DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.14699#0144
Addenda
io95
the most important monument of the cult yet found is the idol of gilded bronze (height
o"384nl) from Ba'albek itself, slashed and broken by some fanatic but skilfully repaired by
M. Andre for the Charles Sursock collection and admirably published by R. Dussaud in
Syria 1920 i. 3—15 pis. 1—4 (of which 1 and 2 = my figs. 874 and 875), S. N. Deane in
the Am. Joum. Arch. 1921 xxv. 94 fig. 2, Reinach Rip. Stat. v. 10 no. 5, The Illustrated
London News for May 2, 1931 p- 743- The bronze, which may be dated c. 150 a.d.,
represents the god as he stood with his usual attributes, wearing a kdlathos (of interlaced
reeds (?) decked with four corn-ears and a disk between globules perhaps meant for
schematized uraei), a long chiton with short sleeves, and a cuirass-like sheath with
numerous reliefs (on the chest, a winged disk ; below, seven busts—Helios and Selene,
Athena and Hermes, Zeus and Hera, Kronos ; and above the feet a lion-head for
Gennaios (supra p. 888): behind, another winged disk, an eagle, two rams'-heads to
suggest Zeus Amnion, six four-leaved rosettes or stars of diminishing size : at the sides,
two elongated thunderbolts). The whole figure is erect on a cubical plinth adorned with
a relief of Tyche (turreted crown, rudder, cornu copiae). And the plinth, flanked by
a pair of young bulls, rests on a larger base, which is pierced with a circular opening
(c. 0-073"1 across)—possibly a letter-box for the codicilli of persons consulting the god
(Macrob. Sat. 1. 23. 14 ff. (supra i. 552 f.)). See further R. Cagnat in Syria 1924 v. 108 flf.
and S. A. Cook The Religion of Ancient Palestine in the light of Archaeology London
■93° PP- '5' '41 n- 4. 187, 218—222 pi. 39, 1.
The biggest harvest of fresh facts bearing on the Ba'albek cults is, however, that
garnered in the posthumous work of Sebastien Ronzevalle Jupiter Hiliopolitain, Nova
et Vetera (Notes et Ftudes d'Archeologie Orientale. Troisieme Serie, ii) in the Melanges
de VUniversity Saint-Joseph xxi, i Beyrouth 1937 pp. 1—181 with 17 figs, and 51 pis.
(reviewed by F. R. Walton in the Am. Joum. Arch. 1938 xlii. 435 f.). This monograph
publishes a mass of new or little known material, including altars, stelai, engraved gems,
lead seals, bronze rings, etc. In particular it furnishes a full account of the rock-cut
relief in the quarry at Ferzol (pp. 29—71) and of the carved octagonal altar at Fiki or
Fakye on the west slope of Antilibanos (pp. 87—129). Incidentally it discusses many, if
not most, of the associated deities of Koile Syria. And it ends (p. 138 f.) by laying stress
on the symbolic corn-ears of Ba'albek (supra i. 5581 569, 572, iii. 1093): ' C'est dans cet
epi que se concentre finalement toute l'essence de la religion heliopolitaine sous I'empire
romain. Issue de la triade familiale [supra i. 553 f. Hadad, Atargatis, Seimios] groupee
autour du grand dieu syrien du tonnerre et de la pluie, Hadad, cette religion devint
progressiveinent celle du dieu du del, B'el-Samin, embrassant dans ses flancs les traits qui,
des l'epoque hellenistique, meriterent a Ba'albek la denomination d'Heliopolis, et firent
d'elle avec le temps le centre ccelesyrien de tous les cultes solaires de l'epoque romaine.
Tout se resolvait pratiquement dans l'adoration de l'astre brillant du jour, dans ses
fonctions de dispensateur de vie et de prosperite agraire, telles qu'elles nous sont resume'es
dans l'image recemment decouverte a Doura du B'el-Samin—Zeis Beds, image par laquelle
je mets fin a toute cette etude (pi. XLII)' [M. Rostovtzeff Dura-Europos audits Art
Oxford 1938 p. 63 f. pi. 11, 1 'Bas-relief of Zeus Kyrios,' p. 68 ff. pi. 13 'Painted
decoration of the cella of the temple of Zeus Theos. (Restoration by F. Brown);' The
Excavations at Dura-Europos Prelim. Report vii—viii. Yale Univ. Press 1939, pp. 180 ff.
