Dennis, George: The cities and cemeteries of Etruria: in two volumes (Band 2) (London, 1848)

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THE

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THE FAREWELL OFADMETUS AND ALCE5TIS

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THE CITIES AND CEMETERIES … IN TWO VOLUMES.

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Statuse intereunt tempestate, vi, vetustate; sepulcrorum autem sanctitas in ipso solo est j quod

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Ancient and modern condition of this port—Etruscan relics at Civita Vecchia … its bay—Remains of Punicum—Puntone del Castrato—Excavations of the … Fortress of Sta. Severa—Polygonal walls of Pyrgi—The town was Pelasgic— … The Vaccina, and its ancient honours—Scenes of Virgil's pictures—Cervetri

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the Seats and Shields—Grotta del Triclinio—Paintings on its walls— … Alsium was of Pelasgic antiquity—Local vestiges—Tumuli of Monteroni—Ex- … Luna an Etruscan town—Its glorious port—Site and vestiges of Luna— … Leghorn—High antiquity of Pisse—Historical notices—Very few ancient … Florence, not an Etruscan site—Museum of the Uffizj—Etruscan Cinerary

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Warrior in the Palazzo Bonarroti—Singular discovery of bronzes on … Interest of Fiesole—The Etruscan walls—Character of the masonry—Ancient … Siena, not an Etruscan site—Etruscan tombs in this district—Alphabetical … The City. … The Mbseoh.

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Banquets—Death-bed scenes—Last farewells—The passage of souls—Good … Appendix. Alberti's description of the pretended ruins of Vetulonia . . 232 … Road from Follonica—Grosseto—Locanda Palandri—Site of Rusellse—Its … The Ombrone—Village of Telamone—Caution to travellers—Ancient remains

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Orbetello and its fortifications—The lagoon—Polygonal walls—Etruscan tombs … Site of Cosa—Advice to visitors—Walls of polygonal masonry—Towers—Pecu- … Magliano—Discovery of an Etruscan city in its neighbourhood—Site and extent … Roads to Saturnia—Scansano—Travelling difiieulties—Site of Saturnia—The … The City. … Terra-cotta urns—Ancient black ware of Clusium—The focolari described

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— Painted rases—Bronzes—Palazzo Casuccini—The Paris-vase—The … The Cemetery. … The tomb of Lars Porsena—Not a mere fable—Analogies in extant monuments … Sarteano—Etruscan urns in the Museo Bargagli—Etruscan collections of … Scenic beauties — Chianciano—The Casuccini collection—Montepulciano —

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Glories 01 Arezzo—Arretium, its importance and history—Ancient walls of … The Citt. … The Cemetery.

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The Etruscan antiquities in Rome — Museo Gregokiano — Origin of the … bowls—Chamber of the Paintings—Chamber of the Tomb—Museo Campana

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LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME II. … tazza, with a fury and two fauns .... Museo Gregoriano 117 … ETRUSCAN WALLS OF VOLTERRA........G. D. 141 … truscan walls of populonia......S. J. Ainsley 233 … OCOLARE—BLACK WARE OF CHIUSI......Micali 325 … OOR OF AN ETRUSCAN TOMB, CHIUSI . . . . . . G. D. 360 … LAN OF PART OF THE POGGIO GAJELLA.....Gruner 394

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. … ANCIENT WALLS OF CORTONA........G. D. 432 … HUT-CRN FROM THE ALBAN MOUNT......VisCOnti 495 … LIST OF MAPS IN VOLUME II.

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THE CITIES AND CEMETERIES … Tranquilla puppes in statione sedent. … Interior medias sinus invitatus in sedes … Whoeter has approached the Eternal City from the sea

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town was almost utterly destroyed by the Saracens

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in the Town-hall, mostly from Corneto,3 and some in the … since 1843 ; and consist of sarcophagi … found the names of Pompeius and Cse- … 7 Three miles to the north-east of

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the haunt of the "wild boar and roe-buck.8 Corneto is so … The ancient sites on this coast, between Rome and Centum Cellse, are … In Portum … in.

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I wandered through the wrecks of days departed, … Few roads in Italy are more frequented, and none are

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just making an acquaintance with that land of famed ferti-

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chap, xxxi.] THE SITE OP PUNICUM. 7 … sails glistening like snow in the sunbeams, are gliding … (malum, punicum) which flourished here, pavements, together with a singular … character; but it is more likely to leager, now in the Museum of Berlin.

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which here rise from the coast, he -would find some … wise—extremely similar, as far as I can learn from the … calcareous, some volcanic, partly hewn, no traces; but he says that the most … inay have suggested to the peasantry glyphics. Abeken, Bull. Inst. 1840,

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chap, xxxi.] DISCOVERY OF. AN ETRUSCAN TOWN. 9 … but now much ruined. The entrance to … p. 34) suggests that the inner and higher

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Here, then, stood the town in whose cemetery the

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Six miles beyond Santa Marinella is the fortress of

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than the present fort, and sufficiently extensive for a small … 3 Strabo (V. p. 226) says Pyrgi is have been founded originally as the port … These discrepancies in the distances are that the earliest structure on this site

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jfCHAP. xxxh.] THE POLYGONAL WALLS OF PYRGI. … 6 Virgil (Mn. X. 184) calls it ancient … thinks that as the site itself did not … classes it among the iroAi'x»"<» of the

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place of considerable importance as a port, naval station, … Mn. X. 184) mentions the—"scorta … polis fuit." The small size of Pyrgi, as … tuta, who was identified by the Romans … and the Etruscan Aurora, who was call-

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chap, xxxn.] ANCIENT TEMPLE OF ILITHYIA. … genEe,Castrum Novum, and the maritime … 8 Rutilius (I. 224), speaking of Alsium

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and entablature high above the towers and battlements of … There are no tombs visible around Sta Severa, not even a … visible. It is evident they did not project and Dionysius both use the term ivivetov,

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TOMB OF THE TARQUINS, CERVETRI. … For thousands of years were inhumed on the shore. … Soon after leaving Santa Severa, on the way to the Holy

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the homely name of La Vaccina, or the Cow-stream. Insig- … The eye wanders up the shrub-fringed stream, over bare

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chap, xxxin.] THE MODERN VILLAGE. 19 … 655, ed. Casaub.), who records this fact, Sepim Kaiperavh of Strabo (V. p. 220),

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land for some miles round it, are the property of Prince … allows them to be carried on by his friends, who are of a

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chap, xxxiii.] ANTIQUITY AND ORIGIN OF AGYLLA. … record the tradition that Agylla was … 600). Virgil corroborates the tradition … there are more witnesses to the Pelasgic

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It would appear that at its conquest by the Etruscans its … Lepsius (die Tyrrhen. Pelasg. p. 28) re- made even as late as the year of Rome

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chap, xxxm.] HISTORY OF OERE. 23

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exercises and horse-racing in honour of the slain ; which … 1 Herod. I. 166,167. more or less pure to a late period. … king. Livy says it was Sextus alone I. 13. See also an inscription in the … nection were probably owing to the … Inst., 1836, p. 203) thinks that the Pe- 7 This condition became proverbial,

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chap, xxxiii.] HISTORY OF (LERE. 25 … when she had been for ages intimately associated with the … Cceritis came to imply the condition of monia. The etymologies of the ancients, … loc. cit. Niebuhr (II. pp. 60, 67) is of to me that the first syllable of the word … degraded from the highest rank of citizen- is expressive of the meaning ; and the

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rather than by the excuse then urged, listened to their … 3 Strabo, V. p. 220. Now the Bagni … distinguishes between the two Aquse, … Canina. In excavations made in 1840 on

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chap. xxxm.] DESOLATION OF THE SITE. 27 … among the chief ornaments of the new specifying " plebes et ecclesias in Cere … ments of a theatre, coloured tiles and had long ago given some inscriptions

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PLAN OF CJ3RE AND ITS NECROPOLIS,

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chap, xxxm.] VESTIGES OF THE ANCIENT CITY. 29

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If he be an artist, or lover of the picturesque, taking no

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chap, xxxni.] THE BANDITACCIA. 31 … that of the Hand-book is derived, may suggest such an appellation,

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were fragments of an ornamental cornice. Within the … d. Doorway to the tomb. … from the rock. … Atrium). The atrium in this case was

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the rock ; and in one instance was the same fan-like orna- … 3 See Vol. I. page 408. word of another inscription given by

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Hard by is a sepulchre, on the plan of those of Bieda, … wanderings.6 Or, as Micali opines, was it to intimate the … ■where he gives a description of a similar 8 The form of this and similar rock-

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TOMB OF THE SEATS AND SHIELDS. … the doors of in- … among the thousand and one sepulchres of the Banditaccia … It consists of but a single chamber, twenty-four feet by

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they suffered from the damp ; and if unaware of their … It is from these heads we must judge of the rest in this

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chap, xxxni.] THE PAINTED TOMB. 37 … 3 Banquets by lamp-light are rarely pit, just such as opens in the ceilings of … vellers are generally depicted as lying 17. Whether it be the shaft to a second

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The colours in this tomb have been laid on in distemper, … work on Lydia and Phrygia, there is a beard, and close vest, shooting an arrow … 7 Plin. XXXV. 6. second man with a bow. There was

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chap, xxxm.] TOMB OF THE SARCOPHAGI. 89

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and on a slab which served as a cippus, I read larthi ap. … Another of these newly discovered sepulchres, I shall

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chap, xxxni.] TOMB OF THE ALCOVE. 41 … or, the " Tomb of the Tarquins ! " Yes, reader—here for

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abundance. Nor are we yet assured that it was a common … his father and brother still survived to perpetuate the name … thought to have been " takchnas, " 4 Liv. I. 60. Dionysius says the king … mann (Bull. Inst. 1833, p. 61, and and after staying there some time in the … fancied that Tarchu and Tarchi were up his cause, he removed to the city of

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chap, xxxiii.] TOMB OF THE TAEQUINS. 43 … failed to reinstate them at Rome, they at least establishes the Etruscan origin … hear no more of them at Caere, yet from "' The depth of the floor below the

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instead of more than two thousand years. No finger, not … tombs, those of Perugia for instance, this sepulchre will be

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Most of the niches are double, or for two bodies. Some, … The sepulchre at Cervetri which has most renown, and the

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walls. It is said to have been inclosed in a tumulus, but … semble a Gothic … Tombs of this passage-form are gene-

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chap, xxxiii.] HIGH ANTIQUITY OF THIS TOMB. 47 … country sometimes contain passage- refers its construction to the Pelasgi, or … 6 Stephens' Yucatan, I. p. 429, et seq. to it and its contents an antiquity of not

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The great antiquity of this tomb may be deduced also … built the Cloaca Maxima, we have no au- … tian matters, remarks the evident imita-

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chap, xxxni.] THE WARRIOR'S CHAMBER. 49

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against each door-post hung a vessel of pure silver. There … the floor under the corpse, in hoth 4 Bull. Inst. 1836, p. 60. Though

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chap, xxxm.] THE PRIEST'S OR PRINCESS'S CHAMBER. … to males in the East, any more than … that the ornaments in this tomb should … purely Egyptian works. This, and the

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with burnt bones, and a number of terra-cotta idols ; the

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but when a wooden door with lock and key would effect its … for perfumes, as it resembles the alabastron in form ; or it … Ze—Hi, Ha, Hu, He—Thi, Tha, Thu, The—Mi, Ma, Mu, … 1836, pp. 56—62 ; Bull. Inst. 1838, p. the tomb is still open.

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inscription, though found in an Etruscan tomb, is not in … there is every reason to believe it a relic of the earliest

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chap, xxxoi.] RELICS OF THE PELASGIC TONGUE. 55 … them as two hexameter lines, after the manner of the old … There are some singular features to be by an Etruscan hand. For evidences of … The vowels in the primer are placed in inscribed on the walls of an Etruscan

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The high ground to the east of Caere, on the opposite … admitted, however, that the language … derive it from &0arov—a spot sacred, … to interment; and in this case in parti-

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east of the Regulini sepulchre, after crossing the Vaccina,

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rock, panelled like a piece of furniture, and supporting

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This tomb lies under a large tumulus, with a square … ments of masonry, generally emplecton, of Egyptian females—and bits of amber

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of a horse, lying by the bier of his master, and suggesting … The sepulchre under the adjoining tumulus has received … 6 This tumulus is about 75 feet in * Visconti (Ant. Mon. di Ceri, p. 20)

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chamber at the entrance, which opens into a spacious hall, … not very obvious in these tumular sepul- f. p. 3S3), had copied the subterranean … dwellings were very cool in summer, responds. The interiors of these sub-

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tombs were opened in 1842. In construction they were … westward position of the oldest tombs, … the fine old gold articles, of archaic and … Egyptian characteristics. " A central … the important discoveries in the sepul-

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ANCIENT POTTERY OF CJERE. … 311. The figures on these vases are … from the Artena of the Volsci, which

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The shields carved or painted in this and other tombs of Caare, proba-

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carved on city-walls, and the proscenia of theatres. And they were a … The shields borne by the figures of Minerva on the Panathenaic vases are … The spirits which were believed by the Romans to attend and protect … —one inciting him to good deeds, the other to evil—and whose office it

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Genii were distinguished from the Manes and Lares, inasmuch as these … As the Genius was a god he received divine honours, especially on the … a custom which explains the inscription, " ivnon " (Junoni), on the vase … according to the Roman creed (Festus, v. Genium ; Serv. ad Georg. I.

