Colot. 32

106

A figure interesting in this connexion is that of Aiolos … SoKXea re tov ' AKpayavrlvov Kal "Hwip-eviSriv tov Kp^ra Kal "A(3aptv tov 'Tirep(36ptov woXXaxv … Xeyerai Kal dvep,ovs OeXi;ai rijs uipas Tr4pa irvevo-avras. A. von Blumenthal in Pauly— … 5 G. F. Abbott Macedonian Folklore Cambridge 1903 p. 250 f. Zij, £rj Kal /}a<ri\ei)ei 6 … A figure interesting in this connexion is that of Aiolos … SoKXea re tov ' AKpayavrlvov Kal "Hwip-eviSriv tov Kp^ra Kal "A(3aptv tov 'Tirep(36ptov woXXaxv … Xeyerai Kal dvep,ovs OeXi;ai rijs uipas Tr4pa irvevo-avras. A. von Blumenthal in Pauly— … 5 G. F. Abbott Macedonian Folklore Cambridge 1903 p. 250 f. Zij, £rj Kal /}a<ri\ei)ei 6

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (b) Aiolos Hippotades

107

Usener's suggestion that Aiolos himself was 'a sort of Zeus . … a man flays a dolphin and makes its skin into a bag and then keeps it at home, … hill of the Brachmanes, four days' journey from the city Parax: … 2 Paus. 5. 8. 2 cUai yip <pw col 'AMXwr M6\ov, A.fa Si irUXvw. It « dear from … 9- 4^ aioXo,3p6,ra A<6S atag.), or that his six pairs of children were the twelve months of the … a" MXon-o a,e/io... E. Scheer cp. Eustath. in Od. p. 1645, 59 >• «V *» ,f. … «Mft*» xe Kai W^ Jm ct.X. Euseb. »po, ro*. M, 'A.oXX^ov rev

108

should be in excess, it is shut up and puts a stop to them. The jar of the … Frazer1. The closest hails from the Slavonic area: … Odysseus, bears at least a superficial resemblance to the pithos … ed. W. Pierson Berlin 1871 p. 27] vgl. SI 91 (18) [i.e. A. Schleicher 'Lituanica' in the … If Perdoytus was really a wind-god, his name might be related to the Russian … avdpdnrtp. \ 6 5' dKparijS avdpitiiros el54vat enrebdojv j rl ttot' t)v iv abr(p, /ecu to irG>p.a Kivrjoas, \ … was obviously prompted by the later estimate of i\ir'ts as a good, not an evil.

109

of the earth-goddess Pandora opened once a year at the festival of … °n this showing too be an island of souls3—a typical Otherworld … Archiv f A'el. 1914 xvii. 125 ff., L. Weber ' Androgeos' ii. 1926 xxiii. 249 ff., supra ii. 62 … Kz- 32, 324. Cf. got. saiwala "ime".' Etc.), and as a tenable alternative K. Brugmann— … fV»o>/To <Mo7rToX<?/i«>u /SaffiXijos (so schol. Lyk.: for variants see A. Rzach ad loc.) | Aiipot

110

Parthenios, Virgil's tutor4, making a precis of Philetas' Hermes for … opinion of Hellanikos10, a son of Aiolos. Hence the fact that the … A. Meineke Analecta Alexandrina Berolini 1843 p. 348 ff., K. Kuiper ' De Philetae Coi

111

merely as a concession to Egyptian feeling1, but also as a survival … originally a goddess of the Aeolians3. If so, the conception of her … Ka-i McuceSovos <tov (ins. A. Meineke)> AldXov, <&<p' (ins. C. Miiller)> 08 (oi/rw cod. … A- Erman Life in Ancient Egypt trans. H. M. Tirard London 1894 p. 153 {., Sir G. Mas- … LI. Griffith ii. viii. 444 a. … the custom of brother and sister marriage in royal houses marks a transition from female … ■Rhea and Hera, a tradition which naturally proved a stone of stumbling to generations

112

eponym of the Aeolians, a great tribal chief who after his death … The results of the last section throw a new and welcome light … Phanodemos, a Hellenistic historian interested in religious … 2 A. D. Fraser 'The origin of Aeolus' in The Classical Journal 1933 xxviii. 364—366 … 3 P. Kretschmer in Glotta 1920 x. 41 showed that TpiToirtxTpeTs was originally a verse- … The attempt of M. Budimir, a Serbian scholar, to invalidate this conclusion, reported … eponym of the Aeolians, a great tribal chief who after his death … The results of the last section throw a new and welcome light … Phanodemos, a Hellenistic historian interested in religious … 2 A. D. Fraser 'The origin of Aeolus' in The Classical Journal 1933 xxviii. 364—366 … 3 P. Kretschmer in Glotta 1920 x. 41 showed that TpiToirtxTpeTs was originally a verse- … The attempt of M. Budimir, a Serbian scholar, to invalidate this conclusion, reported

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (c) The Tritopatores or Tritopatreis

113

Excavations in the Kerameikos at Athens, conducted by A. … angle between the Road to Eleusis and the Street of Tombs. A … 3 A. BrHckner 'ANA-KA*AI KEPAMEIKOT' in the llpaKT. apx- I910

114

showed that the spot was taboo1. Behind it were vestiges of a low … a stone's throw of it stood till recently the modern Church of the … U. Kohler3 in 1879 published a similar but somewhat later … a.

115

formed a genos or a phratria, has been disputed1. But it is clear … for a y{vo% on the ground that the HvppaKidai (infra p. 118) certainly were such. On the … t, 187 (' wohl einer Phratrie'), and W. Dittenberger locc. citt. prefer to assume a (pparpla. … 30 ff. ^Kipotpopiuivos' Trpo ^.Ktpwv 'Ttttivlwl to. wpa[t]\a ols AhK Koporpdcptot x°'P0S … 4 Id. ib. p. 46ff. no. 26B, 51 ff. 1.Kipo<popiC>vos- irpb Scf/wr* ra\(wi Kpibs A^hh,] | … Wraeni der 'A/ayuures?').

116

spirits2 or else a euphemistic3 expression for the dead {kamontes). … obbligato a conformarvisi; oppure: deriva empieta al puro che se ne serva). In materia … Ae\(pa J air' &X\a t>u-q dvBpbiiros cVa/xe ovk beta ayvw[i,] | rw de iapwv bala iravrl, ' Se vi e … 21 ff. at ko. ixavrlwv bcria, iravri Kal cVycuu Kal ^a/3dXu[i], j t\dv air' avdpwirw, Bdrru ™ rffl … 6<ri'a fiir jeden.' … in the Comptes rendus de VAcad. des inscr. et belles-lettres 1907 pp. 353—356 with a photo-

118

ge'nos, familiar to us from Delphic records of the Athenian Pythais2, … Journ. Arch. 1931 xxxv. 179 is a mere blunder. … from Aigilia.'

119

nature of a Delian family herdonz. Immediately to the south of it … we perceive that the Tritopatores from the fifth century onwards … menting, the inferences drawn from the monuments. … monument du Tritopator. Tout le quartier a i\k si profondement remanie jusqu'a la … that a similar structure, discovered in 1912 to the south of the lower reservoir of the … 1907 x. 368-392, A. von Domaszewski ii. 1907 x. 336 f. ( = id. Abhandlungen zur

120

and the first to begin generation5. Elsewhere he gave a slightly … over-clear. But C. A. Lobeck' makes it probable that, in Philochoros' … of a more or less superhuman sort. It is possible that behind them … view of the inscription from Epakria (supra p. 115) that the other passage (supra n. 5)

121

the Tritopatores were the winds2—a statement implicitly traversed … Protokles, and Protokreon8—a trio well adapted for hexameter … ApiffTo0ai/);s 6 Bufdi'Tios—a view put forward by G. Kaibel and U. von Wilamowitz- … a's Zeuge fur T/jctoiraTiop ausscheiden. Uber den mutmasslichen Zusammenhang der … 7 Phot. lex. s.v. TpiToiraruip-...eV Si tois 'Op^i/coTs MfUt» iraiSas is presumably a … 'I>iToidropos 'A/xa\«io> nai UpuTOKXia ko.1 WpwroKpiovTa. (Ilpwro/tXeWa Souid.), Ovpwpoiis

122

there, in a suburb like the Kerameikos, in a country-town like … cj. S. Eitrem, 'A/ta/cXeiSTjc Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 7^8=schol. Od. 10. 2, 'A/j-aKXeid-qv (?) … to be ancestral spirits conceived as winds (p. 75 f.' Bei der Begattung tritt sie [sc. irvcvp-a} … drawn from Greek and Roman burial customs, Greek nomenclature, etc. is collected by

123

settled. If tritopdtor meant strictly a ' father in the third (ascending) … Grant me a child that is tritogene's, not tritogeneia*— … v"-pOivos. Cp. eund. Tp-qroKovp-qTas • yv-qoias yvvaiKas. oi de irapdevovs, from which … A'tgriechischer Vershau 49 ff.).' But M. Budimir, as reported by L. Radermacher in the … ■s a not very probable conjecture: see F. H. M. Blaydes ad loc.) and oracl. ap. Hdt. 7.

124

Kronos, and Ouranos—a claim whose validity we shall later have … are a triad such as Kottos, Briareos, Gyges2, or Amalkeides, … the Dioskouroi, two in number, the addition of a third being due to … Amphitrite, a river Triton, a spring or lake Tritonis, etc. These … ends with a non liquet. … 9 A. Fick Vergleichendes Wbrterbuch der indogermanischen Spraehen Gottingen 1894

125

And their assumption, that a word once existing in common speech … was re-interpreted as 'Born beside the Triton,' a river variously … ahe, 'running water' (cp. Lat. aqua), survives as a, aa, ach, ache, etc. in a great variety … A. B. c.) > TpLruvi Tip iroTaptp Ai{3vi}s iytvvr)Bi), ...i) €7rei 7rapa TpiTWL eyiveTO- ...7) 6V1 … ld. m Od. p. 1473, 11 f. TpiToyiveia de...t) ix Tphuvos AifivKov iroTapiov, schol. A.D. //. 8. … Tpiui/ o-vvav^riOftaa, UpbfTov Aibs Tpiroivos'. This is largely based on Apollod. 1. 3. 6—a

126

lacum dicitur apparuisse in virginali aetate, 3. 10. 1 nam quod a Libyca palude hoc … Sometimes a rival version is noted: schol. Paris. Ap. Rhod. 1. 109 TpiTwWs Se 7) … interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 2. 171 a Tritone amne Boeotiae, aut a Tritonide palude … Diod. 3. 70 (Amnion hid Dionysos, his son by Amaltheia, in a (Cretan?) cave) irpbs Si … the fact that coins of Itanos from c. 460 to the beginning of s. iv B.C. have for obverse … Itanos is described as a Phoenician (Steph. Byz. s.v. 'Iravbs: tt6\ls iv KprjT-n, curb … 4499—4503 pi. 163, Bement Sale Catalogue 1924 ii. 19 no. 1306 f. pi. 45), while from … pi. 24, Bertier de la Garde Sale Catalogue 1923 p. 92 nos. 2276—2280 pi. 64). I show a

127

the Morea London 1830 ii. 79 with plan on p. 73 identified this Tritonis with a spring on

128

re-interpretation, a commonplace of classical mythology, is not … Tritopatreis had something to do with wells, quotes from the … codd.) I Tplrcovos a/j.<pl xeD^a yeve8\iov irbpov | rldijaiv opdbv r) Karripe<p7j trbba {sc. 'Af?7jcS), I … ird\ai eKbap.eov rds irapdivovs irpiv ij cnp^'EWrjuas TrapoiKi(r8fji>ai, ovk e'xw elireiv, SoKe'a 5' W … n. 3, M. Winternitz A concise Dictionary of Eastern Religion Oxford 1910 p- 5^9'

129

the philosopher with a few effective phrases: … have a genuine Triton wearing a fish-skin as a chlamys, but actually … ]■ de Witte in the Bull. d. Inst. 1834 pp. 157—159, A. L. C. A. Du Mege in the … ^ggteas)> Frazer Pausanias ii. 187 f., E. A. Gardner Ancient Athens London 1902 pp. 24, … iscovery in Tenos, about the year 1906, of a tower like that of the Winds at Athens.

130

a water-clock. The upper part of its exterior was decorated with … bronze figure of a Triton, who swung round in the wind and pointed

132

maintain that the former, like the latter, was a keeper of souls in … spirits at a distance. And this may well account for the persistent … Leipzig 1913 ii. i4r, F. Orth in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. 2532 f., Mrs A. Strong … of Roman chamber-tombs cut out in the hard clay of a hillside S.E. of Cheliotomylos near … v. 1194 f. fig. 25. A sarcophagus-front of Luna marble. Height o-55,n. Length 2-i5m'

133

about the same time but used for a Christian burial perhaps two … suggestive of a Bacchic tlriasos. … suffer a sea-change. Neither Ino5 nor … A * my fig, 53) Found near the western side of the … r°*note, aveas) is followed by a Latin cross with spread ends.

135

was said to have become a deity or a denizen of the deep. Hence … by F. G. Welcker's2cl aim that these sarcophagi are descended from … and Tritons and the train of Phorkos, with sea beasts and a tumult of creatures … Rome, depicts an analogous scene (pi. xix)8. Before us lies a stormy … °esi\ arc&. Inst. 1910 xiii. 95—101, G. Lippold in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal-Enc. iii A. 573 f. … Mrs A. Strong Apotheosis and After Life London 1915 p. 215 'The dolphins and … a Porte Majeure Paris 1927 p. 371 ff. pi. 24. Better still is the definitive publication

136

sea with threatening breakers. A rock-bound coast looms up on … side), 14 (drawing). To photograph well an apsidal relief in such a position is something … :i It is a. priori probable that the conch of the apse represented a myth rather than a

137

Lesbium dilectum a Sappho, multa circa hoc non Magorum solum vanitate, sed etiam … and, taking a hint from H. Stuart Jones (ib. p. 103 n. 124 a), interpret the relief as a … (Mart. Cap. 141, where cod. A has Xev/cws with gloss herba atbnla nt quidam lilium). … fuantum patet, adspicit aequor), the woman stepping down from the cliff (172 nec saxo … " a red-figured krater found in 1909 'nella proprieta Tamburini fuori Porta Castiglione' … PPears to be the Apollon Aevic&Ti)s of a coin of Nikopolis struck by Trajan (supra i.

139

Pythagorean sect in the middle of the first century A.D. But we are … gambollers but the equivalent of a whole heavenly host. … beside the Triton3,' that was a case of sheer verbal confusion. Nor … 1 O. Jahn 'Sarcofago della G-alleria Corsini a Roma' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1859 xxxi. … Sl64, Reinach A'ep. Beliefs iii. 223 nos. 1—3.

140

a sky-god. … in Aiolie a floating island6 perhaps originally located in the Black … Poros-Architektur der Akropolis zu A then Cassel and Leipzig 1904 p. 76 f. fig. 84 a and b). … (V. G. Childe The Aryans: A Study of Indo-European Origins London 1926 p. 47 *•> … in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1032 ff. makes it clear that this transference from Aegean … island with its precipitous sides be a poetical reproduction of the story of some Phoenician … not be scouted; for a perusal of Append. P will suffice to show that the floating islands … Encyclopedia Britannica'3 Edinburgh 1875 iii. 797 says: ' It is reported...that in 401 A.l>- … a sky-god. … in Aiolie a floating island6 perhaps originally located in the Black … Poros-Architektur der Akropolis zu A then Cassel and Leipzig 1904 p. 76 f. fig. 84 a and b). … (V. G. Childe The Aryans: A Study of Indo-European Origins London 1926 p. 47 *•> … in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 1032 ff. makes it clear that this transference from Aegean … island with its precipitous sides be a poetical reproduction of the story of some Phoenician … not be scouted; for a perusal of Append. P will suffice to show that the floating islands … Encyclopedia Britannica'3 Edinburgh 1875 iii. 797 says: ' It is reported...that in 401 A.l>-

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §7. Zeus and the wind / (d) Zeus, Oúrios, íkmenos, Euánemos, Bóreios

141

from Aeolian lays a favouring wind was deemed the special gift of … hexameter form by a poet or poets who somewhere on the fringe of … height of from 30 to 40 feet, completely hiding the contour of the shores, and that on the … presence of floating ice.... The shores from Odessa to the Crimea are ice-bound during … who argues afresh that the Homeric language is a ' Kunstsprache' and concludes a most … orrns with an Ionic basis was the ultimate result. It is impossible to guess how long a

142

or 'driven by the fair breeze of Zeus2,' and tells how 'Zeus sent a … god from whom through Epaphos they traced their descent9? … par excellence11. The tabula Peutingeriana at Vienna, a road-map … because the evolving of such an artificial language is a slow process. We have further to … (A. H. Matthiae's cj. ivuyv can claim the support of four Vatican codd.), 2. 524 ff- TOl° … 9 So the context definitely asserts. For detailed proof see the stemma/a in Gerhard … mTCL tov Qp^Kiov Bbo-iropov Kai Tb <XTbp.a tov T&vtjelvov YUvTOV iv tois Seifiois rijs 'Ao~tas

143

thirteenth century, but based on an archetype of 130—150 A.D.1, … Ravensburg 1888 segmentum ix. 2 (a full-sized reproduction in the original colours, from … ° H. Funaioli in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i a. 305—310, M. Schanz Geschichte der … A work formerly believed to have been written before 196 a.d. (E. Oberhummer

145

(fig. 58)1. These comprise a fine gateway of Parian marble flanked … hung aloft as a signal to ships sailing from the Pontos4.' One at least … 2 R. A. S. Macalister The Excavation of Gezer 1Q02—1905 and igoy—^909 London … Valvei vaaiv iv oiK<p). This legend is accompanied by a stylised form of the seven-branched … E. D. Clarke op. cil.4 ii. 440 f.: ' We there found the capital of a very antient column, … 42 ff.]. Clarke ii.* p. 441 n. 6: 'During a subsequent visit to the same place, the author … 1VtV, Kai Tbv eirl r$ arb/MiTi irvpabv, 8s t)ptt)t<u (J. J. Reiske and H. A. Hamaker cjj.

147

in the British Museum (fig. 61)1. It once supported a votive statue … Rolls a big breaker on the sand, … IHNAKATArrpoToNflN I ZT I o N EK V ET A ZA Z … append. 1. 108 = F. H.Marshall The Collection ofAncient Greek Inscriptions in the British … "on Antas of a sepulchral inscription at Brundisium published by G. Fiorelli in Not. … SicjSS0Wa ^ea^'Enc. i. 2516). He in turn appears to have been descended from Antipatros of … end f" ^2^' <~)n tn's sh°wing tne inscription from Chalkedon may be dated at the

148

on his return from Kolchis first sacrificed to the twelve gods'1. … altar to the twelve gods a dedication of Phrixos3. And Dionysios … but a later religious manifestation of Aiolos himself. … statue Verres carried off from Syracuse was known to the Romans as … after death, and sent the same from his island-home in the Black … three statues representing Zeus O0/>ios = Iupiter Imperator: (1) a statue brought fi'°m

149

of a boy with outstretched arms, about which gathered a variety of … c,'edibilia existimentur.' Dionysios' gossiping explanations run from bad to worse. The … ^TP? relvei tt)v xe'Pa « Hi* OdXarrav, k.t.X.) alludes to a wholly different figure (B. Sauer … 8S. 82, 22(j. My fig. 63 is from the Brunn—Bruckmann … 1 |)e ^e n'story of the Berlin bronze is discussed by A. Conze

Plate 20

a nubian

151

of course a votive offering, public or private, and stands for the … Iason, or—as L. Stephani suggested7—with Phrixos. He is a … gestu manuum sublatarum') gives a very full collection of literary passages and con- … group the statue as a suppliant with that of a warrior brandishing lance and … rMfigurigen Stils Tubingen 192? p. 187 no. 2)), or as Taras with that of a colossal … , -— arch. Inst. 1886 i. 217—219 with fig. ( = my fig. 64) of a

152

character. Worshippers from far and near linked the name of this … 4 P. Roussel Les cultes egyptiens a Delos du JIIC an I" sihle av. j.-C. Nancy … altar (height o^'": lower diameter o'4im), found during August 1907 in a Byzantine wa

153

being saved from pirates … "^Ust have borne a rough resemblance to each other, Astarte

154

the figure-head of the good ship herself. The latter goddess had a … of a small marble pedestal or altar of irregular shape, to the east … to us almost grimly ironical. A third dedication, by a' native of … 2 A. Hauvette-Besnault 'Fouilles de Delos. Temple des dieux etrangers' in &e … 3 P. Roussel Les cultes igyptiens a Dilos du III" au I"' siicle av. J.-C. Nancy iQI" … a Dilos du HI" au 7er Steele av. J.-C. Nancy 1916 p. 156 f. no. 134 At! Oiptw &r*P

155

below the sanctuary of the foreign gods1. A fourth is a small base … on its upper surface. The front of the block bore a carefully cut … (gyptitns a De'los du III" au I"' siicle av. J.-C. Nancy 1916 p. 163 no. 148 (revised … - A. Hauvette—Besnault in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1882 vi. 328 no. 22 = Dittenberger … Q. Saufeius P.f. Treb. A. Cottius N.f.

156

This curious title was known already from a passage of … and this (north-east by east) is just the direction of a wind blowing … Moreover, it adds point to a well known phrase of Catullus3. … The poet's use of Iupiter Secundus is obviously a variation on the … MdapKos 'OfifipiKios ~M.adpKov vl6s, \ AeK^tos "A/nrios Kourou, | AedKws Ai(ptdios Aevdov teal … von Piacenza Gieszen 1906 p. 62 ff. ('Das System der \i Loci,' cp. A. Bouche-Leclercq

157

spirit, the spirit—let us say—of a tribal chief, long since dead and … sonified and described as 'a good companion'6. But Eustathios goes … Again, a parallel may be found in the case of Androgeos. … Grammatik* Mtinchen 1913 p. 365, F. Bechtel Lexilogus zu Homer Halle a. d. S. 1914 … ovoTaaiv S0e„ Kai frpevos oipos xai Zeis <paaiv Upevos. It is tempting to infer from the … }• G. Hermann for 'Affqvafor cod.) iepauv (cp. Od. 11. 323). Melesagoras was a legendary

158

that we have to do with a genuine Hellenic, not 'Minoan,' hero. It … (yyua) ist der Unterweltsgott oder sein heroischer Stellvertreter.' But F. Bechtel—A. Fick … Schneider, A. W. Mair). … 1—5, 101, 2, Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de VArt iii. 418 ff. fig. 293), which from the eighteenth … Edinburgh 1908 i. 441 b, D. MacRitchie ib. 1912 v. 123 a, 126 a, Sir W. M. Flinders … iwiTpairi&os (so J. Selden for TraraiKbs iiriwaTaiKbs rpairifros cod.), oi Si Alyirriov 'HpaK^a … 8 Double shekels of Sidon, struck in s. iv B.C., show as their obverse type a Phoenician

159

war-galley with a small armed figure at the prow (good specimens are Brit, Mus. Cat. … 601 f. pi. 121, 17, Weber Cat. Coins iii. 2. 782 no. 8057 pi. 297). But a more certain … and a specimen in my possession (fig. 69)). On coins of Arados struck in s. iii—ii b.c. this … (see F. H. M. Blaydes' n. on Aristoph. Ach. 547 llaWaUw xpwokmW)—a fact which … P- 90 ff. figs. 16-21 =Schrader A'eal/ex.- ii. 301 P>- 81 fig- J- N" Svoronos in the

160

the ship's trail and supplied her with a steady breeze, much as Boreas … tion, for at Sparta there was a sanctuary of Zeus Eudnemos, the … met. How comes it that this deity, appropriate to a seafaring folk, … Malerei u. Zeichnung d. Gr. ii. 717. The subject is a parody of Od. 5. 291 ff.; but note … A modern parallel to Zeus Eudnemos may be found in Buenos Aires, 'Good Winds

161

stood a shrine of the hero Pleuron1, eponym of Pleuron in Aitolia2, … that as it may, a happy coincidence led Theokritos, writing in the … a wind-god thus presupposes the primitive conception of wind as … UXevpuy is certainly a cognate of irXevpop, irXevpa, 'side', and tr\evpbv, irXeupa are … no. Heberdey and A. Wilhelm in the Denkschr. d. Akad. Wicn 1896 vi. Abh. p. 102 … "A. d. oest. arch. Inst. 1910 xiii. 121.

162

lost his wife Annia Regilla (160 A.D.), he constructed a precinct … 9 E O A ? neither a mortal nor a goddess3, as dwelling … Scattered allusions to Zeus as a power controlling the winds may … booty away from our fatherland. And do thou, Poseidon, blow from our back, … is heralded by an earthquake, a roar of thunder, spiral flashes of … fj.r] irpbs ttp€v/j.a iraveihiov avTiirvebaois (sic) Aids, jlitj irpbs "Epuiros $icpvpov, ols riptels evKpaus … (i. 489, 12) crrp6p.fSos irvevixaTwv is a Byzantine (c. 1150 A. D.) echo.

163

sky with sea. Aristophanes in the Clouds personifies Dittos in a … Zeus, send me a storm and a whirlwind, I pray, … diction again suits a whirlwind or waterspout (=,6 7oy7uX\et, 57 xoave6ei, 61 avyyoyyvXitras … a"<5MocrTpoi;0oiAas, auf Kephalonia in &vep.opov<pov\as...) welcher in Griechenland zumal … dunkl •c,a^e so£enannten Nymphenhtigels beobachtet werde: ein Umstand, dem eine

164

Nymphs1 or other supernatural agencies2. Indeed, the word A nemos, … Galli, a vellum manuscript of the seventh or eighth century in the … (SacriX^a tt]V raj3\a! j 2i"i) fvx^l tov fSaaikias rod ' A\(£av8pov, | ko.k6 p.7} fiov Ka/xere/'), … p. 150 ('The habit of travelling on a whirlwind, or more correctly perhaps of stirring up … constitute a new class of wind-nymphs. But so far as I know the faculty of raising whirl- … 'A remarkable gloss in the old Cod. sangall. 913, p. 193, has " turbines = ziu" (we have … hard at her and whirled her off into empty space {Reinardus Vulpes (c. 1150 A.r>-> ec]' … once a deity, become with the christians a name for the whirlwind, p. 203 ...but to this … Dr B. F. C. Atkinson kindly consulted on my behalf Dr A. Fah, the librarian

165

as the whirling wind-storm—a perfect parallel to the case of Zeus. … a somewhat mysterious Athenian rite known as the Arrhephoria^. … it takes place. Two maidens dwell not far from the temple of the Polias: the … carry. Now there is in the city an enclosure not far from the sanctuary of … A. E. Crawley in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1911 … Some have regarded ' App-qtpopia as a clipped form of' Appryro<popia (so schol. Aristoph. … as the whirling wind-storm—a perfect parallel to the case of Zeus. … a somewhat mysterious Athenian rite known as the Arrhephoria^. … it takes place. Two maidens dwell not far from the temple of the Polias: the … carry. Now there is in the city an enclosure not far from the sanctuary of … A. E. Crawley in J. Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1911 … Some have regarded ' App-qtpopia as a clipped form of' Appryro<popia (so schol. Aristoph.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (a) Arrhephóroi

166

This enables us to derive the terms in question from e"rse or herse, … why did the Greeks make such a song about it? At Athens four … this is a piece of false etymology, perhaps occasioned by the fact that the Oecrp.o<p6pia in … Lobeck Aglaophamus ii. 872 f. held that a.ppr\<pbpoi meant 'basket-bearer's,' the first part … Miss J. E. Harrison Myth, Man, Anc. Ath. p. xxxiv derived the name from tpc), m … thing is said, without a mention of Istros, by Hesych. and Souid. s.v.' Appi)<popla, et. maS'

167

little maids, who were mere children from seven to eleven years of … a certain priest of Asklepios and Hygieia gave his own daughter to … 4 Athen. 114 a—B rip avaararov (so J. Pierson for vaarbv cod. P. ed. V. vaarov edd. … !t is regarded as a type of corruption and therefore forbidden in ritual (e.g. Gell. 10. 15. … "IJ-eviSes u. a. wohlbekannte. Dies wird auch in dem ersten Namenselement enthalten

168

been a ceremony intended to promote fertility1. In the Thesmophoria … 5 Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 no. 919 \jriv deiva] 7 Xpi.aroK\4ov epp7}<popr]o'a<Tav AtJ^t/h kat … s Supra p. 165. The precise route followed by the ArrhephSroi is a matter for con-

169

the Akropolis by way of the Propylaia and the western slope (A. Mommsen Heortologie … (by means of a hanging ladder?) right down into the cave at a point some 50 ft east of … Topographic von A/hen Miinchen 1905 p. 170 n. 4) is non-committal: ' Wir konnen also … Byz. s.v. '0\vp.irleiov tottos iv A^Xy, 6c KTiaavTes 'AOyvaioi xP'7Mctcr"' 'ASpiavov vias … been located. But E. A. Gardner Ancient Athens London 1902 p. 251 n. 1 throws out an … 7rePlP°^V Zei>s xo-^koOs Kal caos Kpovov ml 'Peas nai Ti/ievos Vijs (so J. A. Letronne forr^ … la^es the obtuse angle at which are the traces of the Mycenaean postern gate,' a small

170

cut inscriptions dating from the middle of s. V B.C. (Hesperia 1932 i. 31—55 with figs. … sub fin.). It is highly probable that the relief-frieze with a procession of Erotes, c. 350— … the Aglaurion a modern path leads eastward to the new sanctuary, and it is reasonable to … through the one and thence by a short path reach the other3 (;,Doubtless the passage in

Plate 21

(from Hesperia i93flv pi. i).

171

Aphrodite h Kr/wois, a more ancient one, which we have just discovered on the Acropolis … Peloponnesian War were in part met by money borrowed from her temple-treasury at a … up by A. Trendelenburg in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1908 xxiii Arch. Anz. … 234ff. no. 527 fig. and in C. Picard La sculpture antique Paris 1926 ii. 57). But a half- … Gardens of Alcamenes'), or with more probability from the type of Aphrodite leaning, … e-g. Ant. Skulpt. Berlin p. 226 f. no. 586 fig-), sometimes on a pillar with a tree in the

172

probably included a visit to the goddesses of Cape Kolias, that is, … Gaz. Arch. 1887 xii. 250—262, 271—285 pi. 30, A. Conze 'Zur sogenannten Venus … Ostfries des Parthenon dargestellt'). See further A. Michaelis Der Parthenon Leipzig 1871 … them in the Caryatids of the Erechtheion (E. Beule L'Acropole a?Athlnes Paris 1854 ii. … p. 14 ff. ('The interpretation of the Caryatids as Arrephoroi is confirmed by a scene (Fig. 5) … maidens of the 'Minoan' goddess (Sir A. J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1925 xlv.

173

A late red-figured hydria from Euboia (Collignon—Couve Cat. Vases a"At/ihiesp. 589 … Differently conceived but somewhat similar in effect is the design found on a bronze … Genetrix?...in a garden') = Gnecchi Medagl. Bom. ii. 40 no. 13 pi. 68, 1 ('Venere') = my … ( = my fig. 77) Bologna ('Donna...in un giardino')). A girl is added, filling her pitcher … (Dion Cass. 71. 31 t$ St 'SldpK(i> nal t% $o.v<stIvt) tyr\<t>iaa.To i] jSouXi) gv re t$ ' A<ppo6urlcp t$ … I54ff. nos. 226—283). Here are a few examples: fig. 78 from the Vautier—Collignon

174

medallions representing Venus in the Garden presuppose a Greek fresco of Aphrodite ev … or ERV^AlTlB (partly retrograde) a female figure (? hierodule) sacrificing, with or … 1 A denarius struck by C. Considius Nonianus c. 60 b.c. shows obv. c ■ consiDI •

175

iii. 9 no. 126 pi. 5 (=my fig. 86)). Fig. 87 is from a specimen of mine. For the extant … "W? Kal rep /3u,u£ irapiarriKcv, ayei 5e apa avra tt/iutt) fiev Tj Beds, elra -q 56i>a/ih re Kal r\ … t'A]0po8;Tal 'Bp(w)itfr[««], D>od. 4. 83, Steph. Byz. s.v. "Ep^, cp. Paus. 8. 14. 6 and … campion,' which flourished on Mt Eryx, was said to have sprung from the bath ot … The dove had a special significance in this cult and was in all probability viewed as an

176

Ail. de nat. an. 4. 2 ei*"Epu/a tt}s XcKeXias eoprrj etrriv, r\v KaXovaiv ' Avaydiyta 'EpuKtvoi re … With Aphrodite was associated a youthful consort, presumably Eryx her son by the … shows Aphrodite drawing towards herself a naked youth, whom I take to be Eryx … logischen Entwicklungsphase des Eros...?,' Imhoof-Blumer Monn. gr. p. 17 pi. A, 19 … iepbv codd. A. Korae's marked the whole phrase as suspicious. PI. L. Jones simply

177

a phrase that reminds us of Demeter Chide, Demeter the 'Grass,' at … 1912 cviii. 18, Liibker Reallex? p. 344) that Aphrodite "EpvKlv-q was a mountain-mother of … Aphrodite as a Hellenised form of the Phoenician Astarte (e.g. W. H. Roscher in his … whose city-badge was a similar hound (C. Hiilsen in Pauly—Wissowa Rcal-Enc. vi. 603). … time of Pausanias a joint-sanctuary of Ge Kovporpoipos and Demeter X\6r} (Paus. 1. 22. 3 … distinct. The enclosure of Ge Kovporpoipos was called the Kovporpoipiov, as we know from … Demeter XX677 had a sacred table (Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 1 no. 631, 16 ff. = Michel Recueil … kultus dcr Griechen und Rimer Kdnigsberg i. Pr. 1917 p. 29) and probably a small

178

had a reserved seat in the theatre {Corp. inscr. Att. iii. 1 no. 349 (with facsimile on pi. 3) … jesting and jubilation (Cornut. theol. 28 p. 55, 13 ff. Lang 7repi Si rb lap rrj XAotj A-qpfqrpi … re Qapy-qXiwvos Itcry, Philochoros (in a frag, omitted by Miiller) ap. schol. Aristoph. Lys. … Athens, like Mykonos (infra), made a winter-offering to Demeter XX017, is not known. … o-wbpwv vvop.vqp.a- debrepov ev rrj 'Papla- rplrov virb ttoXiv (so K. O. Miiller for Tre'Xti' codd.),

179

Perhaps we can go a step further. O. Gruppe1 has conjectured … fw[cra] I AA, le/xiawa h a\<phuv (kt^vs ||||, 01x0 x[5s..]). In Mykonos a calendar of … <b"^M[<o><-] vwroy Kdn-rerafi] | rrjs iyKiifiovos. Tas 5s /3[ouX]rj n[pivi]r[w] p.a[yi]put ipxovres \ … reveal a glimpse of the pre-anthropomorphic period when the natural object itself might … cult of Demeter EexXoos at Kolonos (Soph. O. C. 1600 f. ri> S' Evxkoov A-qwrpos eis … oelieved by the uncritical K. S. Pittakis to lecord a dedication to Demeter EuxXdrj (Corp. … 23+7' V'' 88^' partly by the Poetic usa2e of such ePithets X^oiKapiros (Orph. A. Dem. … er^a„dtes Leipzig 1895 p. 24 f., and in the Lex. Myth. ii. 3147 ff-

180

menting on the passage from Alkman, remarks that the meaning … procreative powers of all living things7. Besides, it is a significant … ti;7]yovp.EVOs ravra To, 'AXk^jlolvos 1 Atos duydrijp | fy&a rpttpei Kal XeXdvas [67as]' 6'ri vvv tov … jjXiov aKpa/Tip irvpl KeKkypuKbra 8d\ireiv re Kal Karavalveiv ra <pvop.eva Kal rtdrfhbra, k.t.A«>

181

which they brought back, we should recognise a new-born babe, … speak. A terra-cotta relief of the 'Melian' type, said to have been … mother Athena, who, wearing a helmet but no aigis, approaches from … Q q Handbook of Greek Mythology London 1928 p. 129, apparently borrowed from … from ',; EpeX-®°x8uv>*'Ep<!xeu>v (short form 'EpexBtis)>'Epix66vios (1 by false derivation … Te7r0 ' arpokr- s-v- a-Mxdofes- 6 Si JlbSapos (frag. 253 Bergk4) Kai 6 rrfv AamtSa … Gipsabirf' 93'' A" Flasch in the Ann- d- Inst- l877 xlix- 425 f-> Friederichs—Wolters … 5 304, a, r.

182

rising of the boy from the depths of the dark earth to light and … spectators. A red-figured hydria from Chiusi (?), now in the British … 1 P. Jacobsthal Die melischen Reliefs Berlin—Wilmersdorf 1931 p. 96 ff. pi. 75 a notes … und fiir die siebenziger Jahre recht gelungene und gelehrte.' But could a forger over sixty

183

the babe in a striped mantle1. She is confronted, not by Kekrops, … be isolated from others of closely similar design, which beyond all … erilalt' (ib. p. 237)). PI. xxii is from a photograph. • … 2 O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 75° f. records Oinanthe as a Bacctat^a … ;rgenauer: lakchos'). . „ ,. ool- .„„ a … 3 "0. 2,24, 3 01 NAN0H and no. 4044 = A.Conze Zte attischen GrabreUefs

184

goddess 011 the left anonymous. From her position and attitude I … Beazley Attische Vasenmaler des rotfigiirigcn Stils Tubingen 1925 p. 451), viz. (i)a kdlyx- … Hera; (2) a voXwte-krate'r at Ruvo (Jatta collection no. 1093, F. Gargallo-Grimaldi in the … goddess standing on the left of another kratir in the Jatta collection (supra i. 459 n. 5 … 2 Strab. 382 tiiaS.to.1 b" ev $\wvvti Kal "Zikvwvi to tijs A(as iepov koKovul 5' oilra tt)V … U/)7ja[s 'A]6V[<« Olv\6.vB-tfts\, W. Larfeld Handbuch der griechischen Epigraphik Leipzig

185

In lieu of himdtion, wreath, and thunderbolt Hephaistos has but a … and reverse form a single scene and one which has the multiplication … Hephaistos is definitely established in the room of Zeus on a … to Athena. Behind Athena stands a dignified, not to say Zeus-like, … a te»e avec son trident' (trident-head missing!). Gerhard Auserl. Vasenb. iii. 3 n. 2 … 2 Almost all exponents from Inghirami loc. cit. onwards have identified the seated … 1 76 P- 2°5 A. Flasch ' Tazza cornetana rappresentante la nascita di Erichthonios' in

186

Erichthonios' birth by a suggestion of its sequel, the incident of the basket {infra p. 237 )'

187

The central medallion has Heos as a winged goddess bearing off … 272, 288—290 pi. 85 A. … sych. s.w. iaTT) Aai'a and TrdyKV<pos), together with the /j-opiai, which were believed to … t5^"43> 89, 1—25, 90, 1—34). Figs. 96—99 are from specimens in my collection. … a

188

his tongs. A couple of little Victories, hovering in the air, offer … an annual rite in which a couple of Dew-bearers conveyed the very … group of Ge handing over the child to Athena was constant from … 1 I have excluded from my survey the parallel, but later, series of vases and reliefs,

Plate 26

Painted terra-cotta plaque from Athens :

189

The Athenian Akropolis had from time immemorial been the … filologiske Meddelelser iv. 7) Kyibenhavn 1921 pp. 1—20, id. A History of Greek Religion … !9-6 i. 76 n. 2, 103, 231, H. J. Rose A Handbook of Greek Mythology London 1928 … In this context we cannot ignore the goddess twice figured on a stdmnos from Knossos … ^PPears on medieval leaden seals as MP 0Y fa M^rw eeoD) H AOHNAIA

190

Erechtheus3, in whose palace she had from the outset been housed1, … rare pieces from a specimen, struck by Antoninus Pius, … a Semitic word for 'gold'—Kadmos discovered the gold-mines of Mt Pangaion (Plin- nat'

191

A. Fick as a great philologist merits a more patient hearing. In his Vorgriahische … a'id Doric as '\9ava 'A0a.va.la, in Attic as 'Areata'ASrtvda' Afl^S, are collected by Preller— … wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 2180), on the other hand to a group of Etruscan (?) words denoting … 47 f.=vi. 108 Atanulus (atnanulus cod. A. Swoboda in his ed. of P. N'igidius Figulus … ^ Asia Minor (?) word for 'pan' or 'pot' (Hesych. s.w. ottoxo, arranges, arravhai from

193

extant types of sacred or ritual vases: (a) Gesichtsurnen or 'face-urns' from the second … mus. Cat. Vases i. 1. 12 no. A 68 pi. 2, E. Pottier Vases antiques du Louvre Paris 1897 … S^schichte Berlin 1908 pp. 173—176 figs, a—i, H. Seger in M. Ebert Reallexikon der … "seum of Art. Handbook of the Cesnola Collection of Antiquities from Cyprus New York … T "ifdenden Kunst in Europa1 Wien 1898 p. 175, ib.2 Wien 1915 p. 362). A custom … l92U*!eme serie Candie 1911 p. viii pi. 10, 6, Sir A. J. Evans The Palace of Minos London

195

later are the bottomless tubular stands from the same site published by A. Rowe in the … l%\^<tlb' 1927 p" 74' A- T.O\mstea.d History of Palestine and SyriaNew York—London … k°wl i W/ ■ ^'la'-lan or Sakhan, the Semitic name of an old Sumerian serpent deity. Upon a … k '2o0CUf> bel°W f°r collecting the milk-' Etc- The burial P{iAoi from Beth-Shan

196

upwards and encircling its mouth, together with a terra-cotta goddess emergent from a … contents of a small 'Minoan' shrine (S. Wide in the Ath. Mitth. 1901 xxvi. 2*7"~^

197

to further finds—the head of a terra-cotta figure and another tube-shaped vessel with … by ritual horns ; one adds a disk above the horns, another a pair of snakes crossing under … Ka 3 B> 267, 271). Lastly, a tubular vessel, found in Rhodes, probably at … a, I, , ln K. F. Kinch Fouilles de Vroulia (Rhodes) Berlin 1914 pp. 26—34 fig. 13

200

consort a 'Minoan' sky-god (Kronos) armed with a double axe, it … the 'Minoan' snake-goddess served a similar purpose and prove her to have been aJ> … point backwards to a primitive belief that earthen vessels should take the form of the … with Farnell Cults of Gk. States v. 390 n.a: 'There is no vraisemblance'm the supPoS1' … Kopvtpav kcit iLtcpav \ dvopova-aicr' d\d\a\£ev vtrepfi&Kei /3o£ and frag. 34 Bergk4, 34 Schroe … 250, schol. Plat. Tim. 23 D—E p. 948 a 12), sometimes /3ou7r\ij£ in the sense of ^

201

cult. If Hephaistos fashioned woman, Athena adorned her—a story … <f><)v €k TairroC irarpds, d/ia Se 0iXocro0i'a 0iXoT€X"t'a Te Irl ra aura iXdovres, oStu filav … 4th Mus' Caf' Vas" 3§9ff- no- D +■ A- S- Murray—A- H- Smith WM**

202

fig., Harrison Myth. Mon. Anc. Ath. pp. 450—452 fig. 50. PI. xxvii is from a fresh … interior has black outlines on a white ground, with inner markings in brown. Anesidora's … former's chiton has been restored in water-colour. The names are A©ENAA, … And the composition as a whole is comparable with that of the Triptolemos-relief from … ra 7rp6s to £9jv SiopeLTai. a(p' 06 Kai fetSupos Kai avrqaiS&pa, et. mag. p. 108, 31 'AvqffiSwpa … second sentence (as a gloss?)). From Ge it passed to her 'offshoot' (supra i. … A-qp.i)tt)p ' AvqeiSwpa), and her appellative figures in the lists drawn up by the grammarian … 67—71), and P. Gardner ('A New Pandora Vase' in the Jottrn. Hell. Stud. 1901 *X1'

203

a sudden Tages, a boy in appearance but an old man in wisdom, scared the ploughman … UIe' ls S'ven on a series of vases (C. Robert Archaeologischc Maerchen pi. 5.

205

from the beginning of the fifth century1 onwards classical art shows … balancing the Hellenic pair. A broken relief from Epidauros, carved … ^> C). Of these I reproduce the earliest, a black-figured Ukythos at Paris (De Bidder … rising from the ground in response to the hammerers, and the most elaborate, a red- … and makes Ge emerge from the broken soil as a great white head in three-quarter … j?" Apollod. 1. 7. 2 (ir\aaav, Hyg. fab. 142 ex luto), as may be seen from a red- … .n Herjnes iqi4 xljx. ,y ff. fig.), on which Pandora emerges from the ground quite … L. Malten in Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. viii. 348 cites in this connexion a black- … A. Furtwangler in the Silzungsber. d. kais. bayr. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Classe

207

Hephaistos leaning on his staff presents a helmet to Athena, who … Furtwangler took this relief to represent the Athena Lemnia of Pheidias receiving a … argues that Athena is offering him her helmet and shield. In this we are to see a symbolic … paring a very similar relief of that year (Ath. Nationalmus. p. 246 f. no. 1331 pL 36, 1). … Baume' Pl" §' 8' MulIer—Wieseler Denkm. d. alt. Kunst ii. 4. 65 ff. pi. 75, 961, A.

209

Provincial reliefs from Heddernheim (figs. 128, 129)4 show a group … 2 Cheiron presented Peleus with a spear made of ash-wood from Mt Pehon (/'■ 1 •

210

days of the week1. Volcanus is here possibly a Roman substitute … ambitious scene of Hephaistos forging a thunderbolt for the … p. 3 no. 24 pl- 2, Gnecchi Medagl. Rom. ii. 18 nos. 77 and 78 ([40—143 a.d.) pl- s"2' *'

211

aistos holding- a hammer and forging- a shield on his anvil. Before … 1 greater importance than these artistic variations of a common … 6 Fu't d" MrdaSL ii- 18 no. 82 (152 A.D.) pi. 52, 7 ( = my fig. 133). … sius)i. S'V' ^■a^Ke^a'---Td. Xa\KeTa eopTT) vap 'AS^aiois < rrj ' A6Vp (ins. Meur-

212

winter1. Apollonios of Achamai, a writer on Athenian festivals, … yiypa-wrai 5i Kai lAevdvdpui dpcLpr.a XaX/ce?a. Souid. s.v. XaA/ceia ■ ioprrj 'Adrjvrjo-Lv, a rtves … XaKicbv elpydaaro. ion Si 'ivy] Kai via roO Hvave\f/i.S>vos- iv rj Kai < ai (ins. A.13. C.) > Upeiai … part by Eustath. hi II. p. 284, 36 f. Harpokr. XaX/ce?a is transcribed in extenso by … iii. 1 no. 7, 17 f. [rod Aids ro]u 'JZXevBeptov Kai rrpb\[rod lepov---r]ou A(6s rod HavSr)[p.ov]. … no. 39 Domitian (=my fig. 135 from a cast)), Z6VCC TTANAH[MOC] CVNNA" … 5 Souid. s.v. XaXxeia bis (cited sxcpj-a p. 212 n. o) — et. mag. p. 805, 46 f.

213

sometimes called the Athenaia1. Indeed, a fragmentary inscription … aistos was content with a mere altar3. The two obtained full and equal … by E. Saglio in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 1098, A. Schmidt Handbuch der … P°[v\tl, to. p.ev d7a0a dexeo-Bai, a <paa{\ yeyovev[ai] iv tois U[poU oh IBvov c'</>' vyielai Kal … "6rcu Se----],„ Tfjs ff€0$ T0,5s ^-[J---apxovTOS Kal tov -- avjruv ?.TpaT[6]\a[ov---Kal … . Id. ib. p. +84 ff. fig. 206, A—c publishes two thrones for the priest of Boutes (Corp.

214

another decree1 has preserved the accounts of a state-commission … 1 Corp. inscr. Ait. i no. 318 +A. Wilhelm in the Sitzungsber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wiss- … toi p,o\[v]f3oo[t]. |j rparre^av TroiicavTi. \\piadbs {<rayay6vr[i] to [ay]a\paTe Kal | artoavrL v

215

Athena. Further, since a famous statue of Hephaistos, standing and … him4. B. Sauer5, accepting these results, goes further and attempts a … Athena from Crete in the Louvre (id. ib. p. 72 f. fig. 35), the Athena of the Villa … w ine/a/iresA. d. ocst. arch. Inst. 1898 i. 55—93 with pi. 3 and figs. 31—38.