(The Temple of Zeus Theos), 284 ff. (The Temple of Zeus Kyrios)].
i. 571 n. 2 leonine gods. At Bir-Derbal near Ghardimaou in Tunisia a Punico-Roman
sanctuary containing a dedicatory inscription to Saturn was found ; also other rustic
sanctuaries of s. ii a.d., which could boast life-size statues of terracotta and many
statuettes. One life-size head had the face of a lioness wearing fillets and is thought to
have represented the Genius Terrae Africae (L. Carton ' Note sur des edicules renfermant
des statues en terre cuite, decouverts dans la region de Ghardimaou (Tunisie)' in the
Comptes rendus de PAcad. des inscr. et belles-lettres 1918 pp. 338—347, W. N. Bates in
the Am. Joum. Arch. 1919 xxiii. 320), because a denarius issued by Q. Caecilius
Metellus Pius Scipio in 47—46 b.c. shows Sekhet with leonine head, disk, and ankh
accompanied by the legend |*'T*A (Babelon Monn. nip. rotn. i. 280 no. 51 fig., Brit.
A/us. Cat. Rom. Coijts Rep. ii. 572 no. 8 pi. 121, 4 and no. 9 (Genius Tutelaris Africae
or Genius Totius Africae?).
i. 581 the golden thunderbolt of Adad. Cp. Liv. 22. 1 (when prodigies occurred in
217 is.c.) decemvirorum monitu decretum est, Iovi primum donum fulmen aureum pondo
quinquaginta fieret, etc. Aristoph. av. 1750 (supra p. 59).
A magnificent relief in basalt from Arslan-Tash, dating from the reign of Tiglath-
pileser iii (746—727 b.c.), shows Adad, with a double three-pronged thunderbolt in
either hand, standing on the back and head of a bull as he advances rapidly from left
to right (Eart de la AHsopotamie ancienne au Alusie du Louvre Paris 1936 v. 300 fig- a).
io95
the most important monument of the cult yet found is the idol of gilded bronze (height
o"384nl) from Ba'albek itself, slashed and broken by some fanatic but skilfully repaired by
M. Andre for the Charles Sursock collection and admirably published by R. Dussaud in
Syria 1920 i. 3—15 pis. 1—4 (of which 1 and 2 = my figs. 874 and 875), S. N. Deane in
the Am. Joum. Arch. 1921 xxv. 94 fig. 2, Reinach Rip. Stat. v. 10 no. 5, The Illustrated
London News for May 2, 1931 p- 743- The bronze, which may be dated c. 150 a.d.,
represents the god as he stood with his usual attributes, wearing a kdlathos (of interlaced
reeds (?) decked with four corn-ears and a disk between globules perhaps meant for
schematized uraei), a long chiton with short sleeves, and a cuirass-like sheath with
numerous reliefs (on the chest, a winged disk ; below, seven busts—Helios and Selene,
Athena and Hermes, Zeus and Hera, Kronos ; and above the feet a lion-head for
Gennaios (supra p. 888): behind, another winged disk, an eagle, two rams'-heads to
suggest Zeus Amnion, six four-leaved rosettes or stars of diminishing size : at the sides,
two elongated thunderbolts). The whole figure is erect on a cubical plinth adorned with
a relief of Tyche (turreted crown, rudder, cornu copiae). And the plinth, flanked by
a pair of young bulls, rests on a larger base, which is pierced with a circular opening
(c. 0-073"1 across)—possibly a letter-box for the codicilli of persons consulting the god
(Macrob. Sat. 1. 23. 14 ff. (supra i. 552 f.)). See further R. Cagnat in Syria 1924 v. 108 flf.
and S. A. Cook The Religion of Ancient Palestine in the light of Archaeology London
■93° PP- '5' '41 n- 4. 187, 218—222 pi. 39, 1.