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as the whole collectively, had its presiding spirit. The Genius of the … These genii loci were supposed to take the visible form of a serpent … refers its origin to the East. Inghirami (Mon. Etrusc. I., p. 59 et

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be drawn from the nature of the scene into which these demons are … Etrusker, p. 16) on this ground translates Lasa as the " mistress," not

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The place of tombs, … Palo is well known to travellers as the half-way house … It is strange that no record is preserved of Alsium … own were probably identical. That it was occupied by the … derived its name— of opinion that the Pelasgic tongue, … Its Pelasgic origin being admitted, it trace by that means the origin of the

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researches. The earliest notice of it by Roman writers is … At the beginning of the fifth century Alsium, like the … and no small importance. For the … (p. 271, 3) gives a dedicatory inscrip-

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chap, xxxiv.] VESTIGES OF ALSIUM. 71 … by the notices of the ancients,1 had been well-nigh for- … gerian Table we also learn that it existed latter, and 16 from the former town, … 9 Nibby (op. cit. p. 528) takes these distance. These discrepancies are of

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periphery of nearly eight hundred feet. This wall had two … smalt, ornamented with lotus-flowers, on that which formed the entrance to the

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TUMULI OF MONTERONI. … doubtless be discovered. But since the Duchess's death, a … for nothing is now to be seen on the spot.

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for the chambers are now re-closed with earth; even … 6 Fronto, loc.cit. Were it not that the Macrob. Saturn. II. 4. Fronto, how-

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vault of blue Italian day." A few feluccas, their weary

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A mile or two beyond, not far from Palidoro, and at a … another station on the Yia Aurelia ;9 and at or near Castel … About half-way between Palo and the Tiber, at the … Micali, Monum. Ined. p. 374. occupied the sites both of Bottaccia and … page 4. Gell places Lorium at Bottino, Volsci, is manifest from the context, as

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ever, till it was colonised by the Romans in 509 (b.c. 245) ;5 … 7 Pliny (III. 8) classes it among the

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The most northerly city of Etruria was Luna. It stood, … 16) ; Aristotle (or the author of De … Stephanus (sub voce 2«A^jtj) ; who all … some ages before the Trojan War.

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port, truly "worthy of a people who long held dominion of … But its size and security are the least of its charms. To … among the Twelve chief cities of the … 5 As that Gulf lies on the Ligurian, … bour within the mouth of the stream … also speaks of Luna as—oppidum portu

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digal of wine and oil—purple mountains behind,—and … soror. 8 Ciriacus, who wrote in 1442, is the

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chap, xxxv.] SITE AND VESTIGES OF LUNA. 81 … The first historical notice to be found of Luna is in the … have been of Etruscan times. Targioni Millingen (Numis. Anc.Ital. p. 173). A

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year 559 (b.c. 195), when Cato the consul collected a … But a few years later it was re-colonized by the Romans ;6 … Luca is here the correct reading, is ? There is an old legend which … Luca. Promis (p. 29) thinks Luna cause. The lord of Luna won the … Che ne* monti di Luni, dove ronca offenders, but laid the city in the dust. … Per sua dimora; onde a guardar le 9 Martial. XIII. epig. 30; Plin. XI. 97. … E'l mar, non gli era la veduta tronca. name of this town by SeX^t), and

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THE MABBLE OF LUNA. … may be the ancient Latin form; … and as no inland town of Etruria had … (V. p. 222) says truly that the quarries … supposed only a white tufo, not marble

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to be neglected by the luxurious Romans of that age ;

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On approaching Leghorn from the sea, I have always … Targioni Tozzetti (Viaggi in Toscana, … been connected with the city, by an

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It has now more than a mere bank of sea-weed to protect

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HIGH ANTIQUITY OF PISM. … p. 16) among the primitive cities of … other traditions of its origin, one assign- … Teuta, whose inhabitants the Teutse,

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Her remoteness from Rome may well account for the … 5 Virg. .<En. X. 179. He calls it— of its grain (XVIII. 20), of its grapes … (V. p. 223) says that it had originally in hot water (II. 106).

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chap, xxxvi.] VERY FEW ANCIENT REMAINS. … traces of baths, and two marble columns with Composite … renowned for her towers ; but the true

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spot. The eye, experienced in Etruscan remains, at once

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chap, sxxvi.] ETRUSCAN URNS IN THE CAMPO SANTO. 91

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Florence, beneath the sun, … Tu, in regio trono alteramente assisa,

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the latter years of the Roman Republic.1 Yet she may be … saysFlorentia was a colony of the Trium- … 72), by the Antonine Itinerary and the … But Livy refers to the year 459, at which … refers the emigration to the time of

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though it would puzzle a poet now to find any analogy

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The reliefs on the urns are, for the most part, in a … drain it to the bottom before it could be … what of the habits of the Etruscan … apt to he forward in pledging any gen- … Very different was the condition of the … the key of the wine-cellar ; and se- … altogether. For had she tasted but a

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a torch. Here a husband is taking leave of his wife, ere … his brethren, who are enraged at his carrying off the palm … 5 This scene is illustrated by Micali, anchor in each hand—the decoration of

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chap, xxxvii.] ETRUSCAN URNS IN THE UFFIZJ. 97 … guilty couch ; the avengers of Hood, according to this

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temple, with all the wood and tile-work of the roof repre- … them. There, two others are fighting, urn, no longer in this Museum, repre- … XXXVIII. Another very interesting fact worthy of attention.

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chap, xxxvn.] THE KING OF ETRUSCAN VASES. 99 … complete it. Yet even in its imperfect state it is so superb … This vase may be called an Iliad, or rather an Achilleid, in … There are many other painted vases in this collection.

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with combats under the walls of Troy—councils of the

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to be seen in the Museo Gregoriano at Rome, in the British … 1 The black ware of which these rases … monuments. See Vol. I. p. 359. The

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a pair offocolari or fumigators, one round, the other square, … called, for similar reasons, ciste mistiche,—and a variety

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chap, xxxvii.] THE CHIMERA.—THE ORATOR. 103 … showing this to be the statue of Aulus Metellus, son of

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A much more archaic figure is that of Minerva, found at … Some are as rudely misshapen as those from the Nuraghe

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chap, xxxvii.] THE BRONZES.—ETRUSCAN COMPASS ! 105

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cover the article with which he was not acquainted. The … Tubce. Au. Velthuri. Phnisual. In 1.

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are also some beautifully wrought ornaments in gold, from … Relics of Etruscan art are not always found in sepulchres … phew (p. 95, Explic. ad Dempst. II.), Pop. Ital. III. p. 80, tav. LI.) takes the

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of the Apennines, one of the loftiest mountains in Tuscany, … by some mighty convulsion of nature ; and on them lay

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chap, xxxvii.] BRONZES OF MONTE FALTERONA. 109

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There were some articles of very different character

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chap, xxxvn.] MYSTERY OF THE LAKE EXPLAINED. Ill

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pathic, to determine the correctness of this theory ; to me … doni), and the authorities there cited. Ined. tar. XII.—XVI. pp. 86—102; … 1 Idem. tav. XII. 4 The rest of the collection is also in

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Eighteen miles on the road from Florence to Arezzo is … 6 Migliarini, Bull. Inst. 1843, pp. sents it as merely a huge stone cut from … torn. II. Passeri (p. 65, ap. Gori, Mus. It was found on the estate of the Cap-

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pair of figures on the banqueting-couch, and a slave standing

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chap, xxxvn.j THE FRANCOIS VASE. 115 … Note.—The Francois Vase.

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The third and principal band represents the Marriage of Peleus and … stand Dionisos and Aphrodite, as if to plead for the offending son of

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THE FRANCOIS VASE.

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The first acquaintance the traveller in Italy makes with … the Hampstead or Highgate of the Tuscan capital—the

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chap, xxxvoi.] THE ETRUSCAN WALLS OF F^SULjE. 119 … Dante (at supra, page 93), a term ap- I. p. 246. In some parts it is much

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eight, nine feet, and the longest twelve feet and a half. … other Etruscan sites of the same character—Volterra, … 2 See Vol. I. p. 263. This is seen also city in the olden time. Guida di Fiesole,

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chap, xxxviii.] ANCIENT PAVEMENT AND SEWERS. 121

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a spout to carry the fluid clear of the wall. The other … conduits or sewers, though that at Norba tav. XIII.) ; and on the ancient walls of … reason to doubt it. of the walls of Oea, in the island of

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might be to intimate the strength of the city, or else to … was they who introduced it into Athens, placed on the walls of a city to protect … by the coins of Lemnos and Imbros, for their use as sepulchral emblems ; … among the early people of the New here without the line of walls. Inghirami

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along the brow of the hill, till in the Borgo Unto, a … * So says Micali (Ant. Pop. Ital. II. formed when he said that the walls,

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chap, xxxvni.] F^ESULjE NOT A FIRST-RATE CITY. … instance of the quadrangular form, … It is said, that at each angle of the outer … ing upwards "■—i.e., like the tholi of the

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the top of Fesole." Poets, painters, philosophers, his-

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chap, xxxviii.] THE ANCIENT THEATRE. 127 … where, as in the first two cases, we can uttered, or with the candour of great

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the name of "the Etruscan Palace;" but to the Ciceroni … In the Borgo Unto is a curious fountain, called " Fonte … found it even higher in summer than in winter, after the

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occurred in the autumn of that unusually hot year, … Only ten or twelve paces from this Fonte, a remarkable … Giuliano Ruggieri was the first, to his other remains of similar rusticated work … than a Roman feature.

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to me highly probable that this was the original fountain … speaks of cinerary urns found at Fiesole, There were 70 lbs. weight of silver

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HISTORY OF FJESULJE. … power, probably till the final subjugation of Etruria, when … in the British Museum, in the Kircherian … Cavedoni, of Modena, considers the in- … jEsar may be but the Greek word … dered it of a barbarous people, or a … Algidum were a terror to us ; Satricum

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The first record we find of it is in the year 529, when … be the city near Florence to which … A goddess named Aneharia was wor- … fact establishes the correct reading to be

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was made the head-quarters of Catiline's conspirators, and … not idle, or he relaxed it only to exchange it for the pencil. … 6 Sallust. Bell. Cat. 24, 27, 30, 43. among the inland colonies of Etruria.

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has given to the world; and to insure accuracy, he had

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or on extant remains. By ancient writers she is men- … mentioned as a colony by Pliny (III. 8) ; Sena—Sil. ItaL VIII. 45S ; XV. 552; … 342) ascribes its origin to the Senonian thinks Sena was probably of Etruscan … on the Adriatic, which derived its name 2 Sepulchres of Etruria, p. 508.

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Etruscan cities, but that it is situated in a district which,

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or pot, perhaps one of the rare caskets in that metal—a … not of remarkable character.5 … II. Gori (Mus. Etr. Class II. tab. III.) called it a mixture of Etruscan and … 6 Ut swpr.a, page 53—5.

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tomb was opened. It will be seen that the alphabet is … from the wall before the tomb was discovered. The next … Dempst. torn. II. Lanzi II. p. 512. Wilkinson,—« On the wall of one of the

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TOMB OF THE CILNII. … or more rarely Cvelne ;2 though the Etruscan form was … Cilnius, Arreti Tyrrhenis ortus in oris, … must be understood merely as the … metastasis were an error of some of the … tab. 12—17), make precisely the same

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opened in times past, though no excavations have been … little more to boast of than her muscadel wine, lauded … another site which has yielded Etruscan tombs in the past … "Teti" (Titus), "Cae" (Caius), "An- Manliana of Ptolemy and the Itine- … canus), and others whose names are ' Lanzi, II. pp. 360, 361. The pre- … was of the family of the "Arntle"

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ETRUSCAN WALLS OF VOLTERRA, BELOW STA. CHURA. … The City. … We came e'en to the city's wall

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142 VOLTERRA.—The City. [chap. xl. … she have been in the olden time, when instead of a mere … Volateme to be the Etruscan city these mighty three, and have suggested

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chap, xl.] HISTORY OF VOLATERB^. 143 … 4 Liy. X. 12. Populonia, which was either a colony or

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VOLTERRA.—The City. … indulged in idle speculations as to the … Volaterrse is merely the Latin form, … the Tyrrhene-Pelasgi, when they quitted

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chap, xl.] HISTORY OF VOLATERRiE. 145 … pro Roscio Amerino, VII. Bert.) also speak of her as a colony in … Divers. XIII. 4, 5 ; ad Attic. I. 19. 2 For the post-Roman history of

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146 VOLTERRA.—The City. [chap. xl. … says that certain learned men take this them in this superfluous etymology,

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THE PORTA ALL' ARCO. … regards them as of Roman character

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148 VOLTERRA.—The Cut. [ohap. jo.. … Greek art does not militate against the antiquity for the Hellenisms in Etruscan

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chap, xl.] THREE HEADS ON THE ETRUSCAN ARCHWAY. 149 … heads of the Lares Viales, placed in … convention overcame a regard for the

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150 VOLTERRA.—The City. [chap. xl.

151

chap, xt.] THE ETRUSCAN WALLS. 151

152

152 VOLTERBA.—The City. [chap. xl. … many more. All the fragments on this side of Volterra … follow the brow of the high ground in all its sinuosities;

153

OHip.xL.] THE GATE OF DIANA. 153

154

154 VOLTEBBA.—The City. [chap. xl. … At the point of high ground to the east, is a fine frag- … well as the Porta all' Arco, opens sites. Orioli (ap. Inghir. Mon. Etrus. … side, or that unprotected by the shield, hence the existence of such engines in

155

chap, xl.] EXTENT OF THE ANCIENT CITY. 155 … woods and thickset hedges—wade through swamps in the … think not of the entire giro. Verily— … p. 107. This style of" stuffed" walls is p. 32) cites an authority who ascribes to … 1 Micali, Ant. Pop.Ital. I. p. 141, and Alberti says, the city was in the form of … it 21,000 feet. If Micali's map be correct, fingers. But it requires a lively fancy

156a

There are portions of the wall which are of no difficult

156b

PLAN OF VOLTERRA, ANCIENT AND MODERN. … 3, 3, 3 Sites of ancient gates. … 10 Cottage where the key is kept. … 14 Vestiges of an aqueduct. … 18 Church of S. Giusto. … 21 Convent of Sta. Chiara. … Remains of an ancient edifice. … the Museum. … Porta in Selci.