216

aistos3, proposed a decree4 which directed that a certain 'statue be … 'Above the Kerameikos and the King's Portico as they term it is a temple of … 2 Hesych. 'H^ouorta ■ 'AB-qna. Kal 7r<5Xts rfjs A.-fip.vov. E. Reisch loc. cit. p. 89 ff. fig- 3^ … min. i no. 223, Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr? no. 227: b, 17 ff. [$a]p6[5i)p.os Ai]^0" … '\drjvaluv~]. Dittenberger in line 20 restores avatietvai. to re dya\[\p.a twl re 'H0a/irrwt … have followed suit. The bronze statuette of a kdre from Verona (height, without pedesta 1

217

Select Bronzes London 1915 pi. 2 with text), archaistic rather than archaic (Miss G. M. A. … Poseidon Hippios'), formerly in the Blacas collection. It represents Poseidon, laureate,

218

exonerate their gods. They say this fanciful tale arose from the fact that in the … Athena Hephaistia represent the goddess with a kindly maternal … Thereupon she fled from him. And he, when he drew near to her with much … 4 A statue from Crete in the Louvre (no. 847). Height i-42m. The back, the left … fig. 35 (after Jamot), E. A. Gardner in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1899 xix. 6 ff. fig. 2 ( = my

220

ado (for he was lame), attempted to consort with her. But she, being a chaste … This narrative, as appears from a scholion on the Iliad1, was drawn … in a certain spot of Attike0, which they say was called after him Hephaistelon- … from Hephaistos, who is pursuing her8.' Bathykles made the throne … - Kallim. frag. 61 Schneider. The sequel is preserved on a wooden tablet among the … col. 2, 2 ff. = Kallim. Hekale frag. 1. 2 Mair, cp. J. U. Powell—E. A. Barber New … air' iicelvov vpoaayopevdrji/ai "RcpaLareiof (so F. C. Matthiae, followed by A. Olivieri, f°r

221

aistos was a sixth-century motif, which seems for some time to … '900 xii. 425( 4+6. D. S. Robertson in bis admirably careful work A Handbook of Greek … A. Zannoni Gli Scavi delta Certosa di Bologna Bologna 1876 p. 353 pi. 102, 5 (shaPe

222

from his pursuit Erichthonios is born1. Elsewhere he insists that … for freeing Hera from the magic throne that he had made6. Athena … 6 Hyg. fab. 166 Vulcanus Iovi c[a]eterisque diis solia aurea (so J. Scheffer for soleas … deorum adduxisset, pietati negare non potuit: turn optionem a love accepit, si quid ab US

223

regarded as a mere juxtaposition of two deities drawn together by … a millennium8, it becomes increasingly difficult toresisttheimpression … Keal'Enc. ii. 1991, Farnell Cults of Gk. Stales v. 377 (a more cautious statement: 'his … tho P' 507 f'' Farne11 Cults °f Gk- States \. 378). H. Koch and E. v. Stockar, after a … ' ' Robertson A Handbook of Greek Roman Architecture Cambridge 1929 pp. 118, … Loeff / m Roscher Lex- My^. i. 2064, Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 27 f., A. K. van der … a (Cic. de not. deor. 3. 55 Vulcani item complures: primus Caelo natus, ex quo et

224

A thene, a place-name comparable with the pre-Greek Mykene,Pallene, … the outset she was the rock, a mountain-mother of the usual Anato- … Vulcani filia, quae Athenas condidit, etc.). The passage from Clement is printed as Aristot- … schung 1893 xxxii. 521 n. 1, while A. Thumb in K. Brugmann Griechische Grammatik … The Place-Names of Cambridgeshire Cambridge 1901 p. 8: probably 'A. S. cottim, dative … It was perhaps with the same intention that the Argive women once a year took the imagL

Plate 28

a husband, with his wife and three children, brings a sow for

225

founded a sanctuary of Athena Meter1. And at Athens, though … ot>o-a,i> iviOyiKe, ko.1 rrj 'A6V? t^veiaOau Trapr\yyii\o-tv. An Etruscan statuette of a winged … \ A"-opolis Museum Cambridge 1912 i. 118 ff. no. 581 fig., B. Staes in the 'E0. 'Apx- … ng a round object, perhaps a disk or drr7riSioi') bring a sow (Farnell Cults of Gk. States … _I30 fig. 4), in which a family of husband, wife (pregnant), and three children (one … Nock" xxv'")—an interesting article to which my attention was drawn by Mr A. D. … to '8 ^' duller, P- 408, 14 ff. Lindsay) in reality gave the ahiov for a pig-sacrifice … f"loren '3!^0^'tesclue modification rather than an early maternal trait ((1) a sardonyx at … ^Povaa "e°yiflow eHpx^o = Zonar. lex. s.v. alyU-...i) 5i ttpua 'A^o-i i> Upa-v aiylSa

226

reminiscent of a ' Minoan' mother-goddess. Indeed, when Alexander … Pelasgian or Tyrsenian and probably hailed from Asia Minor. … alyiSa 'A.0fyri<Ti (pipovaa iyelpei [dird tt)$ d/cpoiriXeois] ap^afitvij irpbs rd iepd (so cod. > … p. 103 ff. no. 58 pi. 7 stattr. Figs. 142 and 143 are from specimens in my collection-

227

e*pressed himself as follows: 'It is a reasonable hypothesis...that … a fire-god. When Agamemnon and the Greek leaders sacrificed an … A. Fick Hattiden und Danubier in Griechenland Gottingen 1909 p. 46 cited supra

228

hearth. He was also the jet of flaming gas that leaps like a fountain … fallen from heaven5. Hesiod, Aischylos, and others speak of Pf°" … he was hidden for nine years in a hollow cave by Eurynome and … 5 See e.g. A. Kuhn Die Herabkunft des Fetters mid des Gbtterlranks- Gtitersloh 1° … Religion and Ethics Edinburgh 1909 ii. 39 b, E. Hammarstedt in M. Ebert A'calle*'*0" … Perhaps p.arpbppnrvos cod. points to a compound of p.arpo- with piKvbs, cp. ^P' ^ … ap. schol. A.D. //. 6. 131 irapo.yivbp.evov be avrbv eis rijv Qpq.Kt]v AvKovpyos b ApbaPJ0* … a<j>ripi$t] yap irpbs rov Aids rbv 6tp$a\fi6v. rijs hropias ttoWoI epwrio-Oycrav, ■jrpoyyovti

229

Properties to the soil. Dioskorides1 of Anazarbos, a contemporary … island twice (162 and 166 A.D.2) to test the accuracy of Dioskorides' … A Roman relief of blue-flecked Italian marble, formerly owned by G. Piranesi and … shows Hephaistos, in the garb and with the tools of a smith, falling through mid air. … a"Tpu5ovs (cp. Plin. nat. hist. 35.31)1 ava<pepofiivri airb Aj/wov rrjs v-qaov, ixovo-qs iXuiS-q … XPwi'Tat Si nves Kal els TeXeras avrfj- tan Si Kal Svo-evreplais xpV'A""- … Galen, irepl Kpaaeois Kal 8vvap.eas tuiv awXCiv <papp.a.Kuv 9. 1. 2 (xii. 173 f- Klihn) Kal … ?8 t KOfi^a"a s' e's rip irbXiv us elirov aprlws iaKevaae tAj 7roXvo>Xi)roi/s Xypvlas <T<ppay'i8as. … f t-qv xpijoiv airao-av iSlSacKe t77s \-rjp.vlas yrisy S$er ovk wKVT)o-a Kayo: iretpa6fjvai tov

231

sundry other rites, after which she filled a whole waggon with the … but was laughed at by those who heard him. One of them, a … seals and did not scruple to try them2. Elsewhere3 he complains … "Jipiv-q Kax ToQT0V rapdiiaa-a a<poSpu>s, (It' edcracra /caracmjcai, wpGrrov piv aipaipei to i?7r(7roX7js … • M*. 329 Kiihn), irepl avT(p.^a\\optvuv (xix. 734 Kiihn). … as known from an early period as terra sigillata; but the original Greek term sphragis … c- Fredrich 'Lemnos' in the Ath. Mitth. 1906 xxxi. 72 citing A. Conze Reise auf

232

guaranteed as genuine by the impress of a Turkish seal1. I may add … of Queens' College, contains various samples of earth (c. 1700 A.D.) … second shows a seven-headed dragon, with wings and a twisted tail; … de red. rat. and. 9 on pots made of clay from Cape Kolias. … the monks fill 'petits sacs de poil de bestes' with the earth, etc.). He figures a selects'1 … TeXeras avrrj (Dioskorides, a. a. O.). Wir kommen damit auf uralten Gotterdienst a

233

goddess was in historic times regarded as a form of Artemis and that goats had come to be … to sacrifice his daughter to Artemis Mounychia, substituted a she-goat clad in the daughter's … to the Thracian Bendis (supra ii. 115), it seems likely that he came from the Thracian … nicht Ortsnamen weist Kr. a. a. o. das Element 'lM(Sp- nach.' … I figure five imperial bronze coins of Hephaistia. Of these, the first two are from

234

that the fire which leaps up from the ground had erstwhile leapt … as usual by Herakleitos4, identified Zeus with a single great con- … chiton over one shoulder; rev. H<t>AIC TI6HN a flaming torch (fig. 149). A third … veil; rev. H<t>AI|CTI6nN a flaming torch between hammer and tongs (Imhoof-Blumei

235

that fire terrestrial was derived from fire celestial1. On which showing … (Tvvex&s "HX10P Te /cat At'a Trpoaayopevei (sc. "0/x7?pos), to b' tirl yijs Trvp "1r\<paio'Tov, €rolp.ws … A.<ppoblrriv iroTe fxev 'Hfpcuo-ry, tQ x&ov'ui) irvpi, irore be "Apei", ra; deplcp, Eustath. in II. … old rb tovs Trp&Tovs laws dpt;a/j.e'vovs xp7/<7#cu Trvpl £k KepavvofioXiov Kaioftevip avTtp TepLTVxetv, … Aen. 8. 454 ' Lemnius' quia in Lemnum insulam, ut diximus, cecidit, [a love praecipitatus … 0 ToiovTos "H0at£Tros, jjroi a^pos <rvp.irTii)p.a, ore p.7] <f>ikiws ?x€l ^pos tov aidtpa, p,r}8e Kara … £vtiv i£a<pdeis, dXXa Kal &tl tt}v dpxvv Zoikcv els yrjv avwdtv irodev e\0eZV, rj Kepavvov a>s … Berlin 1868 likewise treats Hephaistos as a 'Blitzgott.'

236

father and the mountain-mother of a Pelasgian or Tyrsenian race, … Attike. An influx of Aeolians, who had swarmed off from Thessaly … representations of a myth, which was strictly concerned with Ge as … bora of a rock (F. Cumont in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 1953), Agdistis, arid … dem die Hosen lagen, schwanger.' After nine months Satana split the stone and a … a Isokr. 12 Panathenaicus 126 'EptxBovios llh yap 0 <pbs <r£ 'U<palcrTOv Kal Tijs

237

" The simplest and most satisfactory derivation of "AyXavpos is from £7X065 (* 07X0/05 for … ^oes the same, but holds that ixipa. (connected with a-qp) was an old word for 'water' … a Nymphaeum. … j^en by popular etymology from an epithet of Pan, to whose flute the Dew-sisters danced … , °-Kpoiro\ii', oi5' (xoi ciwelv iapaKihs ovdels. dirodiSoiffiy Si tt\v a'niav p.vdwSis. (pyalv … " The simplest and most satisfactory derivation of "AyXavpos is from £7X065 (* 07X0/05 for … ^oes the same, but holds that ixipa. (connected with a-qp) was an old word for 'water' … a Nymphaeum. … j^en by popular etymology from an epithet of Pan, to whose flute the Dew-sisters danced … , °-Kpoiro\ii', oi5' (xoi ciwelv iapaKihs ovdels. dirodiSoiffiy Si tt\v a'niav p.vdwSis. (pyalv

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (b) The daughters of Kekrops

238

a mythical explanation. He states that, when Athena was given to Hephaistos, … Lykabettos, a crow—he states—met her and said "Erichthonios is exposed." … ev Ila<pip irepl to. 6vpwp.aTa to. ttjs 'A<ppodiTr)s p.vta t0i7TTa/x£C7j (supra ii. 783 n. 3), P'111, … the crow as a typical informer see O. Keller Die antike Tierwelt Leipzig 1913 ii. 103 (■)• … A Glossary of Greek Birds Oxford 1895 p. 99). Rather, the site is too rocky to furnish the … 3 Pellene, an ancient city of Achaia, ' stands on a hill which rises at the summit into … earth under the pedestal of the image, and that the air from this ddyton is damp, anc … Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Sculpt, p. 36 ('not by Pheidias'), G. M. A. RicMe

239

secret without the knowledge of the other gods. She laid him in a basket and … {supra i. 58) if it be he who on a coin of the town is seated above a basket and snake … yc to 5i yivos p.' ovk ihtpeXel. | ION 7) Kai a<f 'Addva yrjBtv i$avti\€to ; \ KP. h Trapdivovs … TcilX°s Seas. | KP. Toiyap ffavovaai aabireXov rjp.a^av Trirpas. … a Erechthei filias detulisse et his dedisse servandum; quibus interdixit, ne cistulam

240

themselves from the citadel at Athens, while the snake fled for … A.D.) makes the fateful basket entrusted 'to two sisters, Aglauros … hae cum cistulam aperuissent cornix indicavit {supra p. 238 n. 1); illae a Minerva insania … to harmonise them was a failure (Nikokrates frag. 1 {Frag. hist. Gr. iv. 466 Muller) up- … Minervae ferunt pigmenta (B. Powell op. cit. pp. 5 n.a, 40 n.b cj. figmenta): inter q«as … Invidiae novissime imperavit earn sororis Herses exacerbare (so A. von Staveren, aftel … Kai UavSpda-a, at ivo)ila8t)aa.v a.ae.$uv ava^aaai. tt\v XdppaKa. Athenagoras, like Ame'es

241

the Plynteria, a very ill-omened day in Thargelion (May—June). … Earth, not only with white clay (skiros) used as a manure, but also … and Herse were not originally a triad of sisters. Of the three, … Bekker anecd. i. 239, 7 ff. Aeiirvofidpos ■ eopriis bvop.a. AeiwvotpopLa yap e<rrt to <ptpeiv … Ue to S. A. Naber, who cp. Bekker anecd. i. 270, 1 ff. airb toO KaXXiveiv Kal Koop.eiv

242

course, a mere genealogist's device. In unsophisticated times there … their country6. This solemn oath took a curious and unexpected … 1 Eur. Ion 496 'AypaiiXov (A. W. Verrall prints 'AyXavpov) Kbpai Tpiyovoi. … dirodavbvTOS Si ''Aktcliov KiKpoij/ €KSixeTaL rVv ^PXVV OvyaTpl (Tvvolkwv 'A/cra/oi/(cp. I. T4' … Eiic. iii a. 437) frag. 2 {Frag. hist. Gr. iv. 489 f. Miiller) ap. Phot. lex. and Souid. … bpois xPVffa<x^ai "7s 'Attik^s irvpoU, KpiBah, dpiriXois, iXalats, okelav Troieio-Oai ^a"^ce

243

Pandrosos too had a sanctuary of her own1, called the Pandros- … when about to take the field, they offered a sacrifice on the Akropolis … 43 f. = Inscr. Gr. ed. min. i no. 373 i 43 f. = Caskey loc. cit. no. 8 a, 43 f. … TP]bs to UavSpoaeio | aieTbv, 40 f. epyaalus to | [?rp6s] to \la.\v5poo~eio a£]£to, no. ii iii … propos of the rule that the Jlamcn Dialis must neither touch nor mention a dog or a goat, … azer Golden Bough3: Taboo p. 13 n. 6 has a parallel to the avoidance of dogs drawn

244

Details are of interest. When a cow was sacrificed to Athena, a … 1891 xii. 352: ' Pandrosos...is none other than a form of Ge Themis, who is but the earlier … rbv {k rairris Kaprrbv Kop-qv, k.t.X. , and A. R. Rangabe Antiquites helleniques Athene … A. ed. Aid. and the epitome Harpokr.) dveLV oiv, Kal iKaXeiro t6 0vp.a irripoiov.'

245

Pandrosos had a circular garment called podonychon2 or podonychosz. … °f the transferred garment is of value as providing a parallel to the … The case of Herse is different. She is definitely a personification … * Corp. inset: Att. ii. 3 no. 1160 (a broken base of Pentelic marble found on the … 0 derive 'Epi-xBovtos from fptov {supra p. 220).

246

gressively clearer expressions for a single religious idea5. … the Muses fed Komatas, shut up in a chest, on honey9, or in the … by most Greeks and Romans to be a sort of dew, which fell from … quorum tu, Pandrose, dextrum, | Aglauros laevuni, medium possederat Herse. Sup>a … 3 Harpokr. s.v. "AyXctupos (dypavKos codd.. A.C.M.Q. But the alphabetical order … 8 It is on record that Herse, Pandrosos, and Agraulos had a popular festival ca 7^ … Kreousa, daughter of Erechtheus. Other pedigrees are noted by A. Rapp in R°sC1

247

of the red-figured kylix from Corneto, now at Berlin {supra p. 186 … headed, Eos refrained from union with him, but tended him in her … basket or a basket-cradle {liknoii) and slept like a baby (fig. 153)4, … described as the son of Laomedon (//. 20. 237) by Strymo (schol. A.B.D. //. 11. 1, Tzetz. … relief in stamped gold foil, found at Vulci, then in the Campana collection, and later at … yypas (v roKapip fj KaprdXtp Tip d^Xou/x^i-ip iv tois tov ku/jukoO eKpen&odri, us a.v S-qXaSij p.7)

248

Erichthonios immortal, kept him as an infant in a basket (pi. xxix … The two utensils are confused by the schol. Plat. Gorg. 497 c p. 913 a \i'Kipvo% Se to … 3 Lyk. A I. i6ff. with Tzetz. ad loc, cp. 1084 with schol. and Tzetz. ad loc. … 6 Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iii. 243 no. E 372 a red-figuredpelike from Kameiros showing … J. A. Hild in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. ii. 808 fig. 2766, Reinach Rip. Vases i. 342> 2'

Plate 29

^e «. 6 and /a^s 249

250

a species of heavenly dew3. Moreover she changed him into a … Jacoby) ap. schol. A.B. Gen. II. //. 3. 151, Hieronymos of Rhodes (ft 290—230 B.C.: … probable that the transformation of Tithonos into a te'ttix kept in a cage was an early … In point of fact the cicala lays its eggs in the ground (Aristot. hist. an. 5. 30. 556 a 29 fi.i … Hera) xa'™' 8' rjupevvT dve'p.a xPvaiois evl deofiois, | xpvff(laL ^ Kbpv/ifiai iir' aintu*

251

for Corpsele cod. A. Corpselle cod. H. Corpselae cod. R. Corselle cod. L. E. Biihrens … ®°VKvdl8ris a k.t.X., Souid. s.v. Temyofpbpoi- (after transcribing Phot. he. cit.)...r) Sri … The name KepKurrr) applied to a small species of tettix (Stephanus Ties. Gr. Ling. iv. … bining Helbig's hypothesis with that of A. Conze 'Krobylos' in the Mem. d. Inst. 1865 … l899 pp. 19—22, who noted that such metallic spirals in the hair might produce a sound

252

concludes that they were thin gold leaves sewn on to a fillet or soldered on to a metal … a gold diadem covering the front hair (kroby"los). This hypo- … grasshoppers with chains' from the third shaft-grave: these … arch. Inst. 1906 ix. 89 f. fig. 30) published a small g°

253

n- 201 cites another from the Bull. Sardo iii. 21, cp. P. Wolters in the Arch. Zeit. 1884 … 89—96 fig. 1 ( = my fig. 159: scale }))• The pin has a ring at one end and originally

254

On the whole it may be concluded that the Utttx. ot Thouk. 1. 6 was a golden fibida … We are not, therefore, surprised to find that the tettix occurs as a private badge on … a specimen in my collection). On bronze pieces the tittix is sometimes a 'symbol ((w ^

255

27 and pl. 80, 8—14. Fig. 164 is a further specimen from my collection)), sometimes … Pl- 107, *j—69. Fig. 166 is from a specimen in my collection). (4) obv. cicala; rev. … A creature with such a record behind it would serve as an excellent amulet to keep … atlagra, in our national collection, has its upper side coloured black, with markings in

256

red, on a white slip (Brit. Mus. Cat. Terracottas p. 83 no. B 72 fig. I7=my fig. 169 … Sotades, now at Boston, has perched upon its central boss a most life-HUe titt** gg, … prophylaxis or a practical joke?

257

a … a town, and dwelt beside the psychopompeion (Plout. de ser. num. vind. 17, cp. Ail. frag. … unravel her web by day. The ant should drudge the year through and eat but a single … make a large thin cake, which they take to the village fountain or well. They sprinkle it … Ep" "a Taw "a to irapu, j Xd Karaui va. to <paa po.{u Ta- TaiSia fiov, j Na vrcaoi va irtSava". … A. popular Tuscan song tells how the grasshopper (grillo) married the ant. After the … is] Chicago 1927 (reviewed in Folk-Lore 1928 xxxix. 112 : 'A champion cricket … (q ^ ames for the cicala regularly involve a reduplicated / or k together with an »-sound … (He't'"'' Tin7°"10'' (L- Dindorf in Stephanus Thes. Gr. Ling. vii. 2091 a—d), Wfiot … HlHo T°'17' fAww the choice of the word kikvs was determined by a reminiscence of … a< Provencal cigala, French cigale, Spanish cigarra, chicharra, Portuguese cigarra, etc.

259

A Riese Anthologia Latina- Lipsiae 1906 i. 2. 248 no. 762. 35 et cuculi cuculant et rauca … J- Schmidt ib. v. 1021, 1029). A mirror from Chiusi (?), published by E. Gerhard in the … A'v am*' Eabretti Tiami; Bugge loc. cit. p. 34 f. hazards tiasii for *$8iJjffios, i.e. … /)>,!'3ed vv'tn ®esan and QeBis on a mirror now in the Vatican (E. Braun in the Bull. d. … '"""Aw* und Grieclunlands ed. A. Torp Strassburg I9o9 p. ,,9 ff. :-Ti««f6i was … early home in Asia Minor. Tintunia (for 'Tinthonia) is to tinBun as A«\Xw«a

260

had by Eos a son Memnon; and here too the dew-connexion re- … Their mother was the daughter of Aktaios2; and Aktaios is a cult- … from Akte, the old name for the whole promontory of Attike6, which … though we must not with O. Gruppe8 assume the existence of a … Paus. 4. 31. 5) and was worshipped as a god by the Susians (Souid. s.v. 2oi)<rior ovopa … supposes an Anatolian form in which in before 6 became a nasal i (f). The Etruscan … origin, but may be a combination of 8 the enclitic article with the suffix -tin (cp. -lJV° … the one hand and Tinia, Tignia on the other. But the whole edifice is a house of ca ^ … 6 Preilwitz Mtyjtt. Worterb. d. Gr. Spr.2 p. 22 ''Atti/c?j = *'A/cti/oj.' But W. J0^j, … 'Aktikti' from 'Akt-q and had cited in support, not only the lexicographers (sUf ^0fa of

261

by Hesychios3 from some unknown source, meant simply the 'Dew.' … 1 Even the honey-dew (supra p. 246) came from Zeus. When in summertime a cold … > near the top of one of Hymettos' southern spurs—a height known formerly as … 9~"3°o (a score of inscriptions), Miss I. C. Thallon ib. 301—319 (marble reliefs) … the . 'resort, c. 600—c. 150 b.c. and c. 300—1:. 400 a.d. Inscriptions prove that during … k~shan i'U° l1*1^ bv a low partition. The floor of the upper niche has a couple of … by Hesychios3 from some unknown source, meant simply the 'Dew.' … 1 Even the honey-dew (supra p. 246) came from Zeus. When in summertime a cold … > near the top of one of Hymettos' southern spurs—a height known formerly as … 9~"3°o (a score of inscriptions), Miss I. C. Thallon ib. 301—319 (marble reliefs) … the . 'resort, c. 600—c. 150 b.c. and c. 300—1:. 400 a.d. Inscriptions prove that during … k~shan i'U° l1*1^ bv a low partition. The floor of the upper niche has a couple of

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (c) Zeus Érrhos, Ersaîos, Ikmaîos, íkmios, Áprios

262

ed. min. i no. 783 'A7r6X\oeos ■ "Epcro, E. Curtius and J. A. Kaupert Atlas von Athen … transcribed "Eptrou, but A. Boeckh in the Corp. inscr. Gr. i no. 456/2 prints 'Epcro..... … 1904 p. 90 assumes a nominative "Ep<7?;s or "Eptros (id. Lexicon Graecum suppW' £5 jn

263

dancing-ground (ib. nos. 784/785 b 'Apx^S[a]/j.os ho Qep\a?os ko.1 xop0" ^P\x(a"r^] Ni>0£u … his vagaries of dialect, lettering, and metre seem tome to indicate a much later (Hadrianic?) … A- Kaupert Atlas von Allien Berlin 1878 p. 30 pi. 8, 1 sketch by F. Adler

265

r3 i- 403 'supposed to represent Isis, the Egyptian Ceres,' E. Dodwell A Classical and … Halle 1848 ii. 76 'vielleicht einer Demeter') or Kybele (A. Milchhofer in the Ath. Mitth. … ner omphalos. Further it would appear that deeper in the cavern, just where there was a … lo benefit of mankind. And, if so, then the cave at Vari furnishes a noteworthy parallel … was taken by his parents for a sacrifice to the rustic powers … < Top e^^°^o"at tt£ir\ripwKaa-iv avrov rb arbp.a Kf}piwv /x^Xtros, Xva dXrjdes irepl avrov yivijrai rb … cj_ >g e^ych- '~Epyahs ■ atpios Zeiys (cp. supra i. 30, ii. 351 n. o, 808 n. o (o)). A. Meineke's … in \yx PIln- "at. hist. 4. 65 Hydrusam, Steph. Byz. s.v. Trji>os-...'TSpovo-o-a, Eustath.

266

and oxen from the Nymphs and of bees from the Brisai. But … lineage (presumably Arcadian settlers in Keos4), he made a great … 'I/c^a/oio, I Upd r ei 'ippe^ev iv oipeaiv dcrripi Kelvtp \ Xetplip aiirifS re KpoviSr/ Ad. toio … ei Si tot H-4\iirov Kal 'Aptaralos aureus dveKa.~Kio-o.TO 6v<ras rds iv Ktip dvfflas to} A" … Cyrenes filius, Actaeonis pater, petiit a parente, quo facto calamitate civitatem poS … nonnulli etiam aetesias (so A. van Staveren for etesias codd., d-wb tou ahelv) appellavef … Wanderung von Arkadem nach Keos an sich nichts Unwahrscheinliches; auch a … of Zeus Ikmaios at a place called fiiKpd 'EWqixxd, near "EWr/viKd between l°u for

267

We do not, however, hear that in Keos, as in Arkadia2 and Elis3, a … an oak-branch4. And Aristaios, after sacrificing a bull, poured a … Aristaios, then, was famous as a culture-hero. But admittedly7 … of Kyrene's son, says that Hermes shall receive him from his mother … A power that shall endure— … u i. 76, 87, w/ra §9 (a) iii. … gott 'Ft P' IM a" ancient divinity' etc., Gruppe Gr. Myth. Ret. p. 1710 ' Wetter-

268

Zeus A r is taws tkmios … a noble pedigree to Akontios of Keos, he makes him descended … advanced by L.R. Farnell5, who observes that A ristaios means 'sprung … 2 Interp. Serv. in Verg. georg. 1. 14 huic opinioni (sc. that Aristaios went from … riocrafi(pi'epuiv with p. of ap.(p apparently crossed through. A. S. Hunt in The Oxyrhynch"s … < tr > os ap.(p' lepwv, but ib. p. 63 admits that Xijiros 'cannot actually be read.' A. y' … lartov on rbv ' Apiaraiov Sia rb rr\v KTT]vorpo(piav Kal Kvvrjyeaiav evprjKivai 'Ayp^a h … iSpvvrai Bebv), rbv airbv Kal A(a Kal 'AirbWa vop'^ovres. Cp. Diod. (probably 1 … Corp. inscr. Gr. ii no. 2364, 2 (Karthaia) rip 'A7r6XXwe[i] 'Apia-ral[tp] was a nusrea … 6 Paus. 1. 29. 2 KOTtoDo-i 5' es avrr)v irepiftoXbs eariv''Apripxhos Kal&ava 'A/j ^^gs

269

name implies a powerful goddess and her son. Are we transported … that Aristaios was a theophoric name5 attached to her pdredros*— … regarded as his human embodiment7. Hyginus—was it only a lucky … Va6 Was being carried out to burial, a dove flew up from the bier and the body of Ktesylla … a w?*ey De Callimaehi Cydippa Leipzig 1863, Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 237 f.). … 0r rn Supra >i- 1069 f. Zeus'A^a^ux, 1070 ff. Zeus 'A^dpaos, 1073 ff- Zeus Tpe0u>*ios

270

suggestive of a Dioscuric pair. Finally, Aristaios, identified by the … 4 With Xdpfios cp. Pind. Pyth. 9. 64 arfp&ai xdp/J-a <pl\ois of Aristaios himself- … bronze coins in the Leake collection and two in the McClean collection.

271

In this connexion a word must be added on a Thessalian cult … 8' '83 is from a silver didrachm, now in the British Museum, published by W. Wroth in … a b S °^ ^or'<>,ra has a more distinctive type— … spe ■ °bv' Zeus K,u'os Ks"P'a »• 006 n- 3 fi8- 823) or Head of emperor. 1 neurL' a … (ii, es'ia>otis: Aiginion (Inscr. Gr. sept, ii no. 323, 1 m\ym 'A<p]/>i[oi>]), Chyretiai … °m Cattily m-the A""' d' Init- 1845 xiv- '36 ff- no- 1 PuuI'shed a metrical inscription

272

by a small pediment. The first to be found read AlAcpPlOY, which … sipated when Giannopoulos produced a second inscription from the … derivation from the Greek aphrds, 'foam.' Significance might attach … 2 For -ov=-vin Thessalian see e.g. A. Thumb Handbuch der griechischen PioU*^ … drachms (W. Froehner Collection Photiadis Pacha: Monnaies grecqites Paris r89° P" h … Hekate, with two torches, on galloping horse; in the field, a wreath c0° ^^ly … Fig. 189 is from a specimen of mine. Obv. Head of Hekate, wreathed Wj ^ytffii

273

the morning twilight by using as a thunderbolt the foam of water8. … and yet has he taken these things from me: seek ye to bring me back these things!" … Asvins and Sarasvati then poured out foam of water (to serve) as a thunderbolt, saying, … Us> indeed, slain that evil, his hateful enemy, Indra wrested from him his energy, or … tli 2436:--"the lord Vasava, perceiving a fog, cut off his (Namuci's) head with … ^arnq ^ a tnun(*erkolt ra the form of water-foam. With that Indra cut the head of

274

Sir James Frazer1, who cites the tale as a parallel to the myth … not surprising that the foam of the river should be the token of a … The same poet elsewhere4 tells how a dolphin once carried Aphro- … birth of Aphrodite from the foam that arose when the seed of Zeus … a class of magical practices in which demons were routed by means of river-foam, ca'^ … 3 Nonn. Dion. 13. 179 0ep/j.bv aKovrlfav abrbaavTov a<ppbv"Ep&TWv. ,0(le … Etym. i. 160 f. from &<ppb-s 'foam' + a participial form of the root di 'to s n{sc¥ … Indo-Europaean *abhraditd or *abhraditi from Sanskrit abhra 'cloud' (&4>P°sl

275

A<ppoSiT7] enthalt in seinem ersten Teil unzweifelhaft arppbs, in seinem zweiten wahr- … (4) Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 1348 n. 2 suggests 'Arppo-dirrj from acppos + *5ia … '38. See further W. Muss-Arnolt A Concise Dictionary of the Assyrian Language Berlin … ' e'nzelne Taube.' But all this fails to justify the initial 'A- of 'Atppobhij. … ^a^laA , ten Ja Ashtoret (vgl. Ishtdritu neben Isthar und zur Lange Natntdru aus … l" l68> who cp. as a doubtful parallel -yi<pvpa = a. Semitic glstlr.

276

On the whole, I incline to accept Hommel's hypothesis that 'A(ppodhri (F. Blass in … So Sex. Iulius Africanus (c. 200 a.d.) ap. Kedren. hist. comp. 15 d (i. 28 Bekker), Io. … (sc. al 0Xe/3es) 07rep/j.aT hides KaXovvrai. to 5' aXp.a rb p.&v iraxvrarov uirb t&v ffapKwbCii1 … ischen Arzte Berlin 1901 i. 208, 1 ff.) Alexander Amator veri (sc. <bi\a\r)0T)s) appellatus, … 'AcppoUri) di iariv rj avvdyowa rb dppev Kal to drfkv diva/us, Ta\a Sid rb d<ppiiidt] ri airif … substantia est, et inde 'A<ppodlT-qv Venerem dici, quod coitus spuma est sanguinis quae ex

277

that Zeus Aphrios was originally a Thessalian rain-god or cloud-god. … bank of a small torrent known as Michali-Revma2', A. S. Arvanito- … a marble idol. Then came a 'Mycenaean' sanctuary4, evidenced … «nd h'ilfi °^°5 of cuckoo as a ' Gewittervogel' notes: ' Sein Speichel verkiindet Regen … cuntur sputQ01'^5'1 *S'dor"s' 's a'luding to Isid. orig. 12. 8. 10 cicadae ex cuculorum nas- … " *9H xliv 2- J' Wace m the /<""»■ Hell. Stud. 1921 xli. 273, A. M.Woodward … A- M. Woodward in the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1926 xlvi. 246. … that Zeus Aphrios was originally a Thessalian rain-god or cloud-god. … bank of a small torrent known as Michali-Revma2', A. S. Arvanito- … a marble idol. Then came a 'Mycenaean' sanctuary4, evidenced … «nd h'ilfi °^°5 of cuckoo as a ' Gewittervogel' notes: ' Sein Speichel verkiindet Regen … cuntur sputQ01'^5'1 *S'dor"s' 's a'luding to Isid. orig. 12. 8. 10 cicadae ex cuculorum nas- … " *9H xliv 2- J' Wace m the /<""»■ Hell. Stud. 1921 xli. 273, A. M.Woodward … A- M. Woodward in the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1926 xlvi. 246.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §8. Zeus and the dew / (d) Zeus Thaúlios

278

by terra-cotta figures and vase-fragments. Next, a necropolis of … the earth as filling for a retaining-wall of the next temple. The … feet; carved ivory seals and couchant beasts recalling those from … temple was the base of a bronze statue, inscribed in lettering of … A Handbook of Greek & Roman Architecture Cambridge 1929 p. 65 n. 3. … 5 a. M. Woodward in the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1924 xliv. 275.

279

building itself was a hexastyle peripteral temple of the Done … a natskos, the rest bases or altars of rectangular plan, built olporos … twenty-five laws or proxeny-decrees. There is the fragment ot a … sanctuary was then devoted to a female divinity5. On the other … „ BuU- Corr. Hell. 1926 L 562, A. M. Woodward in the Journ. Hell. 9iu ■ j

280

(fig. 190)2. Her ritual—if we can trust a tale told by Polyainos3— … Zeus Thaitlios undoubtedly had a cult at Pherai. A votive stele … 1 A dedication to Enhodia at Pherai was published by P. Monceaux in the Bull. Coir- … rjijpeiov Kal oitbviap.a atmov iSi^avro Kal o-vXXaf36vres KaXXiepov<ri rocs Beoh Kal t&v Kpe^v … doubted that this curious recital has borrowed more than one trait from the Thessalian cu

281

above, a space left blank for a painted portrait below, and in the … A second stele from Pherai, published by N. I. Giannopoulos … sPnngs of the Apidanos in a quarter called Tampachana, rises a … Bull. Corr. Hell. ,9« xlix. 460, A. M. Woodward in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 19*0

282

a carefully incised dedication … again till a cross was fixed on its highest point. So here the Turks … lettering which dates from the latter part of s. iv B.C.: … A.PX- *9l3 P- 218 n- … 7 Hesych. QaiiXia (so Stephanus Thes. Gr. Ling. iv. 257 A for OauXia cod.)' eoprV

283

tion that Thmllios denotes 'god of the Dew,' being in fact a word … ^94 cxxx Abh. ii. ss (from the root 'sturmen'). … vereinigen.' Solmsen further propounds a conjecture of his own: 'OouX- kann sich UUt … CWUrger'), eaOX.a 'the Throttling-festival' ('Wtlrgefest'), and QavUos the god served … "W.o, (//. 20. +03 f. cited supra 5o6 n. .), the bull-hanging for Athena at Il.on (sup,a … 6 A. Fick Verglcichendes Worterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen* Gottrngen 1870 … a dew-god, we must remember that at Athens an early myth made Ares the husba"rt … v- 402). It is by no means certain that Ares was ab origine only a war-god, ana

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (a) Rain-magic

284

(a) Rain-magic, … ' I chanced one day upon a very old woman squatting on the extreme edge … being a witch of unusual powers and had procured rain in previous droughts, she … ensure her good will and.further conversation, I invested a trifle, and tried to … would not of course let a stranger know the exact formula which she employed;

285

Balkans. In times of prolonged drought a girl is dressed up in … Send thou us a still, small rain; … Bushels grow from every ear ; # … ' My God, send a rain, … eel by Frazer Golden Bough': The Magic Art i. 272 t). For variants see A. Passow

286

In Zagorion, a district of Epeiros, it has become Papparoima, … Send down rain from above, … 'When the land is suffering from protracted and obstinate droughts, the … Papaluga, or Rain-maiden. This is done by stripping a young Tzigane girl quite

287

In Roumania the rain-maker is called Paparuda or Babaruda. She is a gypsy … a er Easter, but it may be repeated at anytime of drought during the summer.' … Word Perperid has been much discussed. It is often derived from … !866 p vf)'™ ~^a^e *" Meinung und Brauch der Romanm Siebenbiirgens Hermannstadt … 'H^epoXi^ v°lkonomos' Mittheilung a. a. O. [S. K. Oikonomos in Bretos' 'E0xik6j< … 5 A pr°S (CUed "'^"'a 646 °)- … frrperus andPa £*. **t**P»<<0 • With the ancient word ireprtpda, derived from the Latin

288

follows. A girl called the Dodola is stripped naked, but so wrapped … Sometimes they sing, not a prayer for rain, but a rain-charm of … From the clouds fell a ring,— … principal part in this performance is always assigned to a girl, i'1

289

Makedonia and Dalmatia it is given to a boy or a young … followed by Sir J G. Frazer* and Mr J. G. Lawson W. K. a. … Greek lands the corn-mother seems to have been but a … and zhd represents either gd or dd; if this be the root dodo-laf«^^~A … for Demeter was Au-MdrW, with a clipped form Awfs (n«t "stored^by J. O. j … the title AWMd,„, On this showing Dodona was the town of fc**a red"P™s … ^"/j-a p. 2s8,

290

definitely claims to be—a cloud-charm1. … morning, the smallest being dressed as a bride. Two carry a water-vessel, and … means there will be extorted from the "heavenly women"—the clouds—the rain for … represent a cloud1 (JSee above, pp. 260 sq. This perpetual turning or whirling movemen … 3 'Etrr/a 1890 p. 268. … worked by the vept> ap-lX-qro—speechless water. A water-vessel is filled at the spring a

291

collected in bands and went about the village singing" songs from conduit head to … trinkets, one contributed by each girl and tied up a with flower or sprig of basil … about the village with one of their number dressed up as a bride called Roviand, … that the dressing up of agirl as a bride and the visiting of the conduits is connected … Cambridge 1903 pp. 53—57 (a minutely careful account of 6 Mfiow on St John s Eve … ' E- '913 p. 14a f. ('Das Fest des KX^as') gives a good account of the festival as … Prof. Wace translates the Pirfiruna-saag from G. Weigand op. cit. U. 13° no- °°

292

others prefer the screen of night, which shelters them from the prying eyes of … Miss M. Hamilton2 (Mrs G. Dickins) has given a graphic account … 'St Elias is considered lord of rain, and at the time of his festival in July a … to foot: they go round the roads calling aloud r a" 'A/a, making the saint's narne … p. 153 f. (after A. Sakellarios Ta Kvirpiana Alliens 1868 i. 702), cp. p'. '-4-

293

'Amongst the Armenian people it is the custom, on a particular day in the year, … Although in its modern form the custom of water-throwing is little more than a … t0 let a pigeon fly, in remembrance of Noah'1. This is not done at Egin, nor could … Armenians said that they thought the custom had come down to them from the … a Puppet and immersing it in water: … as el Harris, is certainly derived from the Armenian vart, ' rose,' and must be regarded … Provinces of A 6 °lher Wat£r Whe" they meet the streets ' and certam

294

on her bread-hooks, and she wants rain from God." The boys take up contributions … wishes mercy from God; she wants offerings of lambs and rams." And the … also a popular rain-charm of the usual mimetic kind. Professor

295

aU the houses of the town to levy a contribution on that day. He may gain a … with a gilt cross at the top, and on the Eve of Epiphany they are conveyed to … sunrise a song is sung calling on St. John to baptise the Christ Child, and … ees by the Jordan banks. It is a common belief that all trees on Epiphany Eve … hies °n ^P'P^any morning a vessel full of water to the church, and the priest … ft^-i P'P^any song from Imbros connects the Jordan water used … taXet. I "&yl0 T^", a">"''a^'" I *oi to Bvfuarovpta 's rd SaxrvXa | Kal rbv ayio Tidppr) irapa-

296

Even more explicit is another song from the neighbourhood of … No description of a ceremony exactly resembling the rites of … conjecture that the early Greek rain-maker, probably clad in a … Usage, no doubt, differed from place to place. In Rhodes the … 5 Supra p. 70. Cp. Orph. /(. Not. 82 NOTOT, Q\ipXap.a \lfiavov. 1 ff. Xa^vpo" *1Srlli*

297

a bronze car and the recital of a prayer for rain. Coins of the town … salt water. Passing through a gate, which adjoined the Dionysion … It was said' that Phryne, who habitually wore a clinging chitdn and … and stepped into the sea before the whole concourse of people a … are told" that on another occasion, when an initiate was washing a … Gk. A'e/.2 p. I52 t, P. Foucart La mystcrcs t&eUW Pans .914 P- 3*4 … * Overbeck^n>7«^« P- 349 ff. nos. 1846-.863, A. Reinach Textes grecs et lat<»> … Schol. Aischin. r'n Cto. 130 p. 45 a 8 ff. Baiter—Sauppe.

298

a not infrequent form of popular ordeal2. Mrs A. Strong and … towards the east, the other towards the west, with the addition of a … x. 563 a. … 9 Hesych. Koy\, op.Ta£ (C. A. Lobeck cj. Koy% o/iolws, 7rd£) ■ lirupuvriiia. rcre'SeirH'''^

299

But there is more definite evidence than this of a rain-ritual at … lnQ in a waste deposit of neo-Platonic metaphysic. The formula savours of … e initiates of a corn-ear reaped in silence7, we can well believe … ■ Spl^jJ^esJ'c'1ios' gloss that Koy%, o/xira^ or the like was a purely onomatopoeic phrase— … c°dd I °'S ^P°lS eis ^" Ti,v ofy"1"'1" toafSkbtorra ifiowv lve' (so C. A. Lobeck for v!e … The r ] m. 1') anc^' f°r a modern parallel, supra i. 413 n. o. … 7 HiPP- 'ref^)^8 S'VeS a mislea<iing refer ence and an erroneous text.

300

('l'epi de bid, pr&ente en silence a la foule assemblee'), Frazer Golden Bough'': The … me parait beaucoup plus satisfaisante, et je n'aurais pas hesite a l'adopter s'il ne fallait … xix. 344 n. 1 pointed out that 'le silence est tres souvent necessaire a l'accomplissement … 'an ear of grain reaped in silence,' M. P. Nilsson A History of Greek Religion trans. … were following the lead of the Phrygians, who spoke of God as 'a green ear reaped … K. W. A. Reifferscheid cj. redduntur. C. Bursian cj. recidivantur)). But Attis never … WKTbs 4v '¥i\evalvL {rub 7roXX£ irvpl reXwc ra /xeyd\a Kal appTyra ixvaTqpLa /3op Kal k£kP&1 … (2) According to F. B. Jevons, the corn-ear exhibited at Eleusis implies a corn-tote^ … the practice of sowing; and even when a larger and proper stock of seed-corn was … n. 4), and was preserved from harvest to seed-time in the house of the head-man °

301

(3) Elsewhere Reinach treats the corn-ear as the offspring of a priest and a priestess, … logique, Zeus et Demeter—dont 1 'union assure la fecondite des champs'). A very similar … s 'hat here Demeter is not to be distinguished from her daughter), Clem. Al. protr. … j Ja (v TV (tkotui irapa tup Svo irpaTTO/xepa; schol. Plat. Gorg. 497 c p. 913 a 37 ff. … a … ext a or K°re {supra i. 392 ff.). It might also be maintained—the hypothesis is not … ^a^XODOpP<^I1' ;Pa"S' 39' 1 $p£aP~'A*8u*1 Ka\ovp.epop, 1. 38. 6 $pe'ap...Ka\ovp.ePOP … se of th-P De'"' 5;2^' Cwnich' however, were wells for water. A.B.c].). The

302

the airapxal were taken up from the subterranean store-house. The best part of them, … [ix^he^lyoJuTaL, TplrroLav de plbapxov xpvc7°k€p0v T0~lv Qto'iv heKa.[r^p\\^aL a]wb tov Kpi&ov … the grain for sowing. The a-rrapxal thus became veritable ' starting-points' of the k6k~Kos … Eleusinian epoptae was a o-t&xvs TeBepLtrpLfvos,.. .is it possible that we may see in this … of the deities worshipped at Eleusis facilitated the coming of higher hopes for a future … name Arjp.r)TpeioL (Plout. de fac. in orb. lun. 28 Kal roils veKpobs 'ABtivolol A-qp-ttTpeiovi … dead was assimilated to wheat or barley germinating in the earth when watered from … agrarian cult. ' Le rite final de l'epoptie, e'est-a-dire la presentation de l'epi de ble> … Alovvltov Trj A-qix-ryrpa LTvyKaBLepioaav, alvLTTdpLevoL r6 ybvLpLov ttjs iiypbTrjTOs) and at Elelis … calore ad vitam hominum colliguntur et divisae a terrae consortio separantur et ^.

305

Probably in the dirge called TAavepws (A. Rusch in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xiv. 1048 ff.). … • 51023). Quibell says of no. 51022: 'This object consists of a wooden frame, on … Profile of Osiris (1.42"1 high). The contour is filled in with a mixture of earth, barley- … catn"'^^1^'""1 London 1933 iii. 39, 61 pi. 64, A and b). Carter says: 'This object... … 'n the"!"S!leets and ^andaged in the like manner as a mummy.' Foucart further notes that … \ A n resurrection of the god (A. Erman Die agyptische Religion Berlin 1905 p. … (Champ0i||0t name> Osiris of the mysteries, who springs from the returning waters'" … ESyptlan p Egk- p- 7°5 f- PL 26 3' f" E- A- Wallis Budge 0siris and the … a miirnrny and 1 •W & papyrus of the Louvre (No. 3377) Osiris is represented swathed as … Paris iQ2„ 1? 3t>3. 2 ( = my fig. 197)). .\. Moret La mise a mart du dieu en Egypte

306

'that which is drawn along,' later mert 'bride' or inert stat, from a portable granary (?))> … derived from the former. They were analogous rites, that is all. … In this connexion special interest attaches to two finds from the west of the classic' … des epis a Eleusis'!), Farnell Cults of Gk. States iii. 216 f. pi. iii, /' Cthe firS teCl,er … old Attic custom of sowing grain on the fresh-made grave, cp. Demetrios of P«a _ teria

Plate 30

(1) A herdion containing five stalks or o ^^&tv ts ( " A do,-^^. SUres bearing garlands and gifts.