The biggest harvest of fresh facts bearing on the Ba'albek cults is, however, that
garnered in the posthumous work of Sebastien Ronzevalle Jupiter Hiliopolitain, Nova
et Vetera (Notes et Ftudes d'Archeologie Orientale. Troisieme Serie, ii) in the Melanges
de VUniversity Saint-Joseph xxi, i Beyrouth 1937 pp. 1—181 with 17 figs, and 51 pis.
(reviewed by F. R. Walton in the Am. Joum. Arch. 1938 xlii. 435 f.). This monograph
publishes a mass of new or little known material, including altars, stelai, engraved gems,
lead seals, bronze rings, etc. In particular it furnishes a full account of the rock-cut
relief in the quarry at Ferzol (pp. 29—71) and of the carved octagonal altar at Fiki or
Fakye on the west slope of Antilibanos (pp. 87—129). Incidentally it discusses many, if
not most, of the associated deities of Koile Syria. And it ends (p. 138 f.) by laying stress
on the symbolic corn-ears of Ba'albek (supra i. 5581 569, 572, iii. 1093): ' C'est dans cet
epi que se concentre finalement toute l'essence de la religion heliopolitaine sous I'empire
romain. Issue de la triade familiale [supra i. 553 f. Hadad, Atargatis, Seimios] groupee
autour du grand dieu syrien du tonnerre et de la pluie, Hadad, cette religion devint
progressiveinent celle du dieu du del, B'el-Samin, embrassant dans ses flancs les traits qui,
des l'epoque hellenistique, meriterent a Ba'albek la denomination d'Heliopolis, et firent
d'elle avec le temps le centre ccelesyrien de tous les cultes solaires de l'epoque romaine.
Tout se resolvait pratiquement dans l'adoration de l'astre brillant du jour, dans ses
fonctions de dispensateur de vie et de prosperite agraire, telles qu'elles nous sont resume'es
dans l'image recemment decouverte a Doura du B'el-Samin—Zeis Beds, image par laquelle
je mets fin a toute cette etude (pi. XLII)' [M. Rostovtzeff Dura-Europos audits Art
Oxford 1938 p. 63 f. pi. 11, 1 'Bas-relief of Zeus Kyrios,' p. 68 ff. pi. 13 'Painted
decoration of the cella of the temple of Zeus Theos. (Restoration by F. Brown);' The
Excavations at Dura-Europos Prelim. Report vii—viii. Yale Univ. Press 1939, pp. 180 ff.
(The Temple of Zeus Theos), 284 ff. (The Temple of Zeus Kyrios)].
i. 571 n. 2 leonine gods. At Bir-Derbal near Ghardimaou in Tunisia a Punico-Roman
sanctuary containing a dedicatory inscription to Saturn was found ; also other rustic
sanctuaries of s. ii a.d., which could boast life-size statues of terracotta and many
statuettes. One life-size head had the face of a lioness wearing fillets and is thought to
have represented the Genius Terrae Africae (L. Carton ' Note sur des edicules renfermant
des statues en terre cuite, decouverts dans la region de Ghardimaou (Tunisie)' in the
Comptes rendus de PAcad. des inscr. et belles-lettres 1918 pp. 338—347, W. N. Bates in
the Am. Joum. Arch. 1919 xxiii. 320), because a denarius issued by Q. Caecilius
Metellus Pius Scipio in 47—46 b.c. shows Sekhet with leonine head, disk, and ankh
accompanied by the legend |*'T*A (Babelon Monn. nip. rotn. i. 280 no. 51 fig., Brit.
A/us. Cat. Rom. Coijts Rep. ii. 572 no. 8 pi. 121, 4 and no. 9 (Genius Tutelaris Africae
or Genius Totius Africae?).
i. 581 the golden thunderbolt of Adad. Cp. Liv. 22. 1 (when prodigies occurred in
217 is.c.) decemvirorum monitu decretum est, Iovi primum donum fulmen aureum pondo
quinquaginta fieret, etc. Aristoph. av. 1750 (supra p. 59).
A magnificent relief in basalt from Arslan-Tash, dating from the reign of Tiglath-
pileser iii (746—727 b.c.), shows Adad, with a double three-pronged thunderbolt in
either hand, standing on the back and head of a bull as he advances rapidly from left
to right (Eart de la AHsopotamie ancienne au Alusie du Louvre Paris 1936 v. 300 fig- a).