157

placed in your hands % Should not yours be rather the … This sepulchre, which is said to be a type, in form and … 9 Cicero, Tuse. Qusest. V. 23. lie one on each side of the entrance.

158

158 VOLTERRA.—The City. [chap. xl. … square than round, and are sometimes urns, or in front of them, if there be … are generally circular, especially when are also laid in front. Inghir. IV. p. 83. … (Mon. Etrusc. IV. p. 80); and he gives it was laid on the bare rock. Sarcophagi

159

chap, xl.] TOMB OF THE C^CINjE. 159 … bably the former. Just within the door stood a beautiful … Inghirami, Mon. Etrus. IV. p. 85. whose description of it will be found in … 6 Gori (III. p. 94, tab. XI.) and door was 12 braccia (23 feet) below the … Inghirami, Mon. Etrus. I. p. 11. The other five chambers were of inferior

160

160 VOLTEBRA.—The City. [chap. xr,. … apart. Each cone had a basement of 30, tav. d' Agg. A.

161

closely resemble the Nuraghe of Sar- … Petit-Radel's opinion there is ancient … forts, there is little doubt of their sepul- … Conical structures, roofed in exactly

162

162 VOLTERRA.—The City. [chap. xi,. … Outside the gate of the fortress, but within the walls of … numenti Etruschi, IV. Ragionamento, helmets or shields—the hermes of a … cealment, but whether in ancient or

163

series of parallel vaults of great depth, supported by square … 7 It has three vaults, supported on six and woodcut at page 201) ; the people,

164

164 VOLTERRA.—The City. [chap, xi,.

165

peeping at intervals from the foliage. At my feet lay an … expanding into a form which recalled the higher beauties … or has distinguished itself in scientific or antiquarian

166

166 VOLTERRA.—The City. [chap. xl.

167

VOLT ERRA.— VOL A TERRA … Some consolation for the loss of the tombs which have

168

168 VOLTERBA.—The Museum. [chap. xli. … thirty years ; and such multitudes of Monsignor Guarnacci presented his col-

169

chap, xli.] TREASURES OF THE MUSEUM. 169 … 3 This panchina is an arenaceous gests that these urns may be the work

170

!70 YOLTERRA.—The Museum. [chap. xli. … These " ash-chests " are rarely more than two feet in … that an article so frequently repre- Two such tablets, however, of the time

171

chap, xu.] ASH-CHESTS OF VOLTERRA. 171 … On these urns the female figures are always decently … though it is often difficult to pronounce to which class a … might be formed a series of the most celebrated deeds … 5 See Micali, Ital. av. Rom. tav. 43 ; tion of this fact—a lady of the Cseeina

172

VOLTERRA.—The Museum. … than the poem. The monster and the … myths, sees in the Rape of Proserpine an

173

love embracing his bride; each having but a single … I. tav. 52. I have not a distinct recol- I. tab. 152,153 ; III. cl. 3, tab. 1, 2. … Diana herself, who was sometimes re- Gorgonion—in the other, the last two … 10 Inghir. I. tav. 65. Gori, I. tab. 122. type of these reliefs, and the Juno may

174

VOLTERRA.—The Museum. … the gorgtmion in his hand, attacked by … rami (I. p. 657) offers a second inter- … Echetlus, or Echetfeeus, the mysterious

175

chap, xu.] MYTHS OF THEBES. 175 … 5 The subject is repeated, with the 77, pp. 182, et seq. Micali, Ital. av. … 7 Inghir. I. tav. 19, 20, 74, 75, 76, as the death of Alcestis. Ann. Inst.

176

VOLTERRA.—The Museum. … Though the gate in this scene is a … Inghirami (I. p. 681) thinks the female

177

chap, xli.] MYTHS OF THEBES AND TROY. 177 … Phrygian cap, is seated on the shore in loving contem- … both Greeks and Romans were wont to representation of this combat on the … fl2,93; VI. tav. V. 2. In the very similar * Gori, III. el. 3, tab. 7.

178

178 VOLTERRA.—The Museum. [chap. xli. … 4 Virg. Mn. II. 526—558. and in one instance throws her arm … Cabiria." as Furies urging on the brothers of

179

chap, xli.] MYTHS OF ULYSSES AND ORESTES. 179 … " Into some brutish form of wolf or tear, … 9 Gori, III. cl. 3, tab. 11, 2. VI. tav. A. 2. Raoul-Rochette, Mon.

180

180 VOLTERRA.—The Museum. [chap. xli. … no means uniformly expressed on choice Irish, and may hug themselves in … hard, Etrusk. Spieg. taf. CCXXXVII.) ; —but few will be inclined to reject the … the avenger, and brandishes a serpent scenes, where two armed men, kneeling on … Gottheiten der Etrusker, taf. VI. S, pp. times represented with a head in his … may pronounce the inscriptions to be

181

of intellectual action, far transcending that of mortals.4 … Etruscan characteristic, for they are symbols of torrents, regards the wings

182

VOLTERRA.—The Museum. … on ancient works of art. Never has he … increasing the abundant series of their … regards the eye in the wings as a

183

sister of Medusa and the G-orgons, the mother of Cerberus, … " Stupendous, nor in shape resembling aught … 2 See vol. I. pp. 303—5. and the other Giants were, in the Greek

184

184 VOLTERRA.—The Museum. [chap. xlt. … symbols, it may be, of maritime power, but more probably

185

chap, xli.] SCENES OF ETRUSCAN LIFE. 185 … representations of boar-hunts, of which the Etruscans of … VI. 286) represents Centaurs stalled bolise the weakness of humanity to con- … Hell— of his system of astronomical interpre- … Inghirami (Museo Chiusino, I. p. 91) ing a stag he takes it to mean spring … cl. 3, tab. 4. The Arimaspes on these s Inghir. I. tav. 36, pp. 308—311.

186

186 VOLTERRA.—The Museum. [chap. xli. … whieh killed Adonis. Theoer. Idyl. time of Augustus, the Romans often … Inghirami (I. p. 594), he is represented tors are contending over a vase,

187

know also, from the frequent representations of them in … well acquainted—'probably that of Tarquinii, his native … sent the games in honour of the de- « Liv. I. 8 ; Flor. I. 5 ; Dion. Hal.

188

188 VOLTERRA.—The Museum. [chap. xli. … us the Etruscans had as well as the Romans ;9 and which, … p. 316. ed. Rhod. ; Macrob. Saturn. and cites ancient statues of that monarch … 3 Micali, Ant. Pop. Ital. tar. 112, 2 ; 3 The description Appian (loc. cit.) … 9 Flor. I. 5 ; Appian. de Reb. Pun. style, corresponds nearly with the scenes … 1 Dempster, Etrur. Reg. I. p. 328 ; preceded by lictors in purple tunics, … nysius (II. p. 102) says Romulus tri- were called Lydi, because the Etrus-

189

the winged genius, who, with a torch in her hand, is … may be a Victory. On another urn in Lanzi and Micali, made this mistake,

190

VOLTERRA.—The Museum. … (tab. 25) gives a plate of a Perugian urn, … barbarous a custom to our Etruscans,

191

In another scene the victim lies dead at the foot of the … 1 Micali, Ital. av. Rom. tav. 41 ; not as portraits of individuals, but as … 2 The relation is seen also in some But in the case cited, it is more likely

192

192 VOLTERRA.—The Museum. [chap. xli. … how soon they are to be bereft of a mother's tenderness— … 4 See Vol. I. p. 286. his sons, which happened at a ban-

193

are sometimes recessed in alcoves, and sometimes canopied … With genius, had the marble warmed

194

194 VOLTERRA.—The Museum. [chap. xli. … 9 Inghir. I. tav. 28. tame of these souls is generally the … Visconti interprets these parting-scenes hair. See Ann. Inst. 1835, p. 78. In

195

chap, xli.] THE PASSAGE OF SOULS. 195

196

196 VOLTBRRA.—The Museum. [chap. xu. … " Like snow that falls upon the river—

197

procession is manifestly represented, for the deceased is … Though cinerary urns are so numerous in this collection,

198

198 VOLTEREA.—The Museum. [chap. xw.

199

chap, xli.] URNS OF THE (LECINA FAMILY. 199 … The breeze of Nature stirring in his soul." … family. An Englishman's experience that this estate seems to have been in

200

200 VOLTERRA.—The Museum. [chap. xli. … another urn the same name—av-ceicna- 8 Dempster, I. p. 233. An A. Cecina

201

chap, xli.] ANTIQUITY OF THE URNS OF VOLTERRA. … puni," written "Tlaboni," in some of … decorative, but puts a symbolical inter- … in this way in sepulchral and other in- … be chiefly the presence or absence of … those urns the oldest, which have reliefs

202

202 VOLTERRA.—The Museum. [chap. xli.

203

chap, xi].] THE ETRUSCAN POTTERY OP VOLTERRA. 203 … 60, cl. I. tab. 9 ; Gerhard, Gottheit. d. 60. The marble of which this statue is … Ceres, or Juno with the infant Hercules, that most beautiful Greek vases have … Ilithyia or Juno-Lucina, the goddess of tav. 0 3.

204

VOLTERRA.—The Museum. … inches in diameter, with a beardless … in large letters around, on the

205

Among the minor curiosities are spoons, pins, and dice … the first to coin money in bronze; on … gives a much more reasonable expla- … 113. The dolphin is understood to … These coins of Velathri are illustrated … 7 One of these represented Poly- … (op. cit. tav. 49), as the building of the

206

Note.—The Cbabun of the Etruscans.

207

chap. xi.i.] THE ETRUSCAN CHARUN. 207 … He is also often represented as the messenger of Death, leading or … urns, especially where he is crowned, though he distinguishes the beings

208

208 VOLTERRA.—The Museum. [appendix to … Miiller suggests that the Charon of the early Greek traditions may … remarks, with a figurative dictionary of Etruscan mythology (Bull. Inst. … It has been remarked by Miiller, as well as by Platner in his

209

chap, xli.] THE ETRUSCAN CHARUN. 209

210

THE MAREMMA. ■ … The green Maremma !—

211

chap, xlii.] ATTRACTIONS OF THE MAREMMA. 211 … its name from the swamps in the Itepetti places on the neighbouring … Rutilius shows, and it still affords pro- some ancient remains, called " Vil-

212

THE MAREMMA. … I propose to conduct my readers to Populonia by the

213

chap, xlii.] THE CECINA.—POMARANCE.—CASTELNUOVO. 213 … Pomarance is said to have a comfortable inn. Let the … find, if he have my lot, his bed fully preoccupied, and the

214

214 THE MARBMMA. [chap. xlii.

215

chap, xlii.] THE HILL OF CASTIGLIONE BEENARDI. … Tyrrhene construction, such as might correspond with the … pp. 35, 36, 52. Published also in the … documents of the tenth century speak … know that the name of a town was … traditional with the people, anxious to … lana was made the ancient Veii ; and … poses to make this the basis of his re-

216

216 THE MAREMMA. [chap. xlii. … Classical Museum, 1844, No. V. pp. that of Vetulonia is driven to attempt … 9 Ricerche di Vetulonia, p. 50. He Italicus as to the importance and gran- … Vetulonia (op. cit. pp. 93—6 ; Bull. to his objections in the above-men-

217

chap, xlii.] PRETENDED SITE OF VETULONIA. 217

218

218 THE MAREMMA. [chap. xlii. … They were probably sewers. Below numerous places, not only in Tuscany,

219

as its root; and the town may have taken its name from … from the pestiferous atmosphere of the Maremma ; but … Veterni or Veterna, which seems covered at Perugia in 1822, with eight

220

220 THE MAREMMA. [chap. xlii. … p. 30. But Mttller (Etrusk. I. p. 240) and Piombino, and about a mile … mines. They are probably those which Faliesi, the Faleria of Rutilius (I.

221

five miles, because the road by the Tombolo had been … After some miles there were a few traces of cultivation

222

222 THE MAREMMA. [chap. xin. … called—are from distant parts of the Duchy, mostly from … for the sallow emaciation, or dropsical bloatedness, so often

223

October, when the sun is losing his power to create … mere road-stations, post-houses, or lonely villas met the … cultivation are the best safeguards against disease. It

224

224 THE MAREMMA. [chap. xlii.

225

About the ninth milestone from Folloniea, the road

226

226 THE MAREMMA. [chap. xlh. … wells, some quite choked with earth ; mosaic pavement of

227

chap, xlii.] PRETENDED RUINS OF VETULONIA. … 27. See the Appendix to this Chapter. … sonal acquaintance, but copied a manu- … Tozzetti, Viaggi in Toscana, IV. pp. 117, … opinion. Some of these writers had … repeating the accounts of their prede- … Inghir. Ric. di Vetul. p. 47) sought in … has all the air of verity.

228

228 THE MAREMMA. [chap. xlii. … cover their site, he concluded them to have existed only in … been heard in this district; nothing beyond the Valle al … try with the greatest care, but could pably absurd statements of Alberti with … been formed by Zacchio or Alberti, from he ascribes the tradition of the Masse-

229

traces of which are still to be seen in the dross from the … p. 47. the Arx or Capitol of Vetulonia. Viaggio

230

THE MAREMMA. … The hot springs of the Caldane—the … With regard to the latter reason, … 6 Near Campiglia some ancient mines … Campiglia could boast of mines of a

231

chap, saw.] PANORAMA OF THE MAREMMA. 231 … rejoice in them—think not, know not, that for half the

232

232 THE MAREMMA. [chap. xlii. … care la grandezza, e suntuosita di quello, quanta ella fusse, quando era in essere. … pezzi di grandissime mura in piedi. Per quanto io posso divisare, credo che questo … miglia discosto, appare un grand' edificio, ove si confetta V alume, e quindi a tre, … finisse il suo corso a questa Palude.