307

made up a well-mouth outside the Dipylon gate at Athens1. This … lcn the herSion contains a large acanthus-plant in lieu of a stele, and an Apulian kratir … aseJ ii. xf, 1 and 18, 2) on which the heroion has within it nothing but a bay-branch. … 6ti !tse'I> now in the Loeb Collection at Murnau, consists of three superb ears growing … ] 6 a"ercungs auch, dass ein besonders kurzahriger Hartweizen vorliige, von dem … ears are barley, not bearded wheat, and certainly not a cross … narraUv ^' 'S n0t' * tnink, irrelevant to compare a well-known incident in the Gospel … Wneat fan snou'^ De glorified. Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except a grain of … lettres',„' eS lettres> de o"'-0j a om,07. Sur le bord superieur de chaque brique, deux

308

The same triad appears on a votive relief of Pentelic (?) marble found … 1 A mistake for vwepKiie. 11. Giintert, however, in his interesting treatise U» ^

309

Men in the centre between Pan on the left and a sample Nymph on … supply by a silent and undemonstrative invocation of appropriate … Le°Utonion' at Eleusis (D. Philios in the 'E0. 'ApX. 1886 p. 19 ff. pi. 3, 1, A. Bouche- … no. 2), renders in the style of 350—300 B.C. a Totenmahl or hero- … (^nvyno^°5 fXX' —I^ two n£s- an(* a careful line-drawing of the fragments … criPtion, which has been variously completed, (a) R. Heberdey he. cit. p. 115 :

312

appellation of the former1, Demeter and Persephone a bifurcation … pi. IH'—K': [AaKparelS-ris "Zwarpdrov 'iKapijebs tepevs Beov Kal Beds Kal Et)/3ouA^a>[s k(U … throne, the arm of which rests on a small Sphinx. Thea (Bed), a matronal figure, lifting … right as Eubouleus bearing a vine-branch in one hand, a torch in the other, the fenia … for the view (J. N. Svoronos, D. Philios) that the flanking figures are purely human a

313

Miss J. E. Harrison's1 recognition of a rain-making scene on a … his iynx aright caused a downpour and so freed Attike from drought4. … during religious rites, would conciliate the gods and ensure a good … P it^a^" ^arr's°n in the Ann. Brit. ScA. Ath. 1908—1909 xv. 322 n. r, cad. Themis* … '''PiXpooy 267 ff. (supra i. 357 n. 4) koX y\a<pvp^v Ko/ilaas iapbxpoov (Salmasius cj. … **'W"jpJ(rw'"j' 'a"'e7at Wop, I koI oi Kap<t>a\ta.s vetpiXats Kopiaovaw dpovpas- \ ijde yap

314

in the second millennium B.C. Zeus was conceived as a rain-making … Clearly, to shake the aigis is to cause a storm—a thoroughly magica' … a curious statement in the Aeneid. Virgil, concerned to deHv^ … Qofihiv rfpwas 'A^aio^s. ^ }e

315

If there is a long drought, and the seeds in the earth and the trees are … there rises a mist-like vapour, and in a little the vapour becomes a cloud, and … Was preceded by a prayer, which—as M. H. Morgan4 has observed— … ^. .P'a let rem divinam] fecisse—[Aeacus enim primus in Arcadia templum Iovi constituisse … p ndKe 1928 vii. 364 f. and H. j. Rose A Handbook of Greek Mythology London 1928 … 0r mo*1 ^eal-Enc. vii. 2210. It is now known as Kopires—a name given to small stone, … Pertia js*1' ^£ *°una- near by the ruins of a large ancient cistern ('E0. 'Apx- 1904 p. 162). … a>td pr ' ^*orSan ' Greek and Roman Rain-Gods and Rain-Charms' in the Transactions … Al0TW U a de°ade by means of prayer (schol. Aristeid. p. 468, 15 ff. Dindorf y hi … deity- See"f ^S"a *Tyi^' sne must be assumed 10 have prayed to her namesake

316

Kbpams ■ Sib Kal eV£ tCiv irpofcviGiv (so A. E. von Locella for 7rpo£eVwc) rCiv avaypa<P0f-^'"iV … eKveoTTevaucnv, tovto Si Troi-qo-avTas Tabs ptev vsottovs KaTaXelTreiv, avTobs Si a^i

317

ntual of the former presupposed a procession of rain-makers clad in … •instructive example noted by Sir A. J. Evans3 in the Balkans: … the villagers, both Christian and Mahometan, with a local Bey at their head, go … : S'r A. J. Evans in Archaeologia 1885 xlix. t. 104 f. fig. 48 ( = my fig. 202), id. … , Marc. Ant. comment. 5. 7 cvxh'Athjvaluv ^Taov, iaov, a ipl\e Zeu, Kara rrjs apoipas … .j°^as TW 'A-BrpaUm nal tCiv Ylediaiw. J. M. Edmonds Lyra Graeca London 1927 iii. … ntual of the former presupposed a procession of rain-makers clad in … •instructive example noted by Sir A. J. Evans3 in the Balkans: … the villagers, both Christian and Mahometan, with a local Bey at their head, go … : S'r A. J. Evans in Archaeologia 1885 xlix. t. 104 f. fig. 48 ( = my fig. 202), id. … , Marc. Ant. comment. 5. 7 cvxh'Athjvaluv ^Taov, iaov, a ipl\e Zeu, Kara rrjs apoipas … .j°^as TW 'A-BrpaUm nal tCiv Ylediaiw. J. M. Edmonds Lyra Graeca London 1927 iii.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (b) Prayers to Zeus for rain

318

A parallel to this was published by A. Korte1. Near Tschukur- … IIIIIIH H TP EO A A PO 2 EE A A I TO M AIK PO … Alkiphron, a later contemporary of Lucian2, pens a graphic litt'e … ability or our abundance, one man a ram, another a he-goat, a third a boar, … wapiar^cnv. In Aristoph. vesp. 88 <pi\-r]\ia.<rTris there is of course a sly reference to

319

tells how a lover, wet to the skin at his loved one's door, appealed … Apart from general phrases such as ' Zeus rains3,'' Zeus drizzles4,' … -j-j ei (A. Hecker cj. vitpei, J. M. Edmonds cj. vevei) piv 6 Zeis ap. Athen. 430 A, … at ~~^^onu»ienta Asiae Minoris antiqua iv. 14 f. no. 49 (c) a round pillar of white marble … Perh" ^^c,'ie''' /l_a' Tauras ras KaT-qyoplas oiiK ijyvbei Qioyvis b tlleyapevs. k.t.\.), and … Miilie'rJaf°by in Pauly~Wissowa Real-Enc. iii A. 56) frag. 1 (Frag. hist. Gr. iii. too n.f … T"Xelv ^l ^°fiov KaTaweo-ovaav tov 'OSvcrffe'a diroTeKeiv, Kal bib. tovto Taurus tt)s bvopaalas … 4 Philo a"X*6S (S"pra 21 n- … tells how a lover, wet to the skin at his loved one's door, appealed … Apart from general phrases such as ' Zeus rains3,'' Zeus drizzles4,' … -j-j ei (A. Hecker cj. vitpei, J. M. Edmonds cj. vevei) piv 6 Zeis ap. Athen. 430 A, … at ~~^^onu»ienta Asiae Minoris antiqua iv. 14 f. no. 49 (c) a round pillar of white marble … Perh" ^^c,'ie''' /l_a' Tauras ras KaT-qyoplas oiiK ijyvbei Qioyvis b tlleyapevs. k.t.\.), and … Miilie'rJaf°by in Pauly~Wissowa Real-Enc. iii A. 56) frag. 1 (Frag. hist. Gr. iii. too n.f … T"Xelv ^l ^°fiov KaTaweo-ovaav tov 'OSvcrffe'a diroTeKeiv, Kal bib. tovto Taurus tt)s bvopaalas … 4 Philo a"X*6S (S"pra 21 n-

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (c) The relation of rain to Zeus

320

'the shower of Zeus1,' 'water from Zeus2,' etc. there is good evidence … Plat. legg. 761 a twv e/c Aios uddrav, 844 a rd iic Aids ibvTa.. .vdpaTa, Critias 111 C rb KaT … of Mt Tmolos was a place called IVat Atos 'TeWou and later Aebawv, whence K- TiiWP^ … I possess the abstract of a paper written by Prof. T. G. Tucker of Melbourne and * ^ … 'Tertos, 'Upatos, but also Ndtos (cp. vS.p.a [supra i. 369 n. 2, ii. 351 m °'Ra^.' The

321

Cloud-collector,' so that vecj>e\-nyepe'Ta Zeis in a sense was the mountain—just as the … *L^lXL<>v, 'A6t]vat0L be TilaL/a&ktt]i>, oifiai, KaXovaf rb be KokaariKov e'pivvwbes Kai baipLOPLKbv, … a We 'Raging' god might be appeased (Hesych. Mai/ud)ct?js- MeiX(x«>s, KaB&paios) and … et°'~" °fTVPes eiwv, cp. made esto). The reduplication is of a common type (baibaWu … quo 11161156111 ad nostros fastos a Tusculanis transisse commemorent, apud quos nunc … '^P'^uXX e."ower or bloom of things to grow, cp. Hesych. 'EpupoWiov (A. Meineke cj. … aild'n sen™8 a"d "^'* cp' Walde Lat- etym- Wi>rtcrb:l V- 5°6f- *•*>• 'nanciscor']

322

Matron, a parodist of Homer in the days of Alexander the … K. Preisendanz Papyri Graecae magicae Leipzig—Berlin 1928 i. 78 no. 4, 222 ff. a Iecano- … fragment) GKeXX i[a]xada y (poiviKos oara y viKoXaov \ Kai apr ayp.[ar]a y Kai fyviov vbaros … vbap,' but would have done better to print 'Zfjviov vbap' with a capital letter as Dr … would have the further merit of rounding off fitly a hexameter verse. ^ pjehl … Wilamowitz-Moellendorff cj. ediodri. But A. Ludwich with more probability reads a0^s … » Clem. Al. strom. 5. 8 p. 360, 10 ff. Stahlin oi^i Kal 'Eirtyhris (a grammarian ^ ^ … The Esthonians speak of a ' "Wind mother," who "weeps" when the rain a ^ ^oston

323

that the Kouretes sprang from a heavy rain-shower1 is paralleled … drops from the hand of Zeus. A bronze coin of Ephesos, issued by … Sa^2o5)10and Greau (fig. 2o6)u collections—all apparently from the … 11,(01 a* oTl yt°v*LV- CP- schol. R. Aristoph. vesp. 8 reXerij 84 … 7 S"pra i ^"a*^ ^P^"0^ HWyptvov Karappayivros verod.

324

period, formerly in the Castellani collection and now in the British … the Quadi6 (174 A.D.). … My fig. 207 (scale f) is from a cast kindly supplied by Mr H. B. Walters. … Pluvioque rogaris | pro love. Anth. Lat. 395. 46 Riese (in a description of Decern … " Babelon Monn. rip. rom. i. 426 fig. describes the obverse design of a fje … videtur, Jovis Eleutherii sive Liberatoris.' H. A. Grueber in the Brit. Mus. Ca ■ … Lex. Num. iv. 1222, xi. 1261)—perhaps a misreading of ZEYC 0AYMTTI^^/j-.f//^

325

dependent on the account given by Cassius Dio (c. 210—222 A.D.), … ^°urse of the battle, the divine power saved them in a most unexpected manner. … numbers. The Romans, accordingly, were in a terrible plight from fatigue, … e he mentions it in the list along with the others3,—a title which was given … &\\0Vs J1 Kai 7°-P T°t- Xo-yos f'x« 'Appou0[V Tiva. p.ayov A.ly6rrrioy ovvqvto. t<J MdpKtp … GTpaTt(o J ' 9 °fyai be to Tr\e"ov eKthv Kai ttws yap 00, Harts ouk ijyvbet rb rdyp.a rdv … 22 ff-' 33 ff ) eraUy StrUck hy Hghtning—a manifest token of divine favour (supra ii. 8 ff.,

326

reference to is this: Marcus had a division of soldiers (the Romans call a division … whatever by their prayers and that in the army there chanced to be a whole … would have suffered severely from the enemy's onset, had not a violent hail-st01 … this time he took it as a gift from Heaven, and he sent a despatch to the s

327

follows. A certain historic happening lent itself to two different … by the emperor in a letter to the senate and was by him attributed … ^-useb. chron. p. 172 Schoene (= Chron. Pasch. 260 n—id\ A (i. 486 f. Dindorf) and … and thunderbolts destroying the foe) is distinguished from the Christian version, in which … sto aS a Christian forgcy- Granted, however, that (4) and (5) are an addition to the … ' not M. Aurelius, and says that he had seen the incident represented in a ypa<p-q … w'th Wlnged god, hovering like a cloud, is a simple personification of Rain, comparable … ^aUistos°y ^ ^ Eyssenhardt, who c. 1000 a.d. copied out Orosius; Nikephoros

328

who seems to be preserving a Cappadocian oral tradition of the same event. Accordingly … two years after the event, Tertullian, who composed his apologeticus in 197 A. D., and … effected by a rain-storm, the prayers of the Twelfth Legion, the Christianity of par … A. von Domaszewski 'Das Regenwunder der Marc Aurel-Saule' in the RheW> ^ … simply as a symbol of Iupiter Optimus Maximus, protector of the army- He co ^ … of the whole legend. ^ /<5^ a's°

329

agrees with Petersen. Dion Cass. 71. 10 was in part a Christian forgery by Xiphilinos. … steers a mid course between Skylla and Charybdis. The alleged marvel is neither pure … Wrong is Domaszewski's assumption that Dion Cass. 71. 10 is a Christian interpolation, … npears as a divine figure intervening to rescue the Roman host ('Die Darstellung des … no A 48' Dindorf) Sfifipos in tou 6eov iyiveTo), not to a specific god, and made … it)> " an early writer (not a mere invention of Eusebios, as Domaszewski would have … ^arcus cterse;n.resumes l,le fight with a second article, 'Blitz- und Regenwunder an der … present in *' a""' Abn 2188 and Hieron. in Euseb. ann. Abr. 2189 M. Aurelius was not

330

Capit. v. M. Ant. philos. 24. 4 and portrayed on the column, the destruction of a wooden … or. in xl mart. 2 (xlvi. 760 A—B Migne) has both fipovrds {^aiatovs.. ./cai darpairds ipXoytbSeis … Next appeared the great official publication E. Petersen—A. von Domaszewski-— … still differing from Mommsen in regard to chronology—discusses the historical and … midst are thrown into confusion: one ox has fallen, another springs over it. A soldiei … comes the personification of the storm, a bearded pathetic face recalling that of Neilos *" … flood—a flood not actually shown—or collapsing in it, while barbarians great (no. 4°) a"e … with thirst and relieved by a sudden downpour, which proved too much for the foe- ^ … ' Regenwunder.' The emperor wrote to the Senate a straightforward unrhetorical e … ovpdvios fia\a irdvO' inraKotcei- \ ev^afiivip (so C. Alexandre for eiitjdfievos codd- V y fj.)

331

converts from Melitene belonging to the 'Thundering' Legion2. … *a ToXefiiiup Kare'dpa/xov els to deois euxeo"#cu irarptgots' dfjLeXoijfievoi 5c vir' avrtov Kai ttjv … all • —a hypothesis consistent with its diction and structure, not to mention an apparent … d—261 a (i. 486 f. Dindorf) and vers. Armen. ann. Abr. 2188) followed … Dio ' c'a'med, a local tradition, but a rhetorical and in part ridiculous amplification of … oOT-> e^s vP°s top ovpavbv, TaiiTTj, l(p-q, Tjj xelP' T'povTpeif/d/J.riP ac Kai iKircvo-a top fwr/s … these a<^Ue fulSure cuspis | canduit [! !] et subitis fluxere vaporibus enses [!!!]) attributes … *PPende n C°ntroversy' a f«» hst of the sources had been got together and critical notes … hiveTo an^"' P' 172 Schoene (= Chron. Pasch. 261 a (i. 487 Dindorf) cVft>os ck rod ffeov

332

furnishing a realistic representation of the incident, figures either … The Egyptian Thoth from the time of Herodotos, if not earlier, had been equa … 6 p. 20, 8 f. Wachsmuth Aiy6irrioi Si'Ep/j.ou tyaalv eiipi)p.a, Sv KaXovo-i Qwd). He appeal … twc p.adrip.aTU]v toAtuv (A. Meineke cj. to6tov or would insert 'Ep/toO before opov … TpoiTLaanovs p.a.vnKi)V re Traaav Kal KXySbvas Kal rd Sp.oia, Philon de gigantibus 1 ovs ^ … tov Qebv Kal ayawoiv t'ov ir\T]<rlov (so cod. c. codd. a. b. d. e. f. g. and S1 add auT0, aT0S … a fourth-century invocation of Hermes: 'Ep/u; Koa/jLOKpaTUp, ivKapbie, k6.K># °* … r>-j...-; r__T Bmvin_T!^i;„ ,„,o : .„ r . ff rn. A- Dl … and Rivals of Christianity Cambridge 1915 i. 98 ff.). The same hymn in a tip*.' ^gtf.

333

°f his new artistic type were presumably borrowed from Ovid's1 … s°metimes as the tears of Zeus, sometimes as water falling from the … ^• Scott Hermetica Oxford 1924 i. 32 n. 1, with Frontispiece, describes a sectile … cj * A.e.X.) densi funduntur ab aethere nimbi. The rain-god of the column bears so … 2 E. Courbaud Le bas-relief romain a reprisentations historiques Paris 1899 p. 185 «•

334

as a mere Aristophanic jest. At most Aristophanes has combined … R. Martineau London 1877 P- 73 f- 'The clearest evidence of a worship of the rainy sky … xi. 1555], the Syrian Zeus Kdatos [supra ii. 906 n. 3, 981 n. 1, 985 n. 1], and a va ^ … 1 86 a). Hobal, der "Pisser" wiirde den Mondgott (vgl. die Zischlautaussprache von … collected instances from Germany and France. Thus in the Oberpfalz, when it ^

335

The mention of the sieve also points to a popular conception2, … wjjfSe' *n tne former case the rain will last four weeks; in the latter, a fortnight, and … T(r 6 KaTovp&a. 6 dibs. When it rains hard or continuously, they say rcoOp, Taotp, … Kaj ,s e's 'teT«<>poXo7ifcoi ixvdoi (extract from Wapvaaabs) Athens 1880 p. 10: ''E7ri crvyexovs … the soma, which itself is called a son of the rain-god Parjanya, drip … '°char A ^ °6>sche Vorstellung liegt vielleicht dem griech. Cci, verbs zugrunde (vgl. … P' »8 Tb n ' °llteS f""45™ METtwpoXovi/toi p.v6oi (extract from Wapvaaabs) Athens 1880 … id ih 1 , T° PWet T° pcp-P-bpL (a large-sized sieve).

336

size. His finest sieve produces a drizzle, his ordinary sieve rain, his … Real-Eric. ii. 1094, G. Knaack ib. vi. 364) and is here merely a learned allusion broug … xi. 506s quotes modern parallels from the Ainus, Russian peasants, Buddhist monks, e … Epitome' in H. Cornelii Agrippae ab Nettesheym Opera Lvgdvni s.a. (1531 ?) ^jujna- … casses quibus aues capiuntur a quodam inuido mihi diflectos. Et tertio amissi ca ^ … obviously debased learned materials, taken from Mediterranean collections Yi ^ggerty

337

the dJbris of a late Latin incantation, say Deus meus Iesn Christe, \ benedicta fiat … diatribe curiosa Curise Variscorum 1677 devotes 86 small quarto pages to a collection and … f'er'> sed i]]a CU'>:E Cum a9va reP'eta': ubi hinc maxime omnes schedas oportet madidas

338

(d) Rain as water poured through a holed vessel or sieve. … Edinburgh 1920 xi. jo6b ('sieve and shears,' etc.), A. Marmorstein ' Das Sieb im Volks- … Several Christian saints have a sieve as their attribute. M. and W. Drake Saints … d'ailleurs ne disaient pas grand'chose a la population flamande de l'endroit, 011 ( … d'eau que l'ancienne, mais l'autre tarit immediatement. On dit que cette fon a j … :l Diod. 1. 97 en p.ev yap 'KkclvBuv TrdKei, irtpav tov JfefXov Kara tt\v Ai^V , TB />'a' … (d) Rain as water poured through a holed vessel or sieve. … Edinburgh 1920 xi. jo6b ('sieve and shears,' etc.), A. Marmorstein ' Das Sieb im Volks- … Several Christian saints have a sieve as their attribute. M. and W. Drake Saints … d'ailleurs ne disaient pas grand'chose a la population flamande de l'endroit, 011 ( … d'eau que l'ancienne, mais l'autre tarit immediatement. On dit que cette fon a j … :l Diod. 1. 97 en p.ev yap 'KkclvBuv TrdKei, irtpav tov JfefXov Kara tt\v Ai^V , TB />'a'

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (d) Rain as water poured through a holed vessel or sieve

339

by day into a holed ptthos: presumably one priest was told off for … he keeping up a religious custom strictly comparable with the … " 7">a § 9 (d) ii (a). … "Cud A° c'aemonum m tantum venerabantur pagani, ut multo ibi maior celebritas quam … ^a'iopus p erant oljturata, resolvitur, sudante hydria ignis extinguitur, sacerdotis fraude … hotfoots 6 ,S ^T" VVP°S bi«pd(lpeTO- Hare ttixvtolx0" t° ^vp a"<ryKaiws viko.v. touto … 'if'iffejs fKl^ Ka(>a-P&T°-Tov. (K roi'Tuv tup vSptwv play Xapuv b rod Kavuvov lepeis nal rds

340

by the priest of Kanopos. He took a terra-cotta strainer, such as … a fire round the hydrta, the wax melted, the jar appeared to sweat, … and the water issuing forth from the holes put out the fire 01 … TOiouTOf els riirov dyd\/xaTos vSplav bo-TpaKivt\v KaraaKevdo-as rpiiaeis biri6i)Ke ^ 0n6"a!

341

and A. Capello2 (fig. 212). Kanopos, from whose perforated body … P'- Si no. 15 (redrawn from Chiflet). … t'idien 1907 ii. 5. 7) is represented in a fragmentary archaic votive inscription on the … ll0, 'IS in Scheil's list) by a pentagram with open top Hommel further points out … A-Je"eAUfiraSSUnS der 5 nahe verwandt ist-' … Vl> g a ylomsch...). In einer der protoelamischen Urkunden5 (5Deleg. en Perse

342

especially 293 f. (with figs. 212, 213). I append a few numismatic examples: (1) A silver … Zeus Amnion, rev. PI, PITA, PITAN, PITANAI AN or the like and a penta- … on a shield (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Mysia p. 172 pi. 34, 9 ( = my fig. 215), i°>

343

and a variety of magical marks, including 01 and perhaps scattered … F- Dornseiff Das Alphabet in Mystik und A/agie Leipzig—Berlin 1922 p. 84 n. 3: … J rabic) stone from Latron (Q-S., 1919, p. 174)-) The legend has been acutely taken to … ashort comparativeseriesof pentagons from Egypt, Asia Minor, Crete, Greece, Italy, etc. … (p^.. * ""d A/agie Leipzig—Berlin 1922 p. 23). As a symbol, it represented the universe … ^i'nsch ^aiM0"a ^VPabovres (supra ii. 1127 f.) = Lyd. de mens. 4. 161 p. 177, 16 ff. … KaT& p.{Jo'a''TO* ^<rts tariv 6 ovpavds, 65 t6 re KvuXorepte ?x« Ka^ T0V Wt P-i°~ov &£ova rfi … ts' sat. ' 8.Was the initial of W»WM and was itself transfixed with a dart (schol.

344

who died and was buried near the river-mouth. As a dead man he … Kanopos was represented by a terra-cotta strainer full of Nile-water. … stream with water5, and a fertility-charm of exceptional potency … 3 Aisch. suppl. 853 ff. ix-qiTOT ISoiui rraXiv | a\<peaifioiov iiSup, \ 'ivBev de^bp-evov I … to the conclusion that the god Kanopos was a local type of Osiris-Neilos wor ^j,;cb … is known to have played a considerable part in late religious rites (e.g- j TQp

Plate 33

(2) A set in veined alabaster, now at Queens' College, Cambridge.

345

e old conflict between Osiris and Set was interpreted at Kanopos as a struggle between … n his ally send a weakened and lowered river to the sea—a fact represented by the … (Kta ,t<r7"a0 and priests bring out the sacred ark (kIittt)) containing a golden casket … ^'fe in a ^ Puamute'> the lungs by Hapy, and the intestines by Qebeh-snewef. A. Erman … of I^VP the body of a recently buried Tew' abstraCt thC hC o, occasion have

346

Canopus of Isis. is draped, with a uraeus in front of the body of the vase, and … on a couple of cushions and facing us upon a garlanded base … in the Joitrn. Hell. Stud, 1901 xxi. 286—-290 published a limestone stile in the Gln2^ … depdirwv I ToXKa 8' ev ei<Tej3htr{<r)i BeCiv Ipyois p.efi6yrjK[a] | trw/mri Kat 86/j.ip, yvpa°ls 0 , … passim)- j TiTjva. /neyav KpovLdr}!/ v\pL£vyov dpyiK^pavpov], j [. . .] ap.a irpo4>pov\_.........J … f3a.p6KTvirov 'Evvocrlyaiov \ aiv re KeXaii>e<p(4)a irpoairfnjv 'A'tSijv dddfiaarop). (d) A W ^ ., … The stele dates from the end of s. i is.c. and comes from Alexandreia. F. LI- … 2 lb. p. 75 no. 625 pi. 18 ( = my fig. 220, from a cast) Hadrian.

347

Brit- y)/^21i1SfromasPecimeninmy collection (Hadrian[L] I H)= 133—'34 CP-

348

times with a flaming thymiaterion between them (fig. 230) or housed … another, they were not only surmounted by a human head, but also … A further possibility is deserving of mention. Since Nile-water … 2 An engraved cornelian at Florence shows the Canopus of Isis carried by a … a<pdbvo>v Kal xpvabv 6,Kl§5ri\ov KaTacptpet, aKivSiivus yewpyoip-evov, us TracM1 •> ^ … A coin of Alexandreia already figured (supra i. 361 fig. 277) equips Zeus

349

^-gypt, a stele was found bearing an inscription flanked by two … ^nnexion a small Nolan amphora once belonging to the Museo … 4,j!(i Strassburg 1915 i. 7 no. 23 to Trpoo-\Kivi]p.a. [Ae][w«'5ou Kv^e\pvijTov Nei'X<w| … "nd their p K l°C' Cp' B' P' GrenfeI1—A- S- Hunt—D. G. Hogarth Fayum Towns … EiVe„ a^ mtc°r- 106 (i. 209 Dindorf) Kd»wj96s tc 0 Mtve\&ov Kv^pvrrrrts ko.1 y tovtov

350

design. The obverse gives a scene from Greek cult; the reverse, … stars—a feature in which it is not unique3; for Isis was the 'Queen … is (if we may put faith in Angelinas drawing) probably not a spi'^ ^ … 202 ('Die Ruckkehr der Kore') pis. 2—5 (especially pi. 5, A and C), J. E. HarlIS°gff. … 3 A. F. Gori Gemmae antiquae ex thesawo mediceo etprivatorum dactyliothects r " … stellae dispersae coruscabant earumque media semenstris luna flammeos spi»a ,

351

the Nile, as 'the body of Isis3.' That a Greek potter should thus … Vraisemblance'°, a late local Italian (?Oscan) amphora may well … A*h- Anthr. 1908 i. 24 ff. … %) publishes a black-figured Ukythos at Munich (height 0M7"': provenance unknown), … "guie cannot be a herm (no arm-stumps, no phalUs), nor yet a Dionysos Perilaimos (tree- … ln Egyptian fashion (TrpocnciW,™, loin-cloths)—possiby as a divinised Osiris-Dionysos. … paty fig. 234). The learned author interprets the vase-painting as a combination of two … c°nsulting the oracle of a ' Canopic' jar.

352

passed from the Pourtales collection1 to a permanent home in the … came into the Pourtales collection, where it evidently was about 1825—1830- … in the varnish. I doubt if they are original. There is also a crown on the 0 … pi. 21. Id. in the Ann. d. Inst. 1829 i. 302 f. (Gaia emerges, disturbed by a grave- … ' Probably a representation of digging a spring' (' (a) Bearded male figure. ..looking-^ ^e

353

The use of holed vessels as a rain-charm agrees well with what … b°red through1.' My friend and colleague the late Dr A. Wright … There is a hole in heaven three ells across2. … yene during the rainy season from the middle of November … £'vert ' f " nsl d- Rom? p. 550 ff., especially fig. 645. A fuller bibliography will be … 2 Vere°f a miniature sky (CP- supra i. 751 f., ii. 354 f., 3601, 1150). … 136 wit, th I 'tlle grave of Caelius, the well at Syene—the former the guess of a would- … em on Hdt. 4. 158, and A. W. Lawrence on Hdt. 2. 14, 22, 3. 10, 4. 185.

354

355

(a) Water-carrying in the myth of the Dana'ides. … two brothers had, by various wives, a numerous progeny—Danaos … aftei" himself5. > The country was then suffering from a drought; … KX 0^ SC^°^' A- r' 42 UTrofle^y??? 'A.dT]vas a\iT<g vavv tt/jwtos KartaKevave tt)v … ^pQyS 0 Gelanor as driven out by a arda-is. Interp. Serv. in Verg. Aen. 4. 377 makes … dedit.' This famous encounter is commemorated on a late autonomous … "WoO T t concluding sentence of schol. A. D.I/. 1. 42 avrbs Si Kparfaas rijs xw/)as

356

while going on this errand, shot at a stag, but hit a sleeping … the restoration of peace and a marriage with their fifty cousins. … all, with a sole exception—that of Hypermnestra, who saved … daughters as prizes in a gymnastic contest5. … jihvfj roirwv ij 'Tirepuvrja-Tpa icpdcraro tov Avyictus, aivh rijs p.tt;ews SiaBeaiv ^a]^KQjassical … in Aisch. Dana'ides {frag. 44 Nauck2 ap. Athen. 600 a—d]. fZen°b' … were murdered at Lerna, and their wives cut off the heads to show their fathei a

357

excrescence1. The catalogue of one hundred names reads like a … with a little ingenuity it could be made to fit the case of other … lmProbable view of L. Preller8. Making the most of a few particular … as"^s in common with Apollodoros, is derived from some prose author (hence such names … for *iVa c' . llm- la*>acr. Pall. 47. Cp. schol. A. Eur. Phoen. 188 Qvoa (so W. Dindorf … See further n Ap' Rhod" '* 12I2> A"1- Lib- 32 <after Nikandros irepoioviihuiv a).

358

G. A. Megas6. Nor is the case materially strengthened, if, with … story to exemplify the following mythical formula:' A water-carrying … apparently as a genuine Argive myth, a very different account of the decapitatl0^es n£)t

359

'ncident of Lynkeus being saved by his bride was borrowed from … Murdering the Aigyptiadai was comparable with a folk-tale still … '"tended, and by a trick, such as an exchange of head-dress or … e Icelandic version mentioned above8 in which a captive maiden … a superna^est llome several times, but at last fails to do so. 3. They fall into the power of … denes'* .^a^n Criechische und albanesische Marchen Leipzig 1864 i. 75 ff. no. 3

360

resemblance to a folk-tale1. But I do not think that either Preller … myth of the Danaides, like that of the Argonauts3, was a mariners … as a Pelasgian saga: 'Das Sagenmotiv kennt die beiden streitenden Brtider; der eine hat … 3 On the historical element in the myth of the Argonauts see now the a dm ^ … zur alten Geschichte Halle a.S. 1892 i. 79. The context runs : 'Wir sind, und nut ^ zU

361

a water-supply. This trait, and it alone, is involved in our earliest … by the Homeric epithet4. Eustathios5 finally offers us a choice of … came from Egypt and taught the digging of wells, as Hesiod8 … ^ aPpears, then, that a Hesiodic line mentioned Danaos as the cause … f ^M S* Kai to "Apyos HvvSpov—Oeol 5' at Biffav "Apyos &vv8pov (A. Meineke accepts … S0uid ,stath- »'« II- P- 461, 3 ff., cp. schol. T., schol. B. L., and schol. A. D. //. 4. 171, … tenT'*0"""' ' A'6s P(PXaM^"ov tyai yap to pXafai. M. Schmidt in his ed.

362

of Argos' fertility, while a variant and perhaps later1 reading spoke … in the main, true. Immigrants from Egypt—let us say the Danauna … HvvSpov ibv Aavaal Btaav "Apyos ivvbpov is a later recension of Hesiod's line from the fect … mit a angewandt, und so bei spateren durchweg. Noch begreiflicher ist die kUrzU^ejjt … metronymic Danava is used five times to designate a demon combated by he

363

a season of drought1, forced to abdicate; and the chief of the new- … change corresponded with the transition from shaft-graves to thdlos- … 'The marble chronicle from Paros, compiled in Athens in the third century … . So rectangular wells. Two such were found by A. T. B. Wace7 cut … SeQUel / a S not actunlly stated in our sources {supra p. 3*5), but is implied by the … *e shoul(j a ^ l"ese literary traditions with the archaeological evidence at Mycenae, … 6 [Paus* ' 6 the A""- BriL Sch- Ath- 1921—1923 ""v. 13, 245 f.] … plans but0""'"5 and J- A- Kaupert Atlas von Athen Berlin 1878 p. 18 ff. description, with

364

F. Chabas5 the Egyptologist half a century since proposed to … with, it seems possible that the Daunioi were nothing but a branch … that *Danf-aoi, a name with true Illyrian suffix8, became by leg1" … a … Meo-o-a-rrov, E. Martini cj. [TXXu/)io(,] <oi>^Uao-dwwi.). tn-eKTa>(so G. _ , ^to^ … 8 So Dr B. F. C. Atkinson, who from his great and as yet nnpuW^^ ^rp-

365

°f Daunus2? Danae—Dannus may be more than a mere assonance. … That the Daunioi, like the Danaoi, constructed t/wlos-tombs is a … Within a darksome grave that savage folk … ticca ^urse"a 'n Upper Pannonia), Licaus (Dessau Inscr. Lat. sel. no. 2577 Dalmatia) … Venetiaf S-aet'a^' ^emauus (ib- >2 no- 2195 near Aquileia) god of the river Timavus in … ~''a-a'<t>a.yo$ I "»I , T0^s (Is tpe/mov fivras w/iijffTai T&fov | Kpifovni. KolX-qs iv jxv%oi%

366

But here a further possibility has to be faced. If the Danaoi … bore a name that meant the 'River-folk' or 'Water-folk.' That, one … A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford 1929 p. 99 f. ^ gell

367

°r Tribes of the goddess Danu2,' a curious title more suggestive of … °n to the very confines of Egypt. Nor is that a fantastic impossibility. … ^Snuvius with the Irish dana, ' brave,' is in the nature of a red-herring. Our latest … a^uvius "Donau." Liden Arm. St. 73 f. m. Lit. M. Forster Zfslav Ph. i 1 ff.' … in t"tI London, Glasgow and Dublin 1905 pp. 48, 71, 72, 77, 230, alii., J. A. MacCulloch … '° say si 06 ^e'''c' 's a term of linguistic rather than racial significance, it might be safer … C- Squire op. cit. pp. 50 f., 252 f., J. A. MacCulloch in J. Hastings op. cit. iii. 285 b f., … 2500 to 100 tUr>C' %vhatever its orig'n. is the dominant fact of European prehistory from

368

occupied, at least for a time, some portion of the Egyptian coast. … begin with, Danaos son of Belos was a twin7; and twins a'e … a centum element somewhere within the Hittite realm just after 1500 li.c. About - … juep (sc. d''I<TTpos) irapa to?s eirixupiois rb 'e'^irpoaQtv oVo^a, Aavouficos pi.eTaKKi)dels• °^7't^}^s … in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i A. 2129 ff. Ioannes Laurentius the Lydian has pla … Africa. When a drought threatens, the women strip and put on girdles and heat go … their ancestors in a sacred grove, and on the graves of twins who are reg

369

sky-god1. Again, O. Gruppe2 detects a rain-charm3 in the tradition … W[th the Aigyptiadai was regarded as a most potent fertility- … world below. Here they must for ever carry water to fill a holed … of * London 1927 p. 93 ff., S. A. Cook The Religion of Ancient Palestine in the light … tlle , Were told that in dry seasons they dig up the body of a recently buried Jew, abstract … ^Sanda°n notes that parents of twins sometimes exercised a fertilising influence (in … **' 3). 6 ove'm°tive was merely a poetic recasting of the prosaic fact (supra p. 356 … 8 plat. A ■ '54' l6+ff-' °- Waser 'n Pauly—Wi ssowa Real-Enc. iv. 2089 f.

370

attention from mythology to ritual. Athenian custom prescribed … spring, which flows from the foot of a broad ridge of rocks crossing the bed of the … wvopLaa/Aevy eKeivol re tyybs odcry ra irkeicrTov &%ia £xp&vr0> Kat v®v ^TL (*7r0 70^ a.\l0e stil^ … Meantime W. Dorpfeld, as the result of excavations carried out from 1891 to1 ^ ti,at … polygonal masonry dating from s. v or vi B.C., that a great rock-cut conduit \ ^];1.0polis

371

Water had to be fetched in a pitcher by the next of kin, a boy1 who, … r9o6 pp. ItI—j^i, 153—158, and by W. Judeich Topographic von A then Miinchen … But Dorpfeld's hypothesis, however attractive, is far from being unassailable. Sir … [A 1 —'■'->a'ier muss man denen Recnt geben, die wie neuerdings noch … a°leh^ ^ "^"h' [in the Gbtt. gel. Anz. 1907 clxix.] 472 die Dbrpfeldsche Hypothese … ^"Vp-a,'yKai °"T0L ^"vTpoq^opovv. (Bos Si Tjv Kal tQiv dydpuov dirodavbvTwv \ovTpotpbpov eirl to … ^^Mois ' 'racra *Sp[e](a. erepoi Si, eirel (irepirov eh tovs ydpovs Xovrpoipbpovs, Kal tois

372

Athens: at Thebes the water was drawn from the river Ismenos1; … 30 quoted infra p. 373 n. i)- Idos rjv'A.8i]vrio-i rots aydp,ois airoBavovo-i Xovrpotpopov e … el'i) etre a\\rj tis, tnio-Triiia 'I<roios K^KXijKep (Isaios dTrapao-q/xa frag. 31 Baiter SaupP ^ … Zcichnung d. Gr. i. 342 'der technische und teilweise audi stilistische A altjerische>

373

stood a huge sepulchral jar, measuring from three and a half to … a bottom with a hole left in it6. A. Bruckner and E. Pernice, after … °eneath and so reach the dead7. This may well be8. Yet A. Milch- … ^0rn ten to forty inches in height10, usually furnished with a hole … plSi * Hirschfeld in the Ann. d. Inst. 1872 xliv. 142 ff. no. 41, A/on. d. Inst, ix … 6 4 a. Gr. ui. 1 fig. 10. … 8 A. m'i'm3 ff" 'Sepulcra perforata,' p. 37 ff. ' Sepulcra tubum exhibentia').

375

A point connecting them with the 'Dipylon' amphorae* is that some … 95 H7). The finest example of the former is that in New York published by G. M. A. … •J £• 237 a—c) with text p. (45) by E. Pottier). The main design is a red-figured … no. j j, ^a,Se ^ronl Athens, now at Berlin (Furtwangler Vasensamml. Berlin ii. 645 ff. … Qn eithe-6-^0^"^3'^11 's a re<^"%uretl bridal procession, with an elongated female figure … , A last tef'^"'' Xi"- IO" f'

380

stately sequence from the close of the fifth century down to the year … carved with a profusion of motives—vegetable (fig. 243)3, animal … The columellas, of which there is a large collection in the National Museum at Athens … towards the bottom, and were either stuck in the ground or inserted in a holed st0" j- … mouldings. They originally served as bases for sepulchral vases or stMai (A. BruC . … stands, are known. See further A. Conze op. cit. iv. 5 ff. … as usual, missing. The roughened foot was meant for insertion in a stone base. jjeJi … 30 no. 76, Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 3 no. 3754, A. Conze op. cit. Berlin 1893 i- 49^°'ff0iu>?°

382

adorned with a sepulchral subject (fig. 243). Or, again, we have … n'est pas accuse; mais un "bon entendeur," c'est-a-dire un initii comprenait sanS s0vjs … 37, on voyait sur le tombeau de Sophocle un Satyre tenant a la main un maSC'U j^gon * … Athens (no. 2546) (A. Conze op. cit. Berlin 1906 iii. 369 no. 1733 a pi. 375 {-mJ j>entellC

384

ir6rpt[a ~2\u(j>po<!ivrj, 66ya[T]ep fieya\6ippovos AiSovs, \ vXiiffTa <re Ti/wjiTas evir6\efJ.&v Te … (b) From Athens, now the property of Trinity College, Cambridge (J. Stuart— … 1994, A. Conze op. cit. Berlin 1900 ii. 214 no. 1006 pi. 195, 3 ( = my fig. 247))- l£ft to

385

{<:) From TovSl near Ambelokipi, now in the National Museum at Athens (A. Milch- … ''s handle° °^ lesurrect'on)- The highly ornamental loiitrophoros has a taim'a slung from … 1900 ''■ 90 ° 7 m the Ath% Mitlh- 1887 xii. 283 no. 181 pi. 9, A. Conze op. at. Berlin … relief on the body of the vase represents a woman with long hair, in

386

chiton and himdtion, bringing a tainia to tie on a large one-handled loutrophoros- … (S. A. Koumanoudes), and now in the Museum at the Peiraieus (C. Curtius in raS5biifS

387

Ceramic evidence further assures us that a loittroplwros might be … my ng- 252) draw attention to an early yellow-ground llkythos, from Eretria, at Athens … With a "~ouve Cat. Vases (TAlhiiies p. 330 no. 1061), on which, behind a woman … en)> and "° '598^' Between two Ionic columns, on which are perched a soul-bird

388

gather from vases that a loutrophoros might be borne by a young giri … Swindler Ancient Painting New Haven: Yale University Press 1929 p. 193). has («) a … 2 A fragmentary three-handled vase, of red-figured technique, f°unC sho\vS

389

mversity Press 1929 p. 193), depicts preparations for a wedding. These include a one- … . (*) A red-figured epinetron or 6nos by the same painter, from Eretria, now at Athens … %Ured lo^t ro^€ttr*Sen St&s Tubingen 1925 p. 429 no. 1), again introduces a black-

392

What is the meaning of these customs, and why should a ceremony … no. 4 with fig. 5, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek i no. 227 a Tillceg pi- 4 ( = my

393

hand for the last time. His father, a bearded figure with furrowed … Is it to be regarded as a pathetic reminder of all that might have … grave ' suggested that originally the custom of placing a water-pitcher on the … ^e'ght • n °f 'ATwhnro points to a date in the first half of s. iv B.C. Pentelic marble. … ^'re'i fla'l- ' W't'1 Re'nacn Rep. Reliefs ii. 40 no. 3), which has for akroteria a … ' Hdt'fi bU "lr Kaiserzeit HalIe a- d- S. 1917 pp. 219—226. … ^ttstath. i„ q§' 1 {PraS- gr. Kultsclir. p. 40 ff. Tresp) ap. Athen. 409 K—410 A and

394

world by peoples who, like the Greeks, esteemed it a great misfortune to die … all doubt that post mortem marriage is or has been a widely prevalent … symbolical preservation of a custom...still very wide-spread among the Slavonic … to him as a companion in death, but the single man too was, after his dea > … now Miss H. L. Lorimer 'A Scandinavian Cremation-Ceremony' in ^n^'^otn … also on classical soil a case of the barbarian custom of "death-marriage … once involved the provision and actual killing- of a human cons

395

a definite marriage awaited the dead bachelor or spinster. But he … Presentment of death as a marriage into the house of Hades.' … 'ke- Achilles (?)—a bride to keep him company. And, when this … _^rowth of Greek mysticism very possibly intensified a latent belief … Happy and blest one, a god thou shalt be in place of a mortal … 220 n a"?Wered by O. Schrader Sprachvergleichung und C/rgeschichte 3 ]ena 1906, 1907 … H8 n. 2, . tne gold tablets from Orphic graves of s. iv—iii B.C. near Thourioi (supra ii. … *"veiitae A J" H- Wieten De tribus latninis aureis quae in sepuhris Thurinis sunt … G' Murray /J P.r°Se formu]a Sebi iy\tvov <?{ &v6p&irov (Inscr. Gr. Sic. It. no. 642, 4 t,

396

imply a marriage-union in the house of Hades. The Orphic initiate … But, if the sepulchral loutrophoros is thus reducible to a nuptial … had their bath fetched from a river as an omen of fertility....And over those that … a fertility-charm of a simple and intelligible sort. As such it can … fxrjXa tepeuov, Stnrep Tip Hoffetd&vi, ourto Kal Tots iroTap.o'is els tcls irrjyds. y6vtp-a ^f^g^f … und verschiedene Esswaren und Brotkriimchen hineinwirft, wahrend zugleicn a ^ \JJoch' … entweder vor oder nach der Eheschliessung statt' [with examples from <^10.ff^'atei-sp'r'tS

397

Water-carrying in a holed vessel reappears in connexion with the

398

picture showed a pithos, an elderly man, a boy, and a couple of … wise states that in Hades the uninitiated carry water in a sieve t° … Brj ovSiv i-rlypap.p.a eVl iKaripq. to>v yvvaiKoiv, ev kolvuS Si io~Tiv iirl dpuporipais eTP<U , … Tip ocrTpaKip Xoiwov T)v tov SSaTos, eKxiovcrd ictTiv addis is tov iriSov. ireKpaipbp^a … that the intervening figures are said to have been on a higher level than the first § … 5 Plat. Gorg. 493 a—c Kai tovto apa tis fjivSoXoytZv Kop.ipbs dvrip, ^c°,s ^tK€ (jJ„jJro''s … Pythagoreer Halle (Saale) 1923 pp. 90 f., 298 ff., 364 n. 2t9, P. FrUtiger:Lts'^c (A'

399

'n the earth: the presence of Sisyphos rolling his stone up a hill … ^^poiJo-at °l'fft ^6 T€^L a^T^v ai T^v Q-PVVW i^OC^i' KaX Kopai 84, as Aavat8a$ \4yovaiv, … ^CP* Codij ^■0V<TL W ircpi tovtov ai twv ' A/xvvtov dfj-vrfTuv) \pvxal. nal nbpai 5e TjiredavaL … Z**- ' A' Kaumeister in his Denim, iii. 1924 fig. 2040, W. H. Roscher in his

400

Again, a black-figured lekythos, which was found in 1820 … women hastening to empty vessels of various shapes into a huge … eine Parodie der Danaiden und des Oknos vor uns'), A. Furtwangler in the y gs … so gemeint'). PI. xxxvi is from a photograph kindly supplied to me by

Plate 36

Likythos from Monte Saraceno, now at Palermo:

401

°f a mimic or comic sort, though when and where escapes us2. … The same may perhaps be said of a splendid ' Apulian' krater, … 'anique ^ st'cks, which have fallen from his pack, by a reference to Apul. met. 6. 18 … ass). p tu nu"a voce deprompta tacita praeterito (a variant version of Oknos and

402

sceptre in hand, sits on a sumptuous throne in his nether palace, … Eleusis3, Rhadamanthys with hoary hair and a brow furrowed by … deutsch. arch. Inst. 1893 viii. 104—113, A. Milchhoefer ' " Orphisch"-UnterweltlicheS … 2 Jabn Vasensamml. Miinchen p. 273 ff. no. 849, A. L. Millin Description … pi. 56, 275 a—c, A. Baumeister in his Denkm. iii. 1928 f. pi. 87 fig. 2042 B and fi£' … Tantale Cronos Rhadamanthe (A. L. Millin op. cit. p. 22 f-) ^ … Minos Aiakos Rhadamanthys (A. Winkler Die DarsteM""* „ … An analogous group on the vase from Altamura (Heydemann Vasensamml. 1 ~<

403

headed1 Kerberos away from Hekate and her torches towards some … q sucn polycephalism connotes a frill of serpentine heads, like those of Typhoeus … ears es' theog. 767 ff. gives the dread hound of the under-world god a tail and two … ^" Kal o- Eur' ^'f' 2+^' @*Pr,K' ^"■A-iSow rbv rpiatliixaTov niva | es tp&s ivd^iav, … ^°Ph. ioc leaded (Cic. Tusc. 1. 10 triceps apud inferos Cerberus, 2. 22 (in a rendering of … , n the V eas '0°^ h to mean merely a dog of monstrous size. … de ygHmPs rtOvat0s above *e Pylian Plain, Sir A. J. Evans claims to detect'the

404

from a mound, on which couches 'an animal, apparently intended for a dog.' Here s>'r … H. Paul Strassburg 1900 iii. 379 f., id. in HoopsReallex. iv. 573, P. Herrmann A^ ,, … Yggdrasill' in Modern Philology 1903—1904 i. 57—69, A. Olrik 'Yggdi'asl1 Ln><*/;?

405

'F' H. Marshall Old Testament Legends from a Greek poem on Genesis and Exodus by … t°P a babe, and swaddling bands he wears. | That babe incessantly did weep immeasurable … SUsPends h' ^ l° & man' wrl0' ^Tom a furious elephant, goes down into a well; he … teady to s y °^ tbe'r holes; at the bottom he discovers a dragon with its mouth open … ^agerly t0 tas110ment attention is arrested by the sight of a bee-hive, and beginning … vFiting c. WUh his existence,' cp. Io. Damask, (more probably a Greek monk Ioannes … gi n- 3- Si/a °n 1927 pp' 333—360 with pi. 42 and figs. 13—15- See also supra

408

Cerberus.' If so, on a ring which Evans would refer to the period 'Late Minoan iff' if' … H. B. Walters in the journ. Hell. Stad. 1898 xviii. 296 f. draws up a list of 49 vases … 1 Corinthian skyphos shows Kerberos with 1 head and a frill of snakes. … I illustrate the main ceramic types: (1) the Corinthian skyphos from Argos (A. Conze … E 701, A. Conze in the Ann. d. Inst. 1859 xxxi. 398 ff., Man. d. Inst, vi pi. 36 t*11^ … (3) an Attic black-figured amphora from Aigina, now in the British Museum (H. B- Walte' ^ … described) pi. 176, 8 (cp. ib. 9 a similar hekte at Paris), Head Hist, num.1 ?■ fQ[ … Real-Enc. ii A. 956), Caracalla struck a bronze piece with rev. Herakles, wearing ^ … The variation in gem-types is even greater. A cornelian scarab i'1

409

Museum, early Ionic rather than Etruscan in character (A. Furtwangler in Roscher Lex. … necks {£rjf es lead Kerberos by a triple leash fastened to a collar on each of his three … S?tt*e* clialced P' '°S "°' 895 fig" 4"' '9' My fig- 276 is from a cast: scale ®' a"d a … mperi!>l style" : SCalC '43^ give the hound two heads only. A sardonyx of late

410

(= my fig. 278 : scale j-) and a. jasper of like kind in the British Museum (Imhoof-Blumer … but id. p. xxiv wrongly explains his double and treble heads ('Let us hazard a con)^ j,eep … Yama in a New Role'.in the Journal of the American Oriental Society 1893 x

411

r vergleichende Sprachforschung 1853 ii. 31 r ff. (accepting A. Weber's cydma and cabala, … "ntributions to the Science of Mythology London 1897 ii. 627 ff. ('Kerberos')), A. Weber … * 22 f- (accepting A. Kuhn's dog Sdrameya = the god 'Ep/xetas, "Epp.rjs and A. Weber's … p. ,y ' 3' Roh.de Psyche3 i. 306 n. o, A. A. Macdonell Vedic Mythology Strassburg 1897 … auf das B °tenwelt gesagt), griech. M/xws = scrt. mdnu- u.a., von denen man frtiher

412

myths, and are brought together only by a pedigree-making rhapsode of the seventh or … was a mere variant or doublet. … heard a song containing a graphic description of the three-headed hound that keeps gual … Greek Religion Cambridge 1910 p. 99f., who notes (a) that in a folk-tale from Zaky11 ^ … ancient mythology and art alike justify in part the description'); (/>) that in an -A^11 … than Persephone'); (c) that a traveller in Makedonia, teste G. F. Abbott, heard re … BavariKov rrjs 'Ybbov (Oct. 1498 A.D.) 210 ff. (W. Wagner Carmina Graeca n> ^

413

Xoi'/xdSa. j fj,£s ctcus aVocrtreVa'epats e(3yr)Kcv 77 ipvxy ttjs, \ gtt)v icdXaaiv iicdrjo'ep 7? o~Kv\a … 83 3 (Hekate as KvvoKi(pa\os (Hesych. s.v. 'Ekott/s &ya\p.a, Bekker anccd. i. 336, 31 ff., … ^tamorphosed into a bitch, was one of Hekate's hounds (Lyk. Al. n74ff., cp. frag. … y?^m e fragment of a Clazomenian sarcophagus in the British Museum (not in A. S. Murray … ejy**' Brit. Sch. Ath. 1923—1925 xxvi. 93 fig. 3), which represents a boy holding in … 36) ]° j*16 dead as a hound (e.g. Pythagoras in Xenophanes frag. 7 Diels ap. Diog. Laert. 8. … Was I0' r47 ff. tells how Skylakeus, returning alone from the Trojan war to Lykia, … aPPare 'f.sIao^'a"lus ii- H46 ff. who defends "Zirapriarwv = "ZTrapr£>v. Zeus SsiiXXtos is

414

suckled by a wolf (Rasche Lex. Num. ii. 1134 'lupa infantem lactans, vel cerua est, … admittedly ' no legends of his infancy are related in the Authors'), but Zeus nurtured by a … SkuXX^s the mythical diver of Skione (Hdt. 8. 8) with 2/a)XXa. This amounts to the ^ … fc.r.X.) and perhaps represented as a dog (on a clay seal-impression of the Middle ^ ^ … I figure a few characteristic examples: (a) a 'Melian' relief from Aigir>a noVA^d- … 7 ins.). (/;) A silver tetradrachm of Akragas, struck 413—406 B.C. (Brtt- ^

415

Leipzig 1889 P- 74 pi- IB> 4 ( = my fig- 285)> Head Hist, num.- p. 121). (c) A hydria of … Myth. iv. 1046 fig. 12). [d) A denarius struck by Sex. Pompeius Magnus c. 38—36 … ^tradrac]ln^' lgl 286 is from a specimen in my collection). It should be noted that other

416

by an Erinys, vainly pushes his great stone up a hill. On the right … in II. p. 843 Bachmann)), and that as a mythical monster she was 'eine ' f)llls … A Handbook of Greek Mythology London 1928 pp. 81, 97 (slight). ctual man-

417

East-Achaean empire, who as a Hittite vassal would be called the 'son,' i.e. the servant, … Tantalos' grave was shown in two localities, both Hittite centres. He had a shrine at … 0 ts (id. ib. xii. 2131), despite the reported absence of ancient remains (A. Conze Reise … tj*' ^a"TaXou ttjs Trap' 7ip.lv ivotKr/rreus <rqfieia (tl Kai is rode Xei7r«Tai, TacraXou p.h \ifivri re … a Mt Je V' -(as/' 5- '8o)- A parallel is afforded by Tanagra: here was a tomb of Orion, … "heberi "'/^ a"£emem gestellt zu den Wurzeln reX-, toK-, rX-q-, deren Grundbedeutung … 'a '"tensiv /M "^eworden ist. ...Zu TavraXos gehort etymologisch auch der Heros'ArXas … ■ Accorcl'in ,a ei"~Pokorny Vergl. Wbrterb. d. indogerm. Spr. i. 739). … fatllllS 0f Sold eanh a"d lleaven' that fragment from Olympus torn, which swings on

418

is a group of three persons approaching the palace. They are not … Graeci Berolini 1879 P- 349 a 6 f., b6 f., Olympiod. in Aristot. meteor, p. 17, 19 ff- … ■qepotpoLTos is trying by means of a single allusive epithet to recall both Pind. 01. ^ … 2, W. Scheuer in Roscher Lex. Myth. v. 78, H. J. Rose A Handbook of Greek Myt!f … Tpoiac e-wikXme Kup.a, id. 579 Kal rd irepl "Z'lwvXop Si Kal Trpi dvaTpoTTT)v avrov P" … ttov Kai ev roh irpbaBev (iv. 49) = Xanth./ra£\ 2 (Frag. hist. Gr. i. 36 f. ^li"el^'^[a vi"e … raccrocher a des branches d'arbres; ou elle pouvait le figurer sous des rochers ^ ^e … But it is dangerous to assume that the details of a Greek myth originated in 11 c011ie … 1 Furtwangler—Reichhold Gr. Vasenmalerei i. 49 ('der Styx oder der A jjpte'1 … initiate at Eleusis wore a myrtle-wreath, perhaps as prospective consoit

419

the 'well-spring to the left of the house of Hades3,' from which the … A gold tablet of s. iv—iii B.C., found at Petelia on the east coast of Bruttium and … rPh' 'Altbezeugte Fragmente' 17). See also supra ii. 118 n. 2), is engraved with a … 922 p. I04f. ('Fragmenta veteriora' 32 a) as follows: … ShfiT/t 5' el/j.[i] av]t] Kai airoWvfiai • dXXa Sot ai\f>a … :J***t] CorrT*?6111'"81' d,r^ x^>>"7s Franz. 2 (vpa^{a suppl. Diels, ?7/>a^(e (sc.

420

significance, includes the palace of Hades, with a white cypress standing beside it, a°d … At this the Guardians will suffer him to drink from the fountain divine, and thereaftei … [supra ii. 1016). Nay more, the self-same landscape furnishes not a little of the iniag ^ … feet. Last but not least, he is a divine personage, at once mortal and immortal, a … As to details, the Xewri) Kvirdpuraos is hardly to be explained as a w'llte, njaO … in the Museum at Athens (A. Joubin in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1893 xvii. 121 ff., i- j. … /to! viKipnp. Suo St rjv SivSpa rd wpoei.p-riij.ha, a rjv 7ra/)airX7j<ria Kvvaplatrois..-^ ^pofll^

421

lun5'6™ CO'our" Lajard concludes that the Xcvkt) Kvir&picraos was ' a la fois symbole de la … Vet Pe's conjecture that on Greek soil Xe<iKt\ was a surrogate of aripai, (supra ii. 492). … (Pind /°a^' ^ermann f°r codd.) dVoire/xTre), traceable back to the time of Pindar … ailcl Life f\t resur)Poses a folk-belief in two contrasted fountains of Death (Forgetfulness) … !aughter and tXS3v near Kelainai in Phrygia, Mela 3. 102 springs causing death from

422

the bandages bound tightly about them, the blood still trickles from … brink of the infernal river is an object interpreted by A. Furtwangler … (E. L. Hicks The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum «• … O. Kern in Hermes 1916 li. 555 infers from lines 6 f. of the Petelia table jas … a temple of the Meter Theon at Phaistos (F. Halbherr in the Museo Italiano at ^ernjcke … sumption that the doubtful object is really meant for the mouth of a gieat 3 ^ e%ctf>

423

Other 'Apulian' vases of a similar kind substitute the Danai'des … Arc'1- Zeit '"f.d"S. d'a"ti'l"i,ifigurie Paris 1833 p. 179 n. 3 pi. 45, E. Gerhard in the … s-8" 2o42 a) eTiy?°r{ in the lVie"- Vorlegebl. E pi. 2, A. Baumeister in his Denkm. iii. 1927 … ' 43 •). while two others—one of whom originally carried a hydrla in her

425

from Campania, now in the Hermitage collection (fig. 289)1, shows … 011 talking together or surveying their charms in a mirror than on … • Rohde5 and A. Dieterich6 drew the following conclusions. The … Co^tctio a'3'es (Heydemann Vasensamml. Neapel p. 816 ff. no. 709 in the Santangelo … (s) Infr 3S S'16 C'la's wftk Erinys : above her head is seen a pithos with pointed base. … .nd°n',9""' +94with fig. ( = my fig. IOo). Cp. A. W. Lawrence Later Greek Sculpture … 6 A- Die, L 3^-329.

426

427

together with the wording of a well-known Aristophanic verse2, … that the usage underlies a few proverbial phrases and popular … Is worth no more than rain-drops caught in a sieve. … less this is, as it is commonly assumed to be, a proverb for … a ^eras G. Gotz and F. Schdll, following the cod. Ambros., read 'legas.' … ^Otton ,0 ."'.*a' 'raP01Mia- KOtnclvy lidup Ttpitpipw. iiri rwv dSwdruv. (3) Loukian … "0M(feiS) G locution substitutes a net for a sieve: (4) Plout.prov. 31 irapd Siktvois iiSoip

428

may well have been derived from the rain-charm aforesaid. For, … proved her chastity by successfully carrying water in a sieve from … 52ia-b (Greek), A. C. Pearson ib. 528"—529b (Roman). ^ert. … 10 In both the statues published by Clarac the sieve is a restoration: they ^ jgdW

429

The probability that a holed vessel was formerly used as a rain- … t.' Ant. ii. 943 has no more authority: it is a redrawing of Crassier's print (supra p. 428 … . Would detect Tuccia on the reverse of a semis struck by P. Licinius Nerva, which … deci 1"adrala was the early settlement on the Palatine surveyed as a templum with its … it js tnera P01nt of Roma quadrata, a templum or sacred square on the Palatine: … Was a mere2 ' ^oma quadrata : there was no mundus on the Palatine—Boni's find … another atStpneS aru' tne 'ike- There was a mundus on the Comitium at Rome, and

430

'(1) The word mundus, in the sense of a pit or underground shrine of some kind, is … a chthonian cult-centre, probably close to the Comitium. It was a circular pit opened tlrnce … three successive rites: (1) fruges thrown into a deep fossa; (2) earth from the neigh U^,jje … 21 ff.). Ovid's fruges thrown in were a gift to chthonian powers made at the mo ^e … was a mundus there; but, if so, it was the mundus of a new … town of Four Regions (Plout. v. Rom. 11 brings the experts from Etrunaas … 3. 105 mundus in sacro Cereris: this might mean, not a mundus in a small c f^evef) it

431

The mundus gets its name from the "sky" above our heads; indeed … s taboo, not only for a battle to be joined, but even for a military … a Palati ln*" ' ''le "tund"s on tne Palatine was originally the Bronze-Age thdlos of … ^fer.p. i*6FeSt" P- Is6' 1 Muller- P- '45, 13 f- Lindsay. Cp. Fest. p. 142 a 22 ff. … firta niovetu'" prmc- Lrsinus cj. omni. I should prefer inde A. B. c.) dictus est quod

432

levy to be held, for a soldier to set forth, for a ship to weigh anchor, … driven to conclude that this maftalis lapis was a single stone by … 'They used the term manalis lapis also of a certain block (petm )> … 7 A petra might be either a natural rock or an artificially shaped block ot s ^ ft … T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford 1929 p- 327 .'. .

433

as a magical or quasi-ma.gica.1 cure for the drought (Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 268 f.). Why … q ed tnat Iupiter Elicius was essentially a lightning-god, not a rain-god (pace J. B. … a d02C^' fast- 3. 285 ff., Plout. v. Num. 15). Numa, at the advice of Egeria, posted … °fi"ered ^ Iupiter could be enticed from heaven to earth. The king thereupon … continued to form the ingredients of a lightning-spell (Plout. v. Num. 15) … p.°sKlius \fa Later, however, he slew with a thunderbolt Numa's successor, Tullus … Since the'' A"r' Vict- de viris Mus*- 4- *)• … C. m Wy attentlon to a paragraph by H. Schuchardt in the Zeitschrift fiirromanische

434

manales lapides or petrae in a suggestive context. Fulgentius … boundaries with a view to curing a dearth of rain4.' G. Wissowa … dichterischen Messung ilex steht, spricht auch mak. £\a£ (recte i'Xet, s. Holfniann^ ^ … 1 Sir J. E. Sandys A History of Classical Scholarship2 Cambridge 1906 i- ^f2' ^cb' … Hss. Baccitidis, Bachidis, Bagidis u.a.')) quindecim voluminibus exPlalia^r'aS,' id eS'

435

'"forms us that aquae manale meant a small water-jug2. The term … scovered a tholos, which he identified with the mundus. This … ^'c''°>'>iail'e A" 'n Pau'y—Wissowa Real-Etic. i. 310 f., W. Henry in F. Cabrol … 6 A- L F .0nd'm the Journ. Rom. Stud. 1914 iv. 225 f. … a * **' J- Ro 5?' 6' 284 f- With fig- 'o)-

436

Now a priori a tholoid structure underground might be one of … the true summit, and that the direction of the caverns followed the lines of " cardo a … ancient "mundus" on the Palatine a square depression, and a rectangular block of specia 7 … quadratae' (E. Baehrens and the latest editor Miss E. M. Steuart both accept C. O. ^ a … 11 L. A. Constans in the Comptes rendus de I'Acad, des inscr. et belles-lettres ^ … puits, a 12 metres au-dessous du niveau du sol, deux couloirs bifurquent: lun' jr0;t, … rectangle dont l'hypotenuse, formee par le couloir etroit, a une douzaine de meties ^xCgs, … Ces deux couloirs aboutissent 1'un et l'autre a une chambre circulaire, tout entie je … ce serait une particularity de la construction des greniers, destinee a eviter y^.- soUs … la chambre a tholos du premier etage. On a recueilli au cours des fouilles un o ^ 1

437

°f the foundation of Roma Quadrata and inferred from the casting … August 242. That date 'follows the Consualia [Aug. 21], a festival … the autumn sowing was separated from the rest of the grain, and … are equally intelligible. When the city ceased to be a practical … ^'as dug ' fibBpoi... oipvyrj wepl to vvv Ko/ifriov KVKkoTepi)s means 'a round hole

438

Warde Fowler's explanation of the mundus as essentially a sub- … (c. 423/2 B.C.) cited supra p. 301 n. o (4)) and then taken out for sowing = Descent a … est Proserpina a Ditepatre. alii'mundum'insacroCereris,et caelum pro ' mundum P0^ ^ … usually assumed that Plutarch has blundered. But A. L. Frothingham in the A • aflJ … or near the Comitium, would be celebrated by a new mundus in the c.entl^0Iinects t!lS

439

unreasonably, be explained as a somewhat more extensive reservoir1, … Wn, cistern' or the like, being perhaps a Reimwortbildung to pair … W)J0S <,??!.' a 3 (s- auch Persson De orig. gerundii 75 [Niedermann IA. XVIII, 81]) zu gr. … (\'arii(<e^en ^ ^'ec'errnann a- a- O. ; Vgl. dipundius: pondus): ai. matidayati "schmtickt … , ey sum u , n"1,ent 't with the latter, not with the former, ' a l'imitation du gr. K&rfios.'

440

with fundus1. The mundus on the Palatine may in fact be a religious … These expressions point rather to a third possibility. Was the … the Manes8 returning from the Underworld to help their people IP … as a dialect-form of fundus ('C'est d'un ancetre commun *tUndo- que mundus etf ^ … render 'handed over to Orchus for a treasure,' cp. dono dare. E. Bahrens in "°m 'q^o … on Paus. 2. 16, J. L. Myres Who were the Greeks? Berkeley, California 1930 P" '^o)- … A striking case is that of Antaios king of Mauretania : Mela 3. 106 hie Antae j^jnis

441

the assumption that the mundus was a prehistoric tomb is found to … aPpanage of the sky-god and in art portrayed as a blue globe resting … lowed this trait from the myth of Kyknos (Hes. sc. Her. 472 ff. Kixrov S'av K^uf … SUittem .Cen?a ^acibus ardentibus, in fossa cooperti ('an cooperta?' K. Lachmann) san- … a^ant nrl ' COnsumPt'st5ue igne omnibus dapibus super calentes reliquias lapides conloc- … ^u Capita > •' 2<^° n° °" See now A. Blanchet ' Pierres gravees representant la legende … ^""c Oxfor<jlg" '9. S. B. Platner—T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient

442

been in the nature of a vast imperial kerdion1 'built for the glorifica- … 1 In some respects the closest parallel might be found in the P/iilipPe'°" a ls. 79-"

443

family1.' So much, indeed, is clear from Dion Cassius' account2: … P^rt, wished to place a statue of Augustus there also and to bestow upon him … ^a/3tv) ^ ^ ^oWQp deCjv ehcovas iv tois dydX/iacxi, t$ re rou "Apews Kal t(f rijs ' A<ppo5iT-qs, … e,t.'st'ng pori'6 arcn'tect G. Chedanne, from careful examination of the consoles etc. in the … °tUnda, he sjj T~V' by means of brick-stamps taken from many parts of the extant … cJlne the Soutll. Jy AeriPpa consisted of an oblong cella with a portico of ten columns … CUmference3 °™ Jhe floor of the Pantheon, sloped downwards from the centre to the

444

and (5) that at a subsequent period Agrippa's temple and its portico were taken down and … its original entrance was on the south through a great outer hall; that later this "V … t 7> in a ~/c tvt______1,—---- t»-_*.i_____ 1_____ ____^signed … c. 50 a. D.) might well be inspired by Agrippa's Pantheon, a recent architectural tri … fig. 291), D. S. Robertson A Handbook of Greek &= Roman Architecture Ca … 3 A. Mau Geschichte der decorativen Wandtualerei in Pompeji Berlin 18S2 p. 4'+^ the … Leipzig 1928 p. 54 ff. fig. 19. The design shows a spacious dome as seen af£]S th<j

445

Very summit of this great rotunda, at a height of 43-20m (144 ft.) … °> °r at least accords with, a long-standing belief that rain … \ rubbotJi hashshamaywi), has been mentioned in a foot-note4, but is … e transition in meaning from a window to a sieve8 was therefore … ■Babylonian a ^ touched upon ceilings made to represent the sky in the case of … ^"""elszeii M rea<^''y be expanded into a monograph (R. Eisler Weltenmantel und … I J' A. Letro'n on Gen- 6- Tne v'e«'s of the early church fathers are collected … 7 A- Wit-S- Peake on Is- 2+-i8- … '""■"V 6ltu , -fe" "'MU-pas a<puh vvv be ntydXas Kcd KpowqSbv (pepofie'vas Kai oUv tivi

446

illustrate the actual usage of a holed vessel or sieve2. … for us, if need be, by force or fraud, from the stores of your friends the gods o … Scatter from thy sieve the cloudlets, … ti of a … 2 A. Marmorstein 'Das Sieb im Volksglauben' in the Archivf. Pel. 19'^ j^0Pu^al … 3 W. Macpherson Memorials of Service in India. From the correspondence .R … nature {hwnto), Udutar, and the sharp maiden Terhetar sifted mist in a sieve … (■Holdd_ is the kind, benignant, merciful goddess or lady, from hold (Pr°Pltl"Su'b'terra»ea"

447

J S r ersc^lemen a's Wazzerholde, Brtmnenholde ([J. Grimm Teutonic Mythology trans. … an' lie/ " ^e'1°r' a^er etymologisch zu ahd. helan "verbergen" und bertihrt sich so mit … ^■Unch Tj.erun6' °f the Holden, originally ' freigewordene Seelen Verstorbener'), P. A. … at'iective holl^' 'Jears a name which linguistically has always been kept distinct from the … field Sanie l'me a divinity of the fertility of the soil. Wherever her procession … h / lc,a gerrneP l°ne °hez les P°Pulations mediterraneennes, sainte Lucie prit celle de

448

as a fair white lady1. In the Harz district it is believed that, between … tale of 'Master Awl' (Meister Pfriem)*. This tells how a shoe-maker, … a beam. It was the beam which some one had had in his own eye whilst he waS … beam lengthways, but obliquely. "Did any one ever see such a piece of stupidity' … out of a well into a bucket, but at the same time he observed that the buc … lected himself, and thought, "Perhaps it is only a pastime. If it is an arnUeJ1) … you doing there? Has any one ever since the world began seen a cart ^jng … A. Kuhn Sagen, Gebrauche und Mcirchen aus Westfalen Leipzig 1859 i- '203' … 5 ' A lie Hagel!' pla/zte er heraus.

449

J- Bolte and G. Poh'vka1 in a thorough-going commentary on … P°ssibien ^ emPty'nS °f a la^e or P°°l witn a sieve is an im- … ^a tQ„ ^ , ow/ avrov eis to KeWlov 9/\6e (puvj) \iyovaa aury' ' Aevpo, dVifw <roi to. … <?p7ei5*e(as *al S A ''-S' S' """^"J ° ets <>irlo-u) (leg. els 6V(<rw) rod SXKov eviyKat to %i\ov

450

the ghost of a dead woman is put under a ban to empty a pool with … middle ages held to be a signal proof of divine favour or at least of … sieve. It is not, however, easy to cite unequivocal evidence of a sieve … End') with note on p. 260 ('The sieve-bucket task is widespread from the Danaids 0 ^ … a … Montis Sereni Lipsia; & Budissae 1719 iv. 62 Anno mccix Conradus orientalis ^a^tar … 5 A. Kuhn—W. Schwartz Norddeutsche Sagen, Marchen und Gebrauche ^^t/, a"s … p. 262 f. no. 293 with n. on p. 501, A. Kuhn sagen, ueuTum."* -.....

451

being actually used in a rain-charm within the confines of Europe. … But in a sieve I'll thither sail2— … brought with them the momentous change from belief to … (.jjoe a'ready seen4. It may next be shown that Zeus himself was … "A … Ja/"eop-ra^2 °" The Paris papyrus appears to date from s. iv A.D. (F. G. Kenyon … being actually used in a rain-charm within the confines of Europe. … But in a sieve I'll thither sail2— … brought with them the momentous change from belief to … (.jjoe a'ready seen4. It may next be shown that Zeus himself was … "A … Ja/"eop-ra^2 °" The Paris papyrus appears to date from s. iv A.D. (F. G. Kenyon

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (e) Rain as the seed of Zeus

452

noteworthy, because they seem to imply that Zeus was in a very … From rain turns cold, then once again thin air. … More genuinely Greek is the conception of rain that occurs in a … coniugis, | unde fetus mixtus omnis aleret magno corpore—a passage contain

453

Lucretius in turn, according to H. A. J. Munro3, may have had … Rain falls from the bridegroom Sky and wets the Earth; … Lacks moisture and a drought destroys the corn. … lo. 2o ^ec'Pitavit. Cp. the Lucretian colouring of a fine passage in Colum. de re rust. … 25 ff. ; Ban-aides frag. 44 Nauck*- ap. Athen. 600 A—B and Eustath. in II. p. 978, … » achsmu'th £' 898' 7 ff' NauckS ap. Athen. 600 A, Stob. eel. 1. 9. 1 p. HIi 17 ff.

454

An equally famous passage from the Chrysippos of the same poet … And she from him received … From Earth to Earth return, … left a lasting trace on the poetic thought of Rome—from the … "conceive": they realised, in fact, that all things spring from … p. 430 a 10 ff., id. Die Fragmente do- Vorsokratiker'3 Berlin 1912 i- 398' 9 ^ ,( $o&

455

Thus it was as a fall of golden rain that Zeus visited Danae2. Apart … 0 Lakedaimon. They had a child, Danae. But when her father consulted the … and"26 'n *e courtyard °f n's house6. Here he brought Danae with a nurse, … the ij^i ^eus'' He did not believe it, but put her and the boy into a chest, shut … n, 6,_ •"■ 229 ft, H.J. Rose A Handbook of Greek Mythology London 1928 pp. 272, 284 … Preric j a"a °"TW* etprjrat trap' 'SxaraUfi, " Aavf pXayerai Zeis" k.t.\ … Si a"'

456

the floating coffer—a folk-tale motif which we have already had … a period when the relations of Athens to Persia might well quicken … Xpvoifiopcpos. Was it a confused subconscious reminiscence (see the Class. Rev. 1903 xV' … Ant. iii. 706 fig. 4229. My figs. 293 and 294 are reproduced from E. Gerhard ^"''"t^fa … Inst. 1845 p- 216: 'e intento alia sua opera adoperandosi col trapano a formare an(,ora

458

1 There is a further difference of opinion as to whether mother and child are … designed it, felt to be the equivalent of a gilded coffin3, fitting … der Petersburger Ermitage' in the Arch. Zeit. 1872 xxx. 37 f., who makes out a stro ^> … former view is supported by the analogy of a red-figured stdmnos from Caere now " … the nurse (hardly Eurydike). The latter view relies on another red-figured hydria a■ ^ J. … - A red-figured kotyle of 'Italiote' style (J. D. Beazley Greek Vases in Pola" ^gf.

460

moving away with a gesture of encouragement on the right, and an … chiaroscuro3, must have found in Danae a congenial subject. Tiberius … improbably5 Danae was depicted sitting on the nuptial coudT^a^, … no. 3. Hitherto unpublished, My fig. 297 is from a photograph kindly supF … 5 A. Reinach op. cit. i. 288 n. 1. . tabu1*1"

462

on a picture of Danae1 may well refer to the work of Nikias, with … the scheme of Nikias with the addition of a conventional3 landscape … 1893 p. 7 gives a list of four paintings, which—along with others of more dou ^ ^ j.

463

°nly by the golden drops that fall from the sky upon her bare body. … the de s a hmdtion, which she lifts with both hands to catch … ^A-6 Lein-j"1" pl l87 (=my fig. 299), Text p. 2S4 f., cp. A. Mau Fiihrer durch

464

sits a youthful beardless (?) Zeus with golden bay(?)-wreath, long … A hi&5

465

does not look at Danae, nor Danae at him. A third picture, from … a56' CP- A. l444' Herrmann Denim, d. Malerei pl. 188 (= my fig. 300) Text

466

seated Zeus in a novel, but thoroughly unsatisfactory, whole. … romischen Institut'...'von L. Schulz'), cp. A. Mau Fiihrer durch Pompeji6 Leipzl& … stupri merces fuit, Epiphan. ancor. 105 (i. 208 Dindorf) irpbs &a.vat)v 5e XPV"^S ^£ ah^ … pecunia, Columbanus (abbot of Luxeuil and Bobbio, died 615 (?) A.D.) ear/"- 3' ^ ^ f• … Sed quod adulter | Obtulit aurum, | Aureus ille | Fingitur imber. a p.■ 3+ ' … corrupit Danen [sic] in specie auri (printed from cod. Vat. Christ. 344 b)' ' { virgif j

467

a deprecating hand as he escapes across the foot of the couch. At … clouds, while the old crone holds an alms-dish to take the collection. … a Woru ^ ^ draws attention to the Defensorium inviolatae virginitatis b. Mariae virginis, … grav;d nterschrift: Si Dana(e) auri pluvia praegnans a Jove claret, | Cur spiritu sancto … p1, 'oo nAdd.ison "A cit. p. 41 ff., C. Ricketts Titian London 1910 pp. 110 f., 115, 130 … J. A r- … P' 40 with fi'S°n °f' Cit P" 44 f- FiS- 3°3 is from H- Knackfuss Van Dyck London 1899

469

(Equizetum?)1 in Mauretania Sitifensis, again shows a series of the … after a j "'"taurine Constantine 1892 xxvii. 230 ff. with pi. (part of which = my fig. 304) … '°rentiae & at Florence (A. F. Gori Museum Florentinum: Gemmae antiquae … n ist in • A""sh"yt''- Zeus p. 411: 'Es ist ja Thatsache, der

470

figure of Danae receiving the celestial shower. A silver ring at

471

leaves the drops to our imagination, but gives us a Maenad-like … Finally, a bronze coin of Argos, struck by Hadrian (fig. 311)2, … Round Perseus cast a loving hand: … Pl" 47. jr(Wangler A"t. Gemmen i pi. 14, 2;, ii. 68 ('Wohl Danae?'), Lippold Gemmen … *o! S"p,a'p HfiV* 41 Pl' L' 49> My ^ 3,1 is from a cast'

472

Simonides' verses are of course merely a poet's elaboration of … 3 A. Wirth Danae in christlichen Legenden Wien 1892, reviewed by C. Schmidt 1 … (When baptised by Timothy, a disciple of S. Paul, she broke up her idols and cast ^ … xv. 25 ff. Dec. 4 ('S. BARBARA, V.M. (a.d. 235)....Usuardus and Ado in their Vgjfa. … before departing on a long journey, built her a bath at the basement of hei ■garbara … wards, directed by a wicked shepherd, her father found her and haled her by ha*

473

icestry. A certain Khan had a fair daughter, whom he kept in a dark iron2 … en?" "-\jy child," said the old dame, "there is a bright world. In that bright … sent"J'30n ^6r' anC* S'16 conce'vet^" Her angry father put her in a golden chest and … (Talos) °ri'16 same var>ation from bronze to iron see supra i. 632 n. 3 (the sky), 719 a. 2 … f 1>0"iiiis ' a ter Voss- CJ- Menditae) Theologumenon libris lego, Atiam, cum ad sollemne

474

Danae is invariably said to have been impregnated by a golden … nation by a falling star. In support of his contention he quotes the … Bpdyxov (an fipbyxov? a.b.C.) Sie^fiXOe. Kal -qv 6 irais /cdXXiffros av0ptl>Ti>x'' * … ei be tbrj} otl 0 %\ios tfroi 6 bioKos elor)\6ev ev rip otK<p a^rov, ei fitv effTi j3aO^€V^' *tttrcU … E. Venables in Smith—Wace Diet. Chr. Biogr. iv. 933. F. G. Holvyeck A ^gjjali* ' … 6 Acta Sanctorum edd. Bolland. Antverpise 1675 Aprilis iii- 34 A.^fUSIU teOT & clar3,1!'

475

golden rain was essentially just a fine display of shooting stars. His … ni-r Clxxxii. 3. 69 (Basileios, Bishop of Seleukeia in Isauria c. 435—460 a.d., de vita ac … ""KTre' S„'ieT£wP°^07"f' p-vdoi (extract from Ylapvaaaos) Athens 1880 p. 12 (''0 \abs … den JCi,^ a"d Fthics Edinburgh 1918 x. 37ib, J. Bolte—G. Poltvka Anmerkungen zu … ^•thnologicalaS m°re prirmtlve tnan that given by A. W. Bell in The Journal of the … av asleepi n a undance and did not miss it, there was so much left. One night, as she

476

'His mother was, it is said, a woman of exquisite beauty, admired and sough1 … fell too. She bore a son to the thick summer shower and that son was Montezuma- … was but a mythical expression for the rain whereby the s^ ^e … a virgin4. And if Zeus descended upon Danae in the forr° ^g … mankind. They describe her as a maiden living in isolation, unmoved by the a ^ ^ W … 3 Supra p. 364. See also A. H. Sayce in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 19*5 f

477

Or when at midnight in a snow of gold … Was cleft by a bronze-wrought axe, … ^^Hk ' (7Ta^eLS &Xoxov fX€t7}\6€v 'HpctrcXet'ois yovah; with schol. vet. 5 a. jj XPV(r(f … Vet* ad * °^^a&v virepfidKU fioq.- | Ovpavbs 5' £0pi£e viv Kal Tata fxaTTjp. The schol.

478

A similar belief underlies the statement of Ovid that the … The Iliad makes it the prelude to a battle between Achaeans a … In fertile Troyland far away from home4. … lyv-qras)' ore 5tj Kal Zeis Xe^erai KaTairetroXefiTiKus Tiravas epaaBrivaL Tjj'a^ra''"'^ … A similar belief underlies the statement of Ovid that the … The Iliad makes it the prelude to a battle between Achaeans a … In fertile Troyland far away from home4. … lyv-qras)' ore 5tj Kal Zeis Xe^erai KaTairetroXefiTiKus Tiravas epaaBrivaL Tjj'a^ra''"'^

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (f) Ominous rain sent by Zeus

479

Let gouts of blood drop from the very sky— … y the downfall of blood-drops from a clear sky2. With other writers, … j 1} argues for a date nearer to 600 than to soo B.C. … A-t>. in v

480

upon a substantial basis of fact2. Thus we get the usual diminuendo … 583 In France (Gregorius Turonensis historia Francorum 6. 14 (Ixxi. 387 A … Chronik p. 104. H. Barlandus Historica Coloniae 1603 p. 16 s'a'eSelltIy … of Dates"-' London 1910 p. 1151 f. notes a few recent cases (red rain with sa^ januaO' … monograph includes a chronological list of all comparable phenomena. Ber^in'j … may also occasion a precipitate of red liquid).

481

Different in character is a mystic and possibly Orphic anthropo- … sacred blood, and that from these sprang the race of men.' … ^ss philosophical milieu3, from an attempt to combine two passages … „ °t the Bronze Age were sprung from the blood-drops of … a £ Keats Lamia t.^ ff. … k'°od.' g ^nen Zeus was setting all things in order there fell from him drops of sacred … ^ 1' 4, Ei arisen from seed dropped by the sky upon the ground (Theophr. hist. pi.

482

A good example is furnished by La Crau, a large plain in the … hurler of stones and wielder of a hammer, the hammer being a later substitute ^ … anciens, comme il surprend auj. les voyageurs que le ch. de fer mene d'Arles a ^ … 7 Mela 2.78 alioqui litus ignobile est, Lapideum (lapidcus cod. A, wIien^nt) in 1U° … 8 Plin. nat. hist. 3. 34 Campi Lapidei, Herculis proeliorum merhoria, «!• a

483

that they were a sort of beach resulting from the solidification of a … To get a stone from the ground—the ground is soft. … "enistic age as providing a plausible account of that much- … s> appears a male figure on bended knee. The Babylonians had … *6\eMo/^-/''a,r- 199 Nauc'k2a/. Strab. 183. Cp. Dion. Hal. ant. Rom. 1. … ltl "*e Rev ^unans m general see now the critical survey of A. Berthelot ' Les Ligures'

484

of doubtful date. More persistent is the idea that Engonasin was a … figure with a definite mythical suppliant or the … 2 A. Rehm in F. Boll Sphaera Leipzig 7903 p. 149 n. 4 and in Pauly … 4 Cic. de nat. deor. 1. 108 defessa velut maerentis imago (a rendering of Aiati … 6 Teukros of Babylon was an astrologer who at the end of s. i A.D. "'"'^^yfr/S** … astrologer of s. vi, who has preserved extracts from Teukros irepl r&v So eK^^0ji of'a … autem Tegeates historiarum scriptor non Callisto, sed Megisto dicit appel a ' n0lllina1''' … est ellopum ex Gr. iWoiroi (quid!). But, if Ellopia was a district in no

485

that we should keep Ellopium to denote a sword 'of true Ellopian bronze.' a.b.C.) … a"yXov 5'Ai-yeiSeoi Q-rjaios earl \vpi), schol. Arat. phaen. 74 1) Q-qaia.. … j '1'> 55 (= my fig. 312 : scale f), ii. 85. Inscribed These), more natural on a relief fromTrysa, … lra' re'iefs in terra cotta referable to the period c. 30 b.C.—c. 140 a.d. (G. P. Campana … rer>rl S.to them). A marble relief from Ostia, now in the Villa Albani, has a similar … work°r'laS a wni'e marble tripod-base from Mt Gerizim, now at Constantinople, Attic … u* niy c ]]' ,I" Fig. 313 is from a well preserved specimen

488

But such attempts too often involved a misconception of the old … 2 Hyg. poet. astr. 2. 6 alii autem Thamyrim a Musis excaecatum, ut supplicem ad gen … W. Deonna Dtdale Paris 1930 p. 249 'Certaines attitudes memes, qui jadis pa,a n ^ … 10 J. B. Passeri Atlas Farnesianus marmoreus insigne vetustatis monume nQn a" … S22, E. Vinet in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. i. 527 fig. 615, A. Furtwangler in ^gS(, … Hackl Vasensamml. Munchen i. 103 no. 836 fig. 106)). A modification 01

489

2°G> 2oR° .^P^aia m Aigina (A. Furtwangler Aegina Miinchen 1906 Text p. 250 ff. figs. … de"hch. arc]6'1 Munchen IQ" P- 20 fig. A. 86): see A. Kalkmann in the Jahrb. d. kais. … 56t pubr J* fr°m a twelfth-century MS. of Germanicus at Madrid (cod. Matrit. A 16 … en'rn. quo erCU'em a'1 esse> non cum dracone, sed cum Liguribus depugnantem. … XiK^ Correcti0" a'5 A£/3l"T' (A' Rehm Pauly—w'sso\va Real-Enc. v. 2564 makes the

491

Vvas equated with the stone-thrower Talos2, whose name bore a … uing rock, and by some fool of a copyist into Taos the Peacock5! … 'Qiants have been numerous, as may be seen from the appended … c. 100 A.D.) … ot))^ 11 one fra°S °f Atllens U. ii A. D.), author of a famous astrological poem Thesaarol,

492

the Aeschylean myth of Zeus sending a rain of stones to Herakles … state were at a high pitch of glory and prosperity, it was reported to the kiflS … commanded by the divine voice from the Alban Mount—for this too is 11 fl … down—or on the advice of soothsayers. At all events it remained a regulai CI … The great voice heard from the grove on the mountain-tui^ … adjoining the Cappuccini of Nizza, inscribed hercvli | lapidarI | ALMA^jgS Sa^a'"^'e

493

Proof of their smouldering fires2, it is permissible to suppose that a … a r,.' ^astm The Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge 1928 vii. 348. … \vere 6 V''!a^es ar°und. After continuing for a considerable period, during which they … ffterti ^aubeny A Description of active and extinct Volcanos, of Earthquakes, and of … a ParticuJ^'6 ^etween 'ne Alban mountains and the Anio, the Lake of Gabii, noted for … l5eriod within l° suPPose a volcano to have existed among these mountains even at a … ttaters> are but tT 0t^er 'a'ces above-mentioned, if even they be considered as volcanic

494

fall of pumice or scoriae thrown up from some re-opened vent would … 1 217 B.C. Hot stones fell from the sky at Praeneste (Liv. 22. 1). … 152 A rain of stones at Aricia (Iul. Obs. 77 = 18). … 41 A rain of stones (C. Lycosthenes (K. Wolffhart) Prodigiorum ac … 57 a.d. A rain-storm followed by the fall of white and black stones at Ahmed … - 87 b.c. A rain of ashes at Athens (Paus. 9. 6. 6). ,. 514 … of Leon i, 462 a.d. (!), cp. Nikephor. eccl. hist. 15. 20 … 3 214b.c. A rain of chalk at Cales (Liv. 24. 10). … 860 a.d. Blood-red dust fell from the sky at Byzantion ([Georg. Mon

495

attributed to divine agency1, are more often recorded as a purely … °°d from the skies. Thus in the book of Exodus'1- it is stated that … yo ^ Sa'^ t'le L°RD unto Moses, Behold, I will rain bread from heaven for … ace of the wilderness a small round thing, small as the hoar frost on the … ^°'h, fj eiTaX@£v-ra virb "ZvWa to. p.eya\a atpitTLV htyxeiv irad-qp.a.Ta, Prokop. de bell. … ^ ffTToS^ „'^Ile) °S (o-rjp.etov) i<p6.vri iv rip ovpavtp ve<p4\r] o~a\irtyyoeLdfy iiri TjpApas //, … ,Te ■'"ttfres a » ^ °~vp-fio\ov aKpaKpve&TaTov tjv tt)s btjov o&Trw Zo-eadai p.eWov<n]S irvpKdCas' … ^ilf^')^ "to* 111 ^' Hastin8s A Dictionary of the Bible Edinburgh 1900 iii. 236

496

doubted whether classical authors can furnish a complete parallel to … A curious story is told by Hadrianus Junius (Adriaan de Jonghe) m nis # p0liW110' … Manna nominat a voce Hebraea Man, quae generice donum significat) Proven 0usarn> S'V! … labi affluenter, & a pube rustica colligi passim coepit. Repetitur iterum "^^j lor>c^

497

a-i>ibrosia, the 'non-mortal' food2, and n^k-tar, the 'death-van- … T af*Ppb<Tiai x^ovrai \ 'Arivbs (W. Dindorf cj. Zaxds) ptkadpwv irapa Koiracs, | tv a … Problenj tert Calypso Halle a. S. 1919 p. 161 ff. is dissatisfied with the solution of the … ^^chte t\ajlei.r .lnS'y> he proposes a new and undeniably attractive explanation ('Ich

498

partly entomological. On the one hand, a sweet, sticky exuda- … fii\i kclI £irl tt]V yyv Kai eiri ra TrpotTTVxdvra t&v tpvTujv. ebpliTKerai Si p.a\t0"ra £ir … (sc. quam roboribus). Honey dripping from the oaks is a characteristic of the g e]la, … patros) efcoXos 'Epiitei'as, u iroiixives, Iv Si yd\a.KTi \ xaipwc Kai Spvlvif ^ f0yt. … 3 A. Kuhn Z>;> Herabkunft des Feuers und des Gdtterlranhs2 Giitersloh 1HeSychia1,1 … impossible—have not found favour with recent philologists (Prellwitz Ety"h , j, a',

499

Such as the aphides, secrete a sugary liquid, which is often spread … Ui\1°'"Tl ^ ^SC' ai '-^/J-a^0"") ™ Ppt'PV ydXaKTi re (popfidduv iirirwv Kal fpbaov (OJpfolS, rj … '^\\*0X'rTt *^a^ 7rePLy^KLffT0v yd\a, Kal ov oeovrai dvapt^ai a&rtp p.£\i, 07rep ovv bpuHTLV … *S' 'n niost10116^ ^£W' w^'cn 's on-en spread m a shiny layer over the upper surface of leaves, … °r Sacch • '^^"pBdia Brilannica1* London 1929 xi. 715 'The exudation of a nectar-like … SaP--..The sSaccnarine matter in nectar as a waste product of chemical changes in the … 0rtrial plantC "lg msects, these being called insect honey-dews to distinguish them from

500

Country folk in the second century A.D., when they observed … a point to which we shall recur3. … Persians (towards the close of s. v B.C.5) imagines a happy la11^ ir] … From such classical Utopias it is not a far cry to the mediae … wpa TTjvLKavTa,) depfxij 8e Kal ^rjpa /c/>a<ris depos iirl tt)s irporepalas... Trap' VP-if f-ev ovV figr^ … wilt save Israel by mine hand, as thou hast spoken, behold, I will put a ncece(]ie „to^' … The relevant lines are 6 Zeis 5' (W oi'ccjj Kawvla Kara tov nepa/iov f}a\avet>0€l> I £( n<t

501

varieties5. A frequent element in these Wonderlands is the fall of … J- E. Wells A Manual of the Writings in Middle English sojo—1400 Yale University … trees °WerS'' 01 ^' ^ood's 'I ve neard about a pleasant land, | Where omelettes grow on … Voir I A' • j … In M A t r- … Stuttgart ear''est Elusion occurs in one of the Carmina Burana (ed. J. A. Schmeller … Sailsages a ed ^engodi [sc. ubi bene gaudetur], and there they bind the vines with … Vj"? never a d f°r; and nard by flows a rivulet of Vernaccia, the best that ever was drunk,

502

comestibles in a shower from the sky. The gap between ancient and … would-be historical happenings2, sometimes susceptible of a scientific … Hans Sachs Halle a. S. 1893 i. 8—11 no. 4 'Das Schlauraffen Landt' in 108 short riming … ' The Story of Schlauraffen Land' is taken from a German poem of the fourteenth century … printed in 1575. My pi. xl is from the Bilderkatalog zu [M.] Geisberg: Der detiW … - Athen. 333 A—B otda 5e Kal 7roXXoxoO Ijaavra rbv Bebv IxOvci' $aip^as ^ //.

Plate 40

Sti,faoj, p'k"Jf™ ?11«''tn <a'(mi Mr fdjuls rrlrD rtn» 3atr« all Crr 1(1 flui in« rgxtlauraffrii i anOl … S*»»rt T" ^ Ini 5 i'bi'"tn W'1*1' S™' <M> fJl)"l Bnjrfrtiifl brolDf tnO na*lr(T,a … a w°odcut printed by W. Strauch of Nuremberg.

503

^aditions populaires 1902 xvii. 138]; en Basse-Bretagne, quand il a bu l'eau des etangs, … man A • … nicht ^ater'a' die Thierchen und giesst Leben in sie hinein. Ich rathe Dir aber … oraggg^l^1 veut qu'ils prennent naissance dans les airs et tombent a terre au moment des … .'658 i. I2° e del raziocinio"1 Milano 1911 p. 60 f., A. P. T. Paracelsus Genevse … d red ra;n f rr °^ ^'sto'a> a Tuscan hill town forty miles from the sea, were amazed to … Passers-by or i"1 * jar in a private laboratory in the town. Others were taken away

504

tales1 of a far country where viands of the choicest sort were to be … that three years ago he had a similar experience on the road between Foxton … In speaking of fish, frogs, and meal as dropped from the sky, Athenaios and 1 … (2) a rain of milk: … (3) a rain of oil: … undLiteratur 1878 v. 389—427 (universal belief in a happy childhood of mankin • … A. Graf Mili, Leggcnde e Stiperstizioni del Medio Evo Torino 1892 pp. ; 3Reibe … xx. 187—193 ('Das Schlaraffenland' with a woodcut of 1575—1C00), J- Bolte—

505

sixteenth century1: on the last Thursday before Lent a pyramid … In Spain a similar celebration was called Cucaita?: comestibles and … cocagne became a frequent feature of public festivities4. It seems … Creasy Pole6, still a favourite item on the programmes of provincial … <je j Veit,calmente en el suelo, o andar, si se coloca horizontalmente a cierta distancia … if? ie' p'isch "a'"e *j kl""ods gral gieng dabei aufdas gcbiiude iiber, das ihm diente. … ta'ly ab "ca"a «as sometimes, like our Greasy Bowsprit, a pole projecting

506

which began as a serious attempt to climb up into heaven and share … On sundry occasions Zeus by means of a timely rain extinguished … excerpt from the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, now serving aS … brothers, who had been slain by the cattle-raiding Taphians a … The self-same night Amphitryon returned from the fighting, a^ … Thus far the myth is a typical tale of Boeotian6 twins. ^ … - Hes. sc. Her. argum. A p. 101, 1 f. Rzach ttjs 'Acnrldos r\ apx*l T*^/S»##* … emphasised by J. A. K. Thomson Studies in the Odyssey Oxford 1914 P- 34 g_ 5. W"' … is a coincidence, but no more.

507

clad in a chiton, was bearing a cup in his right hand, a necklace in … 1 a ■ ; °- 3- … •: 63 f- Jacob' A\P*K6-V* ^rag' 27 (FraS- hist- Gr- 77 Miiller)=/;-«^. 13 (Frag. gr. Hist, … 6 P°Uon llm^end' 3- 108. 1—3)) and a tripod dedicated by him in the sanctuary of

508

and slept with her; and he learned from Teiresias that her bedfellow had been … TrevroirXacndcfas rj Kara rivai t"/>MrXa<rid<ras, ol Kal Sia rovro rpiecnrepov d^Lodcri Xeyecr^a^ ^ r … numinis approbavit, Hieronym. c. Vigilant. 10 (xxiii. 1. 364 A Migne) tunc fatebe >^ ^ … dial. deor. 10. 1 EPM. w "HXie, pfj iXdarjs rljpepov, 6 Zei/s 07?<ri, a®Pl0V ^ jj r+-

509

h-uripides, the great innovator, substituted a more romantic … 8o0 A^extundere, concinnare, compingere, etc., Kyrill. c. Mian. 6 p. 196 (lxxvi. … 4l!i"iene °ne ^ay and so Profiuced three continuous nights. See further A. Winter … t'le Teleboan' ' ^ a"d interP- Serv. in Verg. Aeu. 8. 103 Oichalia appears in place of … (■ e story 0f 7 "^orlois in order that he might consort with Igerna...is a reminiscence

510

R. Engelmann2, who supplements them from two important sources, … I begin with the vases, since they are the earlier. A bell-^^'

Plate 41

A krater from Santa Agata dei Goti, now in the British Museum :

511

design (pi. xli)1. Alkmene sits as a suppliant on an altar, a handsome … • 35o-_,„ a e Univ. Press 1929 p. 295. He was successor and imitator of Assteas … 32i, jj0' ?3 % 732°, P. Ducati Storia delta ceramica greca Firenze s. a. ii. 444 ff.

512

Antenor. Moreover, two Hyades from above are drenching the py>e … furnish an interesting case of adaptation from an earlier art-tyP^ … some Satyr-play. A pelike at Munich (fig. 325)" in the style 0 … 1 This appears to be the earliest naturalistic representation of a rainbow in a … Alessandro Castellani' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1872 xliv. 1—18 pi. A (part of_w ,bverse)

515

hydriai. Above, that is beyond3, the pile is Herakles himself, a … a"d th … Cic, de j ' Sllv- 2. 6. 90 f.)—a practice prohibited by Numa (Plin. nat. hist. 14. 88, cp. … n. 2 'eilC'1 eai'-de-vie). Also its red colour would be a surrogate for blood (supra i. … ' SuiJ1'- a'S "leDender Leichnam" (s.d.) weiter zu existieren')? … t!Ut a "lounta C°mme Tolas- Turk in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2329: 'ein Berggott.' … Ca aod'keia onth^' arck' ImU 1888 280 f- Pl 9> ,8 ( = my fig- 3*7) a bronze coin

517

°f the drama, when Alkmene appeals from Amphitryon to Zeus, … a Greek exemplar, almost certainly preserves the main outline of … by p eief°re on the view expressed a century since … %• 6stnt-d Wl* a chla"'ys (suPra «• 73i ng- 663, 744 … Pyre A'A … A' c-) u'16 '">recor 1uern nocte conmissa dies | quaesivit (leg. creavit cp. supra p. 508 n. 3. … 'n a s'orm >,Serves: '0ne might say of him [sc. Herakles), "he came in a storm and went

518

uses Euripides' title as a synonym for a prodigious storm1, an^ … him and his friend Antenor. Instead of dragging her away from the … thunderbolts and sending a tempest of rain to put out the fire. … Pindar made Zeus come to Alkmene 'at midnight in a snow of g° ' … 'Zeus n'apparait jamais, en effet, dans aucune tragedie subsistante d'Eunp ^ a

519

ar>d his servants tried in vain to stay the flames. Kroisos as a last … ^kolaos of Damaskos7. Ktesias too, though he says not a word … ar'ot-race at Olympia (468 B.C.)9, puts a somewhat different … ^ill S' k'^S a re ^e built in front of his palace and of his own … m°gUcher Gd A ' -S°3' anzusehen … »^*T'w>o»ro " aKi}" o'0«>a i^Treirto-Tev/iifOV 5rws re ol awSoiy-evoi Kpolay ras Ke<paXds

520

He spake, and bade a softly-stepping thrall … A fate foreseen being bitterest of all. … Zeus brought a black cloud over it … his daughters as a reward for his generous gifts to Pytho3. So, e … —a fact remembered for centuries5. The famous amphora at … 165 bv {sc. tov Upoio-ov) el /u.7] 6 Zeis oUrelpas a<pyKev iidoip iirl tt)V cb\6ya, ra% ^siuri regeIfl

521

V"'r'i- Uen' faumewter in his Denim, ii. 796 f. fig. 860 (obverse), A. H. Smith in the … ! ft. R a,;r0C i8ai'lJLa<" >> ev8vida.v, k.t.X.