233

ETRUSCAN WALLS OF POPULONIA. … Qua naturalem ducit in arva sinum...... … Till that at last they to a castle came, … make a wide circuit by the Torre di San Vincenzio. I

234

the Leghorn road westward to the heights of Populonia. … This was the beach of the celebrated port of Populonia, … Let future travellers take warning, and trust to the legs

235

chap, xliii.] THE CASTLE AND ITS HOSPITABLE LORDS. 235

236

drive over in the morning from Piombino, five miles … 3 Dempster, II. p. 56. nal Twelve Cities, may in after times

237

the Corsicans.4 At any rate, it was an inferior and … lingen (Numis. Anc. Ital. p. 163), from rank as a city. See MUller's remarks,

238

Like Volaterrse, Populonia sustained a siege from the … (p. 68, ed. Bert.) even calls it a city. But he stands alone in this opinion. It

239

chap, xliii.] THE SPECULAR MOUNT. 239 … Fringing the southern sky." … Non illic positas extollit in sethera Castellum geminos hominum funda-

240

Midway lies the Bay of Portoferrajo, so called from … lonia, but the nearest point of Elba is … from the latter from which it is only … information on the antiquities of Elba, … For an account of this beautiful island

241

chap, xim.] ETRUSCAN WALLS AND TOMBS OF POPULONIA. 241 … masses. to convert a quadrangular mass into … styled polygonal (Gerhard, Memor. example of which is shown in the … rally found that the most irregular are or triangular ; and horizontality is

242

On the hill to the east of Populonia, and about one … or contracted into " Pdp." The town But may it not be, on the contrary, that … Etruscan mirrors — e. g. that which the distinction between Phuphluns and

243

of gold and silver, as well as of copper, and generally have … 8 This cut is taken from a vase from … A singular opinion has been broached … duced the monster in the series of his

244

out of

245

ETRUSCAN WiUS OF RUSELLS. … It is a tedious drive of nearly thirty miles from Follonica

246

a wretched osteria, yet the best haltbig-place on the road. … 2 It is Frontinus (Strat. I. 2, 7) who of the same when in that part of the … quarian treasures are stated to have takes this Buriano to be the site of the

247

it is one of the best in Tuscany, south of Florence. The

248

couple of miles, ascended the steep slope on which Kusellse

249

ETRUSCAN WALLS OF RUSELLjE. … of the rudest and most ancient kind of … Rusellse. He also states that all the … The difficulty of raising such huge

250

fragments extant, and those are of smaller and more … its origin was undoubtedly Etruscan ; thinks the " word pomcerium seems pro-

251

chap, xliv.] MODERN DEFENCES OF THE SITE. 251 … an antagonist it is most formidable, particularly in winter, … must have contented themselves with should impede them in passing through

252

Such at least I found the state of the hill in 1844. Let

253

Prom the height of Rusellse you look southward over … " Aprilis," by the Itineraries (see page

254

Castiglion della Pescaja is seen on the shore at the foot of … periods and by different means to reduce stones, and covered in with unhewn

255

The walls of Rusellse, from their stupendous massive- … (II. p. 514), however, speaks of sundry 9 Liv. X. 37.

256

furnished supplies to Scipio in the Second Punic War. It … seen—a wilderness of rocks and thickets—the haunt of … writer shows that at the period of the on account of malaria,

257

South of Grosseto, the next place of Etruscan interest

258

a way-side inn, twelve miles from Grosseto.3 Where this … bygone ages seized here by some Bar- vaults on the heights above Telamone,

259

disputes with Telamone the honour of being the site of … 5 Diod. Sic. IV. p. 259, ed. Rhod. were all Etruscan both in site and … Portus (Strabo, V. p. 224; Diodor. loc. (Strateg. I. 2, 7) says it was at a place … 6 Cluver (II. p. 477) ascribes its that it was fought much to the south,

260

fortunes.9 This is the last historical notice we have of … Ptolemy (p. 68) speaks of its " pro- … it a port in the time of the Argonauts, … Telamon as the port of Busellse, Satur- … belong to the faedus Zatinum—Tlate

261

ohap.xlv.] THE PORT.—THE OSA AND ALBEGNA. 261 … and with good reason, for counts in Italy are plentiful as … 333 ; Sestini, Lett. Numis. III. pp. lium; by the Greeks, MgMon. Plin … lingen (Numis. Auc. Italie, p. 173) 8 Called Albinia by the Peutingeriau

262

—they are deserving of all reverence, albeit patronised by

263

Oebetello makes a threatening front to the stranger. … 3 Strabo, V. p. 225.—KinvoSiXa-na. on calm nights hundreds of these little

264

Orbetello has further interest for the antiquary. The … these fortifications must have been great a mass of material; and again

265

holding together by the enormous weight of its masses. … been the Succosa of the Peutingerian Table ;6 but I hesitate … far from Cosa. It is now in the Labo- III. p. 665. The Peutingerian Table, … Etruscan tomb, which resembles that four or five miles to the west. The

266

it as an Etruscan town, the name of which has not come … poses in preference to the Urbs Vitelli,

267

chaptxlvi.] THE HOSTELRY. 267

268

OF … 5. Round tower of Roman work. … 8. Deep pit, perhaps a quarry.

269

ANCIENT GATE AND WALLS OF COSA. … Go round about her, and tell the towers thereof. … As Cosa was in the time of the Emperor Honorius, such

270

proximity to the sea, forms a conspicuous object in the … answered by a stare of surprise, and "non c' e qultalroba,"

271

chap.xlvh.] WALLS OF POLYGONAL MASONRY. 271

272

to thirty feet in height, and are relieved, at intervals, by … also project a little inward, from the Pyrgi, which was fortified with similar … these towers are omitted. «towers," retains no trace of such in

273

chap, xlvii.] PECULIARITIES OF THESE WALLS. 273 … and remember no other instance than fifteen, and externally the wall is at

274

is but the natural finishing off of the polygonal, just as the

275

chap, xlvii.] THE GATEWAYS. 275

276

certain other Cyclopean cities of Italy.2 Yet such may … 1 foot below, and about 3 feet in height, mon in the cities of southern Etruria.

277

chap, xlvii.] REMAINS WITHIN THE WALLS. 277 … 5 It is highly probable that the Monte Ital. XI., and Repetti, s. v. Orbetello.

278

grey peaks of Elba. The Giglio, the so called " Lily" … Yet in this region, all desolate as it now appears, stood … Ivi e la cava, ove andarno a torme,

279

Among the ruins on the shore at this spot is some … » Mannert, Geog. p. 366. According J Yet excavations have been made in

280

maintains that the walls of Cosa, and of Saturnia, which … It would demand more room than the limits of this work … III.p.6. "Amereglanee,"hesays,"atthe vertine. I cite Micali in this instance, … remote antiquity. Micali's argument, term to the walls of Mycenae, which are

281

chap, xlvii.] ANTIQUITY OF POLYGONAL MASONRY. … the term is convenient—se non e vero, e … 4 Gell held the contrary opinion— … certain that even the least ancient … in the Via Appia, between Terracina … that most of the cities on the Via

282

bettipotentia, and were ever borrowing of their neighbours,

283

chap, xivu.] PECULIARITY OF THE POLYGONAL TYPE. … many of the polygonal fortifications of … prove that the type originated with

284

the Pelasgi. Not that, with Sir W. Gell, I would cite the … 10 Bunbury, Clas. Mus. V. p. 186. people in Europe, extended from the Po

285

the peculiar homes of this people, such monuments are … structures are to be found in Basilicata … Saturnia, on the contrary, whose Pe-

286

monuments of the land, are but exceptions to the rule, and … regarding its walls as of Roman construction. There is … favourite style was sometimes carried out, hewn into horizontal masonry in the

287

chap, xlvh.] HIGH ANTIQUITY OF COSA AND ITS WALLS. 287 … inclines to the same opinion (Ann. Inst., … a colony of Vulci. But the expression … not begin to flourish till after the … tion of Cosa does not prove that before … founds this opinion on the mention by

288

possessed the land of the Volsci, it would seem that this … the s and r being frequently inter- 2 Val. Paterc. I. 14; Liv. Epit. XIV; … name needs no proof. Capua itself is she may have been colonised with the

289

a period. With just as much propriety might the … consider the Cosa of Etruria is here … There are certain coins—with the

290

cause of such desolation, with needless apologies for its … Et conjuratas in sua bella grues.

291

The deep foundations that we lay … Calvi, three miles from the sea, buried asserts that the village of Badiola on an … Massa Marittima, or five miles westward geographical mile-and-a-lialf (about six

292

quities having been discovered at Magliano, a village

293

chap. xLvm.j DISCOVERY OF AN ETRUSCAN CITY. 293 … who says that the city was 7200 English della campagna, senza nessun vestigio

294

by the streamlet Patrignone, whose banks rise in cliffs of … quadrilatero di mura rovinate, lungo size and rude shaping; others of tufo, … 4 Signor Pasquinelli mentioned two Corneto, agreeing in size and form with

295

chap. xLvm.] REMAINS DISCOVERED ON THE SITE. 295

296

some Roman remains—the bases of small Doric columns ;

297

chap, xlviii.] THE NECROPOLIS. 297 … to me—probably dragons.1 The existence of Etruscan … To those, however, who know Italy, it will be no matter of … 1 It must be this tomb which was probably on the heights of Colle di

298

because not more healthy, than the Campanian shore, a

299

chap, xlviii.] WHAT WAS THIS ANCIENT CITY 1 299 … Let us see what has been said of that city by the … fully fertile, and presents every encou- p. 473), and of Miiller (Etrus. II. 1, 2).

300

bears testimony to the antiquity and former glory of Vetu- … 6 Sil. Ital. VIII. 485.— corruption of « Vetulonis ;" but there is … gentis. Dionysius (II. p. 104) speaks of an … fasces, a Lucumo, probably Ceeles Vibenna, … Haec altas eboris decoravit honore be a corruption of Vetulonium. Cas- … Haec eadem pugnas accendere pro- to the more probable opinion that it was … 7 Plin. III. 8. Ptol. p. 72, ed. Bert. 9 Dr. Ambrosch, in order to reconcile

301

Such are the requisites of the long-lost Vetulonia. Every … for he considers it impossible, if Vetulo- accuracy, not for a lively imagination, … should be made of it by the principal the reader to my notice of Vetulonia in … allow me here to reply to these arguments ments Inghirami adduces, from the

302

Veii, Fidense, Cosa, and many other ancient cities whose … rami and Ambrosch, who would fix the site of this ancient … found in any known collection, and … Bettona, in Umbria. They are also

303

chap, xiviii.] MARITIME CHARACTER OF VETULONIA. 303

304

it.6 In truth, the little mention made of it by ancient … 6 Signor Pasquinelli remarks that even specifies the period of the city's … (Etrur. Reg. II. p. 56) as a mere nensivm . plebs

305

ANCIENT TOMB, SATDRNIA. … A few rude monuments of mountain stone … One of the most ancient of Etruscan sites is Saturnia,

306

The road from Orbetello runs on the left bank of the

307

the rest of the way on foot. For the thirteen miles hence … winch I expected to accomplish on horseback in three

308

The modern Saturnia is the representative of the ancient … Moreover he furnished me with a guide to the antiquities … but that is certainly an overstatement. 'In a few parts are remains of … half which Santi ascribes to it. Viaggio, culatum—the repairs of the still earlier

309

chap, xlix.] WALLS OF POLYGONAL MASONRY. 309

310

the foundations of the modern walls. Beyond this I could … high, but the blocks are 20 feet in perceive them to be of the time of … 7 Hoare, Class. Tour, I. p. 52. of the Piazza is a Roman sepulchral

311

ridge of Scansano ; and there the hoary crests of Monte

312

but the tomb is either beneath, or within, the monu- … No other monument could I perceive near the walls; … IB the middle by a sort of chimney— and Chiusi, respectively. The first, which

313

chap, xlix.] FARE AT THE FATTORIA. 313 … down nightly to such a supper as this, which needed no

314

Let the traveller eschew the summer months for a visit

315

to the tendency of the travertine to split in laminar forms. … partments for bodies, by an upright slab, on which the … These tombs are sunk but little below the surface,

316

the earth has been removed or washed away, so as to leave … foot in thickness. The tumuli, as far it is probable that the custom was

317

be no doubt that these structures of Saturnia are of that … dismantled—the haunts of the fox, the porcupine, and … these tombs % Prior to the Roman conquest they must be, … " several subterraneous grottos are still on the slope beneath Saturnia, towards

318

that race of whose care in decorating their tombs with … to the original town on the site of tioned as a colony by Ptolemy (p. 72, … est" (Plin. III. 9)—but it is evident {v. Prefectures). The Etruscan family-

319

chap, xux.] THE CITY AND ITS WALLS ARE PELASGIC. 319 … 4 Ant. Pop. Ital. I. pp. H4, 196. masonry wherever found — in Italy, … "forse "—"sipub credere " —" potreW are well assured that in many instances

320

were not squared down as the Romans always treated this … 6 It has been asserted that polygonal 8 The articles found in a similar

321

finding some of these rude tombs intact, or by discovering … campi sotto il poggio e presso il Bagno exist there is unknown, as the anti- … ossa umane dentro fosse coperte da investigated. (See Borrow's Bible in … scuoprirsi nei sepolcreti di etrusco two sites in Etruria, they are found in

322

instances they may be the work of the same people in … and Sorano. There is a carriage-road to those places … in Greece, but in Asia they are not

323

chap, xux.] DISCOVERY OF AN ETRUSCAN TOWN. 323

324

that Caletra stood somewhere in this district, for Saturnia … served that Livy does not speak of a … the Etruscan town had ceased to exist … Caletra a site in the neighbourhood of

325

FOCOLARE----BLACK WARE OF CHIOS!. … I must transport my reader from the banks of the

326

326 CHIUSI.—The City. [chap. l. … It is but six miles from La Pieve to Chiusi, and the road … is hardly carriageable throughout. It done in one day, by starting early. The … is to be avoided because it enters the derived from Civitas Plebis, seems also

327

ANTIQUITY OF CLUSIUM. … miles, which is less than the distance by … The Peutingerian Table, in the part of … * That Clusium was oue of the Twelve … Liv. II. 9. A city, whose ruler headed … in Umbria, and says Livy remembers

328

CHIUSI.—The City. … raet" may find its equivalent in Caerete. … other series of coins which have been … siders the ancient name of the city, … Umbrian rather than a Pelasgic name … tions a Clusiolum above Interamna in

329

chap, l] HISTORY OF CLUSIUM. 329 … stirring events, its deeds of heroism, are among the … and teaches us to regard the deeds of Horatius, Scsevola, … 9 Niebuhr (I. p. 551) maintains that not in our annals would now-a-days be

330

330 CHIUSL—The City. [chap. l. … Mai. XII. 24, 25 ; Flor. I. 13 ; Plut. VIII. 479. The grain, indeed, of Clu- … LWy- of Clusium. … 3 Liv. X. 30. foun,i whicn shows that the Clusini

331

chap, l.] DECAY OF CLUSIUM. 331 … Since the draining of the Val di Chiana, she has risen … after this battle, or 80 b.c. Repetti, I. which is confirmed by the Church of … 7 Repetti, loc. cit. This writer thinks has been supposed that the site of the … Ptolemy (p. 72, ed. Bert.), and by the opinion, which is founded on the disco-

332

332 OHIUSL—The City. [chap. l. … 720) describing this masonry as " of in this district of Italy,

333

chap, l.] ANCIENT WALLS AND OTHER LIONS. 333 … P 5) gives a plate of a similar monu- mind us of the sphere and cylinder on … an augur with his lituus, on each side i. e. on the real sepulchre discovered by … archaic. These were probably Etrus- shown now-a-days under the name.