522

effects of rain and sun—a fate which ulti- … and the bride. Now Pallene herself was in love with Kleitos, a" cjj. … 1 Unless indeed the sign S in the field is meant for the initial of Zeus, or for a … 5 The mythographers, as A. Mai and G. H. Bode ad locc. saw, are tran … narr. 10. Norm. Dion. 48. 90 ff. makes Dionysos beat Pallene in a wrestling' sboUld

523

by Kleitos. Sithon, perceiving his daughter's guile, made a great … There were, therefore, mythical antecedents to a miracle recorded … 2 *e girl from her doom. … &tKpa C a ^>au^' el Theclae 20—21 Tischendorf Tjjs Se p.ij diroKpivop.ivqs, t\ p-r/rrip avTrjs … ^'^Ka; ^ ' ^" ^' S6vaiJ.1v tov koXKovs aiiTrjs cod. G.). ecrTpaffav Se to. $u\a oi Sti/moi … /l.th 'he marteX!'nSUishing rain recurs in a modified form at Nikomedeia in connexion

524

'A … multitude came out to see Thekla. She, like a lamb in the desert looking roun … kindled them below. A great fire blazed up, but did not touch her. For "° •] … Xenophon of Ephesos4 (s. ii or iii A.D.5), when the hero ^-a^°e pyre … n. 3 is content to place it between 98 A.D. and 263 A.D.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (g) Zeus Ómbrios

525

and by Tzetzes2. Elis once suffered from a prolonged drought, till … that" °r ^^held by him. It was on account of a persistent drought … ^rPa jif' ^fUS* ^' 24* 5 *arL ^ Ka^ P-^Vf^a T<P Hvppuvi ou Troppu) rod 'HXetwi/ ao"7eais* … "'aiVei toO ' ' a^XM»" KovraaxovTos Trji>'"B.\iv exP"Qa®V atpayiaoai airoiis 4ttI rrj … ^y^"ovs v(ov auXMoO KCLTatTxivTos Trjv'UXiy Ik XPVCV-0" &kt]kou>s iravdTjvai rbv a\>xp.bv

526

up his son or his grandson as a dish at the table of Zeus2, we can … 4 F. Bechtel—A. Fick Die Griechischen Personennamen2 Gottingen 1894 pp. lu'j°\\e … 7 On the strength of this Attic cult A. Boeckh in the Corp. inscr. Gr. ii no. »37+^ cj. … 8 Supra ii. 897 a. 5, 1226. The inscribed 'Geometric' sherds found by the Am ^ … with the start of an abecedarium aba Nos. 13 and 14 fig. 6 are parts of a sma' e( … &ya\p.a iKmvoio-iji mat ol tov A(a, k.t.\.). ,

527

he identified with Zeus Ombrios. Examples may be drawn from … Nannakos ' was a phrase used of ancient happenings or of persons … ^r Nannakos was a king of Phrygia, as Hermogenes asserts in his Phrygia?i … t, ePhanos of Byzantion (s. v A.D.) in his account of Ikonion pursues … later wj^ ^'/'0/os' Ikonion, Mt Baris, etc. attest a Phrygian tradition of the deluge fused … Heronl' ^ *Pvt(a'frag. 7 (Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 524 Miiller).

528

place got its name Ikonion from the fact that the "images" were designe … a century since concluded that Annakos, who lived for oVCl^e of … a full bibliography of them, which ranges from O. Falconerius JJtss

529

flood. Its lid is open, and from it Noah and his wife look out. … Perhaps a frescoed Stoa5, perhaps an illustrated Pentateuch6. … 6TT|» fF' 33°) from the specimen in the Cabinet des Medailles at Paris, with rev. legend … ^ ^addi' ^ac*^en loc- c'1- PP- '9^—T98 pi- 6, 3 ( = my fig. 332) from the specimen in … I '^Pe de ]a f rePresente pas du tout une Sculpture dans les catacombes de Rome, mais … pailef'). B. v. i^me 'Jub,ic buildings'), 670 n. 3 ('Either a wall-painting or a scene in low

530

334—337)2 Marsyas with cornu copiae and flutes seated in a … a cast) and 156, no. 157 pi. n, 11 ( = myfig. 336 from a cast), no. 158 pi- nd 8775' … 3 Imhoof-Blumer op. cit. i. 211. a„, phi''' … 5 Strab. ^6'A-wdp.eia % Ki^wros \eyophr) xal AaoSUeta, a'iirep eltrl ^^^^ 'M^*'

531

a genuine Phrygian flood-myth underlies the story of Priasos, … ^ypatos quelled the flood and drove the waters back from the peaks … reat in return for his piety brought him in safety from a watery … les- He is presumably fitting a Greek name to Indra, son of … cj- MapJ^71 ^ 7ro^'7 KaraBiinios r)ev \ lv$a ipX^Ses fiey&Xov irorafiov 'M.ap<rvov (J. Geffcken … ""Os- ^ a'' iraXiv ovpavbdi irpb \ de<nreo-l-q \ieydXoio Beov irdXiv la\e <pwvr\ j tolov … 20 Bef'f "^^aS ^"a' <Pa<Tlv' etbov be rbv tottov eKdrepov k.t.X. =Kedren. hist. comp. … ^0l> 20 Bek'-"^'15 e^"a' l^a<r"' e^01' ^ rov T°w°'1 eKdrepov k.t.X. = Kedren. hist. comp. … Htli' Mythology <V1S The Religions of India Boston etc. 1895 p. 104, A. A. Macdonell

532

In this connexion space must be spared for a few words regard- … badge—Zeus fulminant1. The god strides from right to left with

533

The type itself was a Hellenistic modification of the old Hellenic … ji . tr°'ype) a"" eelc anfl Scythic Kings pp. xxviii, 10 pi. 4, 2 ( = my fig. 342 from an

534

frieze (pi. xlii)1 or such lesser works as the Zeus from Kyrene … StZlONt TRASVERSALt SVLLA LINE.A C 0 ^ … der pergamenischen Gigantomachie' in Her7>tes 1911 xlvi. 247 ff. fig. 8, A. von

535

(%• 346)1 and its counterpart from Falerio (Fatterone) in Picenum … Picard La sculpture antique de Phidias a Ph~e Byzantine Paris 1926 ii. 243, G. Roden- … "nphora with twisted handles, from Melos, now in the Louvre (no. S 1677) (bibliography … ^ase ano- frieze presuppose a common original, perhaps the Pheidiac painting inside … tt/ °f <!0')' 3 (headless statue of Zeus in the Banco di Roma, transformed into a Perseus by … ^cent ^ and an Athena (R- Mur<ioch Smith—E. A. Porcher History of the … 255 ^ ners> 'n the British Museum (A. H. Smith in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Sculpture ii. … ^PVfalu '<rT7'' a^T0KpdT°pi T/tw Ai\la Kai\oapi' kvTwve'ww, vlw 'Adpiavov ZcfSaffTOv, | … c rian, the people of Cyrene took as cult images a Zeus and an Athena of

537

^edicatedU'ltal)'e S'ze' "" comP'ete tne Triad they executed a statue of Sabina and … a ^ytene'l z?''" ^C ^a'erone> du meme type a l'egide que le Jupiter recemment decouvert

538

pi. 3, 7, Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 243 ff. Gemmentaf. 3, 3, Furtwangler A*»' … 1914 p. 52, Sir E. A. Wallis Budge Amulets and Superstitions Oxford 1930 ?'eJ£tant

Plate 44

A malachite cameo, now at Queens' College, Cambridge :

540

half a century later on the silver coins of Heliokles, both those … Atlas pi. 5, 1 (photograph of gem = my fig. 348, a: scale ^) and 2 (photograph 01 ^ … A bronze statuette in the Fouquet Collection—of which several replicas ar eating … 126 ff. pi. 9, 1, 133 f. pi- 8, 3, C. C. Edgar ' A statue of a Hellenistic King m … —a historian dating from the first half of s. i B.C. (W. Christ Geschichte der g> Ca0-

541

(%• 351)1 and those struck in India with a bilingual legend2 and … Chron Fiftv, e I3' NewYork 1922 pl. 6, 2 ( = my fig. 352 from a cast), id. in the Num. … aloSue0ft) Coi"S Greek and Scythic Kings P- 73 P1, '7' 9' V' A" Smith

542

horseback with lance at rest; on the other, a radiate Zeus standing, … a dignified bust of Zeus on one side and the caps of the Dioskouroi … a specimen from the Tremlett collection, now in the Fitz.william Museum. … Fifth Series 1923 iii. 322 f. pi. 14, 11 and 12 (=my fig. 355 from a cast). speciine°

543

No less dignified is the Zeus who appears on a silver coin of … or coiy1lnC' ma^ w'tn outstretched ringer and thumb be making a gesture of benediction … ^UseUm" ' 1 fi8ure a specimen from the Tremlett collection, now in the Fitzwilliam

544

has for reverse design Zeus holding Hekate as a torch-bearer on … the Hellenised version of a native Indian cult. Indra as a storm … ii. 714 n. 3 (inscription at Stratonikeia honouring (l)ep£a tov Ha[va/J.dpov > „roll/ott1lS … concealed himself from fear. He entered into the waters. Him the gods ^L^^ga

545

child of the fire-god, was Grecised into a torch-bearing Hekate. … |j|e god as ' the divinity of the city of KapicI,' i.e. Kapisa2 a city of … n to the mountain from its presiding genius who had the form of an elephant … 1. 0 ' eVCn aS nowadays a Brahman follows in the train of a king....' Eggeling id. p. 48 … Strassbur°^'r "le East xlii) °xford l897 P- 521' A- A- Macdone11 Vedic Mythology … 2 A. tj METAAoY EYKPATIAoY. Rev. Kaviciye nagara devata. … Onthe'c" °" Yua" ChwanS^ Travels in India 629—64.5 A.D. London 1904

546

palm. A handsome tetradrachm of Attic weight issued by … wears a bell on his neck, and again raises his trunk at the s … a specimen of mine, formerly in the White King collection (White King^£crf' … 3 M. Winlernitz A concise Dictionary of Eastern Religion Oxford l9l°\^\ J3int'ef

547

8. A'1' *«■ Cat. Coins Greek and Scythic Kings p. 68 pi. .6, « -ray fig. 3 /)

548

Quasi-Greek in effect is a unique tetradrachm of Amyntas … fig. 369 is from casts kindly sent to me by Mr Whitehead, who loc. cit. poi11'^ j£jngs … fig. 370 from an electrotype), cp. ib. p. 62 ff. pi. 15, 3, 5 ; 6, 7, Head Coins 0] j_ ifi

549

Another example of a local rain-god identified by the Greeks … ^'Uicher A *—' 5 Horner auf dem Haupte der Konige und Priester als Symbol … t( 'he light 0/y °f my friend Professor S. A. Cook The Religion of Ancient Palestine … ParQel °f mbcIei'i0rlUnily °f Publishing a bronze seal (fig. 373), which came to me with

550

Plautilla6, and Geta7 show the facade of a temple within which … more often Mama), and Sir G. F. Hill8 has made out a strong case … a Cretan term for ' sweet maid12.' Consorts could hardly have been … fig. 374), Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Palestine pp. lxxv ff., i46f. pi. 15, >°> S' A'j .+, 39' … *Ji. p. .165 no. 135- 7 a. P- i«HI[J'

551

Markos Diakonos1, writing c. 420 A.D.2, tells how in 395 the … F°r a week they continued reciting hymns and resorting to a place … to do so, proclaimed a fast, and bade all keep a night-long vigil in … Prinf f°rtuitous-' Contrariwise Prof. S. A. Cook op. cit. p. 182 ff. argues that Mama, … titles a a (ceramics), A. J. Evans Scripta Minoa Oxford 1909 i. 77—94 ('Cretan Philis- … ^Op,,86 1924 283—295, J. L. Myres Who were the Greeks? Berkeley, California … at V'enna ( rius "'• 643ff- 0*v. 1211 ff. Migne), was published in Greek, from a MS. … j?"a *aWMei/ ' ^'P''- '9 Sk iriiure* p.r\ /3p<fxu" 0 Oebs t'ov Tap avroU -wpSnov

552

a hitch occurred. They found the city-gates closed against them W … from the 8th to the 10th of Audynaios (January 3—5) in rainnv … Marneion2. So he wrote a letter of protest to Ioannes Chrysost … a substantial bribe, he allowed the traffic of Manias to con ^ … not a persotia grata at court and commended them to A

553

Eudoxia, then pregnant, might bear him a son; and she promised … °f the commissioner Kynegios and a large body of troops. These … e same adyta by a variety of ways leading upwards2. The … and C°nsecrated as a church ?—till the Bishop proclaimed a fast … £ TG>u ' comP°sed a special hymn in honour of Marnas (Marin, v. Prod. 19 5t;Xo?

554

purify the place and there found a Holy Church1.' This insph'e … succeeded by a house-to-house search for idols and books of maglC … and it had by way of centre an elevated dome3. It had also a ve ^ … denied it and suggested that the saint should examine the boy with tM*a ba<je '''"j … - Id. ib. 71 evpiaKOVTo Se Kai /3i/3Xi'a Trew\T)puiie'va yorjrelas, ariva iep"- " ^

555

to a place that no man, and certainly no woman, might enter: … °f considerable depth, equipped with buckets, ropes, and a wooden … bear a significant resemblance to the Cretan Labyrinth. Gaza … <Urther, it is on record6 that a certain Septimius Arabianus (whose … \ ^J" ^" A. S. Macalister The Philistines: their History and Civilization p. 110 ft. … logy Lonrl l" 4'8, ^" A- Cook The Religion of Ancient Palestine in the light of Archaeo-

556

something out of me: does he deem me such a fatuous fool?' The … Marnas as 'lord of showers' must also have been a g0^ … times as a youth', sometimes as a full-bearded god8. ^ain^e of

557

Hadrian to that of of Geta (figs. 374, 375)1 he is a youthful hunter … right hand, he holds a thunderbolt … 1 B'c- (fig- 378)5 a laureate head with … a colossal scale by a figure found … (% 379)'. In a sand-dune known as … 0j- rn°re they discovered, lying on its back in a pit 2m deep, the floor … a ^ra P- 550. … a Cast). ' Alus' Cat- Coins Palestine pp. Ixx f., J43 pi. 15, 1 and 2 ( = my fig. 378 from … A?itorial con" Arch' Zdt% l8?9 xxxv»- 198 ('ohne Zweifel Jupiter,' but with the

558

a statue in white crystalline marble. The god is seated on a throne … drapery with Scopaic eyes and post-Lysippian hair. But above a … a solar Zeus on a wheeled and winged seat, places in his hand * … was a local cult of Bakchos Ombrikos, 'god of Showers.'3 The … f. d. alttest. Wissensch., N. F. it 1925 S. 16 f.)'), S. A. Cook The Jtehgto» >;

559

°f this cult is unknown, but the appellative is already found in a … ^he fi ** ^ute-player and a masked man4 dancing to the sound of … ' , rd-Camb"id" im Alterlum Berlin—Leipzig 1920 p. ugf. figs. 123 a, 123 b, A. W.

560

Om(b)rikds, 'he of the Showers.' He grasps a couple of lissom sticks … was played by a goddess, not a god. An interesting terra cott* … scene on the back is connected with that on the front.' That is wrong: A. Kor e … 6 A. Kdrte in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1893 viii. 90 ff. fig- f jjotjntb' … represented on this exceptional vase are drawn and costumed in their a ± j,eng''e' … Biihnenbild konsequent festgehalten wttrde'). She demurs to a divine ^P^j^ bis

561

head spout, from which gushes a stream of water still coloured … 3 A- Ca" qUestion ? 2 Winter Ant. Terrakotten ii. 205 no. 1. … ipiktet. dJs al,usi°ns to Zeus 'tiriM will be found in Aristot. de mundo 7. 401 a 17 f., … head spout, from which gushes a stream of water still coloured … 3 A- Ca" qUestion ? 2 Winter Ant. Terrakotten ii. 205 no. 1. … ipiktet. dJs al,usi°ns to Zeus 'tiriM will be found in Aristot. de mundo 7. 401 a 17 f.,

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (h) Zeus Hyétios

562

2 Themist. or, 30, 349 a ft 5e Kal Aibvvaov TrapaKa\oip.ev Kal Nvfupas Kal at#"? " … irepl vIkt)s (Plout. sept. sap. conviv. 10. 154 a attributes the passage to Lesches, ku'^___ … KeXeiVet 6vop.atxBels Tpwros 'Atppbvios (leg. 'A<ppdvios cp. chron. 17 p. 417 Dindo', ^pas … interesting possibilities, but hardly amounts to a rigorous demonstration of any … Anlimachia, the decree of a religious society c. 200 b.c. conferring honours on^^0^pov0''' … AvKaiBov {iraivto-ai iirl t[e] | Tat aipe'cret Kai eooe^etat av [^llx0"""' kotI t°s a^dvt^f T° a

563

Presented Zeus Hyetios with a ram, or a he-goat, or it might be … a paus- 9- 39- 4 with Sir J. G. Frazer's n. ad he. … ^ar's 18 a" ^' ^' l89' xx'" +2 and> with corrections, in the Melanges Henri Weil … J<"eil 'n ^taewtw> kut&pxvs (see A. Boeckh on the Carp, inscr. Gr. ii no. 2880 and H. … veichioussa )■ m the AM">tges Henri Weil p. 148 f., cp. an inscription from

564

In this context Haussoullier aptly cites from Hesychios the … Polydoros certainly, date from the reign of Prousias ii (180—149 B.C.), (4) an unpub'1 … griechischen Inschriftenkunde Wien 1909 p. 177 ff. (A. Rehm in Milet iii- 27fl) ^ … [#eo]s Ka9«rTa.[i>~\ri [K]aipbf 7r[p]o<r[^]J[«:oj'Ta] eis tt)v d<pet\ovtrav [twi] A[d twi] | [Sw™ … A[t]][6]s tov 2aJT?)pos, X&PLV T0V dvaypdtfie\(Tdai ra 6vbp.aTa rwv virop.ev\b]vruv … Sefoos] I [to]0....., [jSoi^os 6 a]u[To]|[C] tov irpo^rov vim IIo<«5c6|cios. The jnscf'P ^ … To these inscriptions should be added a marble slab built into the churchyalC j^^f. … calendar (c. 300 B.C.), detailing Coan rites for the month Batromios (suj"'a n'nscrjptio11 … IbvTUi (c[a]|[7-d] x['Xtair]Tiia[s], lova[i Si 7ro]TeXa[cr]i fsovv tvaras [i]KdcrT[ail I • • ^ j-r]|Af … eX^trJIfajj'Tes 5^ roiJrous (r^/^offri roi]s dXXois, rai eiifi)[s] | [/fp/«]'»'r' /<a

565

a sacrifice to Zeus Poliais. The victim was an ox chosen the … Set apart and mixed before presentation. A table was placed, … °njecture makes him dressed in a sacred garment. Each tribe in … from … a with the rest and driven up to the table as before, when the … as ^'hingness to die1) was sacrificed to Hestia by a priest described … ^PU-a. Kz°^fa'"'^u"' Ka' 'CP& Trapix*i Ka' trtBitl icpa il; [i)\\[p.]itKT0V, yip-q Si \ap.f3cu>ei tA … > "le Bull r ad loc' CP" an '"scr'P1'00 from Pserimos near Myndos (W. R. Paton

566

d'Inscr. gr. no. 717 = Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr? no. 1026 a further part of the san^ … rrpodijeTai Trap rby ko[iv~]ov (sc. (Bu/j.6v) a <pepovri §vkeop\a\x\ldai d\(pirwv i)p.leKT0V,^ ^ ^ … Pelasgos was a vessel of bronze supporting archaic figures of Artemis, Zeus, an xVho … three deities, in which case cp. the tripods with anthropomorphic supports a ' n(j at … B I K A T © I M A X A ■ H_ * ' 0 R A

567

n°- 766 a pSros slab in the Museum at Tanagra (Skimalari) [Ai6]s | Tsla[x\avi°s> I … a///o a AZ … ^elageryCl'l'ecr''a' (faus- 2- 2) involves a false quantity. The usual rendering 'Gott der … at leas( s derived his title from Athena 'die Erfinderin auf dem Olympos' : this would … logician (c <ra'Tt'5e). and very possibly goes back to the early belief in Zeus as a

568

should be grouped two or three other cults from the same district … of the bull was a priestly king, who acted the part of the g0(^^^ … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Caria etc. p. 157 pi. 24, 8. My fig. 385 is from * fig. re- … 2 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Caria etc. p. 156 no. 55 Septimius Severus and Iu'a jjid

569

'nvolved a strictly analogous sacrifice. A herd of goats used to be … that of Zeus at Pedasa. Here the custom was that a great concourse … *>laPpling sports4, but as a rite analogous to those of Zeus Polieus … 6 T^S'r.A- J- Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1925 xlv. 8 n. 18. … CuIt on c erslan Invasion Cambridge 1924 p. 88 f. would find a trace of the Isagorean … fiS- 480 / aC'ng ,lead of a panther—the sacred beast of Zeus Kdpios (cp. supra ii. 575 … f-6"'os (L. c vS' 4°' 6' StePh- B)'z- s-v- Kapia): on it stood a roofless temple of Zeus

570

Mylasa in Karia1, a possible stepping-stone between the tw° … Of coins issued during the Hellenistic age, from c. 323 B' … Ziehen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v A. 24—27. tev/s.y … a\r'\e<pa.vCico.i [t]6p wpoeip-qfii[yov'\ \ [' Apx\uvl5av xpvcreqi aretpdvip d/M<r[r]e[fJ<f> 6" * a[pfa' … 6euc)a(i)(rio!s ra Bpv... Kai virb to.......Ta Tavpo(p6vrja /xerd rds ] [<r]7roc5ds' K-f- ' … But by far the fullest collection of material is that of J. N. Svoronos *fs pl. Si>

571

er ound room for a variable symbol—an owl (fig. 395)6, an ear … \ ^e^en of"'?*6 pL ?2' "5' pK 73, '3' pL 75' ,3, p1' 8'' t?—3X1 My fig' 391 is from

572

of barley (fig. 396)l, a ship's prow (figs. 397, 39s)2. If this group too, … In imperial times a fresh set of bronze pieces (figs. 399^4°2^ … fig. 397 is from a specimen in my collection, fig. 398 from Imhoof-Blumer and P- … einem spaten Stempel von seiner Scharfe verloren haben mag, dennoch a^r «jt die … Num. Comm. Pans. iii. 137 pi. BB, 3, J. N. Svoronos Les monnaies d'A n6 ^ ZeuS … have for honesty's sake added fresh drawings taken from J. N. Svoronos JiP'^'g- 40*)

573

outstretched hand is better employed in holding a phidleij) over a … ^Pon ^ "^a'ln2 supposed—upon the first, but—as Overbeck3 saw— … llSsi»iis M- was the type of Athena IIoAids is a moot point. O. Jahn De anh-

574

Sundry dedications to Zeus Polieus are on record. A base 01 … The importance of his cult at Athens may be judged from the … The festival of the god4 was known by a variety of names as … Berlin 1910 pp. 167—180 ('Das Bild der Athena') concludes that the standing a|j)0se … seated goddess, Athena IIoAids, was temporarily withdrawn from her sanctuary … 2 Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 2 no. 652 A, 48 f. = Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr. n°- n0i … (Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 2 no. 66i, 4). See further O. J aim—A. Michaelis Arx Atne» … ii. 470 no. 281 date the lettering 'Little before Christian era.' A photographic ^ i>"

575

derive these names from that of Zeus Polieus6, and we have every … correct form, and restores accordingly Corp. inscr. Alt. i no. 2 A, 18 f. [AuroX]ie(ois … 2 AiiTToXieitt Hesych. s.v. (cod.). M. Schmidt ad loc. assumes a fusion of two forms, … Cp' no^- Kircnnoffin Corp. inscr. Att. iv. 1 no. 555 a, 7 [i]ep[(]uati', ot AiwoXl[ois], … A"*6Via ( , 419 'cod- V-)' scho1- Aristoph. nub. 408, 984 (cod. V.), Harpokr. s.v. … y nar. /ex_ ' P- 5°8, 43 Au7r6Xeia, tu3 Ad reXerai. From 8 supposed Zeus lloXia'os … p_ ') from zE|is 78 f122/1 B-C), C«r/. inscr. Att. ii. 3 no. 1358, 15, »*. ii- 3 n0- r387.

576

a month corresponding roughly with our June—July. … eopTTj. k.t.X.) : the later form naturally occurs in the inscriptions, which are a … Grammalik3 Leipzig 1896 p. 132 n. 2, A. Thumb in K. Brugmann Gr>^li$C … tt)v iopTrjv raAoOtrt rat Bou06cta, Hesych. s.v. Boi>0oWa = Souid. s.v. Bovij>6i"a> … tUv Att, 17 rat AeCkla. (Bekker cj. Atdtrta) raAetVat, ylvurai 5e if/tr?^ (A. Mom

577

(a) Ritual of the Dipolieia. … Teubner text (ed. A. Nauck) and further on to discuss particular points. … „tt T7>" 'A-TTiK-qv, ewel TreXdvov tc Kal tOjv dvX-qpdToiv cttI ttjs Tpawe£t)s evapytbs kci/xc'vwv, … ^vZf^"e^Ta a-vao-TyadvTwv iv riircp diriBavc 0wia Xipov (so C. A. Lobeck for the corrupt … ^(ojcci* °^ttS<)i'a"ii', 07ra)s tov TreAe/aT /:a£ ttjz' (lax^po-v aKovrjcrovaiv. aKovrjaavruv 5£ … E7r'^'56i;7.aj , a! avT&v -qtiQivto fxdWov, ol He aKOVT)aavTes tov (TriobvTa (so Nauck for … ^^os Kevr?^a'T!'°vSdelevit Nauck)] /Souri/irot KaXovptevoi ttAvtcs, ol S' Awb tov TrepieXd- … C, jjj ^' Bernays cj. K-araTovToOo-i. But see infra p. 584 n. a) tt\v fi&xaipap.

578

quoting verbatim from Theophrastos' treatise On Piety1 (c. 332 B.C.); … <j>v\a.KTiov icrri vparreiv. … koXovctl be riva twv lepiav fiov<j>bvov, < bs Krelvas tov j3ovv (ins. A. Michaelis ducc^ ^ … 1 That Porphyrios is transcribing from Theophrastos irepl ebcefielas, was detec … is citing from Theophrastos, not the ritual of the Athenian Dipolieia, but that 0 ^ ^ … the rite as Attic, and at most will say: 'Es ist moglich, dass ein solches Fest a

579

s.v. AuiroXieia, et. mag. p. 275, 4. A more substantial cake is implied by Hesych. s.v. … , fre ls any incongruity, since the altar would have been covered with a bronze plate: … Scribing a f°'t '1'mse'f c't- regards the discrepancy as evidence that Pausanias is … °'ed below It"' But llis Premises are far from secure. He thinks that the Naples vase … (ahl that an altarf —a String of highly disputable contentions. (4) I have elsewhere

580

the ox was slain errl rod ^a/xov (Paus. r. 28. 10). Zeus Ho\ie6s, in short, like ^elIS … an extract from Jahn's pi. 37, illustrating the juxtaposition of the cult-statue with t>o^ … I take this opportunity of publishing (fig. 405) a votive table in terra cotta, found H1 … (one restored), inches high. The clay is covered with a white slip, which s'l£>W tre i5 … privaten Altartische') pi. 10 fig. 25, a—p, pp. 64 f. (' Der Tischaltar'), 77 ( 1 c^ettisc^

581

"le temple of Athena Nike (Lebas—Reinach Voyage Arch. p. 127 Archit. pi. 9, a, b … P-96 ff., relying on a sketch by Gillieron, took these traces to represent a 'Zahltisch' … a tahie th X °^erec' at tne Bouphonia.' Now if the said traces were really those of … seated ze , which = my fig. 406) as those of a winged Nike standing before the … ^Presente<j of tne ceremony—a moment of tense anticipation—is, if I am not mistaken, … °ws a rectangular altar, surrounded by four oxen, with an olive(?)-tree

583

which certain men whetted an axe and a knife. This done, another … a plough as though it were alive again and at work. [Meantime the … !te. Two others, emerging to right and left, face outwards. A fourth, on the far side … s'Tial m°Sl 'dent'cal group, except that the white ox seen against the altar is on a slightly … A. HjJc]^ neatest mend of this defective passage (supra p. 577 n. 2) is certainly … ft°Vd)6v Xi T°V ftufXQV. <.T0\JT0V 8k KTeivaS 6 T$ov(p6voS> (Ka\ou<tl 8k TLl'a tu>v ieptwv … ■^hrasyin a' a^st- -■ 30 6 0' eirara^e top fiodv, iXXos 5' (<r<pa&v. So in Od. 3. 447 ff. … ^ifeless Tv 37°"~372 and a couple of articles by W. W. Hyde 'The Prosecution of … "i"a>owi Tbv t(\eKvi>, 1. 28. 10 (context supra p. 577 n. 2) 6 8k TrkXexvs

584

Finally the knife, since it could not say a word in its own defenc^ … p. 514 n. 2 justly remarks that d<pel8r) must here mean 'was acquitted' because a … certainty by H. Hitzig acpdStj <es Bd\a<x<rav> (cp. Paus. 1. 3. 1 d^ieis 0ij<reis " ^° ;nt … Ka.Te"yvu(7av the text is sound. A. Nauck wanted to read oSros … preceding aorist Kareyvwaav, was taken over from the text of Theophrastos.

585

transferred from them to the knife. Why the Athenians took such … °f Kerykes3'; and this may well be taken to mean 'a family of the … ^ Probability A. Mommsen is right, when he contends that the … a p^* T^s Kpea-vofj,ias yiyvop.kv-r)v Satra. … 3- 75) ^"'a'"pia as necessarily an Ionic word for yivos (on the strength of Hdt. 2. 143, … r>" ^ Ma-yc°e'3fer ^&**efe Genealogie Berlin 1889 p. 151 f. cited Athen. 660 A on 6i etiwbv … ft iri lhe B yi"r' °f PorPh- a&s/. 2. 30 were merely three 'classes' of officials taking

586

was a priest who struck the ox with his axe. … evidence of Boutypoi both early and late. A ^yp … A.D., one Lakrateides son of Eutychides the lOlj^OH … clung to its old-world rite—a rite already … 6 tovs /36as fidWwv irAu/a. Infra p. 587 n. 1. o[n the … 4 E. L. Hicks The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the Brit'sl1 contents

587

a crushing blow2, he furnished the Alexandrine poet with more … 5 A\ … ola, irfo( Rhod. 2. 90 ff. IV0a 6' ^ttcit' *A/xvkos fxev eir' aKpoTaroiaiv aepdels, \ Hovtijttos … age staSey attempt to reproduce the old-time stiffness, which struck a later,

588

is here represented by a priest wearing a short chitdn, endroniid^) … of its apse a famous mosaic of the Virgin, which had taken the place of Pheidias' chrys … Constantinople, c. 800 a.d. on the site of a ruined temple of Sarapis (Paus. 1. 18. 4) an … See further A. Mommsen Athenae Christianae Lipsiae 1868 p. 115 with nn. ^ ^ … attischen Bilderkalender') with figs. 8 and 9 (from photographs of the cast at g<,Q

589

slew a humped bull in an analogous rite at Stratonikeia1. And the … Still more puzzling is a gloss of Hesychios, which states that the … e hero Boutes10, from whom the clan Eteoboutadai traced their … pt|gg^ker °^ t^le Eteoboutadai, we must regard him as a priest, or … ^fitlin e Boi,0o>'os from the priest of Zeus IloXiei/s. L. Deubner Aitische Fesie … Priester selbst5^'' 'A" StelIe des Pov™'*0'1 erscheint hier inkorrekter Weise der Zeus- … 1 Mem, 1080 A".

590

gods the fruits of the earth and abstained from sacrificing, or even … to taste of the dead and not refrain8 from so doing. Search ^aS … 7 A. Nauck [supra p. 577 n. i) of course accepts the convincing

591

they would make him a citizen and so take their share in the … °°k backwards to a very remote past1. Nevertheless the story as … Hi<y^^°V ^X-a^K€6<raj>To p.&xcupav | civobiT)v, wpwToi de fio&v iwdo-avT dpoTTjpuv, [ teal t6t€ … in terris^'S' 6' ante ' 'mP'a quam caesis gens est epulata iuvencis, | aureus hanc vitam … ^""Mo/iia ^n(, arro s statement may be merely an inference drawn from the ritual of -the … ?0t a'so in p C occ'derat bovem, actusque in exsilium tamquam colono suo interempto,

592

a .whole is unsatisfactory. The circumstances of the original ox- … foreigners fetched from Crete3. Also, the principle that the doer … present case; for Athenian law expressly ordained that the a^ie^' … theme of a separate article or monograph. . . ^ Lips'ae

593

abstained from animal food. Further, I think we may infer that the … from Crete2. … a°- been prepared in accordance with ancient custom, when the … struck a pig unintentionally and killed it: her husband, wishing to … 'iffeStt °k a^st- -■ 29 f- should be connected with some Ionian cult, probably that of the … '44-D-Del'anS a festival Sb"r<"7,ela (T. HomoIIe in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1882 vi. … a knav^ f** C'°es l'le assumpti°n that the worthy Porphyrios was either a fool or … e°ujunct' n P' 20^ ^ assumes a lacuna before this sentence (to explain the

594

For thee to slay the sheep, a faithful breed ; … of Diomos and the ox bears a suspicious resemblance to an° ^ … from that of the Kynosarges. _ tors6' … A. Nauck's x^fv^Ttiv Btiuv t£ a'. 'Jicipl1 ^ … by Steph. Byz. and Hesych. s.v. Kvv6o-apyes. Phot. loc. cii. says Aiop.01 0 A V .^aW … Mo^ as a WT^I* … 1896 p. 55 f.), T-^os, Effpi^os, etc. F. Bechtel—A. Fick Die GriechiscM^^eO-

595

a step further in the same direction. Bearing- in mind that the … heopropoi3. For Menedemos of Eretria, a member of that noble … cult*^65 at ^-)'ome'a was °^ recent importation, and that a long-standing and popular … Sacrifi° ^ouP'1onia-story, which marks the change from a bloodless to a bloody … '^PaK\a^a"lU>^ KTyrucy avSpofieos, lis napa tt)v Aios yevurijc Ai6p.os [sic) 6 ijpws 6 itarrip … y^iichp 2\^' ^°Mos* ovofxa Kijptov ijpojos ' ASyvalov a<p' ov Aio/xcias eopr-q. irapa rr]v Aws … V' 83o f) 1 me la>'' not 10 the east (A- Milchhofer in Pauly—-Wissowa Real-Enc. … °n a sinipi hel London 1885 p. 307), but also—like other Cynics—lived ordintrily … ritzinPaul°n WUamowitz-Moellendorff Ind. schol. Gott. a. 1884 p. 15 and K. von … E' Zell^A*P. 284.

596

Androtion, the author of a fourth-century Atthis or ' History 0 … Sundry other details we owe to Agallis4, a learned … with the name of this poor lady, transforming her into a man, a fool, a jjuSt£itb-

597

A feast and sacrificed a mighty ox1, … ^a three families belonging to this clan—the Bontypoi, the … 6 Bo. °,P' 590 f- 4 Mommsen Feste d. Stadt A then p. S21 f. … a'S ^er )3ou V*VVot §es'chert; aus ihnen erwuchs mit Notwendigkeit der Eponymos Thaulon … t"e b0(]y of t°j OVT^os i>. But he wrongly supposed that wvBp.^v was a pit into which

598

It would seem, then, that the Dipolieia was properly a clan- … cult of Zeus Polieus was brought by the Kerykes from Eleusis … a footnote6 a conspectus of recent views concerning its most … and good. But when Deubner goes on to contend that the remainder of the j a … Bov(p6via iraXetia ioprr), r/V <pa<nv aye<r6ai fiera ra ixvar-qpia (supra p. 596 B. 2) ^°!jgUphon'a … struck the first blow with a pickaxe (suf ra i. 173 n. 1). Coincidence, or survn … p. 304 ff. treated the Bouphonia as a typical case of totemic ritual. 'In' >£yin to s°nie

599

Every animal of this kind is looked upon as a brother, is treated with the same respect … beings of a nature akin to the gods; their slaughter is permitted only under exceptional … slain at the Bouphonia was an animal surrogate for a man. ' Ich sehe nur eine MSglichkeit: … r'gWally a mystic garbed as a ravpos was killed and eaten. Such views receive some … a . ng in Attike, took the ox killed at the Bouphonia to be the ' Vegetationsdamon' in … characteat ancl harley laid upon the altar were a harvest offering; and the sacramental … tlle stuff8 f aS a harvest festival. The resurrection of the corn-spirit, enacted by setting up … Zeus Sosipolis, a god whose title...marks him as the equivalent of Zeus

600

change from an old-established bloodless cult of Zeus IloXieis to the ritual of animal- … $ 'A.6-qvS. Kal UoaeioZv iKpW-qirav. Kparivos 'Apxt^ix0^' f"Ba Aios /xeydXov BaKoi irea-ffol re … mensch, der sich zu der hohen culturstufe des ackersmanns erhoben hat, emp" ^ a[s … firmer ground of anthropology. Primitive man commonly dreads a great strong ^ ^fees … ....her ground of anthropology. Primitive man commonly dreads a great strong

601

approach the problem from a somewhat different angle, endeavour- … him as a storm-god, at first with uplifted bolt and impetuous … needed rain, or because there was a drought all over Greece2.' … ("A cit. p. 109). He supposes that the tasting of the corn originally aimed at … ■ttoXieus (p. in). Schwenn, in fact, has put together a hypothesis which explains much. … • Lenormant in the Ann. d. Inst. 1832 iv. 60—68, Man. d. Inst, i pi. 44, a, b, attempted … 'rise •'1£re was a "alf-length statue of Ge emerging from the ground in front of the rock-cut … of 47 r reverts to Heydemann's view of a half-length figure of the goddess rising out … a<3van Frocessions an(i supplications in time of drought, being a more

602

O. Jahn1, C. Robert2, and G. F. Schoemann3 infer from the … But more certain indications may be drawn from the date of the … represented by a young man holding a couple of corn-ears10. T° … aright by ensuring an adequate dewfall and rainfall at a critical … An/, iv. i36if., F. Pfister in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii a. 530 ft"., L. Deu° … for the suggestion of H. von Prott in the Rhein. A/us. 1897 lii. 187 n. 1 that -01

603

Athenians to obtain from heaven ' the nurturing dews of Kronos' … to°k place at Athens had a very different significance. Souidas11 … l°utroph6roi™, which we traced back to the vogue of a primitive … a' TPefr Ovyaripas, "AypavXov, "Aptnjv nal Ylavopb<r-qv, dtp' tjs eyivero K^pu£, 'Ep/ifl … a g°rm- lex- p- 1790, 57 f.), and still more so by Hesych. s.v. 'TSpotpopla (cod.), … « £ ' pyt!l- 8. 88), is to be connected with a cult of the dead.

604

at a time when, as Plutarch1 says, the Athenians 'do many things … thirst, ' heaven at once gave a portent. On the very day, and at the … a rain-charm. The water so fetched was poured over an axe and … introduced from Crete6, was not so wide of the mark as some have … To the 'TSpo<f>6pia may be added the Xirpoi of Anthesterion 13, when a pot ^ … op. cit. p. 424 n. 5), when wheaten meal kneaded with honey was cast into a cleft >n … italiane in Oriente 1921—1922 iv—v. 1 fiT. regards the Bouphonia as a rite orifiina"l'jeu5

605

obtaining a rain-storm quite in accordance with the recognised … an object of special sanctity—a 'holy axe' as Pindar2 called it. An … transfer the guilt of bloodshed from the axe to its accomplice the … fully account for the ritual rule that the boils must be a voluntary … 1 o a^e h"om Mycenaean to post-Mycenaean conditions. … br'dled a^?0" °f this sPecimen consists in pointille designs of a four-spoked wheel, a

606

thunder and his fertilising rain has been from time immemorial … 'The Athenians,' he says, 'observe three sacred ploughings : the first a' … ever ploughed with such a pair5. In token of his achievement the … povwX-q!; heissen... Der W\e/a/s...spielt eine merkwiirdige, auch von P. Stengel noch Wc … tov wa\aiOT&TOV t&v airbpuv vir6/j.vqfj.a, Sevrepov Iv Tjj 'Papla, rptrov birb irbXf (so r^s … TSovfvy-qs Si eKK-qd-q \veip.a"qt^ (H. Sauppe cj. 'EirifievtSris, cp. infra p. 610) rj

607

have been found in pieces near Vari and now in the collection of … corn and turns to encourage the ploughman. So does a bald- … uP7'a i. 224 fig. 165 and you will realise that Athena and Bouzyges … °ughrnan at the base of the Akropolis lurks a half-obliterated … ^aPles fj ^" ^°')'nson ' Bouzyges and the First Plough on a Krater by the Painter of the … 0 41"1. \\ ■ f ^r Seltman, from which my pi. xlv was made. Height of vase … kEkpOp|a 'he °bverse of the vase- reads AIOKUE[*] HAA[AIE]V[?]||

608

oxen. The transference from Demeter to Athena as ploughman s … of a noble Athenian clan, the Bouzygai5, who dwelt on the … quae postea hoc modo (H. A. Lion prints loco) Minervae in se odium concitavit. namque … Gottingen 1896 p. 419, who holds that similar place-names are derived from the n ^ ^s … decidedly more probable that the goddess drew her appellative from an old p a |

609

duties. It is said that the priestess of Athena was drawn from their … Apollon, had a new image of Pallas made at his own expense and … a'se Palladion and, falling into the trap, went off with it.' … VC^a-^3n.4fig.97I. … ^heatre ' ']'^t^r• ii. 467 ff. no. 271 Bovpjyov | Uptwt Aios iv \ UaWadiip on a seat in the

610

Bouzyges. A tradition which goes back to Aristotle5 boldly … B.C.6 That is a very remarkable identification, which—so far a … 1 Aristeid. or. 46. 129 f. (ii. 174 f. Dindorf) cites Eupol. A^oi frag. 7 tfl"*??^' … Meineke), and schol. A. ad loc. (iii. 473 Dindorf) comments 6 JJepiK\ijs iariv^ V j … schol. B. D. Oxon. (id.) has Bovtfiycu ko.\ovi>tcu ol rds iepds (3oCs rds ev "Ehevtrivi a"

611

opiophagy1, not to mention a yet more primitive stage of sheer … ^ . ' nrst sight it seems tempting to detect a faded trace of it in the story of Demophon, … Stad USEt' t0 exP'a'n an actual custom (J. Toepffer op. cit. p. 108 n. 3, Mommsen Feste d. … T6 Q - Ta^^,/a> tovto Kara ra tBvy\ Kal rds ttoXcls ol Upets bdvavrat dvrl irdvrojv Bvopres Kal … 4f- t6„ ^t®vy°-TrIP I a(p' cartas purqBifTa \ ATjp^rpi Kal Kbpy dviBtjKav, ib. iii. I no. 809, … •Ti ^IpiLw "°' 83'' ' f' ^•'fa' iul"'i[W,/7'a] f<^te[t], no. 908, 1 ff. Kara … p***T^p«1 nu"^'PaT'a"') I IloXuxapMir rr\v \ atj> ijrias 'lovvLav | Qenio-rbKktiav, | Tr)K … c^l'ficatic>n anJ f .custom thus attested has hitherto been regarded as a ceremony of … sacrifice of children to Moloch by fire (supra i. 723 n. 1, S. A. Cook

612

: A further point of doubtful significance may here be set down. … This ' bull on the Akropolis' was of bronze and passed into a … the phrase 6 dip' cartas fivrjOeis would take on a very sinister meaning. But … iirl A-quacpGivn r$ KeXeoO iyofUiitj, cp. Atheh. 406 D rh 8' avrrj 17 \Mwi Pa ' J ^ … ■v. Rom. 29, v. Cam. 33). See further O. Kern in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. a- - _ ^ … dvdQ-qp.a ttjs (3ov\t}s ttjs iv 'Apeiy irdyu, i<p' ot^j 5t) dvid-qKev i] /3ouX?)" fto^a … d.Kpoir6\ei §ovv tB-qnev ( = Arsen. viol. p. 146 reading dviB-qKev)—a curious addit>°n ^pje … §ovy, besser Bergk (Ztschr. f. d. A. W. 1845, 980): llawavias Si eUt- /3o0s, wo'^^oiis,

614

ing (fig- A1 A)1 shows Athena Pollds2 seated on the left with helmet, … had a sort of shrine on the Acropolis, or that he may have lived m … Pausanias may have been a small shrine set up in connection … 4 Id. ib. notes that the building looks more like a hall than a temple. jji. … compared it with the small bull standing on a pedestal to be seen on tetradrac^ … pi. 58, no. 1536 pi. 59, and above all the splendid series in the Lloyd collection \ ^ ^ … untine, might have been a votive offering to avert plague, grouped with the sea ^ ^eS

615

certain is that we have a holy ox, holy on his own account with … ar>d assumes that a bronze effigy of it was set up to perpetuate the … Bouphonia—a task for which the evidence available is hardly … far ^ archaic metope from temple ' F or S' at Selinous, which was at first dated as … 's l,ndul ni an<' ^nee breaking the framework to convey a sense of motion. His back … ^"^i'p black-figured lekythos from Kyme in Campania, now at Naples (G. Fiorelli … ls surfounded, took the bull-rider to be a Maenad, not Europe at all. But

617

right to left1. The Hellenistic age, tiring a little of this hackneyed … ^i\a<raa Suo-toto of a similar scene. Overbeck loc. cit. hedges. Returning to sanity, we … ettmg go that horn—altogether a brilliant little picture. The apple-tree need be no more … sea is rendered by a wash of thinned glaze with white curved lines to indicate the waves— … jij 1°re<!~|"le result being a simultaneous appeal to our interest in mythology, our … saui-s 1 powers' would all be literally submerged in the brine that formed a popular … P- 47j)- I therefore figure a second, now in my collection (fig. 417),

618

containing a lion's scalp surrounded by the inscription A^"^ | i A^O | £T\AOr ' J I … been replaced by a border of dots or disappeared altogether). For further light on … frieze from a tomb at Hadra, the eastern suburb of Alexandreia, which passed into … Bulletin de la sociiUarchiologique dAlexandrie 1914 xv. 56—58, A. H. Tubby— … is half-draped in a light wrap which she holds as a sail with either hand. The foitn ^ … How is this identity to be explained? Is the plaque a forgery, or the mirror, ^ … Nationale, is similarly duplicated, or at least closely paralleled, by a terra"°°f ^ gibl- … (4) The type recurs, with some exaggeration, on bronze coins of Gortyna a tyr f> … 1 Europe floating (supra i. 547 fig. 414), recumbent with front to spec a

619

and finally in Roman art frankly naked5, was from first to last … ^ A good example of the sort is a 'Lucanian' amphora in the British Museum (Brit. … figure with ^ ''^ * /a'"'a' and on t'le snore she has quitted stands a bearded male … Len°rmanti-j>" 44- p1' 25 ^ = my fig" 4'8)' Remacn Vases A"L P- io5 f- P1- 25* … at in a flo 0,1 Zeus p,ays a P3" '■ (A) Europe and four of her companions are playing

620

up a wreath as omen of successful love. And four stars indicate the sky, which is the true … dia.Ko/xlo-a.i>Tos rijv 'EipuTiiv, Loukian. dial. mar. 15. 2 6 Zevs Si ra6p(p eUdaas eavro" … Europam nivei solatur amore iuvenci, and—for the admixture of yellow—from Mosch. *■ … think, in linking the reverse (B) with the obverse [A). L. Stephani was perhaps ^^.j.^,, … of its body decorated with an analogous design (A. F. Gori Museum Etrusctw pasSeriuS … O. Jahn op. cil. p. 4, Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 436 f. (no. 17) At a

Plate 47

Lepage Qig n. 2 (1) (A).