334

CHIUSI.-The City. … of it was a small well. Signor Flavio … squared blocks of travertine. Capitano … der the house of the Nardi Dei is

335

Chiusi, unluckily for the sight-seer, has not, like Volterra, … all that courtesy and urbanity which distinguish the Tuscan … the idea of a labyrinth has been con- 166.

336

336 CHIUSL—The City. [chap. l. … This collection is crammed into three chambers. The

337

The pedestal of the chair on which the figure sits is … and thinks the ashes of the deceased … a similar figure of a man, found in a … There is a close affinity between these

338

338 CHIUSL—The City. [chap. l. … 8 One of this subject is given by in Tartarus, and the upper one in

339

One of these square monuments has, on each of its sides, … either at some honourable deed in the Chius. tav. XXX. Beneath him is an

340

CHIUSI.—The City. … On a round cippus are fragments of three warriors, … The aurigce have the reins round their

341

bury their dead. The cinerary urns are most numerous, … Inst. 1843, p. 359. 9 The other males are called " Vel. … Fasti (Fausta), and regard it as the But if, as I read it, it be "Pursnei,"

342

342 CHIUSI.—The City. [chap. l.

343

It has been often asserted, that the recumbent figures … seems to have been a noble, for he wears a large signet-

344

344 CHIUSI.—The City. [chap. i. … There is a sarcophagus with this subject. illustrates this monument (Ant. Pop. … 1 So this urn is explained by Inghi- ject in the Museum of Vol terra, vi

345

The ministers of death are generally represented at … Theban Brothers, dying by each other's an illustration of one of these urns, in … but the attributes in their hands to dis- 3 Mus. Chius. tav. CLXXXVIII.

346

CHIUSI.—The City. [chap. l. … compass ! Etruria Celtica, II. p. 270. 3 The art displayed in these large … admifeL!tr "** ^ VerUm a 'i0n'8 h6ad betWeeD tW° PeUW~*gatC'

347

chap, l.] ANCIENT BLACK WARE OF CLUSIUM. 347 … tiglioncel del Trinoro, and the neighbouring Etruscan sites.

348

CHIUSI.—The City. … and curious, though not confined to this district of Etruria. … Micali thinks it was not of ordinary use, … formed of no peculiar earth, and that

349

about with prominent figures of veiled women, supposed

350

350 CHIUST.—The City. [chap, l. … 5 Inghirami thinks they were not are to be seen in almost every Museum … censers—Bv/uariipia—have been found found at a spot called Fonte Rotella, … and the Grotta Regulini-Galassi at Cer- been remarked that on the painted vases … tav. XXXIX.; Micali, Mon. Ined. tav. find just twelve figures on the outside.

351

Among the curiosities of pottery here is a rhyton, or … or mirrors, some figured, and some gilt. Neither the gold

352

CHIUSI.—The City.

353

chap, l.] THE ANUBIS-VASE. 353 … however, to Anubis ; for there was a p. 20, tav. XXII.; Bull. Inst. 1830, p. … nions of this vase are given by Inghi- as the descent of some hero to the lower … VOL. II. A A

354

354 CHIUSI.—The City, [chap. l. … 4 This cippus has been illustrated by tore their flesh to make the blood flow, … It is very similar to a relief at Perugia. blood. Serv. ad Virg. Mn, V. 78 ; … p. 150. The pro^ciE beat their breasts, cainal .

355

fragment of a relief represents a faun dancing behind a … That of Hippolytus was lefte no moniment." … c . alfivs . a . f . wise. Bull. Inst. 1833, p. 51.

356

CHIUSI.—The City. … 8 Inghirami thought the jar symbol- … tav. 33. They are generally 'in the

357

There are numerous small urns of terra-cotta, with the … paterce — candelabra — cauldrons, and other articles of … of earthenware ; others placed on small » There was formerly a remarkable … must be curule chairs, and indicative Charun, with his wonted hammer in one … urns. The style of art likewise shows his victim to the Gate of Hell, which

358

358 CHIUSL—The City. [chap. l. … for some monuments I had seen in the origin of the Roman Catholic sa-

359

chap, l.] THE GABINETTO AND PRIVATE MUSEUMS. 359 … seven—numerus rerum omnium fere found in the publications of the Ar-

360

DOOR OF AN ETRUSCAN TOMB AT CHIUSI. … The Cemetery. … On some this centres in walls ; on others, in tombs ; on

361

excavations yield as abundantly as those of Vulci, though … tombs, it must be confessed that she is inferior to the city

362

362 CHIUSI.—The Cemetery. [chap. li. … labour to preserve them.2 This was not a common mode

363

chap, li.] ANCIENT DOOR.—CHARIOT-RACES. 363

364

364 CHIUSL—The Cemetery. [chap. li. … 3 For illustrations of Etruscan turn- especially by a silver gilt vessel in very … beating nothing but the air with his is of opinion that the Etruscan histriones,

365

man, exercising himself with halteres, or, in plain English,

366

366 CHIUSL—The Cemetery. [chap. ». … these figures are made to alternate with to his outline, which in some cases has … foliage, and not paddle-shaped, like is very like one once existing in the

367

chap, li.] PECULIARITIES OF THESE PAINTINGS, 367 … foreshortening; the faces are always in profile ; the figures … 363, ed. Steph. Inghirami thinks such lyre in this scene,

368

368 CHIUSI.—The Cemetery. [chap. li. … On the opposite side of Chiusi, and about three miles … seen. The resemblance is not only in subject, mode of … Illustrations of the scenes in this the family in whose ground it lay. … tav. 181—185. For further notices passed into the hands of Signor Felice … —Inghirami. mile3 from the city> to t]le north-west,

369

The frieze round the principal chamber is devoted … —the foot-race—casting the discus— sometimes represented tied by ribbons … 3 Chevalier Kestner (Ann. Inst. 1829, as have been discovered in Etruscan

370

370 CHIUSI.—The Cemetery. [chap. li. … Mollibus in pratis unctos saluere per ^ ^ yase ^ contained dust lriA … an amusement also of the Athenians, designates this game, * il salto del caval-

371

face of a dog; it is at least so scratched on the wall, … and her passion in stone.10 … were seen in this tomb when first … 10 In a tomb near this, Signor Luccioli … Here again it will be observed that the

372

372 CHIUSI.—The Cemetery. [ohap. m.

373

chap, li.] TOMB OF THE NUNS. 373 … not ;* though it seems probable he was from this district of … p. 502. mine. The name of Vibenna—Vipi,

374

374 CHIUSL—The Cemetery. [chap. li.

375

chap, li.] THE JEWELLER'S FIELD.—SCARAB MI. 375 … any other around the town, is matter for speculative

376

376 CHIUSI.-—The Cemetery. [chap. u. … or " del Sovrano/' is so called from lying in the property

377

chap, li.] TOMB OF THE GRAND DUKE.—ARCHED VAULT. 377 … with this same accordance, on measur- 10 One of the males, called " Au. … chres at Chiusi. What other instance family of Pumpus, or Pompeius. The … 9 Though now in the slope of the hill, The females are " Thania. Seianti. Pe- … tare, and then covered with earth—a ' The door is six feet high, and about

378

378 CHIUSI.—The Cemetery. [chap. li. … reclosed with earth. jn the olden time. In the East the

379

chap, li.] TOMB OF THE MONKEY. 379 … shelter while directing the siege of 830; Aves, 1508, 1549) ; and Roman … British Museum, satisfactorily attest. first proof, that they were used in … thongh he was soon avenged by his sia's charms, in London, the centre of

380

380 CHIUSI.—The Cemetery. [chap. li. … Volterra (ut supra, p. ] 88), but curved Gregorian Museum at Rome ; it is the

381

seems to wish to instruct him in gymnastics, to which the.

382

382 CHIUSI.—The Cemetery. [chap, li."

383

chap, li.] TOMB OF ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE. 383 … under lock and key, and will therefore especially demanded. One Monni, a

384

384 CHIUSI.—The Cemetery. [chap. it. … Among the Etruscan families mentioned in the sepulchral inscriptions

385

Ut quondam Creta fertur Labyrinthus in alta … It is a notable fact that but one description of an

386

pyramids, the height whereof Varro was ashamed to men- … lositas, utemur ipsius M. Varronis in … quatuor in angulis, in medio una: in … 395) thinks it nothing more than the … Miiller, maintains on this subject a pru-

387

chap, mi.] THE TOMB OF LARS PORSENA. 387 … ceived of something utterly foreign to its experience ; any … 3 Miiller (Etrusk. IV., 2. 1.) is of thinks Varro took his description from

388

from the map of Italy.5 The site, too, of such a monu- … posed to lie significant of rank and … even maintained that the English word … of a " decided blunder " in shortening … Silius Italicus (VIII. 391, 480) in cor- … followed by Claudian (in Eutrop. I. 444) … Benef. V. 16), for the lengthening of the … added an n for the sake of the metre, … right in his choice of Porsena; not on

389

chap, lii.] ANALOGIES IN EXTANT MONUMENTS. 389 … and Claudian, but because it is more form, distinct from the cone; a fact not … language, which gives us " Pursna," as its basements of large size, either for … the tapering form of a flame. Canina times several rising from one basement

390

himself suggests one for the bells; because the super- … 9 Abeken remarks with justice, that if torian he was justified in doing. It is

391

chap, mi.] LABYRINTH IN PORSENA'S TOMB. 391 … Miiller, therefore, makes a decided dis- " Gruner calls this rock a volcanic … also think Thiersch (Abhandlung der has occasional layers of flint.

392

it is covered with a light wood of oaks. There was no

393

chap, lii.] POLYANDRION OF POGGIO GAJELLA. 393

394

PLAN OP A PORTION OF THE PRINCIPAL STORY … Entrance from the south. … Door to the principal chamber. ^^8H … Original mouth of the passages. … In * are the mouths of the cuniculi m and n.

395

CONTENTS OF THE SEPULCHRES.

396

found in one hundred and twenty minute pieces, now … to the elbows in adventures." Enter one of the holes … which is nearly 3 feet square, runs tombs are at the base of the mound,

397

chap, ui.] LABYRINTHINE PASSAGES IN THE BOCK. 397 … means of access to the chamber, when it already had a

398

destroying the beauty of the walls which were painted … in by-gone researches for buried treasure.4 That the … 4 This was Abeken's more digested must have been overlooked by the first

399

gradually diminishes in size as it penetrates the hill,

400

be discovered to the catacombs of Rome, Naples, and … light on the mystery. … perishing records of human greatness; for, as an old … the depository of ancient treasures. as the mound remains in the hands of

401

The hills to the west of Chiusi are rich in Etruscan

402

The Etruscan antiquities now visible at Cetona are all

403

The other cinerary urn is the best preserved Etruscan … elsewhere suggests that the demon on Ined. p. 309) sees in the female, Pene- … Inst. 1843. p. 61. He acknowledges one of whom tries in vain to draw the … less from those which are received. Sozzi (Bull. Inst. 1842. p. 19) takes the

404

the cushion on which he reclines and the drapery on his … the road is full of beauty. It ascends a steep and lofty … further notices of this statue. 5 Monte Cetona rises 1957 braceiu, or

405

from the brow of the long dark hills which stretch up from … At Sarteano there are three foci of interest to the anti- … Vulcan, with the other at the realm of rise the laya-cone of Radicdfani, and … sulphureous vapours and hot springs, half-way is a hill, called Poggio Montolo,

406

A female demon or Fury, holding a torch, bestrides the … her triumph over both; she sets her foot on an altar in the … Another relief represents Orestes in Tauris; and indi-

407

chap, liii.] COLLECTIONS OF BORSELLI AND LUNGHINI. 407 … 2 Cervetri might as reasonably be vases with mythological subjects—the … 4 An amphora, with Hercules leading 5 On the painted pottery are scenes

408

of which decorates the Gregorian Museum. They are … This monument is an excellent specimen of the very early

409

ohap.lhi.] TOMBS OF SARTEANO. 409 … have generally but a single chamber, remain open for inspection.

410

From Sarteano to Chianciano it is a drive of seven … of Alpine snow and sublimity; and if the ocean be want- … which reflects beauty on everything beneath it. It is the

411

two thousand souls, and is much resorted to in summer, … which it occurs is " Clanician'ISth." found, half a century since, the remains

412

Chianciano is only four miles from Montepulciano. The … situation and the remains discovered in its neighbourhood, … letters— * In the Museo Chiusino (II. pp. 124, … The last letter in the second word of the |J p, 422,

413

Arretium Fidens of Pliny,6 or as the Ad Novas of the … In Portu … From Clusium a second road ran more

414

of the inscriptions are remarkable for having Etruscan … Hark to the extatic jolliness of the god!— … Montepulciano 's the king of all wine." … Trepu (Trebius), Tlesna or Tresna families of Lecne (Licinius) and Tetina

415

Thrasymene, and to the very base of the hoary Apennines.

416

Every one must be struck with the beauty of the cattle … Siena by Asinalunga and Aseiano. ornaments of gold and silver, and … p. 126. Near Lueignano, in some hills, ciano, a village on the heights by the

417

" Can any good come out of Nazareth 1" was asked of … no unapt metaphor for a city of potters, as this was of old. … "—Nature made but one such man, with it, has his monument in Arezzo.

418

It is not for me to set forth the modern glories of Arezzo … But I may assure the traveller that nowhere on his jour- … This large and lively city is the representative of the … Mai 1819, l. n. s. c." prior to the Trojan War, and to have … —whose peculiarities are set forth by that effect in ancient writers. … * Arrezzo is 18 miles from Cortona, already stated with reference to the … from Chiusi, nearly as many from Siena, Arretium took as one of the Twelve ; … writers ; but ancient inscriptions always

419

chap. i,v.] HISTORY OF ARRETIUM. 419 … warfare consequent on the insurrection 3 Polyb. II. ] 9. Orosius (III. 22)

420

throw on the shores of the Thrasymene.4 The city did … that the Consul and his horse here fell … falces, alveolos, molas, quantum in … refers the colony of Arretium Fidens to … p. 572) thinks it must have been a

421

ANCIENT WALLS OF BRICK. … 3 Vitruv. II. 8.—E latere .... in … far are the walls of Arezzo from being … also cemented, and of yet more recent

422

In the garden of the Passionist Convent, in the lower … Arretium was celebrated of old for her pottery, which … not remains of seats, steps, and prce- … 7 Plin. XXXV. 46.-Samia etiam- Persius <L 130> who sPeaks of an xdile … litantur. Htec quoque per maria ter- casting the reliefs, and remains of vitri-

423

reliefs, rather of flowers than of figures, and bearing the … Bull. Inst. 1834, pp. 102, 150. For this we can only deduce that the

424

occasionally brought to light on other sites in Etruria; … Toscanella. Bull. Inst. 1839, p. 28. meter. The coins which are commonly … are often identical (Bull. Inst. 1837, legend, in Etruscan letters, * vpn," … (Plin. loc. cit.—habent et Tralles opera the wheel on the obverse, have a vase … V. pp. 1—12, tav. I. And besides the Inst. 1841. p. 104.

425

a dance of Bacchanals, Theseus overcoming an Amazon, … 6 Micali (Mon. Ined. p. 386, tav. can urn in one of the tombs of Perugia. … right, for the addition of a small stroke miles distant, in the Val di Chiana.

426

inscription.9 Here are heads and other articles in terra … cularly abundant in the Etruscan … 9 This is the urn which was found … Saturninus, being the Latin cognomen, … 1 The strigil was a scraper used after … 80) ; or to allow the grease scraped … strigils were of different forms, but the

427

of the name of Arretium, distinguished by the epithets of … to assign a site to either. Holstenius 5 Repetti appears to have been the

428

only to the south-east, on a height called Poggio di San

429

chap, w.] ANCIENT WALLS AT SAN CORNELIO. 429 … was the original site, and that this, so much stronger by … would involve a great sacrifice of convenience. This was … them as Etruscan and the remains of 411—413. He gives a plan of the

430

heights to a new one in the plain. This may have been

431

chap. i,v.] AREZZO NOT THE ETRUSCAN ARRETIUM. … this being the Etruscan site, that the

432

ANCIENT WALLS OF CORTONA. … Traveller, thou art approaching Cortona ! Dost thou

433

chap, lvi.] VENERABLE ANTIQUITY OF CORTONA. … venerable than Cortona. Ere the days of Hector and … Servius (in loe.) thus explains it, and … The poet uses the ancient name for the … which the poem refers, much less to

434

OF … Ancient Gate, now blocked up. … Church of S. Filippo. . … Line of the ancient walls, where they do

435

tribute of homage—acceptam parce movere fidem ! Hast

436

latter made a considerably wider circuit.2 They may be … be scarcely larger than Rusellse, and feet, which is that of the fragment deli- … Confederation. in. to 5 ft. in height, and from 6 or 7

437

chap, lvi.] THE ANCIENT WALLS. 437

438

Then the dark mass of Montepulciano, rising on the … known — Corythus, Croton, Crotona, that Ulysses, called by the Etruscans, … is the name used by Polybius (III. 82) > Dion. Hal. I. p. 16. cf. Hell- … further mentioned presently. Gortynaea also intimated by the legend, which

439

ORIGIN OF CORTONA. … the designation of it by Silius Italicus … nation as erroneous, assents to the attri- … does not consider the wheel, or the other … 23), but with this difference that in the … Tyrrhenischen Pelasger in Etrurien,

440

the Etruscans, as he thinks Falerii was.5 But that she was … takes Cortona to have been the site of 2 There is said to have been a large … (II. 27) states that that battle was Palazzo Passerini; and a third outside … ^ Polyb. III. 82 ; Liv. XXII. 4. the end of the seventeenth century.

441

chap, lvi.] VAULT IN THE CASA CECCHETTI. 441

442

vases of great beauty or interest; merely black or red

443

chap, lvi.] THE WONDERFUL LAMP. 4,43

444

From the high decoration of the bottom of the lamp, … in sepulchres—even in Etruscan ones, … which shows that a certain Roman gave … that it is of a style between the cele-

445

chap, lvi.] ANCIENT TOMBS. 445 … be looked for on the lower slopes or in the plain beneath, … pp. 72, et seq. tav. IX. X.; Bull. Inst. 6 For a description of the Etruscan

446

ledges in the slopes, where accumulations of soil from the … Etrus. III. p. 75, cl. II. tav. 2) describes long, 3 ft. wide, and 22 in. thick. The

447

chap, lvi.] THE CAVE OF PYTHAGORAS. 447

448

interior. The slabs and blocks of sandstone seem newly … coeval with the walls of Cortona, and of Pelasgic origin.

449

chap, lvi.] ANCIENT SEPULCHRES OF CORTONA. 449 … 4 In this last tomb was found a large as throwing light on the character of

450

had long been suspected of being sepulchral; and at … cumference, and 46 feet high. these tombs is a hole, through which

451

primitive principle of the convergence of the blocks to a

452

sky, seem to have been covered in the same manner as … within it. Yet, as the researches have proved so little

453

chap, lvi.] THE MELON TUMULUS. 453

454

The City. … Happy the man who with mind open to the influences

455

chap, lvii.] BATTLE OF THE THRASYMENE. 455 … At Monte Gualandro, we entered the Papal State. Here … antiquity. Polybius (III. 82) calls it Tharsomenus, instead of Thrasumenus.

456

456 PERUGIA.—The City. [chap. ivii. … For three hours did the Romans maintain the unequal

457

chap, lvii] THE THRASYMENE LAKE. 457 … arsisse totum.....Valerius Antias in undas : … 7,6,) had recounted it among Hannibal's both making a mere metaphor of what … inustum memoria. Silius Italicus (V. he should have found a Pliny to repeat

458

458 PERUGIA.—The City. [chap. lvii. … tance, crowning its lofty olive-girt height with a long level … It is not for me to describe or even enumerate the … 5 Caina is an Etruscan family name, Chiusi and its neighbourhood. It is the

459

chap, lvii.] ANCIENT WALLS AND GATES OF PERUGIA. 459

460

460 PERUGIA.—The City. [chap. lvii. … unlike that of the Porta di Giove at documents to prove this gate older than

461

chap, lvii.] THE ARCH OF AUGUSTUS. 461

462

462 PERUGIA.—The City. [chap. ivii. … ments abound in this district, especially the same thing that was taken by Mr.

463

chap, tvii.] THE MUSEUM. 463

464

464 PERUGIA.—The City. [chap. lvii. … In yases the Museum of Perugia is not rich, yet it

465

bears a four-pronged sceptre—the other a god, one of the … 2 For descriptions and illustrations of … The spot where they were found is cele-

466

466 PERUGIA.—The City. [chap. lvii. … There is also a collection of coins.6 … fend me," deriving it from the old Latin rusia " — which they derive from the … 123. They think that the wheel shows

467

and plectrum, attended by slaves ; that in the front of the

468

PERUGIA.-The City. … his opinion that it represents a funeral … temporary with the earliest paintings in … qui Perusiae consederant. The Sar- … built long prior to the Trojan war, … apxa-i&rnros *x°^aV Ka* a£tc5<re<as. … and Arretium ; here calling the trio—

469

some traditions to have won a victory over the Etruscans,

470

470 PERUGIA.—The City. [chap. lvu. … 8 Liv. XXVIII. 45. as patron deity of Perusia. Appian.

471

The Cemeteky. … The necropolis of Perusia offers a rich field for research ; … First and foremost in magnitude and beauty, and rival-

472

472 PERUGIA.—The Cemeteky. [chap, lviii. … Daylight cannot penetrate to the further end of the … It seems to imply that the sepulchre - The dimensions of this central

473

chap, win.] TOMB OF THE VOLUMNII. 473 … 3 Miiller (Etrusk. II. p. 62) thinks —" Volnius"—is the correct one ; and … Etruria; so also Gerhard, Gottheiten op. cit. IX. 61.). The wife of Coriolanus

474

474 PERUGIA.—The Cemetery. [chap. lvui. … for orders from on high, respecting the sepulchre they are … the imagination of the artist could con- ad JEn. II. 616.

475

an effigy of the lady whose dust is contained in the urn, … 6 There is doubtless an analogy to fluted pilasters somewhat of the Corin- … isodomm masonry marked in the front, 8 Verniiglioli (Sepolcro de' Volunni,

476

PERUGIA.—The Cemetery. … phates " in Etruscan, is of frequent oc- … 9 The Latin inscription on this urn … groundless, made too without a per- … Cavaliere Vermiglioli the following well- … sua Etruria-Celtica, pubblicata in Dub- … da sostenersi ne' suoi paradossi, ed in … a tutte le epigrafi etrusche nello stesso

477

But look at the ceiling of this chamber. It is coffered … oeulari in grandissimo numero che vi si ,0 The eyesand teeth are either painted … nello stesso giorno della sua apertura, sented as a head in a disk set round

478

478 PERUGIA.—The Cemetery. [chap, lviii.

479

chap, urin.] DECORATIONS OF THE TOMB. 479 … These reptiles are of earthenware, but their tongues are … page 375. 6 This is not the only sepulchre of

480

480 PERUGIA.—The Cemetery. [chap, lviii. … The grand urn in the centre has,

481

chap, lviii.] THE VELIMNAS FAMILY. 481 … Another Etruscan family of Perugia— here hardly be other than the patrony-

482

482 PERUGIA.—The Cemetbrt. [chap, lviii. … 1 Vermiglioli (p. 43) considers this urns must be of the time of the

483

chap. Lvin.] INTEREST OP THE GROTTA VOLUNNI. 433 … of Etruscan origin. A few have been placed under lock

484

484 PERUGIA.—The Cemeteky. [chap, lviii.

485

chap, lviii.] TOMBS OF ETRUSCAN FAMILIES. 485 … Inst. 1843, pp. 18,22. There is another 1844. p. 136. Two other sepulchres of

486

486 PERUGIA.—The Cemetery. [chap. lvhi.

487

chap. Lviii.] TOMBS OF ETRUSCAN FAMILIES. 487 … valent to the Farrus or Farianus of the Luceti or Liceti—Upelsi—Suzi—Pum- … 2 In 1843, Vermiglioli says that bins). Bull. Inst. 1844. pp. 137, et seq.

488

488 PERUGIA.—The Cemetery. [chap, lviii. … This tomb, or "temple," as it is called, lies at the hamlet

489

subterranean character.9 Moreover, the existence of an … it for a sepulchre. So also Abeken, Mit- gives numerous proofs of the relation

490

Tokens of the dead :—the wondrous fame … These are sad and sepulchral pitchers, silently expressing old mortality, the ruins

491

chap, lix.] THE GREGORIAN MUSEUM. 491 … interested in antiquarian science. As the excavations

492

Three recumbent figures in terra cotta, a male and two … stretched on their backs, with one hand tions see the work entitled Museo Gre-

493

in his chariot. On one side stands Hippodamia, his … These bear, as usual, Greek myths with a mixture of

494

Lucumo on the lid, reclining on his back, with a scroll in … shows an altar in the midst, with the body of a female

495

found, together with a number of small pots, lamps, rude … in 1817, first by Signor Carlo Tomas-

496

Chamber of Terra-Cottas. … relies were placed beneath the volcanic … by some of the Swiss soldiers in the … Roma, 1817," — a strange farrago of … 1 There is a similar figure in marble,

497

There are several small urns of the same material, … small amphorce, in the Second or Archaic style, with black … phm-a, pdice, stamms. need not be stated here- And the … handles—hydria, calpis thought it necessary to specify. The … Vases for pouring _ cmochoe, olpe, the reader for the ^rence * *W<*>-

498

tombs of Etruria. It displays Mercury presenting the

499

as they are commonly represented on the earliest Greek … The bowl of the vase has four bands of figures, but … the said words in choice Attic issuing from their mouths, … 6 Mus. Gregor. II. tav. XC. that so they are written in Greek cha-

500

name, " Echsekias," is recorded, as well as that of the

501

on the Delphic tripod, which is speeding its winged course

502

is measuring the oil exclaims, " 0 father Jupiter ! would … 7 Some see in this scene Jupiter and « Mon. Ined. Inst. II. tav. XXXVIII;

503

remarkable, as near as I can recollect in the order in … the Dioscuri were it not for the inscriptions above them. … Amphora. Achilles and Memnon, contending over the

504

Calpis. " Thamyeas " with his lyre, contending with the … Hydria. On the shoulder of the vase, Theseus is slay- … her with XAIPE. Iolaus stands by. On the reverse a

505

Amphora. Apollo with the lyre, crowned with laurel, … Amphora. Hercules and Apollo contending for the … Amphora. " Ekabe " (Hecuba) presents a goblet to her … helmet, stands, spear in hand; on the other, a maiden

506

Stamnos. The gods in council. Jupiter and Juno seated … Stamnos. " Zeus " seizing " Mgixa," in the midst of … Amphora. Hercules, bearing the boar of Erymanthus

507

Celebe. Combat of Greeks and Amazons. Third style. … The bearded god,

508

overcoming the Centaurs—slaying Cacus—vanquishing the … amphora, in the Second style, representing Jupiter about

509

more rare than the. upright vases, and not inferior in … 4 These two vases are illustrated in 7 Mus. Gregor. II. tav. LXXXII. 1. … But more common on those of Magna 1 Mus. Gregor. II. tav. LXXXVII.