622

a vegetation power1 and as such associated with flowers and fruit. … (from a tracing of the original) =my fig. 419, Alinari's photo no. 35731 =my fig- 42°'' … by the tail. The bull is painted white. Eros with a tainia and a flower in his left 'iaI1^ … a beardless lover on an lo-amphora of the Coghill collection (Lenormant—de Wit'e … gesture of astonishment. Above Europe is seen a taiiiia. Above the bull's head, a ^ … An Apulian krate'r in the Louvre represents a slightly earlier moment in the ac ^ … Toh cjtvroh irepLxebjxevov. Here too in the midst of the meadow is a spring we ^^hed

623

1 A … 411(1 c'ated l"ta' "ear Midea on the Argive Plain, excavated by A. W. Persson in 1926 … 'En in replaqUeS °f glass P^'e- six Hght b,ue' tw0 violet in colour' but a11 bearin& a

624

times1—a total duration of nearly two thousand years. The theme … Der Glaube der Hellenen Berlin 1931 p. 112 (' Bronzerelief' !) and A. Roes in the /"'"^ … 1—6. One painting and a couple of mosaics will serve to illustrate the range and va … (1) The finest of the wall-paintings was found in a house at Pompeii (Reg- lX'jjapleS … Leipzig 1929 p. 289 f. pi. 4 (a good reproduction in colours), O. Elia Pitture ^\(- … her left is laid on the bull's head and holds a red riband (?to twine about l«s 1 .^nisl1 … which implies the proximity of a spring (supra p. 622 n. o fig. 422), as Pe 1 j^ou"'3'"'

625

So A.D.). But the mysterious glow, which lights up the rock-face, the column, the further … ^■"alding^j, U'!' S'intS 0n the breasts of Europe, is a light-and-shade device already

626

(2) A mosaic, found at Praeneste (Palestrina) towards the end of the seventeent … Wien 1870 p. 7 ff. pi. 2 ( = my fig. 425) from a drawing by Schulz, Overbeck ^ Jte

Plate 48

v from A4U ' ^'0l^d by F

627

raped in a himdtion (deep orange, shaded with red) on his back. Her adventure is … - le of them look back as they run. And finally from behind a rock advances a grave … w UroPe herself being carried off from their midst. All would be well, if the mosaic … Th'C "le Praenestine craftsman compressed into a square (o'82ni) to fill a given space, … I ' 12 *•> 1 1. 11). See further A. Reinach Textes Feint. Anc. i. 385 n. 2. … ■^Sujari X'v'"' ^rom a coloured drawing carefully executed on the spot by the painter … eolow7r.P" 12 no- 2)- The divine bull is here figured as a sea-beast, brown to grey in … ri'ght f! winSs coloured blue and red, leads the way, holding a flowery halter in … ^'ght notJ]an an<i Hadrian- Jann P°ses 'he question whether this rider on a marine bull … a8reemetu °n" The obvious intention to represent a wedding train and the general

628

a deep-seated belief among the Mediterranean peoples that the … Here we may pause to note a partial parallel from northern … like a chapel with gable and akroteria (fig. 42j)3. The gable is … wrote a Evpairla dealing with the tale of Europe, but the three extant fragment < … a7a7eiV ravpov. rovrov' A.KOval\aos fibv etval tp-rjai rbv SiaTropSp.eiio'avTa TSvpu'W g^e rb … 3 Edhem Bey in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1908 xxxii. 521—528 pis. 5 ( = »>y ^' a"„d if' … 1905 xxv. 56 f. and in his Cyzicus Cambridge 1910 p. 272, all came from

630

and a himdtion. His left hand grasps a sceptre, the lower end of … a sacrificial scene. In the centre is a flaming altar. Before it, a … district, having been found near Gunen, presumably at Kavak: (1) a bl … hovyei[vos] \ [--]iov Trpay/u.aTeu\[T]rjs [--]. (4) a small base inscribed HpaK jjng … College, kindly examined the original of the relief and writes to me that, so far a … which showed a similar sacrifice about to take place at the foot of an old P'an^ajn di'°>te … ation; a cote" de lui, un jeune garcon...dans la meme attitude,' etc. ^ cit. 'u°

Plate 49

Io as a heifer with Argos and Hermes.

631

the form of a bull, as the same play shows2, that Zeus came into … 7ra^ac'0arot' a/Aertpov y£\tros 0tXtas irpoybvov yvvaiKos, j vewaov eti(ppov alvov, | ycvov iro\v- … a'"pho) a' ^>aus' 3' '3 "Hpo Si atpopq. Trpbs Iu> tj)v 'lv&xov {sow ovaav t)St}). An … Panel a; .HZ" "' Zeich»"»g Gr. i. 173, 178, iii. 34 fig. 148). An Attic black-figured

633

(=my fig. 428) was the first to publish the correct design and to include a point noticed … Blaydes collections, makes Hermes administer the coup de grdcc, while Io as a heifer … des rotfignrigen Sttis Tubingen 1925 p. 30 no. 5). A red-figured stamnos from Caere, … llle Pitt S "P represents 1° as a steer (!), and adds a seated and sceptred Zeus, completing … ^(** Rpoi.;-1'0^ ^M'^'""'a I f'ra0wi' irapfiei xeipl Kal 6iyiiv fibvov, Mosch. 2. 50 ff. h 5' riv … Girgenti p • ' *}' ^' D" Beazley cit- P- no no- 0- A red-figured hydrla by 'the

634

as a heifer with human face1, as a maiden with heifer's ears and … Graeco-Roman gems revert to the animal form of Io. A brown chalcedony from … fig- 431: scale f ) from an impression by T. Cades, Brit. Mus. … appears as a heifer with human face. This red-figured oinoclwe came from south ,^ … der Zeitbestimmung noch etwas holier hinaufgehen.' The vase represents a '3ea'vear5 … A good example of Io with cow's horns and cow's ear is the Jatta ^ ^ ^8°

635

reliefUlefixes 01 ten'a colta, semi-elliptical in shape and adorned with the head of Io in

636

Tarentine Museum (A. Furtwangler in the Jcthrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1888 iii- 223 … and now in my collection (fig. 433: height 7J ins., breadth 8 ins.). It represents Io en J" … head, indications of cow's hide (?)'), and from her ears hang earrings of one drop- joVed … I dissent from his further contention, that we have here a goddess—say Artem1-^ j_jera,

637

0 as a horned maiden, e.g. on a red-figured kratir from Ruvo in the Barone collection … iech"''i'ic ' painted a large picture of Io (id. ii. 35. 132)- Pliny, describing his

638

Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 483 (no. 20) Atlas pi. 7, 11, A. Mau in the Ann. d. Inst. 188° … Painting Yale Univ. Press 1929 p. 279 fig. 448 (from photo), L. Curtius Die Wan … name is given in Greek lettering), with caduceus, wingedpitasos, and chlamj's, appr°a ^ … , a.d … the best are one from Reg. ix. 7. 14 in the 'Third Style' (e. 25 b.c.—e. 5° A' … Nikias' masterpiece exerted a powerful influence over the vase-painters of South _ g … P. v. 848 ff. Wilamowitz). A red-figured amphora of 'Lucanian' style, found at ^ … 12, Reinach Rep. Vases ii. 16, 2), shows Io after her wanderings seated on the a ^ … Behind Hermes, an olive-tree. Behind Zeus, a Satyr (? Pan, repainted) with paii-P^^ … shouldering a long lotiform sceptre. On the left, Hermes, his foot suppoi ted ;n … them. Trees, plants, a tripod, and a hydria mark the spot as a sacred piec '

640

top right hand corner, partly concealed by a hill, is Pan with his pipes, a frequent adjunc … clear that they have taken over much from the Athenian original—(a) the central n2u^ … loc. cit. that the statue of Hera on a pillar was a stagey addition due to the greek … figure of Io was copied or modified from the type first devised by Nikias. « cjt. … The popularity of this seated Io may be gauged from the fact that she is oI1 a

641

A cornelian signed by Dioskourides, the supreme glyptic artist of the Augustan age … rom whose possession it passed into the Poniatowski collection. In 1839 that collection … ,o^m.entaf- 5i 10 (inadequate), A. Furtwangler in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. … '"ipre i"""^ Gems oje Classical Times Cambridge 1891 p. 78 f. My fig. 438 is from a fine … at ^°mpeii fir P.aimin8 of Io w'th a cow, Hermes, and Argos, from the temple of Isis

642

By a natural play upon names Zeus Olbios was taken as the … dey—A. Wilhelm in the Deiikschr. d. Akad. Wien 1896 vi. Abh. 'Reisen in Kili'i,e" … with fig. 1 (plan of ruins at Uzundja Burdj), J. Keil—A. Wilhelm in ihe Jahresh-d. °es ' … in Monumenta Asiae Minoris antiqua 1931 iii. 44—79 ('Uzundja Burdj—■'-,'0'c.a'sarean(| … Ura). I append a brief summary of their conclusions with regard to the temple 0 ore … from a Hellenistic five-storeyed fortress (built c. 200 B.C. and restored c. 15° 1 j.jaC}rjan … scene. It was there to protect the oblong temenos of Zeus "OX^tos, whose temple a ^ ^ … timenos-visM and the temple itself, to judge from the style of their ar v/e"

643

added to transform the temple into a fifth-century church (fig. 443= Herzfeld's plan in … The temple was the main sanctuary of "OX/S?; or "0\£a (Ura), which lay on lower … l°wn.gat'e' We lnfe>" from an inscription found by VV. Bauer on the north front of the … ^yi^iarot) I ipXo["}ros tov \anrp(oTa.Tov) [kt/ dav]p.a<noTOLTOv Kd/iyTOt irp[uTov … (1< Wn'Cn is can *** °^ ''^ t'"r<' century B-C" ^"'^ mt0 a I°rtress OI" polygonal masonry,

645

coast at Ayash (Elaioussa Sebaste: W. Ruge ib. v. 2228 f. and J. Keil—A. Wilhelm in … ('son of Tarkyaris'). Other inscriptions of the sort, collected by J. Keil—A. Wilhelm in … ln these inscriptions, was of excellent omen for a priest of Zeus (cp. ZSs as priest of Zeus … earliest coins, referable to the end of s. i B.C., have a throne as their obverse, a winged … *Ierme^erial coins of Diokaisareia, apart from variations of such types as the head of … °ther coins, struck by Philippus Senior, represent the city as a veiled and

646

rudder, and cornu copiae stands before her, and a river-god swims at her feet (Brit. M'<s- … 'Ofipifiov Kal Kvpia AeuviSov r\ yw^ 'Oinriov to Tuxcuoj' rrj 7r6Aei), a temple dating fioin … was a filial of the earlier and more famous temple of Zeus at Salamis in Kypros, founae … Not much is known of the Salaminian Zeus. Ampelius, drawing from some Alexandrine … E. Assmann (ed. 1935) assumes a conflation of Ampelius' text (Cypro <signum … written under Augustus, were in all probability the Latin version of a Greek ong'na … from Tyre to Cyprus and was there joined by the priest of Iupiter, who bargainee ^ … shortly after 383 a.d. (M. Schanz op. cit. Mtinchen 1904 iv. 1. 90), notes the ^ … Paphus: altera Iovis delubris, altera Veneris templo insignis). A curious 'eSe1^. s;u5 … sealed doors. The story, which exists in a longer (Polybios v. Epiphan. 53 111 in … Dindorf's ed. v. xx), is to this effect. Once during a sore famine a certain "^.^ fot … the Security of Zeus, and the seals of the doors shall be loosened, and entering S) … and give food to the needy.' Thereupon Epiphanios went to the temple a"o'^uy up

647

M^vuj Aids a<r<f>a\et.a, kclI XvOrjaovraL ai tCov dvpwv (t<ppayi5€s, nai ticreXdibi/ evpriffeis XPV(T'10V … ■LIKE -OF WIJTtH" V*AUL A B ■ |«SMiH« X CVATtVt • MHOHT *>r VAB'lW* B»S**- ■ … v°\\rj '"^f* KOTe\9erv iv Ttf 'EXXtjkikw ra£ r# tiri\eyo/x£i>ip tov Ai6s oVtos ft< a.<r<pa\elf

648

hummer in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i A. 1842), not the much later tomb still extant … The remains of the old temple have not yet been found. But a large oblong precinct, … in 1890 by J. A. R. Munro and H. A. Tubbs (Journ. Hell. Stud. 1891 xii. 66, 1°^ {0 … a---------------I-------oj altera t^p twv-----------I ~ 1__

649

" I------^tXo^evov----------------I--------(r)a'iou------- … '4 B.C.) ck tou ISlov irpoira), three fragments of a white marble slab found in the agora … *0"tes A ' — 'O^lMT'oi' rijr (S)----I-----6i (\)oittiv e----|----- … PMdU in k°lnS °f K)'Pros as an erect bearded god, clad in chMn and himdtion, holding a

650

pi. 332, 1. Figs. 455 and 456 are from specimens in my collection). ^ … Jebb with A. C. Pearson's introductory note, Eur. Hel. 144 ff., Isokr. 3 Nikokles 2 > … brought the cult of Zeus with him from his former home in Salamis the island. Sinc … that the Salaminian Zeus was of Achaean extraction (cp. Strab. 682 elr' 'A%cww'/ … The prehistory of Aias and Teukros is a very tangled business, which can ^ … have us believe that Aias re\afiibvcos was in Mycenaean times a sacred pillar y ^ … enorme que 1'on sait,' etc. (Girard loc. cit. p. 74). A. J. Reinach ' Itanos et 1 ^ jx;_ … the shield was a cult object in the Minoan age and that it was anthroporoorp … crensem, non hominem, sed daemonem quendam gigantum a natura non sjntti"

651

■9°8 p. 686 ff. is also, with some reservations, favourable). A useful sequel to this work … ^constructions F. Schwenn in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v A. 1124 remarks rather … •j,ls Worthy of notice that one, if not two, of these priestly Teucers had a father called … Vfey?^8' w'10 traced their descent from Zeus and reigned at Salamis in Cyprus, may … tjm '.Tavk or Tarku was the name, or part of the name, of a great Hittite deity, some- … **'v a" }! Tark'' Similarly E. Herzfeld in the fahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1909 … [Leipzi a"len der Lykier nebst einem Verzeichnisse kleinasiatischer Namenstamme … y two inscriptions of s. i a.d. (J. Keil—A. v. Premerstein in the Denkschr. d.

652

Akad. Wien 1910 ii. Abh. p. 26 f. no. 37 with fig. 17 ( = my fig. 457) the lower part of a … of a white marble stile from Ideli----------\\dov viol k---:---| Ail Tapiyvvlt- … n. 10 put forward a rival hypothesis, which he repeats in his Asianic Elements in Gree' … worshippers and people of the Hittite and old Anatolian god Tarku). It is obvio° ^ … interest. Lactantius c. 305—31 r a.d. states that Teukros offered a human sacrifice … would have a euphemistic, not to say ogreish, sound. Gruppe also thinks it p°= rjj»Ps

653

Used to sacrifice a stranger to lupiter Hospes (i.e. Zeus H^ios) till Venus in indignation … Qlat "ouserris' sacrifice of a stranger to Zeus (Hdt. 2. 45: see further F. Hiller von … ! & "oil ''estes a''enigena immolatus originem sacrificio dedit) or his brother Phrasios … rohs °V av^Pa Tt? Ai2 (Ttpd^tjiat Kar £tos. HoLnnpLt 5e eKeivov wpLcrov a<pd^as tov p.dvTiv … Euseb n'an r'tC °^ sPear'nS a man for Agraulos or Diomedes (Porph. dc abst. 2. 54 f. - … ie6(roP^P^ ^01pa ttjs ~a\apXvos rrjs ev KvTrpip) dvop.afop.e'vri, p.-qvl Kara KvTrpiovs'AippoSLfflip … "■"■"Md^oD " a"y^e"os TP'S Tfp'^9« tov fiap.6v ■ ZireiTa 6 iepeis avTOv \6yxv (vaiev Kara tov … niar^lefra !l assign^ to the reign of Septimius Severus (193—211 a.d.) a slab of grey … 9^Pa7r(e),;^^Sts a compound of Xovw, a natural rain charm.' Perhaps rather a slip for

654

of Olbia and the giver of Olbos: especially in the form of a good harvest. The two idea5 … Roman town. In the middle of the triangle have been found the remains of a considerab e … op. cit. i. 25 ff. no. 12 a decree granting 1000 gold pieces and a statue to Kallinikos s°n … A … and by Professor Minns to s. iv b.c., is from a dedication to Zeus j^i … A large statue-base in veined grey marble, which had probably supported an eq ^

655

Zeus appears occasionally on the bronze coins of Olbia, usually as a bearded head in … n' ° P'- 3> 12 £), rarely in imperial times as a seated figure holding a sceptre, with Tychc … considered as a representation of Zeus"0\/3ioj, in consideration of the reverse type?'). … P°Ssi»ility n'F°es not bulk digger on its coinage. I am tempted to suggest a further … 110 d°ul>t ),g ')Ut "' a Scythian or a Russian peasant; to others he is Poseidon. But … a ' Minns°" °lbian coins {<•&• Ant- Mtinx. Nord-Griechenlands i. 1 pi. 9, 26—29,

656

656 Zeus struck with a double axe … 29 ( = my fig. 467), from McClean Cat. Coins ii. 155 pi. 159, 12 ( = my fig. 466), and fr°^ … Dumont Milanges d'arche'ologie et d' ipigraphie Paris 1892 p. 456 no. mcl1 a sepu … and seem to be a later addition. As to Sabaeo, Dessau remarks: 'Plane nice

657

by a … y the relief-frieze of a marbleputealor 'well-mouth' in the Madrid … (fi transferred from Rome to the Schloss Tegel near Berlin … 2"> 3)- F^ A,the"a Wien 1880 PP- 32—45 Pi- 1, 1- i", 2, 2", 4 ( = my fig. 470, t, ia, 2, … <"llr'stina r c Probably at Rome, that it formed part of the collection owned by Queen … was virt a'?f m t'le seventeenth or eighteenth century—been prepared for restoration. … , ambricige'SaV* 235—246 P1" 1 f- There is a cast in the Museum of Classical Archaeology, … Ig a Pair of m rontispiece. Subsequently they were sawn in two and separately framed … 53=) and a"11^ reliefs- They passed into the possession of W. von Humboldt (1767-

658

8 Zeus struck with a double axe

659

his raised left hand, a thunderbolt in his lowered right. His head … world, but as she goes glances towards the sire from whose head … ^ he remaining slab, of a different marble and in a finer style, was discovered about … at B °r Cr 'eft arm °f thir<1 fi£ure together with roll, globe, and pillar. There is a cast … four obJS*>OIM* m S'ZC °r near,v so' ne holds tnat t'le whole composition was a series of … ^a/'oiin/, KeL>i^la T^v Movaeiwv ^as Athens 1904 pp. 9—40) and again in his Ath. … ^atltinei ^-n^* can be completed by that of the Apollon-and-Marsyas slat from … assuHed t° °,ry of APol'on once decorated the front of a thymile or platform for singers … « to cro svas' wlli'e Zeus watched the issue from afar and Nike with her wreath

660

660 Zeus struck with a double axe … arranged left and right of a Pan between two dancing Nymphs (?Hyades) .e^^fl … possibility. But unfortunately they leave so large a part to mere conjecture be

661

A poem that passed under the name of Eumolpos4 or Mousaios5 … y an axe—a 'holy axe8' said some, an 'ox-striker9' said others. … 1 Man. d. I„st. ut pi. 55 OT^IAI*3B . »• vi pi. 56", 3 A* -H, Lenormant-de … •SiS&T-i? a near,v a">ed painter (J. D. Beazley Attische Vasenmaler des rotfigurigen … '^0aiV ll'f^a^'7>' TreXiKd Ilpofi7)8(us 7) Kaddirtp dXXoi Xiyovaiv 'W(paiaTO\i (Xiyowri Kai … ^P°lt»8i \ G' He>'ne)» 'AlVS » SxXois ave$opev, schol. Find. CV. 7. 66 a fr'ioi 8^ rip … j,er'laPs told"" ^~*0l"n P^ai *V T0" "0a\V ore 'A0>?><a iyevvaro. The story was … 'fepi A?^'uS,aS Schneider dcr Athena Wien 1880 p. 5 n. 24 suggests, in his … * ^s ^aXKcoi- S °'?M'0l''r>'"'/ T"S''o>' FopeoruTa t(p A(i iroovai viXtnvv (xovra, KaSdirep iv … *<a, ^0nnos etc I

662

was the last term of a whole series, which, mainly by the help of … (2) Athena emerging from the head of Zeus, which has been cleft … (a) the moment of birth; (b) the moment before birth; lc) the moment after biP ' … 78), who adds a fine, though fragmentary, black-figured pinax belonging … See further E. Gerhard Athenens Geburt auf Vasenbildem und auf dem J a p;e … the Jahrb. f. class. Philol. i860 lxxxi. 289—319, 377—424 ( = id. Kleine ph''"A^- … London 1905 ii. 15 f., W. Deonna 'La naissance d'Athena' in the Rev. A'n '.'perrot— … i pis. 1—5 and by Lenormant—de Witte £/. man. cjr. i. 174 ff. pis. 54 ^5 A'

663

shows a sceptred Zeus sitting on a throne towards the right, at … the least indication that her birth will be brought about by a blow … de 'tyitt '£° 38f- col. pi. 152 as red-figured (!)—a blunder corrected by Lenormant— … SfSa)^ X<>a"0" of Eileithyia at Aigion ra'ts xe/><ri ry eiBii iKTiraru, rrj 5t … rel'efs fro r 0 n- 2 (0 fig. 23 or the supporters of a goddess on an archaic plthos with

664

example from Rhodes (fig. 475)1 marks the divinity of the persons … Doubtful parallels of 'Minoan' date may be seen in Sir A. J. Evans' ' Ai&OKovpM \ … the right with open palms—a gesture thoroughly characteristic of the Eileithyai- .^1

Plate 51

Amphora from Girgenti, now at Karlsruhe :

665

deities as spectators of the great event. Sometimes, as on a vase in … '' *°6 fi„ ar S the "g111- Tne sceptre of Zeus is surmounted by a ram's head (cp. supra … Another bi +l7 'S fr°m 3 Phot°graPh hy C. A. Bonelli.

Plate 52

Amphora from Vulci, now in the Vatican :

667

the Vatican (pi. Hi)1, there is but a single Eileithyia. And once, on … \vh an ky two further figures. A female personage on a some- … thron my ^' renders a sim''ar scene with somewhat greater elaboration. … S'a"tin0f/^2S* with fig-). id- Mp- beliefs &■ 165 no. 4, Mendel Cat. Sculpt. Con-

668

Kadi-Keui occupies the site of Kalchedon, a colony of Megara1, and … from Megara to Kalchedon. Reinach indeed contended—and his … a definite art-type does pre-suppose a definite belief and 11 … represented by a single black-figured kylix (fig. 480)4. This … 4 Lenormant—de Witte El. mon. cir. i. 192 f. pi. 56, A (inadequate). New a , yge … no. 2. My fig. 4S0 is from the official photograph.

669

was found at Vulci in 1867, passed from the Durand into the … head of Zeus. From the cleft emerges the upper half of Athena, a … a"d then fled for his life12. This is indeed no mere starting back in … " Brit- Mus. Cat. Vases ii. 223 no. B 424, Corp. vas. ant. Brit. Mus. in H. e pi. 13. »a … '"/'■a Furl«angler Vasensamml. Berlin i. 241 ff. no. 1704 (Mon. d. Inst. IX pi. 55,

670

be forgotten that in the Rhodian myth Zeus sent a shower of … accident that he has placed upon Athena's shield a blazon which … 1Sup-a.p. 477. „-hi If at- … relief from Delphoi (P. Perdrizet in the Fouilles de Delphes v. 2. 124 pi. 21 (Part 0 x\[est

671

names painted on the two oldest specimens of it imply a knowledge … P^served^5 I?29 P* '44f'' is known t0 have painted a 'Birth of Athena,' which was … ^xtes p. "~~c)—of course a mere attribute as often on black-figured vases (A. Reinach … a'is "JogT^ th<" Rt°' Gr' 1901 xiv" 133 ff" ' = "/- Cu//es> My'hes et Migio™ … » an exP'anatory Athenian E. K(pVEV/VIO$ shows a similar juxtaposition

672

accounted for by the hypothesis that a Megarian, accustomed to the form Aevs, waS … found in 1879 at Penle Skouphia near the Akrokorinthos and referable to a date c. 600 »• … A //«a.v-fragment found on the Akropolis at Athens preserve the head 0 rIy ff-

673

The first is a ' Tyrrhenian ' amphora from Caere, now at Berlin … *hichl Kaibel in the A"'<- d- Inst- l873 xlv. 106—114, Mon. d. Inst, ix pi. 55 (part of … H*. PI. liv is from a fresh photograph procured by Mr A. D. Trendall. … < q ' * i**49 ™- 112 pi. 6, 1 justly pronounced the gem to be a forgery.

Plate 56

, Pelike from Vulci, now in the British Museum :

675

and separated from one another by the rapidly retreating figure of … »*a\Vien 1880 p. 9, and with a query Reinach Rip. Vases i. 197. The mutilated … ■4'is / 1)lack.figured amphora from Vulci, now in the British Museum (Gerhard … and r",enes Pai»ter' f. 530— 520 B.C. My pi. lv is from the official photograph. Zeus

676

the two Eileithyiai. De Ridder names the figures from left to right Iris (?), Hera(?)> … (3) A red-figured pcltke from Vulci, now in the British Museum … Wissowa Real-Enc. viii. qo\) or to a painter closely resembling him (.!• . j js

677

oaysos, a bald and bearded deity also wreathed (Hades??), and a white-haired

678

(1) A mirror from Arezzo, now at Bologna {supra ii. 709 ff. pi. xxix), shows Tina … (2) Another, from Palestrina, now in London (R. Kekule in the Ann. • ^ di

679

by Thanr and Ethausva—the former fastening a bandage round his head, the latter … E. Vetter in Glolta 1924 xiii. 146—148, Eva Fiesel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v A. … 3|) A third, now at Berlin (no. 2979) (E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. .. … teenrV ***' AIyth- "'• 2933f-)> has Tinia sitting on a throne with lowered bolt and … P^a°/T Sl'P f°r Laran> ,ne Etruscan Ares (W. Deecke in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1866 f.).

680

from Caere, now in the Louvre (fig. 491)1. Zeus, clad in a white … the background is seen a temple-front with four Ionic columns, which is hardly … iv. 13 f. pi. 284, 2 ( = my fig. 489), A. Fabretti op. cit. p. ccxiv no. 2471 bis, Brit- ^ … Etr. Spiegeliv. i6f. pi. 285 A ( = my fig. 490), De Ridder Cat. Bronzes du Louvre u.^ … du centre en A et en B sont a peu pres saufs'), Perrot—Chipiez Hist. de PArt x- ^

681

spectator. Left of the central scene is a group of interested deities— … as he talks to Amphitrite, and a nude bearded god, perhaps meant … (4) The fourth type, which represents Athena standing—a … from an Etruscan tomb at Orvieto in 1907 [sic] by Mr A. L. … but the original parts can be well made out from the official line- … stool is Athena. But F. Durrbach loc. cit. justly observes that on a black-figured … 4e"a on h's knee, between two Eileithyiae.'

683

On the right, Ares in full armour is accompanied by a hound1. On … ,~,a'- n- 154)'), P. Milliet Vases antiques des collections it la ville de Geneve Paris 1892.

684

the Feoli collection to Wiirzburg. Zeus is seated on a stool, which … a birth-goddess, presumably Eileithyia. Behind him Apollon with … is visible; to the left, a bearded and nude god with a peaked a … 1 A. de La Borde Collection des vases grecs tie M. le comte de Lamlierg 1 ieider

685

Beazley to his ' Geras Painter1,' a minor artist of c. 480—470 B.C. … A black-figured example of the latter has already been given (supra ii. 273 n. 3 with … rnndished torches, and the original Eileithyia was transformed into Hera. A red-figured

686

full stature, is attested by a couple of vases, a black-figured hydria … The hydria (fig. 497)1 shows Zeus seated on a throne, facing … fully grown, stands before him. She has issued from him, as we … The stdmnos (fig. 498, a and d)3, regarded by J. D. Beazle} … who—to judge from our few examples—appears to have been first in the field- soine

687

a late ' Schularbeit' of his ' Berlin Painter1,' may be dated c. 465 B.C. … lar>d as if to greet the hasty arrival of Nike from the left. Nike

688

complex on actual cults may be seen from the following diagram: … either (a) is, or {b) is not, visible. … a caduceus repainted by somebody who thought the presence of Hephaistos es … 4 G. Bendinelli in Aitsonia 1921 x. 109—130 claims that the seated Zeus t ^.^ a

Plate 57

Drawing of the east pediment of the Parthenon by J. Carrey? (1674) ind attempted restorations by E. A. Gardner (1902) and K. Schwerzek (1904).

689

nowadays than it was a century since in the time of Christopher … « an Athenian Tragedy from a few broken lines.' … Ule tut Praxiteles a"s Mo"'"'"* Miinchen 1895 p. 13 ff. maintains that the Fates of … ' RhUPPLn deS ]'arthenon' in the Ath. A/itth. 1891 xvi. 59—94 pi. 3. … justly derided bv A. Kurtwangler Intermezzi Leipzig—Berlin 1896 p. 53 f.

690

1926 improved upon this by arguing from a fresh consideration of … 1925 xxix. f32 f. pi. 3, A with a drawing which E. Pfuhl in the Jahrb. d. kais. dcu ^ … a colossal Zeus sitting in guasi-profile to the right on a central throne ' not set quite Pa,a^aS … of a single central statue of formidable weight—Zeus enthroned to the right as ^ … original view that the ' torso Medici' is a copy of the so-called 1 Promachos' of the ^fee, … lange und die quadratische Randbank zum linken Barren, der kleine Rand 'a"gt jjief<

691

away from him but facing left, and Nike hovering between them … a … /A * … ^ecti0' ^a'm'3erg in Zapiski (Transactions of the Classical … Prand"lthe A'k' MUth' 1908 XXxiH- ' ff'fig- ' ( = my fig- 499>' … £• 36 in A. 11. Smith The Sculptures of the Parthenon … ' 22 P1- 13. 11, M. Collignon Le Parthenon Paris s.a. p.

692

Approaching the matter by a different route Sir Cecil Smith1 … on the acute observation that Attic vases painted within a decade … Nike with a wreath hovering between them in the apex \} &• … gorgeous peplos) are precisely what we should expect of Pheidias, that a hove

693

He also cited the polychrome pelike from Jiiz Oba {supra ii. 258 ff. … Madrid pitteal, a large blank rectangle beneath the throne of … Qr' Vase,, A/a/erei "■ Zeichnung d. Gr. ii. 604 f., Furtwangler—Reichhold—Hauser … '3 Feb 5,1 Put forward my reconstruction in a paper read to the Hellenic Society on … Parallels drawn from coin-types (e.g. Gnecchi Mcdagl. Rom. ii. 15 no. 53

694

in the pediment of a temple1, and it seemed natural to put the … meaning Nike; or, if Nike be absent at least it interposes a weapon … pi. 48, 8 a bronze medallion of Antoninus Pius) and votive reliefs (Svoro ^ … cast of a marble well-mouth or altar since lost), Overbeck Gr, Kunstmylh- orpl,eUS'"

695

Madrid puteal and therefore, as Svoronos2 saw, clearly derived from … pi x-0"1 BeU'^ loc' cit'' fig- 5°3' from Svoronos P>- 85, 24 Paris; fig. 505, from Svoronos … iii. 2 Roberf in Hermes 1881 xvi. 68 f., E. A. Gardner in the Journ. Hell. Stud. [882 … coin Ut<!S' which' like the ow''' were useful for filling a blank on the circular field of the … tte»Vah f?"*6 m«'allion of Commodus, struck in the year 191 A.I)., a very similar … olive K •**' C<"'""' Paus- i'i- 129 pi. Z, 13 shows Minerva plucking the sprig from

696

starting to escape behind the throne of Zeus and a male deity … 1 A cornelian of Graeco-Roman date, from the Hertz collection (C. W. King AntiaU … ' Athena Promachos' from an unpublished gem, Mtiller—Wieseler Denkm. d. alt. Hu … 3 A. Furtwangler Intermezzi Leipzig—Berlin 1896 p. 28 f. … pi. 16') completes this figure as Ares carrying a trophy—a numismatic type for whic … Among the extant fragments attributed to the pediments by A. H. Smith The Scut} ^ … held an axe above the head, as if about to strike.' That was a plausible su£Sestl.°"^]ie

697

the west pediment also places a Marsyas-like1 Poseidon next to an … s<ul*, ' A" Gardner the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1882 iii. 2=54, id. A Handbook of Greek … ftichtei. b'ljli«graphy), Stais Marbres et Bronzes: Athenes" p. 29 no. 127, G. M. A.

698

of other thrones would inevitably have detracted from the majesty … found together—a couple of figures from the pediment or pediments … So in the restoration proposed by E. A. Gardner Ancient Athens London '9 … enthroned on the left, Poseidon rock-seated on the right—a clumsy, lop-sided expe … similarly derived from the west pediment of the Parthenon (D. Philios in the f ^ … ;> From a photograph of the cast at Cambridge. ^ yet … of considerable interest as evidence of a semi-draped Aphrodite in the fifth century ^

699

preserved to us one of the missing figures from the east gable of … block adjacent to Poseidon2. We have already seen a probable case … PPtltt \a /J «w« too curijtowt deoToTuw (iros, \a3ov<ra r/trXovs ft &Kpas eVai/i/Sos … 'ler the u ^ /<"' r,V" P* ,8 originally gave her a diH'erent position: 'I should place … j'a|l—a nor8"' "h0!,e head lle ,hou8hl lo identify with the 'Aphrodite' of Holkham

700

As a counterpoise to Aphrodite we need another figure seated … 2 A fragment of this figure perhaps survives in a left thigh of marble (fig. 518: heigh' … 3 (1) A black-figured amphora from Vulci, now 5a the British … (3) A black-figured amphora from Italy (?), formerly in the Fould collection, now

701

by Philostratos of Lemnos (born c. 190 A.D.1) in a rhetorical … 0"e is a large female head (height o-35m), which J. Six in the Journ. Hell. Stud.

702

necessarily larger. Nevertheless a bow drawn at a venture has … Between Hera and the first of the extant figures from the … within a few decades from the completion of the pediment are full … The other two fragments possihly derived from the same figure are a left breast … (A. Michaelis Der Parthenon Leipzig 1871 p. 196 on nos. 8 and 9 asks: 'vvarum nicht? )

704

To the right is a seated Aphrodite grouped with Eros; to the left> … figures6 and very possibly borrowed all its figures from the eastern … Hoppin Red-fig. Vases ii. 191 no. 44 had been content with a more general attribution … 7 A red-figured kratdr from Ruvo, in the Jatta collection (no. 1093) (F. Garga

705

The gap between Aphrodite and the extant marbles from the … been relegated by A. Furtwangler3, E. A. Gardner4 (pi. lvii, 2), … C;Wio'eanS 'mPro'3a'>le that the Lansdowne Herakles is a Lysippean or Scopaic modifi- … CW t n °r ^c0Paic modification looked towards the Spielbein. But that is a change … ^raPhic ?ja'10r(^e Allienes aux xve,xvi' et xvii' siecles Paris 1854 i. 132 pi. (a litho-

706

head—a … 5 A. S. Murray The Sculptures of the Parthenon London 1903 pp- I23> ^ … in the gymnasium called Zeuxippos at Byzantion shortly before 532 A.D., … the sandal-binding ' Hermes.' The statue in the Lansdowne collection (A- - Tparnell … Parthenon, and attributes to a pre-Lysippean master. Klein's results were- ^ g, … pi. 238 a, b, but by nobody else (see e.g. Furtwangler Glyptothek zu Miinchen p- ^n

707

influence of Pheidias' representation may be judged from the fact … °ne figure standing and another advancing from the right. If the … It may be observed that one copy of the sandal-fastening Hermes, a statuette in the … A F n—Bruckmann Dcnkm. der gr. und rbm. Sculpt, pi. 465 ('Muse Barberini'),

708

found in Pheidian works : only, if we may trust a replica discovered … drapery, a long chitin with a large chlamys fastened either under the chin or on ^ … in style and represents a work not much later than the Pheidian period ; w 1

709

Artemis hastening up from the right. A very similar figure of

710

Marsyas (fig. 525)1 and obviously borrows most of its ideas from … Kekule10, and more recently by Schroder11, as a fifth-century … A. Michaelis Die Verurtheilung des Marsyas Greifswald 1864 p. 9 ff. pi. I, 1 [=m^ … P- 433 f- fig. 39> A- H. Smith The Sculptures of the Parthenon London 1910 p. 7 fiS- 10 … Sculpt. Vatic, i. 108 adds three more. M. N. Tod and A. J. B. Wace A Catalogue oft'

711

but the left was grasping something that must have been either a … over by Pheidias from the painters' tradition, represented Artemis … two persons flying from the scene. One is Hephaistos; the other, … Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, and half a dozen later writers7, Eileithyia … A- S. Murray A History of Greek Sculpture London 1883 (ed. 2 London 1890) ii.

712

on their mystic boxes (kibotoz)1. Dickins5 in 1906—1907 after a … restoring Persephone with a long sceptre. Enough of Demeter s … oronze coin of Megalopolis published by B. Staes in the Journ. Intern, a"Arch. N'1'"'

713

Despoina, in accordance with her cult-title, a ' Queen ' seated on … hand and a sceptre in her left is supported by … admitted with a query by A. Michaelis5 in 1871, and then more … young god has spread his mantle appears to be a panther-skin not … aix* inclined to think that this figure is Bacchus, reposing upon the skin of a panther, it … A. Michaelis Der Parthenon Leipzig 1871 pp. 165, 168, id. in the Ber. sacks. … ^ A. H. Smith A Guide to the Sculptures of the Parthenon London 1908 p. 20 … einem, dem Dionysos, eigenlhiimlich ist'), A. H. Smith in the Brit. Mus. Cat.

714

Lysikrates1, on a moulded askds in the British Museum2, and as a … him with a thyrsos in his right hand and nothing in his left, partly … 1 A. H. Smith in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Sculpture i. 253 no. 430, 1, Overbeck * … pi. A, 5, Garrucci Mon. It. ant. p. 151 pi. 109, 35—39, pi. no, 1, McClean Cat-

715

and Pan is a god who never appears in vase-paintings of Athena s … a hint from ceramic tradition; for a black-figured amphora in the … 1 (0 Herakles (E. Q. Visconti A Letter from the Chevalier Antonio Canova: and two … Nationalmus. no. 2013 pi. 137: my fig. 529 is from a fresh photograph.

716

that the Fates of the puteal were not taken from the same model … as elsewhere presuppose Greek prototypes. Fate as a spinner is … (Phidias Paris n.d. p. 46), was later content to call them 'les Parques' (Hist- de a … 6 //. 20. 127 f., Od. 7. 197 f. See further H. Ebeling Lexicon Homericum LiPs,a

717

rolls can be quoted from older Greek sources1. I have not scrupled, … stand up2. In the pediment the Fate sitting on a separate rocky- … declares herself a personification of that irreversible fate which, as … ln a sense the most exalted of the three. Details apart, the common … tes as three figures on an ascending scale, large, larger, largest—a variation which … ( Plat. rep. 6ij d \a(36pra £k tCjv ryjs Aax&rews yovarwv Khripovs re Kai fitwv -jrapa- … c't jW'lere tnat 's tne cnse we may we" suspect a basis of popular belief (to the passages

718

drives his team of four horses up from the sea. On the right Selene … (3) Pandrosos? with the Horai Thallo? and Karpo? (A. Michaelis Der Parthenon … 6 f. p. 76, 14 ff. Wachsmuth Ai<ro <rai> KXuBto A&x«ris r \ ciniXet/ot Nv/fris abp^)- … right hand and the moon on his left, as on a beautiful vase in the British Museum at>° … itself the same phenomenon occurs, if we may judge from the Lenormant copy °^ ' … A. Michaelis Der Parthenon Leipzig 1871 p. 167, after quoting Od. 3. 1 f. 'H*t!

719

full beauty of her face2. Here, however, a certain difficulty must be … "leant that Athena first saw the light on the morning of a 'setting … ^Toyivaa, 7j'A^Tji^a-...7) eYeiS?) rpirala yiyovtv, olovd rj cpaivopiivr) rpirai'a- ko.1 yap tt\v … ° Mommsen Feste d. Stadt Athen p. 346 a. 1.

720

Great Panathenaia was held on the third day from the end of … :i A. Michaelis Der Parthenon Leipzig 1871 p. 166 f., after a review of previous … Olympiens,' H. Lechat Phidias n.d. p. 98, ».» Paris 1924 p. 115 'alors, a ces pensees. … Dissent is expressed by that sturdy independent A. S. Murray The Sculptures of

721

shared her ancient dwelling. In a word, we have before us all the … at ease upon his rock spread with panther-skin and mantle, a … A. H. Smith in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Sculpture i. 113. Id. The Sculptures of the … ^vidence, which may refer to the same locality. (1) J. Gait Letters from the Levant … esn argument from the strength of this popular belief.'

722

But close to the temple of Aphrodite in the Gardens stood a herm- … slipping from the shoulder—a motive manifestly Aphroditesque. … yet a few tentative suggestions may be made. … 3 Pans. i. 19. 2 es Si to x^piov 8 Krjirovs 6vofi.a^ov<ri Kal tt)s 'AcppoSir-qs tov vabv ov ^ … i no. 602, 8 f. (near Sparta) Kal Moipwv Aaxtaewv x[ai] | 'AcppodeiTrjs "EvoirX'ioy in a … 4 Furtwangler Masterpieces of Gk. Sculpt, p. 466, citing A. Milchhofer in the J … ~ A. N. Skias in the 'Erf>. 'Apx- 1901 pp. r-39, 163 ff. pi. t, J. N. Sv*wo»«

723

of its e,ta let is shaped like a temple-front with pediment and akroterion. The decoration … ni!»n design has two registers. To the right of each is a seated goddess, towards

724

Eileithyia too had a sanctuary at Agra1 and a couple of Hersephoroi … are described as ' a representation of Dionysos' story3,' and on the … were a preliminary purification (irpoKaOapais) for the greater rites to follow. This ag'eeS … Demeter is approached by a female daidouchos, who bears a couple of blazing 'orc^j … men, big and little. The big man has a staff in his right hand, the little man has a J … Persephone in like manner is approached by a male daidouchos with two ^ … Finally, in the pediment we see the same personnel in a scene of final felicltyr;,l2 … p£v p.€yd\a rijs AT]/j.7jrpos, to. d£ ixiKpa Hepcretpdvijs ttjs avrijs dvyarpbs.

725

theatre2. Hera's temple stood somewhere on the road from Phaleron … The deities between the Fates and Poseidon were, from right to … divine huntress of Agra, whose statue was equipped with a bow6. … 'nscrib ^6V' XX' w'lere " 'lave cited a boundary-stone found near Thorikos … by (jle 1 to consult decency by the concealment of a rude feature, as to promote fertility … °"e'rocr ^ernies was nothing but a wooden phallds, like that on Mt Kyllene (Artemid.

726

in character that it has evoked a great variety of interpretations … issued from the head as Voice, being delivered by Hephaistos, since … ™ <jTTi(8)ei rb iiyefioviicbv (e)Tptu k&Kei T7j(c 'A.6)t]vS.v yeyoi'6i'a(i) <ppdvr]0~iv oftoav, TV … Doxographi Graeci Berolini 1879 p. 548 b 14 ff. A(i)oy4injs S' b Ba^uXtieios ev Tif r ^ … 'a-f/p' (X)^75 ns ipeiv '"H(/>a'- rb) 8' els rb(v) a(l0)ipa 'Adtivav tovto yap X<?(7£) is(.

727

a philosopher from Seleukeia on the Tigris1, born c. 240 B.C.2, … 0n a different tack. He declared that Athena was born in Crete, … Pa'tum Iovis ortumque virginis ad physiologiam traducens disiungit a fabula, Min. Fel. … B if airy Trpovola, xaBb Kal Upovolas 'ABrivas IbpvovTai (A. Nauck cj. 'idpvm-ai) vaol … KaM^"111' T°'^a ™" <VXa'w" vTohaftbvTuiv to TjyepMVlKbv rrjs xf/vx>is r/fiQip ivravd' eZeai, … p.TjT ^ <t>a^wv) aidrip.'...tt)i> ~M9p-iv ovv kgltclttiwi' b Zei)s iy^vvrjaev avT-qv, €TT€l5t} … <*°<^* ^ ■ Osann cj. Ka$' 8\ov) PovXtjs tt\v dpxty tov (ppoveiv Zo~x€v- T0 ^ bvop.a r^s … u *}[ P l/"?0'' KtKpv~<pQcu tt\v 0e6v, tov be Aia 7r\7;|a>'Ta to vetpos irpo<p7jvai avr-qv. … Grie h a"Cn ^°lliel"n als alte Gottheiten vor: A'h/gheit, Sprache, Matmheit, Liebe. Die … Hess r|eSe' a'S S^'^'chen Verstand, aus dem Haupte der obersten Gottheit entstehen

728

following the lead of the Stoics, accepted Athena as a personifica- … 3 Cp. L.-F. A. Maury Religions de la Grece Paris 1857 i. 425 fif. 'Dans le P""^,.' … pensee de Zeus... Deja, dans Hesiode, on a vu Metis representer, sous une ^^.^

729

Symbolism, however, dies hard. Birth from the heavenly height … ■Akrza11 perhaps gave rise to the myth that Athena sprang 'from the … QXn ron tw'ce uses l,d\iriy^ as a synonym of 'ABrjva (Lyk. Al. 915 with Tzetz. adloc, … a'0ls va-Tayoiai Aibs 7rpo/caX/ftTo adX-ny^, Tryphiod. 326 f. ovpavii] 8b \ tK Aios

730

Moellendorff1. possibly taking a hint from T. Befgk2, claims that … O. Kern5 and A. H. Krappe6 are frankly convinced. … 305 (id. Kleine philologische Schriften Halle a. S. 1886 ii. 653): 'Der Berggipfel> a … 6 A. H. Krappe in Lilteris 1928 v. 63: 'Zeus is most convincingly shown L ^ … Cybele asiatique, on imagina le mythe d'Athena nee de la tete de Zeus, c est-a-

731

shows a nude female standing erect with a similar but smaller nude … lH% ^a "erl'n 1921 p. 30 fig. 116 (photo), id.2 Berlin 1923 p. 14 fig. 15 (photo), … From p'e" AuSsburg 1929 p. i4 n. 27, C. Picard La sculpture Paris 1935 i. 95 fig. 13. … Alusen gliani u" Viag«io a Nlas Milano 1890 p. 245 fig. 48 'Un idolo' in the

732

Athena emergent from the head of Zeus (figs. 480, 484 ff., pis. liv, … as a later importation5. If therefore Deonna's view is to stand, we … That may be hazardous, but it is far less so than a rival … her—kdre, kdrre, kdrys—are suspiciously like koryza, 'a catarrh ■ … Having thus run through the whole gamut of explanations, from … de I'Art vi. 857, Brit. Mus. Cat. Gems"' p. 24 no. 183 pi. 4, p. 26 no. 208 pi. 5)' ^ a … pas suffi a "faire osciller le grand Olympe." Zeus a delivre" un Trrapfibs: Zeus a e e … 11 Aristot. probl. 33. 7. 962 a 21 ff. dta tI t6v p.h Trrapniiv Bobv ijyovp.e8i a'^t,

733

certain elements in the design as drawn from the ritual of the … plane were in a sense paralleled by the rules of royal succession on … UP its abode in a younger and more vigorous frame. This rule is of … ln the form of a bird4. I am now emboldened to conjecture that … effect—was king of the gods and sat, sceptre in hand, on a … \ **» « white-haired. The vase, which came from Athens and is now in the British

734

drew near and smote him on the head with an axe. Whereupon a … Lenormant—de Witte El. num. ctr. i. 28 pi. 14, 75 ff. pi. 30), I publish it here from the … encore du surnom IloXieiJs, leprotecteur de la ville, que Jupiter portait a Athenes, et cette … Mr Bicknell further notes Raphael's design of a white-haired Iupiter for the frescoe … Leipzig 1912 i. 316 f. no. 510), which shows with considerable humour a love-adven … 1 The owl clinging to the sceptre of Zeus on a black-figured amphora from ^af ^ … on another from Orvieto (supra p. 681 ff fig. 492), nor of the bird between Hepn

735

The fact is, the myth represented in the pediment was a myth … c0nneSS,Or H. J. Rose A Handbook of Greek Mythology London 1928 p. 50 f. : 'The close

736

scattered enquiry may be gathered up in the form of a diagram, … from Ekusis … from Boiotia (?) … from Asia Minor … 1 I first put forward this scheme in a course of Lectures on The Gods of A J^' Qt&f … Poseidon, though coming from Boiotia, may still have been Ionian by de … days (J. L. Myres Who were the Greeks? Univ. of California Press 1930 PP'

737

the Attic storm-god Zeus, introduced by the clan Kerykes from … releases Athena, a further manifestation of his might. Three strata: … Pediment find a ready explanation. Room must be made in the … outgrow its primitive phases and had by now reached a stage in … sPirit may be forcibly delivered by a timely crack on the crown9. … of tv, Sufra P- 59s- ^eus 'OXiVttios, however, came from Aft Olympos to the north bank … Wn91' 0d' I01'3' '35'24' 54°-always at the end of a line)as imp'ymg 'Dass sie … n the head as the seat of the soul see supra ii. 290 a, o.

738

The ancients, like ourselves, found the idea entertaining—witness a … note).' But when Sir Arthur quotes (op. cit. p. 476) as a classical parallel Numa s * ^ … A more brainless bit of bogus mythology based on the myth of Athena's birtn .

739

seded by a stronger than he. But—it will be said—what right have … divine throne as the prize of a grand Olympian wrestling-match, … But if a man with glad triumphant cries … Lact. div. ins/, i. n has a trenchant passage on the subject of Zeus being super- … int am no1 nere concernea with the progressive senescence of art-types—a matter … <lu']j Un Zeus vieilli, en qui Ton aurait peine a reconnaitre I'epoux triomphant

740

Of torment, till Zeus fall from his high throne. … Io Most surely, since from him are all my woes. … Prom. Winning a bride, whose wedding he shall rue, … Io Shall his new consort oust him from his throne ? … Prom. Only when I, delivered from my bonds—1 … From power supreme to nothing. Then shall come … Naught shall they warrant him from that sure fall, … What space divides the ruler from the slave.