510

figures, such as Hercules slaying Cycnus,—a mounted … 3 This is a burlesque. Mus. Gregor. Dr. Braun interprets it (Ann. Inst. 1844. … 4 Mus. Gregor. II. tav. LXXXIII. 1. like one of the crooks, represented in the

511

shows that the vase was a present of affection to some

512

on a couch of masonry, and wakes to find the fauns have … Around it stand four or five tripods, each supporting a … feet long, 2 ft. 3 in. wide, and about 5 Mus. Gregor. I. tav. XV. 1, XVI- … of men, lions, sphinxes, dogs, and

513

singular instrument on wheels, having a deep bowl in the … On the walls hang a number of small disks, some with … served a singular visor or face-bit,

514

On the shelf beneath the armoury are numerous

515

Near the bier is a votive statue of a boy, with a bulla … nating below in lions' paws, resting on frogs, and decorated … above, not in a bowl but in a number of Mus. Greg. I. tav. XLIII. 4.

516

—borders of flowers, and elegant Greek patterns, and the … Illustrations of this and all the most from the character of their contents, … attaching to their purpose, or owing to British Museum, bearing the subject of

517

or rather rake, found with them. The tongs are on … At one end of the room is a war-chariot— … no prongs, but similar branches of metal terminating in … 1 Mus. Gregor. I. lav. XIV. 4 The illustrations given in the Mus.

518

human hand, a lotus-flower, an acorn—styli, or writing … 5 Mus. Greg. I. tav. I—IX. Fortuna, or the Etruscan Nortia. Got-

519

This is very curious, as exhibiting the peculiar costume … find abundant interest in the specula, or mirrors, which … figure is illustrated by some of the 1839, p. 122) would rather attribute

520

halo round her head to increase the resemblance.—From … victory," holds the apples he has just taken from " Aril " … Abeken, Mittelitalien, taf. VII. 6 It has been doubted if the name of

521

sias. A figure sitting by with drawn sword is called … (Venus) and "Laran" in conversation before an Ionic … " Heecle " crowned by a winged fate-goddess, called … Jove on his throne, with his sceptre in his hand. Mer- … Mon. Ined. Inst. II. tav. XXIX. The 3 Mus. Gregor. I. tav. XXXIV. 2.

522

The cases by the windows contain some curious relics. … belt-clasps—iron daggers—chain-bits, jointed—articles in … clogs be a test of civilisation, … 8 A facsimile of the inscription is

523

nineteenth century, whose peasantry clatters along in … 1 ^nfig. 1 is shown the upper part of 2 Mrs. Hamilton Gray states that "a … elog, studded with nails. Micali gives can jewellery, which was the envy … elogs, found at Vulci. Mon. Ined. tav. d'cmvres of Paris or Vienna," Sepul-

524

The most striking object is a large breastplate, embossed … 3 Mus. Gregor. I. tav. LXXXII. None of them in this Museum, though … 4 Mus. Gregor. I. tav. LXXXIV. table one in the possession of Thomas … LXXIV. LXXVIII—LXXXI. One of in the possession of Cavalier Campana

525

are all in imitation of garlands of leaves—oak, laurel, … wreaths see Mus. Gregor. I. tar. silver, and bestowed such crowns on the

526

sepulchral monuments in stone, bearing Etruscan inscrip- … The painted tomb at Vulci.7 … 3 Vol I. pp. 281—288. Only a part 8 These paintings are of the size of … * Vol. I. pp. 338—343. fa outline ; but much too hard in the

527

Ranged round the room are sundry relies in stone or … eacn sheet of canvass represents a sepa- … Page 451 of Vol. I. Mus. Gregor. I.

528

united by two spheres, and covered with reliefs, in no less

529

common in Etruscan sepulchres. These, however, like … neither are worth having, says the proverb. The son of

530

for the entire body, but there are also smaller urns for the … 1 There is a similar figure in the s A head of terra-cotta with four or

531

his side, stands on a pedestal in the centre. The collec- … deriyed from the milk left in the vessels lucid had held nothing but water. Ache-

532

The latter are mostly Eoman. In the same room are … and probably contained nothing but Cavaliere purchased the article in a

533

blue and variegated glass.3 But the most marvellous spe- … Here is a bier of bronze, composed of lattice-work—

534

almost the counterpart of that from the great tomb of

535

chap, lix.] PRIVATE COLLECTIONS IN ROME. 535

536

BRONZE BUST, FROM THE TSIS-TOMB, VULCI.

537

A. … Aborigines, with the Peiasgi, take possession of … Achilles, triumph of, i. 449; on vases, ii. 115, … Admetus and Alcestis, vase of, i. Ixxxix., xc. … -iEneas, scenes of his deeds, ii. 18; on Etruscan … Ainsley, Mr., on the paintings at Tarquinii, i. … ——• Mount, temple of, i. 520; hut-urns of, … Alphabet, Etruscan, i. xlvi.; inscribed on a pot, … Alsium, Pelasgic origin of, ii. 69; villas at, 70; … Amphitheatres, antiquity of, i. 96; of Sutri, … Anitianse, quarries of, i. 208; similar stone from … Antemnae, site of, i. 64 … of, on the Palatine, Ixix.; at Piombino, ii. … Aqueduct on the Ponte della Badia, i. 400

538

Arch, date of its invention, i. Ixiv.; ii. 47 ; prac- … Arezzo, inns of, ii. 418; its walls, three times … Arm-chairs of rock, in tombs, ii. 34, 35, 59, 381 … Arpinum, walls of, i. 107 … Arringatore, or Orator, statue of the, ii. 103 … Augury, Etruscan skill in, i. xxxix. … Babe, swaddled, figure of, ii. 203, 530; bodies … ------delle Serpi, ruins of, i. 202 … Baldelli, on the tombs of Cortona, ii. 317, 449 … Bargagli, Cav. Etruscan urns of, ii. 405 … Beard, not a test of the antiquity of Etruscan … Beni Hassan, alphabetical tomb of, ii. 138 … Bilingual inscription in the Museo Paolozzi, … Bolsena, roads to, i, 501, 514; not the site of

539

Bolsena, Lake of, an extinct crater, i. 514; float- … Bonarroti, Palazzo, warrior in, ii. 107, 130, 202 … Borselli, Dr. vases of, ii. 407 … Breastplate of gold, ii. 50, 51, 524 … Brickwork, imitation of, in Grotta Sergardi, ii. … bronze cista, 516; vase of the Hesperides, i. … Bronze vases, varieties of, ii. 518 … Buccelli, Palazzo, relies in, ii. 413 … the walls of Rusellse, ii. 249 … Cabiri, worship of the, in Etruria, i. liv.; ii. … most common on urns of terra-cotta, 346 … Calpis, form of the, i. xcv.; ii. 490 … Campagna, delights of the, i. 48, 65, 73, 153; … Caere, 57; his collection of Etruscan anti- … den, 442; tomb in it, 443; the family of, … admired by the Greeks, i. Ixx.; vases attached

540

on the theatre of Ferento, 207; on the site … ---------Prince of, i. 405, 407 ; his excavations, … Cantharus, form of, i. xcvii; sacred to Bacchus, … Capena, history of, i. 173 j name is Etruscan, … Capital of Paris and Helen, i. 429, 451 … Capua, built by the Etruscans, i. xxv., xxvi.; … Cars, Etruscan, in funeral processions, ii. 196 … Castel Giubileo, site of Fidenae, i. 66, 69 … Castiglione Bernard!, pretended site of Vetulonia, … Catacombs in Etruria, i. 93; ii. 122, 375 … Cavaedium displuviatum, exemplified in Etrus- … Cemeteries, Etruscan, position of, i. 34; ii. 56; … Cetona, an Etruscan site, ii. 401; collection of … Cheeses of Etruria, ii. 82 … Children's toys in sepulchres, i. 418; ii. 407 … Chimneys in tombs, i. 123, 130, 361 … 375; Tomb of the Vigna Grande, 378 ; Poggio … defence of Arretium, 420

541

Ciminus, Laeus, i. 189; legends of, 190 … Cincius, an ancient antiquary, i. 510 … great size of the ancient city, 119, 128; erro- … Civita Veechia, an ancient port, ii. 1; Roman … Clytemnestra, death of, on Etruscan urns, ii. 97, … Coins, Etruscan, found on the Apennines, ii. … Cone, sepulchral, of rock, i. 202, 240, 271, 351 … Corinth, vases of, i. 356, 357; sought by the … Corsica, possessed by the Etruscans, i. xxv.; … Corythus, original name of Cortona, ii. 433 … Cotyliskos, form of, i. c. … Creston, name of Cortona, ii. 439

542

Curule-chairs, of Etruscan origin, ii. 187; in … 280;—cities, 121, 123, 271;—application of … Danae, myth of, on a vase, ii. 531 … Dancing, philosophy of, i. 295 … Dempster on the Twelve Cities, i. xxix.; on … of anatomy displayed in, 337 … Dice, used by the Etruscans, i. 338; Lydian … Dirce, myth of, on an Etrusean urn, ii. 403 … Drapery, mode of representing, i. 292 … Dwarfs in Etruscan paintings, ii. 371, 380 … Eggs, found in tombs, i. 166, 420; ii. 72, 102; … of, xxviii.; fertility of, xxix.; earliest inha- … of, Ivii., lix.; literature, lvii.; science, lviii.; … Ixiii.; rites in founding cities, Ixiii.; sepul-

543

works of the, xlviii; eminently religious or … Eyes on vases, i. 425, 434, 438; ii. 101, 509; a … Fablt, heroism of the, i. 28; slaughter of, 6, 29; … EffisuL^:, walls of, ii. 119; pavement, 121; … Falerii, history of, i. 41,140; inhabited by an … Falisci, an Argive race, i. 140; three cities of … Faliscus, Ager, beauties of, i. 153: produce … Falleei, porticoed tombs of, i. 130,131; singular … 138; ruined convent, 138 ; the Roman not the … Fanum VoLTimNJB, seat of the national con- … Farnese, inn at, i. 463; antiquity of, 463; quar- … Ferentinum, of Etrnria, i. 203; ancient temple … Feronia, town of, i. 180 … Fishing in Italy, ii. 263 … Florence, antiquity of, ii. 93; peopled from … Forum of Augustus, i. 88,137 … Fountain, nymphs at a, ii. 501, 504 … Frontlets of gold, ii. 532

544

Furniture, with representations of animal life, … Galiana, tomb of the beautiful, i. 198, 200 … Galley, in an Etruscan tomb, i. 348 … Gates, three in Etruscan cities, i. 89; double, … and Lare3, 66; swearing by, 66; of Etruscan … Glass, articles in, i. 427; ii. 76, 102, 531, 533; … Hades, Etruscan, scenes in the, i. 320, 428 … Hand-mills, invention of, i. 507 … Heads of terra-cotta, i. 450; ii. 102, 493, 497, … Hercules, an Etruscan deity, i. liii.; makes the … Hoare, Sir R. C, on the walls of Orbetello, ii. … Horse, Etruscan, peculiar form of, i. 50, 340;

545

Human sacrifices made by the Etruscans, i. 378, … Inshirami, on Etruscan customs, i. 287; on the … furniture, i. 60 ; cut on the facades of tombs, … 43, 139, 382, 448, 472; in roads, i. 85, 156, … ii. 199, 341, 373, 377,480; on a stele, 113; … - like Etruscan, found in the Tyrol … Isola Farnese, i. 3; not the arx of Veii, 34, 42; … ™ry, Etruscan articles in, ii. 102 … Jason vomited by the dragon, ii. 509 … Jupiter, called by the Etruscans Tina or Tinia, … ------------, wooden statue of, ii. 238 … 332; on the tombs of Tarquinii, 328, 331, 332; … Koppa, on vases of Etruria, ii. 55, 63 … Labyrinth in Etruscan tombs, i. 455 … island in it, 253 … Lajard, M., on the scenes in the tombs of Tar-

546

Lanzi, on the Etruscan tongue, i. xlv.; on … Lateran Museum, relief with the devices of … Lepaste, form of the, i. xcviii. … Lions, Etruscan, i. 49; ii. 333; painted in … Losna, the Etruscan Diana, i. liv.; ii. 83 … not one of the Twelve, 79; local remains, 80, … Macaulay, Mr., on the word Porsena, ii. 38 … Maecenas, Etruscan origin of, ii. 139; monu- … Magna Graecia, tombs of, i. 39; vases of, i. … Mantus, the Etruscan Pluto, i. lv.; ii. 175, 207 … Maritime power of Etruria, i. lvii., 220, 329 ; ii. … of the Volsmian lake, i, 515; ancient cloaca … sometimes determined by the local rock, … Massa, h\ 217; not the site of Vetulonia, 217 … Meleager, statue of, ii. 7