741

Prom. Yea, with a yoke yet heavier than mine. … ^hereby obtains release from his bondage2. Thus in the end Zeus … Should bear her lord a prince more potent yet— … a p^.?h' P'v- 907 ff. trans. L. Campbell (with a few alterations). … T'5i TrXijaidirat ^kuXvOt] vtto rod Vlpop.-qdtw dra Il^Xe? ISo^ev a{rrr]v

742

Behold a son to perish in the fray, … This guerdon that a god might gain … of Thetis, Zeus and Poseidon2. Tzetzes adds a third, Apollon3. ™ … eyyvrjaai. TeSpiW-qrai Se r; ioTopi'a irapa re <rvyypa(pevai Kai 7rou)rais, &Kpif3£s 5e /carat k*' … ra^Tyjs vvvovfrlav, dpr^K^vat. Hpop.rj&e'a rbv £k t<lijt7]S avrtp ytvvr\d£vTa ovpavov Svva&re … word 'AirbWwva. as an interpolation on the part of Tzetzes from the myth of ^ . … otpuiv rexBets, 86ev Kai Tplirarpov tovtov Ka\ei, cp. schol. Nik. ther. 15, schol. A,D' ^j, … For three as a typical plurality see supra ii. 893 n. o. hnif111^

743

Metis, which may be regarded as a Boeotian doublet of the … abstract 'prudence' or concrete 'counsel6,' Metis in Hesiod is a … full of Metis, Hesiod9 is ready with a naive explanation. Metis, the … Te ,a ^e^aT0 IT6fTos [ irptafivraTov iralbicv avrap KaX^ovat ytpovra, \ ouveKa vrip.tpT-qs … ^auly~!w- S excerIn t0 an earlier form of Hesiod's Theogony. But see A. Rzach in

744

her father in might and counsel, and after Athena a son of such … Athena from his head2. Others add some details that belong to … Zeus must necessarily be a late invention is quite unjustifiable. The episode in itself lS … producing Athena; (2) Themis, who bore the three Horai, Eunomia, Dike, Eirene, a" … eh biroiov av ifioffKero. iv\a.vqaas odv avT7]v 0 Zeus Kal iriKpav (F. A. Paley would re

745

Thetis is unmistakable. Metis, like Thetis, was a sea-power. Metis, … korne by the bisexual Phanes who, emerging from the cosmic egg, … fu'l armour sprang from his head. Zeus therefore as a pantheistic … Apion in the Clementine Homilies'1 sets forth a somewhat

746

747

case it offered possibilities to the allegorists of a later age2, and was … y a Son of divine ' Wisdom,' One who was indeed the ' Way'— … Produced a goddess whose powers, as evidenced by her attributes, … a p^Ce °' n°fer in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 2775—2778.

748

to reconcile both in the brilliance of a fresh and vivid personality. … rock, simply because at the outset she was- the rock5, a mountain' … Others may demur to Athena being treated as a mountain- … 2 F. Matz in A. Mau Katalog der Bibliothek ass deutsckcn archaologischen … 3 Od. 7. 80 iKero 8' is iiapa8wi>a teal evpvdyviav 'Adfyriv. But ' A9~qvai l … 5 Dr B. F. C. Atkinson has suggested to me that a masculine parallel ^ … E11C. ii. 2065 and 2069), supported a population of Macrobii (Plin. nat. ^"f^4^" 0f tfl£

749

Argive women once a year took the image of Athena and washed it … ' bathing-women,' and brought back in the evening with a torch- … ■^■"d, if we may argue from what is told us of Hera, the object … a sanctuary of Athena M<?terz, a mother-goddess confessed. … 'ssuing from crevices or holes in the rock would be her life. The … hilochoros6 mentions it in connexion with a curious happening of

750

'Poseidon...with a blow of his trident on the middle of the Akropolis produc\

751

this legend covers a historic fact—the attempted supersession of … Akropolis, and in ancient times lent dignity to a somewhat barren … . ■ Gr. iv. 487 Miiller) irpo<Taybp.evos 'QpQe'a.. See further J. P. Harland Prehistoric … We'll6"102 aUC' mater'a' exh'hits, the peaceful settlement by adjudicators on the ground of … *»i*Ul' I9'9' Sir J' G- Frazer 011 Apollod. 3. 14. 1, H. J. Rose A Handbook of Greek … Lon(j0 °nsPectus of literary variants is given in A Guide to the Sculptures oj the Parthenon

753

rock by representing it as a bone of contention between two major … olive3 with a snake twined about it and a Nike hovering in the … l. Stephani loc. cii. Atlas pi. I ( = nly ng- 538)1 A. Conze Wien. Vorlegebl. vi … jj^j1 re''ef. The goddess wears a green peplos and carries a yellow shield, but her lance … wiin ' 'ance to altack Poseidon himself. The remaining figures, from left to right, … Scufa Wo.fragme'>ts of the tree are at Athens (A. H. Smith in the Brit. A/us. Cat. … « A'r ~*ci\ Smith in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1907 xxvii. 245 fig. 2.

754

striking downwards? Studniczka1 suggested that to drive a spear … never struck the rock at all! Poseidon with a blow of his trident on … suit a new situation—the more peaceable producing of proofs, rigW … 2 Studniczka (after W. Judeich) quotes Diod. 17. 17 (Alexander from his ship … Athens = my fig. 540). A specimen in my collection is shown stipra p. 187 fig- 9 igJia V-

755

an owl on the tree, where the pediment had a hovering Nike. And … °f the famous Strife. On the summit of the Akropolis, at a point … jj aus. 1, 24. 3 TreTroiTjTai 52 Kal rb <pvrbv tt}s eXatas 'A^^fa Kal Kufia ava<ba'ivuv … and ^San'y a s,;atuary group; and the same is true of the minor antiquities in general) … pose ' Paus- 24- 3- 'Athena exhibiting the olive-plant' suggests rather such a

756

important is a late (c. 300 A.D.) cameo of sardonyx formerly ownea … 4 (1) A small cornelian in the Dutch collection (L. Stephani in the Compte-ren … (3) A large sardonyx-cameo in Paris (C. Lenormant Nouvelle galerie w-^,0uillet

757

did so, a victim should for the first time be sacrificed on the altar to … A<Va * C0Cl'' *P"TC"' Meo-Oai £7ri §up.ov, Souid. s.v. Aids fij<pos- oBrws (caXeiroi, iv o) … 58 pi. i, 2 ( = my fig. 545) a relief in greyish marble (o'83m high, o'7om wide)

758

Nike, who is drawing out the votes from the voting-urn. And … with a very subordinate role, that of a … have had a rock-cut cistern, which would serve as his ' sea' undei … bidding of a certain oracle they sacrifice also to Erechtheus, a second … must make do with a single altar. The fact is, Poseidon had l°n^ … from Aphrodisias in Karia, now in the Evangelical School at Smyrna. The olive, ^ … (plan), 106 (photo) and pis. 1 (plan), 15 (sections) identifies the 'sea' with a sha ^e

759

fifth century B.C. we have a dedication 'to Poseidon Erechtheus1,' … Erechthei's sacrifices a bull ' to Poseidon and to Erechtheus3.' … The actual olive, token of Athena's triumph, rose from a cleft in … a«ly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 405. … J n'S 'e^' n°' '''' 10 a''ar between tw0 olive-trees, on it a bucranium filleted, … v, e"ands.' T. v. Heldreich in A. Mommsen Griechische Jahreszeiten Schleswig 1877

760

Olive3'—a very notable name, since it assured the citizens that the … they saw a shoot of about a cubit's length sprung from the stump … Clearly the tree was a hardy perennial, and the Athenians were … sehr bedeutend, auch bei den schonsten nur 7—ro m.' See further A. Coutance L'atfr'ef'

762

depended the fate (mdros) of the people. A similar life-tree was the … Morios2, therein resembling Zeus Mdriosz. A red-figured amphora … selbst wie die Schicksalsoliven Mop/a.' Kruse in Fauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xvi- ? 1 … Aids lepbv iv KuTrpy into 'EXcuous or 'EXawva-wv). But Zeus 'EXafous may be an a''eI|!^gerj … (supra i. 654 n. 4, iii. 652 n. o). He related Zeus 'EX-aiovs to 'EX-aia a head ^e … 4 Gerhard Anserl. Vasenb. iv. 12 f. pi. 245 ( = my fig. 549) a red-figured a

763

olive, while a priestess (?) or worshipper (?) extends an oinochoe … image of the goddess was made of her olive-tree.... But this is a second … 1 Gerhard loc. cit. notes that the two sides of the vase must be regarded as forming a … j^j .^or -A-tnena standing beside her olive see e.g.]. n. Svoronos Les monnaies d'Athhies … 34 Athens = my fig. 552). Fig. 553 is from a specimen in my collection (same dies as … Hr!^'a ^ x'v)' and ^er on a sn'e'd> °f which the inside and … So-tuT"' a"T" C°d- But M- Schmidt2 is content to print 'AO-qvats- i/ eXai'a. teal 'AOrjvaf … Coiifirrn ,^Ut' ln P'ace of ad-qv-qs codd., H. Kochly cj. 'Aahjs?'—a reading since

764

polis. Everything that issued from its rocky surface was instinct … But life emerging from the surface of the Akropolis might be … 'A child of Earth he is, and in the earth he dwells.' Pliny3 too … 4 My colleague Dr J. A. Ramsay kindly refers me to G. A. Boulenger The ^na^,js>

765

Assigned as watchful guards a pair of snakes, … largely on the preservation and production of such a gaud3: … Kreousa Copied from Erichthonios of yore. … < f;ur- /o» 1426 ff. trans. A. W. Verrall (adapted),

766

with a small hoard of silver coins ranging in date from Seleukos i (312—280 B.C.) t0 … Rings p. 150 no. 929 pi. 24 ( = my fig. 559) is a Graeco-Roman ring showing a sing'e … 2 Examples abound in all Museums. The texts include An/A. Pal. 6. '1 … irepl tovs fipaxlopas eirovop.d£ovai Kal tocs wepl tovs irbSas, p.a\iaTa Si rds dp.<j»-bias Kal

767

a couple of fragmentary reptiles found in 1888 to the east and … P- 22 C, cp. A. Nagele 'Der Schlangen-Cultus' in the Zeitschrift fitr Vblkerpsychologie … p\239 n. 1), viz. that the Athenian custom and its aetiological myth presuppose a … the Devil, has not yet been expelled from the child by baptism. For the Devil as a … ^erature (Pherekyd. frag. 28 (Fraf. hist. Gr. i. 77 UiiWei) = frag. 69 a, b (Frag. gr. … Rcinach Rip. petni. Gr. Rom. p. 186 nos. 3—5) implies the existence of a Theban

768

T. Wiegand1 held that they came from the eastern gable of the old … the seated goddess, whom he calls Hera, to a smaller pediment, … western Hekatompedon gable a central group of lion, lioness, an … Leipzig 1904 p. 90 ff. with fig. 109 ( = my fig. 564) and col. pi. 5, A and B.

769

snakes in the angles of a pediment, though mythological in origin, … Sorne simple solar device, a disk or piddle or Gorgoneion. … £ Supra i. 23, n_ «. My fig_ _s66 reproduces part of A. Dumont—J. Chaplain—

770

the goddess in her chariot to face the judgment of Paris1. A later … born, who is at least half a snake (figs. 93 s and 95 s), was buried 111 … 1896 xi Arch. Anz. pp. 36—38 with a careful drawing by E. Gillieron ( = my fig" gi

771

had a hierdn3 and a hereditary priesthood4 Erichthonios, another … J A defaut d'autres renseignements sur le petit edifice, nous en connaissons au moins la … Cr°ire qu'il y avait la, tout pres de l'Erechtheion, un tombeau remontant a une haute … e Erechtheum would have been so planned as to bring its corner on a spot already … " M atl0ns ^at something more solid was discovered—perhaps a corner of the old … ^a-r^"7^CI'' ws ApWo^os ei> r-rj ivdrrj yiypafyev iaropla, &vw ye ev rrj aKpoirdXec KinpoTrds … 27/6 anft''' ^r e<^' m'"' "—2 n°' 2338' 1 a ''st °f tne Amynandridai, between … i£[p]eit T<* Sl"rwi!/ia itc rCiv l&luv \ Hpxav tov ytvovs j ["Apeios] Auploivos ll[ai]a[vi]efo

772

The Athenians say that a great snake dwells in their sanctuary2 and guards the … business as a ruse on the part of the artful Themistokles. Other … In view of the curious5 belief that the spinal cord of a dead man … indeed the serpent had any real existence, and was not a mere hypostasis of the ch''10"^ … throws little or no light on the situation: see A. C. Pearson's excellent note on °P … 4 Aristoph. Lys. 758 f. a\\' ov Stiva/j.ai "yay ovSc Koip.ao-6' iv irb\ei \ ei ov T " j … 5 Not so very curious, either. For there is, of course, a rough resemblance ^ ^

773

a buried king1. The pair of snakes, male and female, would then … a terrible tangle, and raise problems to which at present no sure … Jewish notions, "the spinal cord of a man who does not bend his knees at the repetition … "t°v Kal ab^-qdivra, eneiSri TeKevrav ?p.e\\e, KeXevval rtvi tCiv maroiv avrov to aiip.a … ^ no. 1 (one), no. 1 (two), nos. 3 and 8 (one), cp. J. A. Hild in Daremberg—Saglio … slake (h Varvalce'on and Lenormant statuettes of the Parthenos both show a bearded … t>~ot^A v a , suPP"se that the snake beside the goddess was the animal form of her

774

what are we to make of a white-ground lekythos from Gela, now in … 3 A. Fairbanks op. cit. i. 39.

775

suppose that we have here a dead woman ready to receive offerings … A final puzzle: what did Cyprian4, bishop … A- Korte in ihe Ath. Mitth. 1893 xviii. 245 ff. and E. Preuner in the Rhcin. Mus. … i\HT^ ^Pf t6 \cvk6v irivBos uW/uetva Kal ttjs ii> rjj a.Kpoir6\ei IlaXXdios rip SpaKovTi

776

these daemonic powers drew their vitality from her? We must not, … stare.' A colossal owl of white marble has in fact been found °n … yXavK ds'Adrjvas (Loukian. Nigrin. praef., cp. schol. Aristoph. av. 301 rls As a … '935 P- 503 (first in 1661 a.d.). ( j6 … adlicit omne genus volucres perimitque tuendo. The owl was tantamount to a Gorg rs0ge

Plate 60

Amphora from Nola, now at Berlin :

778

inscr. Gr? no. .50, Inscr. Gr. ed. min. i no. 651 Tt/j.66[e]os [k&vovos] | 'A-fa4 ^qqS … the known facts. Was Phaidros (supra p. 776 n. 5) a local sculptor? Diog. Laert. ( ^ tj,e … column was a familiar type in connexion wi th Athena. Ross locc. citt. justly corapgV!i on

779

(2) a later, less satisfactory version of it in Villa Albani no. 181 (G. Winckelmann … Tourn. Intern. d'Arch. Num. 1912 xiv. 278 fig. 23 Athens), on a … 8°ld medallions from Abukir (H. Dressel Ftinf Goldmedaillons aus dem Funde von Abukir … °' lhe Actian era ( = 242/3 a.d.)). Cp. supra p. 388 fig. 254- These examples of owl-

781

at Berlin dating from the latter part of the fifth century (pi. lx)1 … of the Homeric poems3, it was certainly a line of pre-hexameter … im Mantel nach 1., mit Stock.' I am indebted to Mr A. D. Trendall for the photograph … case. On occasion we find the accusative y\a\)Kwia.v 'A9t\vt]v (Od. 1. 156, h. Ap. 314, … accusative (//. 8. 373, Od. 3. 135, 24. 540), and genitive (A. AtA. 28. 10). See further … Cognomemo FAA/TROIIIS observationes philologuae Bonnae i83i=/'a'. Philologische Be- … ll- 7- 58 ff. (with Apollon). D'Arcy W. Thompson A Glossary of Greek Birds Oxford … ne ""^ «Ptt)^, I bpw&fav ri vebrna to. twv a\eKTopiSw». But H. Stuart Jones in the

782

swallow1, and a bird of indeterminate kind2. The precise species … effect A. Kiock in the Archiv f. Rel. 1915 xviii. 127 f. 0 … ('a crow') pi. 7 (part of which = my_fig^57j), Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases ii. 76 f. n0- £ … i. 207 with n. 1 iii. 39 fig. 169). Such a position no doubt implies that the bird stan^,j//. … In the one case the owl on the altar betokens a sacrifice to Athena: in the o j

783

that Athena once took upon herself the form of a gull, hid Kekrops … note ""her A. Kiock 'Athene Aithyia' in the Archiv f. Kel. 1915 xviii. 127—133, who … of Qr^ aPPeHation AtBvia denotes some species of gull (D'Arcy W. Thompson A Glossary … P gives the lemma as ivSapdvta, a reading which, though repeated by Favorin.

784

owl came flying from the right, perched on Themistokles' mast-top, … A black-figured oinoMe at Paris, which possibly illustrates the foregoing myth, ,s … commented: ' The annotator imagines a proper name derived from y\av<ro-ew, the * … p.dxf]S ev 2,aXap.ivi y\auKd <pavi dtaTTrjvai, ttjv viktjv rots 'A9v}vaioLS irpoo"t}f1'a

785

s'de. As a presage of victory1 the bird passed into a proverb. … I ea,uently the owl had also a sinister significance, on which see P. Perdrizet 'Sur … Jlfytjt , Psiae 1790 iii. 24—30 (l/ul'o), 31—39 (noclua), A. de Gubematis Zoological … J-H C'eS 1 ^"^a!> "VKTM&pat or euros, oXaCJ, alyui\i&s, cXeAs, OK&if), N. W. Thomas in … Oxford « ewton ^e Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum

786

plate, which takes the shape of a small temple surmounted by … rrpoH E Mo NnoE; |AAA A … 1 D. M. Robinson—C. G. Harcum—J. H. Ilifife A Catalogue of the Greek?^ l93° … in the Am. fount. Arch. 1934 xxxviii. 420 n. 6 cites 35 more, and draws a —537

787

into the period of south-Italian imitations1. I give an example from … lettering 'A present from Brighton' or the modern souvenirs of … attaches to a broken kylix (fig. 5S3)5 found on the Akropolis at … acquired a cylindrical vessel of red ware, made with the utmost

788

as demosion, 'a public (measure).' Near the first letter of this word … fourth letter of demosion, and in part concealed by it, is a second … implying small stamps or seals of excellent work, were compal … pointed out long ago, are nothing but ' pieces of sealed metal, a

789

790

Either a limited number of jurymen took the trouble to acquire this surcharge on the' … about two sprigs of olive with the legend Oea/j.offeTui'. They bear a curious, but presuma ' … 'Middle Minoan hi' period, i.e. c. 1700—1580 B.C. (Sir A. J. Evans in the Ann- f0S

791

We have said that the owl, as issuing from the Akropolis rock, … °wl (Ail. var. hist. 2. 9), while the Samians branded theirs with a galley (Douris ot … 5 Aristoph. av. 884 with schol. ad loc. D'Arcy W. Thompson A Glossary of Greek … a'ceret non inveni. … b* c<irr0 on Easter Eve at Florence. The 'Sacred Fire' is then struck from (lints … amid Works- '"his was the supreme moment of the ceremony; with a hissing sound,

792

introduced a piece of cool jet into its nest, it would positively have … non, a nido dejiciantur. unde Lucanus in ix (9. 902) dicit 'utque Jovis volucris c

793

would appeal to the imagination of a simple folk and might well be … popular in Germany6 and elsewhere. C. Swainson7, a well-known … done to avert lightning. The owl, it is to be observed, is a lightning … "■aXcuoiis 7rapa T0 yXaiaaw, a(f ov Kal y\av£, w p.bvr)v rQv yapuj/wvuxav KaX o-apKapdyav … °"tos d' tc ncpavvov \ ayx^™ 5tflA" k'a™ X"P° tot/)6j | {rin4va)...; then on coins,- … 'D1 A- Kuhn Die Herabkitnft des Fetters und des Gottertranis2 Gutersloh 1886 p. 189

794

owl on a winged thunderbolt inscribed AQHNAZ … Athens have two owls face to face on a thunderbolt6. … on others struck by Alexandras i Balas at Kyrrhos in Syria {sup^a … a specimen in my collection. H. von Fritze in the Corolla Numismatica Oxford l9 … Monti, gr. a"As. Min.3 i. 174 no. 10 pi. 18, 8. , jjfit- … fig. 594). Fig. 592 is from a specimen kindly given to me by Mr C- T. ^'^'usb8'1''

795

A series of moulded terra-cotta pendants found in south Italy, … These odd-looking objects are always pierced with a couple of … The transition from bird to human-headed bird can be illustrated … ln the Rev. Arch. 1906 ii. 453 fig. 1) and i8?i (id. ii. fig. 3), one in the Jatta collection … P- 46 fig. 17). I add a specimen from Tarentum now in the British Museum (Brit. … \x^ Provincial Names of British Birds London 1886 p. 124 records a (German?)

797

more heads, which are biting deep into his shoulders, and by a large … stands close at his back, inviting him with a gesture of her left hand … j^'ght be a local onomatopoeic name for ' owl,' comparing the … 0Cjut ^' ^ayer 'n Hermes 1892 xxvii. 481—4S7, citing Aristot. hist. an. 9. 18. 617 a 9 … 2 Utlemund proposed a connexion with the root /Sau- of paufw. … iiuas- a'Sanskrit u/uha-, Latin ulucus, ulula, Old High German iiwila, Lithuanian … figured ' ^Eazley in t,le Ant, Joum. Arch. 1927 xxxi. 348 no. 8 fig. 1 publishes a red-

798

Prof. Beazley cp. Aristoph. av. 261 KiKKafSau KiKKafiav, schol. ad loc. ras V^a*'l"tSiplote … illustrate the graffito KYYY from Browning's line in Andrea del Sarlo 'The cue

799

morphic1. Another Corinthian aryballos, in the Karlsruhe collection … in 'S Perc')ed a 'arge owl named (puKa (Roehl Inscr. Gr. ant. no. 20. 69, F. Blass … hv p ls '"^resting to see the same three stages combined on a red-figure kylix potted … this tirr,at'VanCeS to '''s a'd at once as ow'> as human-headed bird, and as goddess. By

801

(fig. 601)1, represents a human-headed bird wearing a helmet. This … a female helmeted head (figs. 602, 603)5. The archaistic legend … show for reverse a human-headed bird with helmet, shield, and

802

mant3 and, after him, E. Babelon4 ingeniously explained this as a … but that here too we see Athena as a quasi-bivd. The same type> … pi. 12, 271 ( = my fig. 604) from a coin which passed from the Bunbury to the Haeberh0 … two spears parallel. Fig. 605 is from an example in my collection. … maxima et vis. sex earum genera: melanaetos a Graecis dicta [eadem in Valeria], mm … Valeria Luperca (Plout. parall. Gr. et Rom. 35 \oifiov KaTao-xovros QaXeptovs (so J. A ^ … ccpvpav, to dk %L(pos iirifiake dapLaXei tlvl wapa t6v vabv (3o<TKopAvTj. vo'qcao'a 5e t\ ira^^^ … (1) Brit. Mus. Cat. Gems''' p. 248 no. 2484 pi. 28 a black jasper from the 1° t\

803

designed to serve a like practical purpose. A refinement upon the … 2488) a burnt agate from the Towneley collection: bird to right, with helmeted head of … (3) J. H. Middleton The Lewis Collection of Gems and Rings London 1892 p. 87 … a»d wreath. … Ath P' 2^ no' 7OQO I3'- 53 a red jasPer: °w] to right, with helmeted head of … Proli 11 'lea<^ °^ Athena, carrying shield and spear; the owl stands on a round base

804

a laugh and so heighten the prophylactic effect1. A bronze in the … appears as a goddess with the wings of a bird. It has indeed e^ … 1 Cp. the numerous examples of Athena's head wearing a helmet with the ^eat" ^ei … 3 A. Furtwangler in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 704.

805

On the one hand, a winged Athena is familiar enough in … a.„ Muller—Wieseler Denim, d. alt. Kunst ii. 157 f. pi. 20, 220 c, Furtwangler Ant. … nere Hekate is invoked on a moonless night as Vopyu «al Moflii. *al H*H mi roXtftopfr

806

right hand supports an owl, her left rests on her hip. A similar … 1 W. Frohner Collection Julien Griati. Catalogue des bronzes antiques et ^ jj. … 2 W. Frohner Collection Hoffmann Paris 1888 no. 376. p.einaC'1 … 254 A, 2, iv pis. 286, 2, 305, v pi. 61, 2.

807

hesitate to equip the goddess with wings. A scarab in banded … Two recurved wings start from her back. Her … leaning4. Again, a white-figured sarcophagus from Klazotnenai, … Attic black-figured vases tell the same tale. A fine sixth- … rawn (scale }) from a cast kindly supplied by Mr E. J. ] … t'le./a/C^!l'ln ^ Ant' ^mim- "'• 5" 10 Pi- 58 (Part °f wnicn = my fig- 616). id. in … Kina 0 • ^ "le d- Inst% 1877 xlix- 128 ff- n0" 1j' d' carde"a Afusa> etrusco

809

are given to Athena on a small amphora found in Etruria and … Co • • We see Athena, armed with a spear and a long-crested

810

a dead warrior (? Kekrops1) across the sea. Her protective air … Yet the same poet3 in the same play makes Athena come from … 1 This is possible, but far from certain. On the one hand, the representation sU t … 2 Aisch. Rum. 1001 f. UaWddos 5' virb irrcpoLS | ofras a^erai Trarvp. faef

811

Athena ceased to be treated at will as a semi-bird. We have reached … an abstraction from Athena Nike'1, how is it that Athena Nike had … Clnquieme siecle qu'a du s'achever la separation progressive de Nike d'avec Athena et la … abstraction from any greater deity, she must be an abstraction from Zeus' (Class. Rev. … Vq^^P8 more appropriate to a sister of ZtjXos, Kpdros, and Big]. Dieser Pallas wird

812

hitherto unpublished, shows Athena seated with a helmet on her … 1 A. Furtwangler in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 689, id. Masterpieces of Gk- c ^

813

a seated statue—Athena Polids4,—holding a pomegranate, symbol … Pomegranate visible). And J. D. Beazley locc. citt. notes a red-figured replica at Bonn. … at)tj ess from the neighbouring town of Side in Pamphylia: aiSri means 'pomegranate' … n0 I3 P1- 11 (Michel Recueil d'Inscr. gr. no. (>-,\, A, Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr? … (Furtw.eXlstmS temple are carried out in a style which points to a date c. 425 B.C.

814

by dedicating a fresh statue of Athena Nike, and this in turn was restored at some date … Die Reliefs an der Balustrade der Athena Nike Stuttgart 1881 p. 25, A. Furtwanglet … cult of Athena Nike was introduced from Pamphylia, or that the pomegranate 1 … that pomegranates occur in a Florentine spell against sterility in women)-

815

Thus pomegranates sprang from the blood-drops of Dionysos; whence women cele- … 73), and in the Arcadian temple of Despoina (Paus. 8. 37. 7). Again, a pomegranate … k On the common tomb of Eteokles and Polyneikes grew a pomegranate, said to have … 25- 1). A pomegranate, therefore, was desirable food for the dead, and figures fre- … fragmentary Laconian kylix in the British Museum shows a woman presenting a … en8raved ^at' *" 2' 100^ P'PS °^ a Pomegranate growing in Hades' domain. An … her bre ' P' 87 nos- B 86 Melos, B 87 Melos); or a flower is in her right hand between

816

no. B 390 Tharros in Sardinia). Her priestess or worshipper similarly has a shallow … In view of the foregoing evidence it is reasonable to conclude that a poitieg^^.^ ^0fi

817

was bound with a fillet, was said by Apollonios of Tyana to portray the athlete as a priest … ec?. 8. 37, a certain Delian named Melos fled to Kypros in the reign of Kinyras. Kinyras … who6 .comPan'°n to his son Adonis and gave him to wife Pelia, a relative of his own … he got h*aS killed by 'he boar, Mel os i in his grief hanged himself on the tree from which … coins of Melos is always a pomegranate, never an apple (see e.g. Babelon

818

a goddess assumed to be Aphrodite holding a pomegranate in her right hand, her drapery … rotfigurigen Stils Tubingen 1925 p. 59) is holding a branch laden with pomegranates in … a high relief of three goddesses (Horai?), each of whom wears a triple-pointed cl°'jr

819

1 A t

820

(fig. 627)1, on which a winged Athena advances towards the right, … from a specimen in my collection. The goddess intended is presumably Athena It**1 … Coins iii. 39 no. 7528 pi. 258, 2, Head Hist, num."1 p. 519. Fig. 628 is from a spe«nl … no. 47). Athena has a winged helmet also on a terra-cotta mural relief in the .Jftp … Amorgos, etc. (Imhoof-Blumer loc. cit. p. 44). The earliest instance occurs on a

821

144, 143, etc. B.C., introduce a further variation. Athena, winged

822

armed, carrying a Nike1, or holding a wreath and accompanied by … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Gems'1 p. 360 no. 3850 a fragmentary cameo in paste imitating 5^g0

823

•n a Pompeian fresco (fig. 633)1, one of several which represent … adds dark blue wings spangled with yellow stars and a blue nimbus* … Less learned, but more noble, is a fine Flavian goddess in white … Latin; but that appellative is known almost entirely from coins11, … r"efas i- 119) included both the story of Auge and that of Telephos, her son by a later … fort A Ultimate source was a mere misunderstanding of Hes. 0. d. 256 i St re wapOirot

825

tion of a Greek model of the fifth century' and in that respect … ^tribute or adjunct. Goddess and bird, originally connected by a … Of the owl on a pillar I have already spoken6. It conforms to … nefly, tne w;ngec] goddess Qf Ostia represents a fusion of the Parthenos type and the … for Roma Victrix. For the only other known Roman example of a winged Athena … "T^, ^su^ra P- 821 fig. 630) was also a Minerva Victrix. … Lond10'1 Reliefs »• 37°> E- Strong Roman Sculpture from Augustus to Constantine … w;., r" Plcard La sculpture antique de Phidias a I'ere byzantine Paris 1926 ii. 446> 451 … Nv'ngs a a temP^e of Apollon at Bulla Regia represent Minerva. One gave her marble

827

specimens are extant2. W. Deonna3 illustrates the motif from … arjly suspect that the type had a long history behind it, being … nd and holding out a phidle in her right (figs. 636, 637)'—clearly … Sll ° e Athena from Avenches), pi. 2 (the Athena from Avenches ( = my fig. 635))— … e- v- 121 no. a. … ? g , Palace of Minos London 1928 ii. 1. 340 fig. 193 a 1 and a 2. … Col]ectio^9J3—1926 pi. 25, 1—4, 5 — 10. Figs. 636, 637 are from specimens in my … Brit ^XTy^TiSoi 'Affijcat to a7aX/ia 7\ad*a fZxex if B. V. Head in the

830

Earl of Elgin to the British Museum (fig. 639)a, represents Athena … Once more it is obvious that the owl sent forth from the hand of … standing in a chariot drawn by a pair of owls (fig. 643)6. Just s° … 1 Hunter Cat. Coins ii. 77 no. 229 pi. 35, 5 (with snake), Imhoof-Blumer a" … 2 A. Conze 'Athena mit der Eule' in the Festschriftfiir Otto Benndorf Wien ' ^ … front, back, and three-quarter position. My fig. 639 is from the official photograph- … A 61*9

831

to Sappho2, and Athena herself on a … doe5, Poseidon on a dolphin6, Dionysos … And here a point of some interest emerges. In the foregoing … Tpoidu 'thy two swans' (cp. Hor. od. 3. 28. 15 oloribus, 4. 1. 10 oloribus, Stat..re'A>. 1.2.

832

A curious confirmation of these claims may be found in a … Davis2, and now to be seen in the art-collection of Mr Sydney … on either leg. She wears a head-dress of bovine horns4, bunches of … 2 In The Illustrated London News for June 13, 1936 p. 1047 with a full-page p ^ … and furnished me with the fine photograph from which my pi. lxi is taken. The … de Mesopotamie ancienne au Musee du Louvre pp. 218 a, e, 226 a, 2471 A' … Mr Sidney Smith would recognise rather a measuring rod with a coil of c0^^x^

Plate 61

A Sumerian relief in baked clay :

833

the whole body painted red, except perhaps for a darkened pubes; … . may have symbolised the female and male organs. Such a combination would be … fnade goc'a-ess is a conventional snake, such as the Imoka Kamui or 'divine image' … gb(J(jes Vln^ l'le Mesopotamian goddess would he a close counterpart of the ' Minoan'

834

It is not easy to give a name to this singular personage. Her … regular conventional design for mountains. A nude goddess stand- … To this venturesome view Mr Sidney Smith demurs. In a recei^ … points in a ritual, or at different times of the day, or on different occasions, … them unsexed3. Finally, her association with the lions points to a conne … der Hethiter) p. n with fig. 7, a and b, O. Weber in P. Westheim Orbis … A relief in Greek marble, which passed from the collection of I. Greau illt0 „{ &

835

thing pictured drives away the thing immaterial, a well-established principle in … from our demon, whose name may have been Lilitu (Lilith) Ardat Lili (the … *XVl '•, xxxii, xxxvi ff., cp. p. li f. (on the owl as a bird of ill-omen among the

836

Gorgon2, who sometimes at least was conceived as a ravening bird … 3 A black-figured kydrla of late, Etruscan, style, found by E. Gerhard at^ … vii. 2422 f). The very similar figure, which appears twice as a decorative f jIoSe"^'

837

at Athens, manifested herself sometimes as a Snake, more often as … sculptors7, is a skin-cape either scaly (figs. 650, 65 i)8 or feathered … ^e was. As a Snake, she dons the scaly skin with its baleful head. … figs o'' Hofer ii. iv. 1229, J. A. Hild in Daremberg—Saglio Diet. Ant. iii. 687 f. … ii. ,fUp?a 689 n- 5- See further H. W. Stoll and \V. Drexler in Roscher Z«r. Myth. … tassel . 50 ls from llle "tgi* o{ the Varvakeion statuette; fig. 651, from that of the

838

clear for ingenious enquirers to explain Athena's sacred attire as a … Tavpeiyv) or weasel-skin (//. 10. 335 Kpan S' iirl KTiSt-qv Kvv^rjv, cp. galea from 7n … alykas yap irepifiaWovraL \J/i\as irepl ttjv iadrjra dvcravwras at A.lfivo'o'ai KeXPL^

839

°f Athena was derived from the fringed or tasselled goat-skins … ar>d Vice4 (fig. 654). Within a flowery framework stands Herakles … r'ght y main,a'nec' tnat Athena was but the goddess N HO written, as in Egyptian, from … a^orn (J5 fi2ures another mirror, from Caere, on which the Palladion wears an aigis … £ o » 3- 7° (from the mythographical romance of Dionysios Skytobrachion: see … Qfofa 'Sf'" ^ '*1'>'a er"ai "HXiou Bvyaripa (pofiepav oCtws wore Toils Kara Kpovov … t»i tCiv Kara KprjTT]v avjpwv nai aTOKpvipafj.eviji' eTnpe\etav avrrjs rrj 'A/j.a\6eta

840

This late recital includes some early traits. In particular, the monstrous ^oa'on a b''

841

advocates of the view that the aigis was from the first a goat-skin … 1 Miss C. A. Hutton in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1897 xvii. 314 f. (citing W. Reichel … 'he primitive garb over a wide Aegean area at an early date was a goat-skin, worn in … covering used in ancient Athens as the ordinary dress. A slit was made in the back of … '931 ii. 482 repeats the same contention, but produces no proof that a goat-skin was ever … necessarium sacrificium, ne arbor olea, quae primum dicitur ibi nata, a capra tangi possit. … erence implies that it was a sacred dress.' Id. ii. n. 1 adds 'that the victims were … Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. 100 'It would be quite in accord with the ideas of a … many other cases..., the sacrificial skin should possess a value as a magical charm.

842

aigis from an original goat-skin leaves quite unexplained the scaly … Mythology has a word to say about both types of aigis, the … fight3. A variant and perhaps older version made Pallas the father … dp^aii^vrj 7rpbs ra iepd' t&tt€to.l i) Tra.poifj.la eiri tGiv a.vai5t]v {leg. avthriv) irepubvTUiv (so … Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 971 f. Miss C. A. Hutton in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1897 … or Typhon as a 'Schlangenfussler' see M. Mayer Die Giganten und Titanen iff … occidit pro suae virginitatis observatione qui<a> eius cupidus fuit, Clem. A'' *

843

shows the hero, hdrpe in hand, peering down a well to glimpse the … suggests that this account is derived from the Etymologicum genttinum, on which see … cp. Babelon Monn. gr. rom. ii. 1. 555 ff. pi. 25, 5—8, 11. Figs. 655 and 656 are from … 3 F. Gargallo-Grimaldi 'Perseo' in the Ann. d. Inst. 1850 xxii. 53—60 pi. A,

844

in a simpler and presumably Attic1 form. Athena herself, not … skin with its Gorgoneion went back to a Gorgon represented as … developed out of a snake-skin or owl-skin, the exuviae of her ol … 3 //. 5. 741 f. ir 8V re Topydy KecpaXr; davoio TreXtbpov, | Seivi) re aixephvi) re, A'°J ^j£)/ … towards the southern angle (G. M. A. Richter The Sculpture and Sculptors of*, Jll£lle>

845

The earliest Gorgon's head known to me occurs on a signet-seal of … temporary parallels are afforded by the horned imp on a signet … not a few mutually destructive hypotheses. Plutarch dwells on the … occasion it appears in a solar rather than a lunar context9. Others, … '935/36 lx/lxi. 269—299 figs. 1—8 pis. 93—100). My pi. lxiv is from a drawing by

846

of ' a rushing storm5,' partly because Quintus Smyrnaeus late in the … Gorgoneion was the face of a gorilla. K. Gerogiannes12 derives it … suggests that it was a ritual mask worn for prophylactic purposed … 7 A. de Gubernatis Zoological Mythology London 1872 i. 305. ^ii … vi- 33°a—33*a- KttU"'1*" … 16 H. J. Rose A Handbook of Greek Mythology London 1928 p. 29 f-

847

which prompts me to guess that their archetype came from north … a Fig. 661. b … a the Gorgon was derived from the Egyptian Bes (cp. supra ii. 457). It remains, … face S a rea' ana'°8y t0 the Libyan Gorgon. His wrinkled forehead and nose, broad … and ' ■ Wallis Budge From Fetish to God in ancient Egypt p. 254 'a slayer of serpents

848

tendency of Greek art, had an evolution of its own from lower to … my collection, to illustrate the resemblance of Bes to a negro. Fig- 660, 0, ^ IS jj; … 1 See the succession of types drawn up and discussed by A. Furtvvaiigler in x ,^ … 2 An antefix of terracotta found on the Akropolis at Athens. Lips, ion^^e°\,a^-

849

grasped by Perseus on a red-figured vase dating from c. 475 B.C. … A. Furtwangler he. cit. p. 1720 f., E. N. Gardiner Olympia lis History cV Remains

850

on the Akropolis representing ' Perseus fresh from the slaughter … 2 Pythagoras of Rhegion made a bronze statue of Perseus with wings (on his fte . … 5 Paus. I. 23. 7 Kai &Wa ev ttj 'A.6-qvalii)v &KpoTr6\ei 8eao-dp.€vos oWa...Kai Mypwros fl€P … eavrfs i) M^Sovffa ws eup.6p(pou 5l€K6ltq- 5i6 Kai irepi KaWous rrj'A.8rjvq, t(pihoveiKT)0'zv' ^r … Cic. in Verr. 2. 4. 124 tells how Verres carried off from the gold and ivory .^0,

851

In any case, once introduced, the new type ran through a whole … that the Gorgon among her original (African?) folk was frankly regarded as a reigning … 1 The Medusa Rondanini in the Glyptothek at Munich is a mask of Parian marble, … A- Furtwangler—H. L. Urlichs Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Skulptur Munchen … MUnchen Munchen 1903 pi. 54, id. Glyptothek zu Munchen1 p. 260 ff. no. 252, G. M. A. … °und on tne Via App;a near Rome and formerly in the … Ant, Gemmen i. pi. 50, 47 ( = my fig. 666), ii. 244). A smaller

853

quality for a new ideal value. … a sequence of Greek and Roman coin-types, of which a few samples … Cameos London 1900 pi. 6 gives a fine coloured illustration of this amethyst and adds the … ^OAflNOL behind the head is, as Furtwangler op. cit. ii. 192 concluded, a genuine … From a buff (?traces of black) moulded aryballos (height 4J ins.) in my collection. … Pig. 674 a bronze hemllitron of Kamarina c. 413—405 b.c. (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins

856

F'g- 675 a billon statir of Lesbos c. 550—440 B.C. (McClean Cat. Corns iii. 103 … Fig. 684 a silver piece of twenty units from Populonia in Etruria c. 350—280 B.C. … mentary ad loc). The mask on the coins of L. Plautius is treated as a Gorgdneion of the … Fig. 690 a Roman denarius struck by L. Cossutius Sabula c. 54 B.C. (from a specimen

857

converted from demon to angel. On the Albani statue1 (fig. 694), … Friederichs—Wolters Gipsabgiisse p. 242 f. no. 524, A. Baumeister in his Denkm.

858

which presupposes a bronze original of c. 450 B.C., the negroid face … Dresden 'Lemnia'1 (fig. 695), one of two marble copies of a … knotted under the chin. On the Kassel statue2 (fig. 696), a later … 2 Friederichs—Wolters Gipsabgiisse p. 209 f. no. 477, A. Furtwangler in R°s ^ … 4 S. Marinatos in the 'E0. 'Apx- 1927—1928 p. 17 f. fig. 7 (after Sir A. Evans … Suli. But other inscriptions may yet be forthcoming, for much of the ground a J ^ j,. … that the Celtic nominative must have been Sulis. t , aS a"

859

2 (1) Corp. inscr. Lat. vii no. 43 = Dessau Lnscr. Lat. sel. no. 4660 (on a small altar … Sulien (F. G. Holweck A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints St Louis, Mo. 1924 … lettering of s. ii a.d.) C. Protaciufs Libo Ti. CJlaudius Ligur [sacer(dotes) restituto … 3 The fullest collection, though marred by a few misprints, is that of F. Heichelheim … Galfridus Monmutensis (Geoffrey of Monmouth), writing between 1136 and 1139 a.d., … Magazine 1801 x. 232 f. 'loose coals fused into nodules') offers a simple explanation of … Present day dug up at Newton St. Loe, three miles from Bath : a point which is the

862

classicised, and a noble bronze head (figs. 698, 699)1' found under … to recognise a Roman copy of that famous original. The surface … under the Pump Room in 1790, are large portions of a triangujal … Book ofBat)? s.l., s.a. p. 17 fig., A.J.Taylor The Roman Baths ofBath Bath 1933 P' bs … 5 A restoration of its tetrastyle Corinthian facade is given by S. Lysons Ke" ^ col- … 6 A. J. Taylor op. cit. p. 23 no. 1 with pl. (part of which2:my fig- 700).

863

interpreted. G. Scharf2 in 1855 declared that it is not a Gorgoneion … 'glaring, ferocious, apotropaic,' from 'the human or demonic masks … here as elsewhere6 is treated as a representation of the sun. Sulis … assimilated to the head of Sol11. Thus, in a sense, the Gorgon ends … * ai'isinus Regius 4807, s. ix A.D.) reads solis. So also the tabula Peutingeriana (on which

865

added horror, were apt to grow a beard1; and here we have a late

866

It would seem, then, that the aigis was, and had been from time … owl-skin as a potent relic of her animal estate. Further, the snake's … of Athena? And yet that is far from being the case. Athena … Fully to answer that question would demand a better knowledge … 6 A. Gehring Index Homericus Lipsiae 1891 p. 23 (almost always in the geI1' … 1932, Homer and Mycenae London 1933. There is a helpful statement of its outstan ^ … Aristonikos of Alexandreia, a famous Homeric scholar who lived in the tun

867

So Zeus got his aigis from Hephaistos, the consort of Athena1. … not persuaded, and—apart from one half-hearted attempt on the … Athena, because Aias son of Oileus has torn Kassandra from … lmpressed by the passage, as we gather from schol. A. //. 15. 310 t] SnrXrj {sc. the

868

When homeward bound they sail from Ilion. … with the lightning1, and Heron of Alexandreia2, taking his cue from … towards the shore, when, with a crash of mimic thunder, the fatal … the reverse type (figs. 702, 703)7 of an archaistic Athena, seen from … should probably be dated in the beginning of s. i B.C., ib. 997 f. that he was a younger … declare that 'Lachares the sculptor' had carved a naked Pallas and remark: 'Moreove'i … Figs. 702 and 703 are from two specimens in my collection.

869

a thunderbolt with her right. An exceptional specimen at Florence … £■ 704)- A similar reverse, but not from the same die, is found on another unimm at … • 21 a): but C. Seltman Greek Coins London 1933 p. 260 expresses himself with caution. … Bat eissenDorn (ed- - Lipsiae 1930). Older editors, e.g. A. Drakenborch (ed. Lugd. … +4- Fig. 70g ;s from a Specimen 0f mine.

870

brandished a spear, not a thunderbolt, and in this guise appears … was therefore a warlike goddess comparable with the Thessalian … the Ancients p. 58 pi. 28, 21 (' Pallas Promachos...perhaps a representation of the statue … and the effect heightened by the substitution of a thunderbolt for the spear. See \

871

bolt, just as his Boeotian contemporaries added a thunderbolt to … is found, under Attic influence, on a drachm of Phaselis in Lykia … 2374 f- For attempts to locate her temple see A. J. B. Wace, J. P. Droop, and M. S. … 5. Head Hist, num.- p. 311 fig. 177. Fig. 709 is from a specimen of mine). … similar types in imperial times ib. pi. 84, 29, 30, 36—42. Fig. 710 is from Brit. Mus.

872

713)1. And it appealed of course to Domitian (fig. 714)2, a … iated the two in not a few Hellenistic cults5. A sample will serve. … 1 Fig. 712 is from the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Greek and Scythic Kings p. 44 pi. II, 7 … A. Griinwedel ' Athene-Vajrapani' in the Jahrbuch der kdniglich preuszischen Kunst- … by Sir Aurel Stein, e.g. M. A. Stein Sand-buried Ruins of Khotan London i9°3 … - Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Coins Emp. ii. 447 Index. Fig. 714 is from an aureus of … assumes lacuna before negantemque) ultra se tueri eum posse, quod exarmata esset a Iovd … 'A.6rjvav t£k&v, irapBtvov ofio~av rbv det xP&ov, 7}yv6eis 5', ofytcu, on 7] debs aiirf] 'A.6yv(t^°L

873

the Homeric warfare in her Father's armour. And as in a conjurer's hall Zeus … aware) something of a digression. It arose naturally, indeed in- … A gloss of the lexicographer Hesychios4, echoed by the … On Sivapus as a Greek equivalent of mana see Pfister Rel. Gr. Rom. 1930 p. 108 ff. … the Homeric warfare in her Father's armour. And as in a conjurer's hall Zeus … aware) something of a digression. It arose naturally, indeed in- … A gloss of the lexicographer Hesychios4, echoed by the … On Sivapus as a Greek equivalent of mana see Pfister Rel. Gr. Rom. 1930 p. 108 ff.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (i) Zeus Hýes

874

chios, a trustworthy source, unfortunately omits to mention the … had a son bearing the same name and evincing the same nature … not, as Sir James Frazer15 conjectures, calling Attis a Pig! … 4 Pherekyd. frag. 46 {Frag. hist. Gr. i. 84 Miiller) =frag. 90 a—e (Frag. gr. ffis '

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §9. Zeus and the rain / (j) Zeus and the hail

875

an obvious transition from the soft beneficent raindrops to the … Similarly in ancient times the peasant had recourse to a singular … nat. hist. 17. 267 Most people hold that hailstones can be averted by a charm, … ence, but 1 am prevented from giving particulars by a feeling … "or less than "Pig Attis! Pig Attis! "—hyes being possibly a Phrygian form of the … Ualiane no. 1) Perugia 1903 pp. 1—136 (now out of print). (2) The rich collection

876

and locusts likewise if a prayer be added, which they show … More explicit are the directions given by the Geoponika1, a … 2 From the kcvtoI of Sex. Iulius Africanus (W. Kroll in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc- … Xa\a^o(pv\dKojf dipLari avirdXaKos 7} paKLOts yvvatKelois d-KOTpeKop.kvy]v. … Pallad. 1. 35. 15 item vituli marini pellis in medio vinearum loco uni superiec a

877

5. Again, if you carry the skin of a hyaena or crocodile or seal round your … 6. Or, if you hang many keys of different rooms on a string round your … vineyard, set the creature still alive on its back, having heaped a little … 10. Apuleius3 of Rome asserts that, if you paint a bunch of grapes on a tablet … 12. And strips cut from the hide of a hippopotamus, placed at each of the … 1 • Is 'AttouXtjios 6 'Pu/xoiVAs a blunder for Ovdppav (infra n. 4)? Confusion is worse … e^povaplav (from ttJ irpb (vdeKa KaXafduv Qevpovapiuv cod. Parisin. 2313). … ^pSivov Kv-inxai aXKi)wpriotu- tt)s 5i '{kolctov ko.6' (Kaarov K\ijp.a XPV etpal re Kal xwcrai.

878

Meal is covered with a russet cloth1. … they say, is so great that no harm can be done by a frost or cloud or … 'hail-guards' {chalazophylakes) were employed, as we gather from … (Lipsiae 1781) at first suggested HiiAct Safaris Kal irapde'vov Kvr)p,as (a maiden's shin-bones) … 5 Geopon. 5. 30. 1 dpKeiai cr^an rbv faKoibv eirixpie, Kal ov iroL^oeL (pdetpas ij a/ifi"^05'

879

when a hailstorm is likely to come. That they might have realised from … their cloaks or leather capes? Not a bit of it. They offered sacrifice for them- … clouds were greedy or cruel. No, he just pricked his finger with a sharp-pointed … turn aside and rout the cloud. But how in a little drop of blood could a force … One step more, and magic passes upward into religion. A stone … 1 F- Haase read decuriones with cod. Ea. But A. Gercke restored Cleonaei from … Wines du Pont et de I'Armtnie (Studia Pontica iii) Bruxelles 1910 i. 138 f. no. 114 a with … ^tudemund anecd. i. 264 'Eiriflera A«5s no. 7, ib. 266 'Eiriflera AiAs no. 8) and other

880

the Theban Apollon too was a god ' of Hail.' … who gives Deliverance.' A stele of white marble, found at MahiMW … adoption of VaXa^lov from the inferior MSS. O. Jessen in Pauly—Wissowa Real-E,,c'

881

chitdn and himdtion, standing with a phidle in his right hand, a … as a free-will offering. … (a) The cult of meteorites. … Tuv 'S<ui> tTrav\yet\a/j.epos aTVOKaTlaT-qaev. … ^eiP2ig 1930/1931 iii. 1305—1311. My fig. 717 is reduced (f) from Ulricus Molitor … r"lgton Meteorites Chicago 1915 pp. 1—233 with 65 figs- There is also a series of … chitdn and himdtion, standing with a phidle in his right hand, a … as a free-will offering. … (a) The cult of meteorites. … Tuv 'S<ui> tTrav\yet\a/j.epos aTVOKaTlaT-qaev. … ^eiP2ig 1930/1931 iii. 1305—1311. My fig. 717 is reduced (f) from Ulricus Molitor … r"lgton Meteorites Chicago 1915 pp. 1—233 with 65 figs- There is also a series of

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (a) The cult of meteorites

882

an explosive bombardment from above leaving the earth littered … of a sky-god. … Keal-Enc. iii A. 2446, and more systematically handled by V. Stegemann in the Hand- … 2 G. A. Wainwright 'The aniconic Form of Anion in the !\Tew Kingdom' in the

884

16 Caracalla]) and a famous meteorite is known to have been worshipped (Plin. nat. hist. … traces its development chronologically from the middle prehistoric period, when it was … Casios etait done positivement un dieu-foudre ou un dieu-aerolithe, ce qui nous induit a … worship was established at Akhmfm just because the rocks there are full of Lithodomh a … Id. 'Letopolis' ib. 1932 xviii. 159—172 argues for the existence of a similar thunder- … pp. 32—44 applies the results gained from the foregoing investigation of Egyp''*1

885

from heaven to earth like a brilliant and scintillating star that Zeus … Dioskouroi4. A lurid account of it has been left by Daimachos of … derived from the much older Min, with whom he had much in common. Yet they … J- represented as omphalol, e.g. a tomb (supra ii. 219 n. 4), a mound of earth (supra ii. … Jacoby) a>>. Piout^.Zy,. 12. 4 f.

886

lying there, a big one to be sure, yet little or nothing in comparison with the … that Anaxagoras had predicted the possibility of a fixed star … shipped. It was a smallish stone, but Anaxagoras was said to have … forming us that he had himself seen such a stone which had … the Byzantine annalist notes that in the year 460 A.D. three huge … a star beneath the goat which forms their reverse type (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Tne … Trap aOrols Trvp&Sijs iitv to xp&^a, o~tbypip 5^ atras ko.to.aea'qiiao'ii&os' irapabeb'bo~d&L "Y^

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (b) Baítyloi, Baitýlia, and Zeus Bétylos

887

or baitylia formed a distinct class of holy stones endowed with the … Sotakos3, a well-informed lapidarist of the early Hellenistic … extracts from Damaskios' Life of Isidores6. The Isidores in question … the Rhein. Mus. 1929 lxxviii. 1—25, K. Latte in Paulv—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii A. … Kind in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii A. 1211 ('lebte friihestens im Ausgang des … "09 n. o. See now the excellent article by Grimme in Paulv—Wissowa Real-Enc. i A. … ' <\>t\aiv, e-n-evb-qae 0e6s Oupacds j3airi5Xia, A/tfous e/j.\j/iixovs p.-qxavri&aiJ.evos.

888

of Proklos' death (485 A.D.) and shortly afterwards for a while … stated that there had once come upon him a sudden and unexpected desire to … after his journey. Suddenly he saw a globe of fire leap down from above, and … Heliopolis worship this Gennaios and have set up a lion-shaped7 image of him … who is veritably worthy of his own baitylia, adds a description of the stone and … 2 A neo-Platonist, expert in Egyptian theology (J. Freudenthal ib. ii. 1631 no. 35)- … 6 A well-omened name appropriate to a priest [supra ii. 921 n. o). … 7 Supra i. 571, cp. 575 with fig. 443 a.

889

a wall; for this was the means by which it gave the enquirer his desired … rather to a daimon. There was, he said, a daimon who moved it—not one of … At this point codex A, the Venetian manuscript of Photios1, … From Kefr-Nebo near Aleppo came a dedication, dated 223 A.D., … divine names in a compound of which the second element is Bethel, … found near the valley of Virana a very ancient stone fallen miraculously from the sky. … The mention of Parnassos suggests that this curious note may contain a Byzantine … ^ A. Cowley Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C. Oxford 1923 p. xviii f.

890

S. A. Cook1 reminds us that Ishitmbethel at Elephantine is strictly … high) found in the sanctuary of the Palmyrene gods at Dui"a' … A. R. Bellinger) Yale Univ. Press 1933 pp. 68—71 no. 168 with pi. 15, 1 (=my fig- 72 j … the 4th Legion Scythica Antoniniana, in fulfilment of a vow dedicated [this altar].

891

the inscription points to a date early in the third century A.D. But … ' House of God.' But the equation is not free from difficulties. My … as I have supposed9, or a meteoric block, as Mr G. A. Wainwright … objects marked with a ladder and set upright on divine seats … iJ- »a.f.}. … As is done by G. A. Wainwright in Palestine Exploration Fund: Quarterly State- … s»°: The irregular oval object resting on the divine seats, and surmounted by a star or

892

implements believed to have fallen from heaven2. … states that Astarte4, 'as she travelled round the world, found a star … the star of Ishtar and the crescent of Sin. It may represent, in a corrupted form, the … Betyles' in the Revue de I'histoire des religions 1881 iii. 31—53, Sir A. J. Evans in t'1^ … Mtiller) ap. Euseb. praep. ev. 1. 10. 31 t) 5k ' kardprr] iwid-qKe t-q ISlq. Ke<pa,\i) f)a(x^e j

893

An odd tale, which associates Kybele with the fall of a meteorite, … portent. He bade them build a sanctuary for the Mother of the … historicity to a myth. Pindar teaching the flute-player Olympichos … The story is of interest, however, because it suggests a meteoric … a Jective see supra ii. 481, 963 n. o. … An odd tale, which associates Kybele with the fall of a meteorite, … portent. He bade them build a sanctuary for the Mother of the … historicity to a myth. Pindar teaching the flute-player Olympichos … The story is of interest, however, because it suggests a meteoric … a Jective see supra ii. 481, 963 n. o.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (c) Kybele und meteorites

894

from the sky1, and is described as a stone of sooty colour and black

895

from heaven and must be brought to Rome. Not long afterwards news came … Museum2. A relief on the front face (fig. 725) shows the Vestal … MATRIDEVMET NAVISALV[.a£ … '^£■ 38. Height o-87m. On the right face, a pedum and cymbals; on the left face, … second word Salviae is probably a mere case of dittography, though L. Bloch in

896

Claudia standing statue-like1 on a plinth as she draws the ship by … with exceptional honours. A. Audin3 even contends that it was … Philologus 1893 Iii. 581 f. thought that it was a Greek freedwoman's indifferent Latin … A third inscription, likewise found at Rome and relating to the same cult, is given … Maffei supposed that Navisalviae was a single word designating the divinised Claudia … lffToptoypd<f>(i}i> avaypacpofieva, aa)£6p.€i>a de Kai iiri xaX/cuiz' eiKOVWV iv ttj KpaTLffTQ KCt … Kylon and his men fastened a braided thread to the statue of Athena on the Akropolis … e^iKvehai ryj (pwvrj Std tov 6e6v. Audin reckons that 1000 years from the fall of

897

Caci1. Here it remained for a good six hundred years, set in … • Platner—T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford 1929 … Plac i ^ayer in ^oscner Lex. Myth. ii. 1525 thinks that the stone from Pessinous was … Ser statue was still existing in the time of Theodosios the Great (378—395 A.D.), for

898

of a face and seemingly with a ktets be- … A possible parallel to the baitylos of … down on either side, is a goatskin' [palrvkos from pairr/]. … monnaies d'Athenes Munich 1923—1926 pi. 73, 3 Berlin ( = my fig. 729), 4 A. Rorna11 … the University of Cambridge, I received the following expert opinion from Dr F. C PDl ^ … p. 139 f. figs, a—c, V. Gordon Childe The Danube in Prehistory Oxford 1929 pP' j,

Plate 67

A baitylos(7) from Ephesos,

899

in an axe-hammer from the second city of Troy1 and serve to … its decoration, which transforms the neolithic tool into a quasi- … A. de Mortillet ' La decoration des poteries au moyen de lamelles d'etain dans les temps … The additional examples here given are : (1) A bronze coin of Aspendos in Pamphylia, … ' . Babelon op. clt. p. 172 no. 3124 pi. 7, 5 ( = my fig. 733) MYP 6C0N). (3) A bronze … fi2- 734) YTTAITTH NflN€TTI CTP*A£PMOAAOV and N 6IK flN I). … °n a bronze coin of Maionia in Lydia, issued in the time of Trajan Decius (fig. 737 from

900

often supposed to have fallen from the sky1. It is therefore … from Ephesos3. … a ' Zeus-fallen ' stone, of large size, conical shape, and black colou1" … service at Smyrna, together with a miscellaneous lot of arrow- heads etc. from Ephes^J … I am greatly indebted for this opportunity of publishing a relic of rare interest. , ^ … often supposed to have fallen from the sky1. It is therefore … from Ephesos3. … a ' Zeus-fallen ' stone, of large size, conical shape, and black colou1" … service at Smyrna, together with a miscellaneous lot of arrow- heads etc. from Ephes^J … I am greatly indebted for this opportunity of publishing a relic of rare interest. , ^

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (d) The stone of Elegabalos

901

QowIkuv tpuvrj 'E\aiaydf}a\ov KaXovvrei. veins 5i avrip /xeyiffros narecKeiaaro avrov, … '"'i/j.vrovai Tip Oeip eKdarov rod Itovs TroXitreXij dvad-fifiaTa. &ya\p.a fxkv oSv, Ciairep vap … nator a statuis, amico ] optimo. dedic. kai. Ian. | P. Cornelio Anullino II | et M. Aufidio … by Ruggiero Dizion. epigr. ii. 2089. A bronze coin of Elagabalus commemorates HAIA … n N (*) N a bronze coin struck by Antoninus Pius. The star on the stone is probably one … ^MlCflN KOAHN with ZK<P (527 of Seleucid era = 2i5 A.D.) a bronze coin struck

902

by the troops in Syria (218 A.D.). He was saluted as Marcus … oblong (quid?) in its pediment. The stone is set on a base, protected by a balustrade … Iovis vel Solis sacerdos, 17. 8 praeter aedem Heliogabali dei, quem Solem alii> a''1 … Fig. 743 is from a specimen of mine. The horn set on the ground behind Elag3^ f … Elagabalus' head here and elsewhere is often surmounted by a horn-like projection!,v

903

most venerated objects of Roman cult, including the stone from … 4 A concise summary of the evidence is given by S. B. Platner—T. Ashby A Topo- … PP- 73-77 with figs, (a), (b), (c)).

904

1899 near the same spot1. The cap, a work of Septimian date, … a bull, behind which is Tellus with cornu copiae and child. … 273—282 pi. 12 (parts of which = my fig. 744 a, b), Mrs A. Strong Roman Sculpture ft'01'1 … Studniczka loc. cit. thought that the block might have come from the temple on t'ie … T. Ashby A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Oxford 1929 p. 307.

905

and a lunar crescent in the gable (figs. 748, 749)*, and billon coins … 4 *7) Berlin- The date (565 of Seleucid era) = 253 a.d.

906

best of all—a detailed representation of the stone itself (figs. 752, … being that of a gimsi-fa.ee. … Madden Diet. Rom. Coins p. 908 f. fig. My fig. 753 is from a fresh cast of the 0

907

probability a fusion of several oriental Ba'alim, among whom not … wise represented by a black stone. Clement4 of Alexandreia says … a black stone, square and unshapen, four feet high by two feet broad. It is set … Adraa in the Hatirdn imperial bronze pieces show a hemispherical … 3 A good account of Dousares is given by E. Meyer in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. i2o6f., … Max. Tyr. 8. 8'Apdf3wi abfiovGL p.ev, bvriva be ovk oTSa- to Si &ya\p.a elSov, Xiffos rji> … "A ^ot"^' s-v- Oevs "Ap-ris- Tovreo-TL Bebs'Apys, ev HiTpa tt)s 'Apafjias. atfieTai Sb debs … j> of the era used in the Roman province of Arabia= 174/5 a.d.), P- 168 f. fig. 38 … probability a fusion of several oriental Ba'alim, among whom not … wise represented by a black stone. Clement4 of Alexandreia says … a black stone, square and unshapen, four feet high by two feet broad. It is set … Adraa in the Hatirdn imperial bronze pieces show a hemispherical … 3 A good account of Dousares is given by E. Meyer in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. i2o6f., … Max. Tyr. 8. 8'Apdf3wi abfiovGL p.ev, bvriva be ovk oTSa- to Si &ya\p.a elSov, Xiffos rji> … "A ^ot"^' s-v- Oevs "Ap-ris- Tovreo-TL Bebs'Apys, ev HiTpa tt)s 'Apafjias. atfieTai Sb debs … j> of the era used in the Roman province of Arabia= 174/5 a.d.), P- 168 f. fig. 38

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (e) The stone of Dousares

908

At Bostra other pieces represent a triad of stones, surmounted by … 1 F. De Saulcy Numismaiique de la terre sainte Paris 1874 P- 37° P'- **» 1 A … 16 no. 48 pi. 4, ii ( = my fig. 759) Trajan Decius and Herennius Etruscus A flly

909

a pile or pillar between two smaller stones (fig. 761)1. All these … Pillars of a long arcade (fig. 763), while at Meddin Salih {el-Hejr) … 1 Brit. Mm. Cat. Coins Arabia etc. pp. xxxi, 27 no. 3 (my fig. 761 is from a cast)

910

massebhoth. But the problem is a complex one and still awaits … 2 See e.g. S. A. Cook The Religion of Ancient Palestine in the light of Archaeology … T. Davidson ib. 1918 x. 5ia~b, G. A. Barton ib. 1918 x. 92b—94b, A. Alt in Ebert … able to suppose that a tree, which in time became a leafless tree or bare trunk (e.g. sttfa … the oldest Greek architecture—be replaced by the substitution of a permanent stone piHar … to verifiable facts, we might conclude with A. Lods La croyance a la vie future et le cuU1 … se'mitiques^ Paris 1905 p. 199]....La masslbdh a done, au fond, le meme sens lorsqu'e'jjj … himself in a particular place, with an abode, a body, and to enable the worshipped … At a late stage in their evolution they began, like the standing stones of Sal

911

Souidas' attempt to explain Dousares as a form of Ares1 is, of … Tigris, a geographer of s. i A.D.4, made Dousares a Nabataean name … ncier, not as an unfinished statue, but as the schematic figure of a bearded deity … "g-^ ( = my fig. 767, a, b)). … ~ l64/5 A.D.), 2312 (Soneida, Soada) [...........]a0os M[-■] I [---- kpeln Ao]wi£/>eos

912

Zeus Epikdrpios at Bostra2, for a Nabataean vizier is known to … 2 Lebas—Waddington Asie Mineure iii no. 1907 (Bostra, in the first half of s. ii A.D.) … coins sometimes with a solar disk on his head {e.g. F. De Saulcy Numismatique de la … 6 Epiphan. panar. haeres. 51. 22. 9—11 irp&rov p.ev ev 'A\e^avbpela iv tQ KopeW

913

prelate in a noteworthy passage of his pandrion, ' A Medicine-chest … ' First at Alexandreia in the Koreion as they call it—a very large temple, the … i» 'A\e^avSpela. … 4 For Aion at Alexandreia K. Holl ad loc. cp. a billon coin of Antoninus Pius issued … Tw V irapdivos i] iv yaarpl lxovo~a Kt" ovWap^dvovaa Kal riKTOvaa vibv, ov fvxtKbv, ov … Philcf a^°Xos' I ^e'as <pv<rews ipydWijs aluvlov irdvra, on which remarkable outburst of

914

p. 187 n. 1 approves a suggestion of F. Boll, that they represented the five ' Lebenssteme' … These lucubrations tend to show that the Hellenistic cult of Aion was a seffl1' … Adonis, and appears not only as a sun-god (Osiris) but even as a moon-goddess (Isis) > … 1 The text of Epiphanios, here dependent on a single manuscript (Marcianus 1*5

915

'Lord' ( = north Semitic Ba'al), of Shard, a place-name. This might be one of several … 1908 i. 49 hazards a Sumerian etymology Di1-sar-ra =' Allbesieger.' In any case the … !°i (xciv. 764 A—B Migne) ovrm p.ev odv (sc. oi "ZapaKrjvol) eibu\o/\aTpr)aavTes Kal rrpoo-- … ^ojo-<pbp(p t<ai Trj 'A<ppob'iTrj, rjv Kara Trjv 'Apdftwv y\Cbffaav Xd/3ap \eyovo~iv, brrep &rri … aHapS, Trj auT&v rrpoaayopevovo-i. 7X017x77. Lobeck Aglaophamus ii. 1227 n. z quotes a … a<i. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Classe 1910 Abh. xvi. 16, 40 ff. publishes a calendar from

916

offspring of Chaamou, a goddess comparable with Kore, the Greek … We are not then, so far as I can see, in a position to state … has maintained that throughout the near east the Semites worshipped a great matriarchal … cubus, English cttbe—the goddess being represented by a stone block (cp. Lyd. de metis- … <] O a pair of breasts (F. Hommel Etlmologie und Geographic des alien Orient … The Meccan Ka'aba, a feminine substantive, was originally a goddess embodied aS Jse … From fiip-pa Eisler passes on to d/xcpaXos, contending that the Lydian Omphale

917

with five golden crosses, a star-spangled child; and Venus at … an extract from Niketas Choniates7 written between 1204 and … Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Meccah and Medinah' London—Belfast 1879 p. 493 n. 3 … "Vtravpbs dp0o5o£(as from cod. Gr. Flor. xxiv, plut. ix, fol. 259 r° dvadeixarL^w Kai abrbv … tuvtpbptp Kai rrj ' A<ppo5irrj rjv Kara rr)v rwv ' Appdf}uv y\Ciaaav Xa^dp ivonafavoi, rovrfort

918

1210 A.D.1 but based on the earlier evidence of Euthymios Zigabenos … annual attire, a covering of brilliant black with a golden band … 'A(ppoSlry]s dtrrpov, 6 KaXovcri Kovfidp, Kal avcupwvovav £v rij irpoffevxTl aurtdv ovtojs … iravoirXta boyptartK-q 28. 1 (exxx. 1333 A Migne), Kedren. hist. comp. 425 B—C (i. 1^ … illustrated by Lenormant op. cit. p. 127 f. from Plout. de Jluv. 12. 2 (Sagaris) ytw^0' … question was a kteis. ^ … says: 'internal casts of a fossil shell (Orlhis Striatula) were so called by old auth°rs'

919

bearing inscriptions (fig. 77 r)1. He adds a sketch of the Black … surface, composed of about a dozen smaller stones of different sizes and shapes, … color is now a deep reddish-brown, approaching to black. It is surrounded on … 4 FiS- 773, a and b, are reduced (scale %) from the half-size section and elevation of … measures some six inches in height and eight in breadth; it is of a reddish-black colour,

920

the stone itself are encircled by a silver band, broader below than above, and on … a point of comparison with the Black Stone of Kybele which was … If the meteoric stone was sometimes regarded as a mother, … Much more may be learnt from Damigeron6 the Mage, who … it was three " Shibr" (the large span from the thumb to the little finger tip) broad, and … 5 Plin. 7tat. hist. 37. 176 oritis globosa specie a quibusdam et sideritis vocatur, … 8 Printed at the end of E. Abel Orphei Lithica Berolini 1881 p. 161 ff. and, from tv,rf … the stone itself are encircled by a silver band, broader below than above, and on … a point of comparison with the Black Stone of Kybele which was … If the meteoric stone was sometimes regarded as a mother, … Much more may be learnt from Damigeron6 the Mage, who … it was three " Shibr" (the large span from the thumb to the little finger tip) broad, and … 5 Plin. 7tat. hist. 37. 176 oritis globosa specie a quibusdam et sideritis vocatur, … 8 Printed at the end of E. Abel Orphei Lithica Berolini 1881 p. 161 ff. and, from tv,rf

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (f) The stone siderítes or oreites

921

922

A voiceful stone, the unerring siderites, … flowing water, and tended it like a babe with clean garments. He … Helenos the seer was, like his sister Helene, a genuine figure oi … dvdpes dpforepoi oIkC eVcucw, | KA^ucj Aafivapt-evebs re pUyas Kal virtpplios "A/c/xwv, | €UirCi ft

923

the stone called siderites or oi-eites came from a telluric outcrop … gemacht habe'), J. L. Myres Who were the Greeks? Univ. of California Press 1930 … occasionally found worked, from Predynastic times to the Nineteenth Dynasty, it was … and picked them up'), 165, A. Neuburger The Technical Arts and Sciences of the … fattfs, on a voulu faire jouer aux meteorites un role, a notre avis, tres exagere, en … f0che a silicates ferrugineux'), W. Ridgeway The Early Age of Greece Cambridge 1901

924

indeed a meteorite like others already found in the service of … covered with sinews like wrinkles—would be easy to parallel from … The name Akmon in this Idaean context raises a point of … And bound thy hands too with a golden bond … texts here added a couple of lines: … ante quam M. Crassus a Parthis interemptus est (53 B.C.) omnesque cum eo Lu ' ^ … 4 //. 15. 18 ff. 6 W. Leaf A Companion to the Iliad London 1892 P' J … indeed a meteorite like others already found in the service of … covered with sinews like wrinkles—would be easy to parallel from … The name Akmon in this Idaean context raises a point of … And bound thy hands too with a golden bond … texts here added a couple of lines: … ante quam M. Crassus a Parthis interemptus est (53 B.C.) omnesque cum eo Lu ' ^ … 4 //. 15. 18 ff. 6 W. Leaf A Companion to the Iliad London 1892 P' J

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (g) Ákmon

925

in 1853 first drew attention to a group of related words, which may … Roth rightly inferred that there must have been a time when men … a,KMwj\.,orig. Pr°b- meteoric s/o>ie, thunderbolt,' and illustrates that meaning by quoting … Oxf CrneS <^ew°")e gedacht ist.' Sir M. Monier-Williams A Sanskrit-English Dictionary" … ■En 1 ^' ^mnese identification of the heavens with jade (A. E. Crawley in J. Hastings … 1 2fi\ 3+9'' the Jew'sn belief in 'a paved work of sapphire stone' (Ex. 24. 10, cp. Ezek.

926

first just a fragment of the stony vault broken off and hurled down- … Age into the Iron Age, the thunderbolt—originally a stone missile3— … by the double axe in stone. The Tyszkiewicz axe-head with a Sumeiian inscr'P „

927

took on metallic forms1. But to the last a memory of the old … treated as a babe6, recalls the stone swallowed by Kronos as … figs. a, b. … A-K/xovlbav oV (prjaL rbv ovpavbv. 'Hffiodos' Taia [lev "AKfj-ova ZriKTev, dirb 8' "Anp-ovos 6 … Vo A»}5eo. ivarpbs \ Ovpavov ' AnpoviSew Xdcrios Kpbvos avrirervKro ('was represented as a … ' />a' ° Tov Ovpavov, us eppedrj, Xeyerat vaTT\p...Kai 8rt 'AKfiovldai oi OCpavlSai, 8r}Xovaiv … took on metallic forms1. But to the last a memory of the old … treated as a babe6, recalls the stone swallowed by Kronos as … figs. a, b. … A-K/xovlbav oV (prjaL rbv ovpavbv. 'Hffiodos' Taia [lev "AKfj-ova ZriKTev, dirb 8' "Anp-ovos 6 … Vo A»}5eo. ivarpbs \ Ovpavov ' AnpoviSew Xdcrios Kpbvos avrirervKro ('was represented as a … ' />a' ° Tov Ovpavov, us eppedrj, Xeyerat vaTT\p...Kai 8rt 'AKfiovldai oi OCpavlSai, 8r}Xovaiv

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (h) The stone of Kronos

928

And these great Kronos would swallow, as each came forth from the holy … Gaia received from her to nourish and to rear in wide Crete.] [[Thither she … 1 Hes. theog. 453—506 (cp. Apollod. 1. 1. 5—1. 2. 1). I have given a rendering °^ … aevi emblemata, interpolationes.' The letters a~a'b_b indicate 'singulorum versuum duple* … ance is not the true reason, and the line is rightly regarded as an interpolation. A. kza … later formation based on a misunderstanding of ayKii\op.r]T-rps. I should say the same 0 … primary to a secondary patch.

929

him in her arms she hid him "in a sheer cave beneath the coverts of earth … was soon like to overcome him by might and main and drive him forth from … goodly Pytho beneath the glens of Parnassos, to be a sign thenceforward and … °thers, on a rocky summit called Petrachos at Chaironeia in … Hesiod and made a lasting impression on the writers and artists of … foal • '1's Previ°us digestive feats we hear only that he swallowed a horse, or at least a … %• 436)' ''^t'1"century head of Kronos on a silver coin of Himera (supra ii. 558

931

himdtion stands ready to receive from Rhea the well wrapped and … satisfaction, partly to give a message to the sympathetic Nike, who … 2 A. Rapp in Roscher Lex. Myth. iv. 95 is over-sceptical when he says : ' Verfehlt ist … -P* apart from those of the Oinanthe Painter'), G. M. A. Richter Red-figund Athenian

932

a slight elaboration of two figures on the contemporary Paris … 'The Plataeans have a temple of Hera worth seeing for its size and its … social. A woman talks with a youth, who leans on his staff and gesticulates. Be'*ee … ayahp.a fiiya- Xidov di a/xipdrepa rod TlevTe\t]<yiov, Upa^iriXovs Si i<XTiv (pya.

933

Hera Teleia1 stood on a square plinth decorated in relief with the … base4.' If so, it is likely enough that a Romanised copy of the … i. in, J. de Foville 'Les statues de Hera a Platees d'apres les monnaies' in the Rev. … 179 n. o, G. M. A. Richter The Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks Yale Univ. Press … 4 Paus. 8. 9. 1, with the remarks of G. M. A. Richter op. cit. p. 198 f. figs. 679—681. … Sculpt. Mus. Capit. Rome p. 276 f. Salone no. 3 a (2) pi. 66 ( = my fig. 778). … 20I5—2017. To the examples cited by them may be added a … sinister face, a lighter green for the hair and beard, and a white … Harpe.' A. H. Krappe in his Balor With the Evil Eye Columbia University 1927

934

' The group is evidently composed for a relief, Its gentleness, and … Very different is the impression produced by a tomb-paint'11^ … c. 200 A.D., perhaps even later; but probably copied by an indifferent artist from a

935

together. Kronos, completely draped in a large yellow Jiimdtion, … theme of a late Greek pantomime3. … a'l can I accept the verdict of A. Rapp, who loc. at. includes this wall-painting in a list … 2 The infant devoured to all seeming and yet escaping from death would make an

936

The myth as a whole is a complex involving two originally … significant name. It was dtskos, perhaps with a solar connotation3. … Helsinki 1934 iii. 207 G 72 ' Unnatural parents eat children.'' See also J. A. MacCulloch … 1913 i. 234 ff. No. 26), in which the little girl rescued from the belly of the wolf fetches … eiprjTCU Se on 17 'P^a (Bahy alybs airapyu,v<baaaa. rb) Kpovcp biduKe (leg. ISuiKe)' /3aiV?) Si … We gather from Augustine that the term was used of certain deities by the

937

and the ritual usage of a baitylos, were perhaps first fused in ancient … c°nipound names; cf. Baliddir in a Numidian inscription (Ephem. Epigraph. VII, … in h A" ^' Evans ' Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult and its Mediterranean Relations' … £ull S"Pra ii. 189 n. 8. See also L. Lerat ' Trouvailles myceniennes a Delphes' in the

938

come to a stone of no great size. On this they … certainly a battylos and possibly, as … stands beside a pillar topped by an … (sc. NeoirTo\£[Aov rov 'A%iAAews) \i&os iarlv od p-iyas •

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §10. Zeus and the meteorites / (i) Zeus Kappótas

939

'About three furlongs from Gythion is an unwrought stone. The story goes … Kumaro and now called neXeKijrd. At a point about four metres above the level … Ifpiio-rtor must then be regarded as the official title of the god, KcnnrwTas as a … R M?igr' 261 no- 2fio' A- N' Skias in tne ApX- l892 PP- 185—191 no. 1,

941

officially called Zeus Terdstios. But it is not easy to find a strict … from his madness' recalls other curative stones1, and implies a … 1 See K. Maass 'Heilige Steine' in the Rhein. A/us. 1929 lxxviii. 8 ff. and K. Latte … there till he felt better (Ptol. Hephaist. ap. Phot. bibl. p. 153 a 19 ff. Bekker ^Trrovar/s Se … he knew an old Cornish woman named Fanny Francis who had a remarkable cure for a … H. Hitzig and H. Bltimner ad loc: "wie IIuo-ivTkos fur llavo-iviKos, A.M. II 442. … The Dorians said ■wa.voo.a6ai., not wwaaoffat, to judge from Theokr. 15. 87 iratioaoff

942

Zeus swallowed Phanes and all that in him was2, yet where a stone … that the reference is to a winged thunderbolt. There is little or no … Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Enc. x. 1918, K. Latte ib. iii A. 2299.

Chapter II(continued): Zeus as god of the weather / §11. General conclusions with regard to Zeus as god of dark sky

943

remains in a few concluding paragraphs to gather up results and … Even when the sky was dark with a lowering storm, 'the Bright … rain, snow, or hail17. Indeed, any phaenomenon of a meteorological … buted either to Zeus or to Poseidon, a specialised form of Zeus20, … gj Jvitka, the highest peak of Mt Olympos, photographed from the Ridge by Mr C. M. … l8 SuP'a ii- 712 ff. is Supra ii. 722 ff. 17 Supra ii. 1 ff.

944

and perhaps began life as a tribal chieftain believed to embody the … themselves. Lastly, Zeus on occasion let fall a meteorite, a fragment … of Zeus. I have used them throughout as providing a convenient … storey of a greater and grander whole. Resting upon them afl° … always and everywhere the cult of a Sky-god21 has proved to be afl … pp. 1—397 (to be followed by ii // Dio supremo nelle religioni politcisliche and ii> A

945

the thoughts of men from earth to heaven. And the quick-witted … Hypatos*, as a Hellenic mountain-power. But he ended by becoming … age, which also saw the rise of Zeus the Sun3 and his fusion with a … a°ylonian Ramman17, and the Hittite god who in Roman times … u "/"'a '■ 428 ff. is Supra i. 633 ff, iii. 606, 615 ff.

946

might fall as a lightning-flash, but the Didbletos or ' Zeus-struck' … a ladder6—a conception which begins with Egyptian amulets7, … lence. A Hellenistic type of Zeus enthroned and sceptred sho^ … ruler, who takes a kindly interest in the affairs of men. His m°°_ ' … propped on hand occurs also in the Roman numismatic type of a seated J

947

Preserver of the Whole Sky, a Godhead Pre-eminent, a Provider … And later Orphists under Stoic influence, or Stoics with a leaning … Siculus12 passes into a poetical commonplace. Aratos13 in his great … well to worship him ever first and last; and the poet in a burst of … /«5P ' fraS- 21 a Kern is not only not early (Kern), nor even merely Stoic in tone … 10 i ' * leSS- 2- 7 'a love Musarum primordia'—sicut in Aratio carmine orsi sumus.

948

they came to be2. Zeus enthroned as cosmic lord is a frequent … whole enclosed by a broad band exhibiting all the signs of the … of the infant Zeus seated on a globe surrounded by stars9 was … enthroned with the globe as his footstool11 is found on a fourth- … divers places had divers names and on occasion faded from goddess … 2 Supra i. 29 n. 4, ii. 855 n. 2. a Supra iii. 39 pi. v. … 16 Souid. s.v. TeXe(a- "Hpa TeXefa Kal Zei>s TAeios irijA&VTO iv rots ydfiois, t!>s irp^ ^

949

Aischylos8 makes Dike a close ally of her father. Sophokles9 … Jivyla, dwb rod frvyvivai rb Orj\v rip appevi (Poll. 3. 38 mentions Hera TeXe/a, but omits … 2 //. 1. 237 ft'. a"T^ P-1" u^es '^xai&v I ""^"/"S5 <popiovai SiKa<rir6\oi, of re … *n a fable of Archilochus there is an appeal to Zeus who regards both the Hybris and … ^ a<f- 9 Diels3 ap. Simplic. phys. 24. 13 (Theophrast. phys. opin. frag. 2 in H. Diels

950

middle of all things that exist, proceeding by a straight path in the course of … a<7Tos elb'e'vai, ] Zefo, etr avdyKi} tpvaeos etre vovs ftporwv, \ rr poo^v^dp.-qv ere • irdvTa yaP … Karaiax^aL ravTTjv, k.t.X., cp. Orph. h. Dik. 62. I ff. bp\p.a AUrjS p.4Xxo} rravdepKeoSi … and ap. Prokl. in Plat. Tim. i. 315, 8 ff. Diehl iv he r<J Yopylq (523 a) trvvTdTroiv re aVf

951

is to be happy be from the very first a blessed and happy partaker!' … seated by the side of Zeus is that men may consider every act of a king as … seem that the bloodguilty person, who fled from the vengeance of … 354 E—355 A 0eAs ^ av8p<bivois auiippoai v6/j.os, a<ppoai Si iiSovif}, Dion Chrys. or. 75 p. 267

952

originally regarded as himself a potential god1. Hence we hear, … a curse for us6.' … Thus in the north the Thraco-Phrygians8 recognised a sky-god … 7 R. Browning Paracelsus 5 sui Jin. ' But in completed man begins anew [ A tendency

953

death4. It is notorious that the Christus Pattens, a play written in … celebrated as a means of reviving the life of all that lives9. Zeus … and tells how once in Crete they hid the infant Zeus in a cave and … 3 The Dionysiac nomenclature was syncretistic. Diotiysos came from Thrace (supra … Dn f'anc'ys in m's edition of that play (ed. 3 Cambridge 1892 p. Ixxxv) says : ' a large

954

and in the same context cites, perhaps from a lost poem by … parallel—a divine child born to be king, hidden in a cave from his … For a detailed description of it we are in the main dependent 011 … MupXeapds ev raj ta Jlepl ypa/j-fxariKuiv Tapiria <pf\a\v avrov yeyovtvcu dXX' ov XoKta^ … 7 Overbeck Schriftquellen p. 125 ff. nos. 692—695, 697—754. A shorter set of e*"gS

955

1 lb. rif 5£ itmrlip ftuSid re Kal twv av6S>v ra Kplva iarlv efnreiroLTj/jJi'a. The fwSia … 75 no figs. 19—32 has made it probable that two fragmentary groups in a blackish … Paus. 5. 11. 3 adds that the man binding his head with a fillet was said to resemble … arthinos (Greg. Naz. poemata 1. 2. 10. 863 f. (xxxvii. 742 A Migne)); and Libanios, of … ncident with a goddess ; but D. Wyttenbach's cj. tr6Sa for iraida may well be right … u a be explained away as iravTapn-qs—an epithet worthy of Zeus himself (Aisch. Pers. … not n ^ CaSe ■Pneidias' statue of a boy binding a fillet on his head (Paus. 6. 4. 5) is

956

The footstool had golden lions2 and a frieze showing Theseus … The exact construction and decoration of the throne has long been a bone of contention … ii. 248—254 figs. 28 and 29, A. S. Murray 'The barrier of the throne of Zeus at Olympic … a Olimpia' in the Atti del reale Istittito veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti 1914—1915 l"xlV' … from passing under the throne, were painted screens filling the four spaces between ''ie … there was a strong central pier or mast to ensure the stability of the whole colossal nS11!^ … p. 173 ff. figs. 124—139 has cited interesting parallels from Yorubaland, Egypt' ey, … form. We may therefore justifiably conclude that, if Zeus sat on a seat supported by

957

elaborate composition in gold. In the centre Aphrodite rose from … claws (i. 747 fig. 54.5, iii. fi-4 fig. +8j; 680 fig. 491), or at least a footstool with leonine … N»S surmounted by lion-heads of chased gold (H. Carter—A. C. Mace The Tomb of … (cxxxvi. 895 a—b Migne)). … be" 1S a r°yal totem (J' R°scoe The Baganda London 1911 pp. 128, 187), and it is … j vlnS> then, as such was a lion. And I should conjecture that his throne with leonine … °f Al ' V' C' ^a<7'^s W"'' yiyov(v). Much ancient lore gathered about the birth … ^eX|u ' ' aKPlP€aTtpas <pv\aKijs Seop-ivuv Tip 4>i\iV7ra twv wept rbv ydfiov, ' A-plaravSpos 6 … Etc. p t y y tne kter numismatic die-sinkers (e.g. Brit. A/us. Cat. Coins Macedonia,

958

of this group were a dozen deities arranged in pairs—on the left, … meaning, was a bare black pavement of Eleusinian stone, which— … the god to grant a token if the work was to his mind. And, straightway, they … from Pausanias' careful enumeration of details, partly from the … a tine photographic pi., R. Weil ' Elische Mtinzen mit dem Zeus des Phidias 1 ^ … Temple Coins of Olympia Cambridge 1921 p. 2 ff. Groups A—L pis. 1—8. _ . o0 … 701, 1224 fig. 1022) may well be reminiscent of a pre-Pheidiac cult-image. I agree

Plate 69

(i a, \ b) Two differently lighted views of bronze coin now at Paris.

959

Miss G. M. A. Richter The Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks Yale Univ. Press 1929 … recent investigations of the floor of the temple which have indicated the presence of a … well as of the temple—was defrayed from the spoils taken by the Eleans when they … (ia) and (1 b) are two differently lighted views of a unique bronze coin, struck by … >n the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1908 xxviii. 49 fig. 1 illustrates it to the scale f. A second … Published by R. Weil loc. cit. p. 370 pi. 10, 4 a. … rir> (supra ii. 754) are concessions to the taste of a later age.

960

he ordered a bigger sacrifice than usual to be made ready3.' … men, but as a worker in ivory to have been quite without a rival—even had he … Reflective minds would want to know the source of a beauty so … that from which it is copied as a portrait is copied from a face, that original … insidebat species pulchritudinis eximia quaedam, quam intuens in eaque defixus a … €i ijfJM> 6 Zeus 5i ofifiaTwv id£\oi tpttvrjvat. and an interesting parallel in a letter fro111

961

In the summer of the year 97 A.D. Dion of Prousa delivered … 'this wise, inspired maker of a creation at once solemn and … Raphael to Baldassare Castiglione: 'To paint a figure truly beautiful, it might be … 'omen are scarce, I avail myself of a certain " idea" which comes into my mind (to mi … s not the colloquial £ 'ya9(, but a more serious use of the adjective as in Plat. Tim. … Id. ib. p. Dindorf ihs fiev i]dv Kal Trpotr<piXh tipap.a Kai rtpfiv afi^xa-vov 64as

962

a work so amazing and brilliant that no man who had once set … Yet, granted all this, continues Dion, in making a human figure … a people already grown up and holding earnestly enough religious … whereas his handiwork could at best raise a sufficient probability.. •• … that which is unimaginable and unseen, using a symbol superior … men are so disposed towards the divine that they feel a passionate

963

wreaths upon it. Just as little children, when torn away from … a special spot in Elis or Athens. You, Homer, wisest of poets, were

964

The speech, which had risen like a rocket, might have concluded … others of less merit, left behind it a trail of Greek and Roman … Phidias' in the Rev. £,t. Gr. igij xxx. 105—116 regards this list of epithets as a Stoic … da/xiocpye Kai evi>o/j.la$—a restoration based on Plout. praec. ger. reip. 13 6 bk ttoKitlkos, … fierd SIkt}s Kai dperris b/j.oXoyov/iii'us Kai /xaKapiws, k.t.A. See also Clem. Al. stroll'' … 241), and a bronze head at Vienna (H. Schrader in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst. iy

965

Others, as we might infer from Pausanias2, felt the force of the … statue was not a mere matter of measurements. The gravamen was … av8pwiros. k&ttI p.tv a.vb~pi.avTU]v fyreLTai to SpLOLOV avOpojiry, tirl be rod \6yov to virepatpov,

966

while Lucian1 goes much further and in a passage of bitter sarcasm … to your hand, has gone dead and cold, it seems ; never a spark left in it to … thunder rattling, the lightning engaged in a perpetual skirmish. Earth was … letting them cut his hair, with a fifteen-foot thunderbolt in his hand all the time !' … In truth that new conception was too exalted for a public … 2 Schol. Greg. Naz. in Catalogns sive notilia manuscriptorum qui a E. D. Cln^e

967

a triumphant victor or even a threatening tyrant more readily … of Zeus to preserve the ivory from decay2, a dark oil made from … dvovaiv ivTavBa irplv rj Xaixirpvveiv rb &yaXp.a tpfavrai. A base found at Olympia records … are mentioned in inscriptions from Athens, where they had a special seat in the theatre … no. 1058, 2 ff. = fnscr. Gr. ed. min. ii—iii. 2 no. 1828, 2 ff. of c. 210 a.d. [4vl] &pxovtos … Hadrianic date QaiSwroO | Aios 'OXv/tTrfov 4v do-mi) and dedicates a statue of his wife at … *aioui>Tev] I [t]ov Otoiv, ii? no. 885, 16 f. in an Attic decree of c. 220 a.d. Kal 6 QaiSvvTris … Maximums Daza in 311 a.d. (W. Christ Geschichte dcr griechischen Litteratur6 Miinchen … Sllpra halitum eius expansis atque ita expressis...existimaturque et ebori vindicando a

968

directions and prevented the wood from being affected by changes … 40 A.D. Caligula actually gave orders that it should be brought to … opportune assassination of the tyrant on January 24, 41 A.D.7 … would derive uitigeneum from vitex): adicit multis foraminibus nardo rigari, ut medicatus … ri/j.a.1 irapk 'HArfwi' eUrl. A. Neuburger The Technical Arts and Sciences of the Ancients … modern Museum methods of treating ancient ivory see A. Lucas Antiques: their Rt"

969

Caligula's intention had been to replace the head of Zeus by a … Zeus' golden tresses weighing six minas apiece. In 394 A.D. … 450 A.D.) the temple of Zeus Olympios perished in a conflagration5. … Kedren. hist. comp. 326 D—327 A (i. 573 Bekker) iv toijtois rj re twv ' OXvp.TidSwv … SuP>a ii. 864 n. r.

970

in 462 A.D.2, and with it disappeared for ever the masterpiece of … Anagnostes3 (c. 530 A.D.) tells a strange tale of a certain painter … it to the year 463—just a twelvemonth after the destruction of the … We have here a clear recognition of two main types in the icono- … till the end of the fourth century, the latter dating from the first … 2 Kedren. hist. comp. 348 A—B (i. 609 f. Bekker) r$ e' Irei ytyovev epnrprio-p-bs & … 3 Theodor. Anagnost. eccl. hist. 1. 15 (Ixxxvi. 1. 173 A Migne) M TevvaSlov V Xef … 5 Theophan. chronogr. 97 B (i. 174 Classen) on ann. mund. 5955 = 463 A.D. rV … 'Zwrripos oUeibrepbv eoriv—a verbal transcript from Theophanes. js … the prevalent conception of Christ, derived alike from the Old Testament (Psa. 45- 2>'

971

by side at least from the second half of the second century1, though … Uchen Archdologie- Paderborn 1913 pp. 375—38l> Mrs A- Strong Apotheosis and After … CTeiSi) rrjoSe rijs irdXeus els tivr)/x7]V eXT)Xv()a, ovk fifiov iryoO^ai irapeXdeiv Si-qyr)aiv Kal rots … oi-kov ubrris eirl ri;s TrbXeois SeUvvadai, Kal rijs virb tov ffarijpos els aiTyv evepyeeias 0avp,a<rTa … iKtreuoiar) 4oik6s, tovtov Si dvTiKpvs aXXo rijs avrijs OXijs avSpbs bpdiov ir^a, SnrXolSa … TV w6aei. Cp. Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos hist. eccl. 6. 15 (cxlv. 1160C— 1161 A … 4 6 that a marble sarcophagus (no. 174) now in the Lateran Museum (O. Marucchi

972

/ monumenti del museo cristiano Pio-Lateranense Milano 1910 p. 22 pi. 29, 2, 2 a, 2B) … Maximums (305—314 a.D.). But Philostorg. hist. eccl. 7. 3 (lxv. 537 c—539 c Migne) … with paintings which range from the second half of s. ii to the first half of s. iii A-D- … (supra ii. 1208 f.). And Bendinelli does well to recall the epitaph of Aberkios /j.a.0vT7>s … x. 93 ff. (Orpheus, Hermes), A. Furtwangler in the Milanges Perrot Paris I9°2 P"

973

new faith. Even the lower classical conception of Zeus as a … • '88 ff., if. 1158, iii. 945). A. Alfoldi A Festival of Isis in Rome Budapest 1937 p. 38

974

lappings, fusions, and identifications? That is a grave question, … Himself. Progressive illumination has been given them from above … and Dion were not far from the Kingdom. And, unless I am … is the panorama that greets their purified eyes? A vista of ideal … the globe of heaven {supra i. 50 f.), is distinguished from Zeus or Iupiter only by the … yap aB6.va.T0i KaXovpievai, t)vIk' av irpbs a/cpy yivojvTai, e^w Tropevdeiaai ^ar-qcav irrl rep rod … EvpiirtSov. F. H. M. Blaydes, after L. C. Valckenaer, supposes a quotation from the

W. LEWIS, M.A.

Maßstab/Farbkeil

Hadrian to that of of Geta (figs. 374, 375)1 he is a youthful hunter. … right hand, he holds a thunderbolt … i B.C. (fig. 378)5 a laureate head with … a colossal scale by a figure found … (%• 379)7- In a sand-dune known as … °f which showed remains of a mosaic pave E-°? \J … a cast). =—

OCR-Volltext

Hinweise zum OCR-Text

The aigts and Gorgoneion of Athena 859

then lead to the equation of Sulis the sun-goddess with Minerva,
who at Rome and elsewhere bore the title Medico1. The equation
is attested not only by three2 out of the ten inscriptions so far
discovered at Bath3, but also by an interesting passage in Solinus4
who says:

'The circumference of Britain is 4875 miles. Within this space are many
great rivers, hot springs too equipped with luxurious arrangements for the

1 G. Wissowa in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2989, id. Rel. Knit. Rom.2 p. 254 f.,
F. Altheim in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. xv. 1778. Athena, too, bore the title 'Tjieta
on the Akropolis at Athens (supra i. 231 n. 8, 727).

2 (1) Corp. inscr. Lat. vii no. 43 = Dessau Lnscr. Lat. sel. no. 4660 (on a small altar
figured by H. M. Scarth Aquce So/is London 1864 p. 47 pi. 13) deae | Suli Mi|nervae |
Sulinus I Matulri • fil | v-s-l-m. The name Su/inus, which recurs in Corp. inscr. Lat.
vii no. 37, is no doubt theophoric. Cp. the Welsh saints Sul (Tyssul), Suliau (Tyssilio),
Sulien (F. G. Holweck A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints St Louis, Mo. 1924
PP- 939. 994)-

(2) Corp. inscr. Lat. vii no. 39 (deeply incised on fragments of an architrave in
lettering of s. ii a.d.) C. Protaciufs Libo Ti. CJlaudius Ligur [sacer(dotes) restituto
cjolegio longa seria [annorum abolito aedem] | deae Sulis M[inerv]ae nimia vetustfate
conlapsam sua pec]unia refici et repingi cur[arunt idemque probarunt].

(3) Corp. inscr. Lat. vii no. 42 (on an altar figured by H. M. Scarth op. cit. p. 48
Pi- 14) deae Su|li Min(ervae) et nu|min(ibus) Aug(ustorum) C. | Curiatius | Saturninus I
7 (centurio) leg(ionis) II Aug(ustae) | pro se su]isque | v • s • 1 • m.

3 The fullest collection, though marred by a few misprints, is that of F. Heichelheim
'n Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iv a. 723 f.

4 Solin. 22. 10 circuitus Brittaniae quadragies octies septuaginta quinque milia sunt
(cp. Plin. nat. hist. 4. 102). in quo spatio magna et multa fiumina, fontes calidi opiparo
exculti apparatu ad usus mortalium: quibus fontibus praesul est Minervae numen
(E. Hiibner in Corp. inscr. Lat. vii. 24 notes that cod. Sangallensis reads praesule est
ar>d proposes to restore quibus fontibus praeest Sul(is) Minervae numen. Ingenious and
Possibly right), in cuius aede perpetui ignes numquam canescunt in favillas, sed, ubi
'gnis tabuit, vertit (vertitur codd. G. B. P2., Westerm., anon. Leid. Voss.) in globos
saxeos.

Galfridus Monmutensis (Geoffrey of Monmouth), writing between 1136 and 1139 a.d.,
works this passage of Solinus into his fabulous Historia regum Britanniae 2. 10 successit
deinde Bladud filius, tractavitque regnum viginti annis : hie aedificavit urbem Kaerbadum
quae nunc Badus nuncupatur, fecitque in ilia calida balnea ad usus mortalium apta.
quibus praefecit numen Minervae: in cujus aede inextinguibiles posuit ignes, qui
nunquam deficiebant in favillas, sed ex quo tabescere incipiebant, in saxeos globos
vertebantur.

H. M. Scarth op. cit. p. 3 (after T. D. Whitaker(?) in The Anti-Jacobin Review and
Magazine 1801 x. 232 f. 'loose coals fused into nodules') offers a simple explanation of
the concluding sentence in Solinus and Galfridus. The fire was not built of wood, which
turned to white ashes, but of coal, which burnt into cinders. He adds that coal ' is to the
Present day dug up at Newton St. Loe, three miles from Bath : a point which is the
■flore noteworthy, since if the interpretation be correct, it is the first mention of the use
°f coal in Britain.' To the same effect San-Marte (A. Schulz) in his edition of Geoffrey
(Halle 1854) P- 220 and R. G. Collingwood—J. N. L. Myres Roman Britain and
the English Settlements Oxford 1936 p. 232.

On the Celtic Minerva see also E. Windisch Das keltische Brittannien bis zu Kaiser
Arthur (Abh.d. siichs. Gesellsch. d. IViss. Phil.-hist. Classe 1912 xix. 6) Leipzig 1912
P- 9<5 f.

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