547

Midas, on a vase, ii. 510 … statue of, in the Uffizi, ii. 104; on Panathe- … with dances, 292; in the Gregorian Mu- … can relics at, 413; manna of, 414; roads to, … ---------Falterona, bronzes of, i. 459; ii. 107, 112 … Monsters, guardians of sepulchres, i. 338 … Mosul, coloured sculpture of, i. 290 … ^ller, on the Twelve Cities, i. xxix.; on the … Mb; onTarquin's conquest of Etruria, 376—7; … archaic ctppit 333; sarcophagus of the … jewellery, 52, 523; copies of paintings in … Museum of Perugia, ii. 462 ; cippi, 462; urns, … Mycence, Treasury of, ii. 46, 49; walls of, 280 … Nails in tombs, i. 58, 338,417 ; ii. 49, 73, 378 ;

548

Niobides, sarcophagus of the, i. 448 ; its value, … Nuraghe of Sardinia, ii. 47, 62, 160; described, … GEnarea, rebellious slaves of, i. 518; thought to … CEnochoe, form of, i. xcvii. … a sarcophagus, 494 … Norchia, 259; his explanation of the Typhon … Orpheus and Eurydiee, tomb of, ii. 383 … Orvteto, not the site of Volsinii, i. 508; roads … at Ceere, ii. 35—38; at the city discovered … Palo, the site of Alsium, ii. 69; inn, 74; shore … Panthers in Etruscan tombs, i. 285, 296, 301, … Paolozzi, Giardino, the Acropolis of Clusium, … Pasquinelli, Signor, discoverer of an Etruscan … Patera, form of, i. xcviii.; for libations, i. 444 … Pavement in tombs, ii. 50,451; Etruscan, i. Ix.; … Pelasgi, first conquerors of Etruria, i. xxxi.; … i. xlhi.; ii. 54; worshipped the phallic Her- … Peleus and Thetis, on a vase, ii. 116; on a … gates, i. 15 ; ii. 459; Arch of Augustus, 460; … Perusia, antiquity of, ii. 468; history of, 459,

549

Petroni, tomb of the, ii. 485 … of, 64, 478 … Piazza d' Armi, the Arx of Veii, i. 7, 42; … Piedmont, Etruscan inscriptions in, i. xxxv. … Pine-woods of old on the coast of Italy, i. 395; … in by Caere, 23 … remains of antiquity, 473; inn, 472, 476; … Pliny's description of the Vadhnonian lake, i. … 392; tiers of tombs, 393; paintings on the … the tomb of Porsena, 400 … ---------Eenzo, painted tomb of, ii. 378 … Polimartium, supposed name of the ancient … J- 9; at Pyrgi, 11; materials of, 12; at Vol- … S??qS? °,f* 280; aa<>Pted by the Romans; … Pomegranate in the hands of female statues, ii. … Ponte della Badia, i. 398 ; singularity of, 400 ; … Pons Sublicius, of wood, i. 18, 401 … the events of it are legendary, ii. 329; in what … Porta all'Arco, ii. 146; antiquity of, 147; three … Portraits of the deceased, painted in tombs, i. … Priam, death of, on an Etruscan urn, ii. 406

550

Puntone del Castrato, ancient town and necro- … Pyramids in Greece, i. 252, 352; ii. 64; in … Pythagoras, cave of, at Cortona, ii. 446; its great … Quadriga, of Veil, i. 57; in triumphs, introduced … 363, 369, 379; institution of, 24 … -----■— of women, ii. 501 … Ravenna, probably of Etruscan origin, i. xxvi; … Reliefs on the exterior of sepulchres, i. 249, … Repetti, on Massa, ii. 218; on the battle of … ---------ancient, or causeway, i. 393 … Rods, twisted, in funeral processions, i. 253, … Roman house, resemblance of an Etruscan tomb … RtiSELLas, site of, ii. 247 j walls of, 248; not … Ruspi, on the tombs of Tarquinii, i. 297, 298; … Sacrifice, relief of a, i. 511; ii. 526; painting of … Salii, their rites, i. 81; dances of, 295; ii. 365; … Salt-works, ancient, at the mouth of the Tiber, … S. Andrea a Morgiano, ii. 113 … San Cornelio, ancient city at, ii. 428 ; probably … San Manno, Tempio di, ii. 488; not a temple, … San Silvestro, ancient city at, i. 160; convent of, … Santa Severa, site of Pyrgi, ii. 11 … nella, 444; that of the Mobides, 448; at Caere, … Saetbaso, supposed site of Camars, ii. 331,407; … village, 308 ; guide, 308; the /atloria, son,

551

Secco, 310 ; local remains, 310; sarcophagi in … tinguished from the Egyptian, lxxiii; collec- … Seylla, the Etruscan, i. 487; it 96, 182, 345, … Sebaste in Cilicia, ii. 121 … Sepulture, modes of, i. 38; Etruscan — not … Sergardi, Grotta, ii. 449; furniture of, 452 … their sacred character among other ancient na- … 67; symbols of volcanic powers, 183; of … Seven, a sacred number with the Etruscans, ii. … marzo, t 224; ii. 513; form of Etruscan, i. … Sicily, tombs of, i. 39; pits of, 121; ii. 61; … Siena, of Roman antiquity, ii. 135; inns, 136; … Silvanus, an Etruscan god, i. liv.; grove of, ii. … Slaves in Etruria, i. xlviii; insurrection of, … by warriors, 285; passage of, 53, 313, 362, … quarries of, 467 ; Lake of, 467,469; wine of,

552

Steub, on the relation of Rhsetia to Etruria, i. … Stracciacappa, lake of, i. 84 … Superstition of the ancients, i. 33 … Sutbi, i. 86; history of, 90; ancient proverb … scimetars, ii. 478; in the hand of a figure on … Syracuse, sepulchres of, i. 38, 263; ii. 157, 312 ; … comparative antiquity of these tombs, i. 344 … Tarquinius Priscus, his conquest of Etruria … Tartaglia, tomb of, i. 348 … Termessus in Pamphylia, ii. 121 … Thephri, Etruscan form of Tibris, ii. 481 … Thetis, on a sea-horse, on an urn, ii. 485; called … Tiber, vale of the, i. 171,214; probably an Etrus- … Tinia, the Etruscan Zeus, i. 1.; represented on … Toga, origin of the, i. xlii.; received by the Ro- … rifled in past ages, i. Ixxxiv., 49, 236,356; ii. … 157, 158, 159, 393; vaulted with a perfect

553

fanation of, 102, 118, 157, 268, 316, 359, … 416; Greek, 347; ii. 46; of Greek priests, 51 … Toreutic art in Etruria, i. lxix.; earliest mode … ---------■ Nuova, site of Algse, ii. 3 … Toscanella, inn, i.'441; the Campanari and their … Towers, i. 133—138; ii. 125; of Cosa, 272; … Travertine, used in polygonal masonry, ii. 160, … Trees, conventional mode of representing, ii. 363 … Triclinia, in Etruscan tombs, ii. 483 … 188; description of, by Appian, agreeing with … Troy, Scsean gates of, i. 15; war of, shown on … 513; invention of, i. xxxiii., xli. … the city discovered near Magliano, 295 ; at … Turan, the Etruscan Venus, i. liii.; on mirrors, … in a hilL ii. 412 … ii. 183; in bronze, 534 … Tyrol, Etruscan relics in the, i. xxxiv. … Ulysses and the Sirens, on Etruscan urns, ii. … Umbrian inscription on a statue, ii. 515; bilin- … Ubns, with head-handles, i. 57 ; ii. 492; in the … ii. 494; numerous, in one tomb, 158, 159; … Vadimonian Lake, battles of, i. 167, 170, 380; … Valerius Antias, his legend of the Thrasymene,

554

Varro, description of the tomb of Lars Porsena, … ---------Painted, classified according to styles, … antiquity of, i. Ixxxix., 425; of Yeii, fix the … Veii, site of,i. 2 ; walls, 5, 7,15 ; gates, 5, 7,11, … Velimnas, Etruscan form of Volumnius, ii. 473; … Venus, called Turan, by the Etruscans, i.liii. … Vermilion, the conventional hue of rank and … Verulae, sewers of, ii. 276 … ii. 214; in the mountains near Campiglia, … Vibenna, i. 446, 504, 511; name in Etruscan, … Visconti, on the hut-urns of the Alban Mount, … Vitorchiano, singular privilege of, i. 210; … Yolaterr^, one of the Twelve, i. xxviii; ii. 143; … 156; Grotta de' Mar mini, 157; tomb of the … Volsinh, history of, i. 504; its castles, 503; … Volta, the monster, i. 507 … Volumnius, or Volnius, a writer of Etruscan … 480; the Velimnas family, 480; date of the

555

grand bridge and aqueduct, 399; site of the … Wallaehia, torque found in, i. xsxv. … Water-channels in roads, i. 35, 117, 156, 263, … 101, 116; on the lamp of Cortona, 443; on … arched roofs, i. lsiv; his description of a … Xanthus, the historian of Lydia, i. xsxiii. … Yucatan, pseudo-arches of, ii. 47; fascinum … THE END.

557

ERRATA IN VOL. II. … 103, note 4, line 3, for " Inghir. in. tav. XXI." read " Inghir. in. tav. XX." … 182, note 6, line 2 from the bottom, for "cerations," read "creations." … 253, note 5, line 13 in 2nd column, for " Umbrone," read " Ombrone." … 413, note 7, for the sentence, " If this be the case," &c., read " But the distance from Clusium

L01

LIST OF NEW WORKS

L02

Mr. Murray's List of … " I know of no such near and intimate picture of the interior of a court. No other … THE LIVES OP THE LORD CHANCELLORS. … Author of the " Mechanism of the Heavens," " Connexion of the Physical Sciences," &c. … A NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY THROUGH THOSE COUNTRIES.

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MEMOIRS OF SIR THOs- FOWELL BUXTON, Bart., … A NEW HISTORY OF GREECE. … " As Mr. Grote's subject advances in interest, so does he in the manifestations of the … LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD OLIVE. … HUMILITY AND INDEPENDENCE, I CHOICE IN MARRIAGE, … A New Edition. Post 8vo. 65. … CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LITERATURE OF THE

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Mr. Murray's List of … Forming a volume of Mr. Murray's " Home and Colonial Library." … route for a summer trip—we cannot pretend to say. On critical occasions he produces … THREE YEARS' WANDERINGS IN THE NORTHERN … " We strongly recommend this work to public notice. It is the first account of what are … LIFE OF LORD SIDMOUTH.

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HANDBOOK OF THE … " The review of these two Schools (Spanish and French), is so clear and concise, that we … A RESIDENCE AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE; … " This volume conveys to the reader a more true and lively presentation of the external … BOSWELL'S LIFE OF JOHNSON. … A New Edition. Post 8vo. Is. 6d.

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THE FABLES OP ^ESOP. … By Authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. … " We welcome one more addition to a literature of which Englishmen have great reason … SPECIMENS OF SWEDISH AND GERMAN POETRY, … SKETCHES OF THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN ART. … " Here is a book whose very title is attractive, and the name of whose author is a

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LIFE OF BELISARIUS. … Author of " Over-Population and its Remedy." … A PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OP THE UNIVERSE, … Le Baron Alex, von Humboldt a M. Murray, Dec. 15, 1846. … . "?**■ Hosking's book must be read by the architect and builder, because it is just the

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VISITS TO SPOTS OF INTEREST IN THE VICINITY … " Mr. Jesse has added so much more of a various and desultory character to the results … Thoughts on the Principles of Tax- … EXETER (Bishop of). … On the Military System or Great … Reply to the Arguments advanced … On the Education oi … On the Crisis and the Currency. … A Plea for Peasant Proprietors in

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LIST OF NEW WORKS … Researches and Discoveries in Ancient Assyria.

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Mr. Murray's List of … WITH A JOURNEY TO MOSTAR IN HERTZEGOVINA AND REMARKS ON … THE CITIES AND CEMETERIES OF ETRURIA; … HISTORY OF PRUSSIA. … This is the only translation pullisJied v/n&er the sanction of the Avthor.

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THE LETTERS AND JOURNALS OF THE LATE … A HISTORY OF POTTERY AID PORCELAIN, … HAND-BOOK OF LONDON, PAST AND PRESENT. … Tim Work, which is arranged alphabetically, will fwrnish extended notices of— … TOWN HOUSES OF THE OLD NOBILITY. … THE WARDS OF LONDON. … By Authority of Her Majesty's Government. … DESCRIBED IN SEVERAL UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS. … Honorary Member of the Academy of Fine Arts at Bologna ; and Translator of the

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12 Mr. Murray's list of … Being a Selection from his Contributions to the " Quarterly Review." … ON MANY OF THE LEADING DOCTEINES AND DUTIES TAUGHT … OUTLINES OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. … Forming a Number of Murray's " Home and Colonial Library."

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A PERPETUAL POCKET BOOK FOR ALL CLASSES AND AGES. … BEING A DESCRIPTION OF THAT COLONY, AND A MANUAL OF INFORMATION FOR … A NEW CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. … HISTORIES OF ROME AND GREECE,

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A NATAL BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY … Royal 8vo. Forming a Necessary Companion to the Peerage. … BY THE REV. H. H. 1ILMAN. … THE MONUMENTS OF NINEVEH. … It is proposed to publish a Selection from the Drawings made by Mr. Layard, of

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JAMES'S EDITION OF /ESOP'S FABLES. … ADDRESS JO INSTRUCTORS OF YOUTH. … those prosy appendages called morals or applications; thus departing from the

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JAMES'S EDITION OF v"ESOP*S FABLES.

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